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Lavender essential oil: Nutritional, compositional, and therapeutic insights
Abstract
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) is one of the world's top 15 most traded essential oil plants. Lavender oil is obtained from lavender which is widely used as an independent alternative medication as well as a component in medicine and cosmetic products. Lavender oils include over 100 chemicals, with linalool and linalyl acetate being the two most prominent. Furthermore, it also contains phytosterols, coumaric acid, anthocyanins, monosaccharides, valeric acid, glycolic acid and its esters, ursolic acid, coumarin, and herniarin. These components are beneficial for human health due to their functional and nutraceutical properties. Moreover, lavender oil has many nutritional and therapeutic effects, i.e., antiinflammatory, antioxidant, hypnotic, antidepressant, anticonvulsive, antihair fall, antimicrobial, and antifibrotic. Due to its antimicrobial activity, it is also used as preservative agent in many food products. Furthermore, it is also used in many food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries as a functional ingredient. In this chapter, we discussed the historical background, production, nutritional composition, and therapeutic potential of lavender oil.
... Medicines prepared from the lavender have been utilized for medicinal purposes from ancient times. (Saeed et al., 2023). ...
Essential oils in aromatherapy form a powerful synergy with the body and mind, facilitating to alleviate stress, enhance
mood, and support overall health and vitality. Various essential oils had history of use in aromatherapy such as
eucalyptus, lavender, nutmeg, peppermint, clove, and tea tree oils. Eucalyptus oil, sourced primarily from E. citriodora, is
globally recognized for its economic extraction and diverse therapeutic applications, owing to its high 1,8-cineole
content. Lavender oil, known for its antibacterial properties dating back to World War I, offers sedative and antiinflammatory benefits. Nutmeg oil, extracted from Myristica fragrans, displays antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and
hepatoprotective properties, utilized traditionally for various ailments. Peppermint oil, rich in menthol and menthone,
serves multiple purposes including gastrointestinal relief and mental alertness enhancement. Clove oil, containing
eugenol, demonstrates strong antimicrobial and antioxidant effects with notable anticancer properties. Tea tree oil is
important for its antimicrobial prowess, addressing skin infections and respiratory issues. This chapter highlight the
multiple roles of essential oils, detailing their chemical compositions, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic
applications.
... (Figures 3 and 4). Previous studies reported that dihydroxyphenylalanine acts as an allelochemical involved in several stress response pathways, and constitutes a precursor of many secondary metabolites, e.g., alkaloids, catecholamines, and melanin (Soares et al. 2014;Etemadi et al. 2018;Yumoto et al. 2022;Saeed et al. 2023). The significantly impacted secondary metabolism of lavender plants in response to WD was also confirmed by pathway analysis showing secondary metabolite biosynthesis with the highest pathway impact score of 1 ( Figure S1). ...
Lavender plantation is globally expanded due to the increasing demand of its essential oil and its popularity as an ornamental species. However, lavender plantations, and consequently essential oil industries, are threatened by more frequent and severe drought episodes in a globally changing climate. Still little is known about the changes in the general metabolome, which provides the precursors of essential oil production, by extended drought events. Prolonged drought fundamentally results in yield losses and changing essential oil composition. In the present study, the general metabolome of a main cultivated lavender species ( Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) in response to water deprivation (WD) and re‐watering was analyzed to identify the metabolomics responses. We found prolonged WD resulted in significant accumulations of glucose, 1,6‐anhydro‐β‐D‐glucose, sucrose, melezitose and raffinose, but declines of allulose, β‐D‐allose, altrose, fructose and D‐cellobiose accompanied by decreased organic acids abundances. Amino acids and aromatic compounds of p‐coumaric acid, hydrocaffeic acid and caffeic acid significantly accumulated at prolonged WD, whereas aromatics of cis‐ferulic acid, taxifolin and two fatty acids (i.e., palmitic acid and stearic acid) significantly decreased. Prolonged WD also resulted in decreased abundances of polyols, particularly myo‐inositol, galactinol and arabitol. The altered metabolite profiles by prolonged WD were mostly not recovered after re‐watering, except for branched‐chain amino acids, proline, serine and threonine. Our study illustrates the complex changes of leaf primary and secondary metabolic processes of L. angustifolia by drought events and highlights the potential impact of these precursors of essential oil production on the lavender industry.
... It is interesting that linalyl acetate was identified as a major compound in this study and in an earlier study (Mierendorff et al., 2003), which investigated commercial samples, but not in any of the 35 samples from the comprehensive 2011 study. Linalyl acetate, a main constituent of lavender essential oil, has been reported to be used as an aromatic component in perfumes, and has displayed some therapeutic potential (Saeed et al., 2023). One can only speculate about the levels of the compound in the commercial samples, and the possibility of compound addition or blending with other oils containing the compound cannot be excluded (Xiao et al., 2019). ...
... Dermocosmetic and pharmaceuticals products [143,144] Tagetes minuta, Euphorbia granulata and Galinsoga parviflora ...
This review investigates the convergence of nanotechnology and essential oils in advanced dermocosmetic delivery. It outlines the pivotal role of inorganic and polymeric nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and gold nanocarriers, in cosmeceutical applications, facilitating slow release, deeper skin penetration, and increased retention of active compounds. Essential oils, renowned for therapeutic benefits, face translation challenges due to volatility and low water solubility. This review explores the potential use of plant nanovesicles as carriers, emphasizing safety, stability, and scalability, offering a sustainable and cost-effective industrial application. Nanomaterial integration in consumer products, particularly cosmetics, is prevalent, with nanocarriers enhancing the permeation of bioactive compounds into deeper skin layers. The review emphasizes recent nanotechnological advancements, covering nanoparticle penetration, experimental models, and therapeutic applications in dermatology, ranging from non-invasive vaccination to transdermal drug delivery. Additionally, the review delves into nanomaterials’ role in addressing skin aging, focusing on tissue regeneration. Nanomaterials loaded with cosmeceuticals, such as phytochemicals and vitamins, are explored as promising solutions to mitigate signs of aging, including wrinkles and dry skin, providing innovative approaches to skin rejuvenation. Overall, the review offers a comprehensive synthesis of essential oil–nanoparticle synergy, shedding light on the current landscape and future potential of advanced dermocosmetic delivery systems.
... Generally, (G-) bacteria are much more resistant due to the presence of a lipopolysaccharide envelope and periplasmic compartment surrounding (G-) bacteria, which serve as a protective barrier shielding the cell membrane against the deleterious impact of phytochemical compounds derived from plants (Elsharkawy et al., 2019). Our antimicrobial findings are also in consistent with previous researches, which demonstrated that L. angustifolia EO is a promising candidate to serve as a natural alternative to some antibiotics due to its potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi (Erland and Mahmoud, 2016) based on various investigations concluded that L. angustifolia EO have remarkable antimicrobial power (De Rapper et al., 2016;Saeed et al., 2023). It was cited that, in the plate-diffusion method an inhibition zones more than 15 mm considered as high antimicrobial activity (Al-Mijalli et al., 2022), which are in harmony with our study, except with K. aerogenes (13.4 ± 0.9 mm) and E. coli (14.15 ± 0.03 mm). ...
Lavandula angustifolia is a medicinal plant widely known by its medicinal virtues against various pathogenesis, including diabetes, cancer and infectious diseases. In this study we aimed to explore the volatile profile of L. angustifolia essential oil (EO) as well as its in vitro and in silico antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. The chemical constituents were investigated through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Three complementary antioxidant test, namely DPPH, FRAP and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays were used to reveal the antioxidant ability of L. angustifolia EO. The antidiabetic effect of this oil was determined using α-amylase and α- glucosidase enzymes. Molecular docking and ADMET analysis were used to confirm the experimental effects.
The antibacterial and antifungal activity of L. angustifolia EO was evaluated against a range of Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts, including Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis using the disc-diffusion and broth-microdilution assays. GC-MS analysis revealed a plethora of chemical components, where linalool (28.94%), linalyl acetate (19.95%) and caryophyllene (6.46%) are the major constituents. The L. angustifolia EO demonstrated promising antioxidant properties against DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, this oil exhibits significant antidiabetic activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes (p < 0.05). Results demonstrated significant action against all tested microorganisms, with inhibition zones ranging from 19.1 ± 1.0 to 13.4 ± 0.9 mm for bacteria and from 24.10 ± 0.9 to 19.05 ± 1.03 mm for fungi.
Moreover, low values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) varying from 0.125 to 1.0% (v/v) for bacteria and from 0.25 to 2.0% (v/v) for fungi were attained. Analysis of the MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios suggested the presence of a bactericidal and fungicidal mechanism. In light of these findings, L. angustifolia EO could be used as natural source for the development of novel and effective antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.
Keywords: Lavandula angustifolia; essential oil; pharmacokinetic ADMET analysis; molecular docking; antidiabetic; antimicrobial; antioxidant.
... More over 200 tons of lavender oil are produced annually throughout the world. France, UK, and Bulgaria produce the majority of the world's lavender essential oil [14]. The use of lavender essential oil is issued safe designation by the Food and Drug Administration Regulatory Administration (21CFR182.20 ...
Every year about 3/4 th of the world's population is suffering from insomnia and is the major reason for many health illness leading to mortality. Insomnia is also an economic burden to the people in both the direct and indirect ways. The general treatment of insomnia includes the powerful drugs and sleeping pills, which cause some side implications in human health and these treatments are also very costly. This review aims to highlight the effects of insomnia and treatment of insomnia by alternate ways i.e) non-medical ways, with additional effects to the human health and economically acceptable by all the classes of people.
The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential for the first time of essential oils (EOs) from six cultivars (Druzhba, Raya, Hebar, Hemus, Yubileina, Sevtapolis) of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cultivated in Türkiye (Tekirdağ) against a panel of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The chemical composition of EOs, analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealed 34 different components in the six cultivars. The results indicate that the main major constituents of all EOs were monoterpenoid linalool (47.60–64.13%) and linalyl acetate (12.92–26.08%). Based on principal component analysis (PCA) cvs. Druzhba, Raya and Hebar were situated in the centre right quadrant of the plot and were characterised by linalool and linalyl acetate in subgroup one. The results of antimicrobial assays revealed that lavender EOs were active against all strains of bacteria tested. For bacteria, the strongest activity of cv. Hemus was observed against Enterococcus faecalis (IZ = 19 ± 0.10 mm, MIC = MMC = 6.25 (µg/mL), while the weakest potency was seen against the gram-negative Salmonella enterica (IZ = 21 ± 1.00 mm, MIC = MMC = 31.25 (µg/mL). Based on PCA, the first subgroup of cvs. Hebar and Raya was characterised by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, E. faecalis and Lactobacillus pentosus and was situated in the bottom right quadrant of the plot.
Alcohol-based disinfectants have protected people in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but olfactory stimuli of ethanol may evoke unpleasant memories associated with stressful situations in the devastating infectious disease. The smell of ethanol in household cleaning and disinfectant products can be covered up by the fragrance additives, and 3-hexenol is especially appreciated for the characteristic, strong odor of green plants. Industrial production of 3-hexenol relies on the selective hydrogenation of 3-hexyn-1-ol, where Lindlar catalyst is normally used for the superior selectivity. Although achieving such catalytic transformation in ethanol solution seems as a direct way to produce a disinfectant with green aroma, a popular consumer product in the post-COVID era, severe leaching of toxic Pb hinders Lindlar catalyst as a promising candidate. We find that the Fe2O3 supported Pd single-atom catalyst is highly selective to fulfill semi-hydrogenation of 3-hexyn-1-ol in 75% ethanol, and the aforementioned household product is readily generated after filtrating the stable, solid catalyst out of reaction solution. Single-atom catalysts have been frequently utilized for fine-chemical synthesis, while in this work they make stunning debut in practical manufacture of daily used products.
The present study aims to compare two traditional extraction techniques. A volatile compound from Tamarindus indica seed was obtained with Soxhlet extraction (SE) and hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus (HDC). The extraction yield and chemical composition of the essential oil samples were compared. Both oils extracted were analyzed with GC-MS, and forty-one chemical compounds were identified in essential oil components from SE while forty chemical compounds were found in the HDC-extracted oil sample. The major essential oil components present in both the SE and HDC method are cis-vaccenic acid, 2-methyltetracosane, beta-sitosterol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, and n-hexadecanoic acid in varying concentrations. Moreover, the essential oils obtained by both methods look similar quantitatively but differ qualitatively. The HDC method produced more oxygenated compounds that contribute to the fragrance of the oil. The major constituents observed in the essential oil extracted by SE methods include cis-vaccenic acid (17.6%), beta-sitosterol (12.71%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (11.82%), n-hexadecanoic acid (8.16%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (5.84%), oleic acid (4.54%), and 11-octadecenoic acid and methyl ester (3.94%). However, in the hydrodistillation technique, the oil was mostly composed of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (23.72%), cis-vaccenic acid (17.16%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.53%), beta-sitosterol (4.53%), and octadecanoic acid (3.8%). From the data obtained, HDC seems to be a better method for extraction of Tamarindus indica essential oil compared to the Soxhlet extraction apparatus.
In recent years, it has been shown that biostimulants can efficiently enhance plant metabolic processes, leading to an increased production of essential oil (EO) in aromatic plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different commercial biostimulants composed of amino acids and seaweed extract, normally used for food organic crops, on the production and composition of EO and hydrosol of Lavandula x intermedia, cultivar “Grosso”. The products were applied during 2020 growing season on lavender crops in three different locations of the Northern Italian (Emilia-Romagna Region) Apennines. Plants were harvested and EOs extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. Both biostimulants affected the yield of EO per plant (+11% to +49% depending on the treatment/farm combination) without significantly changing the chemical composition of EOs and hydrosols. Conversely, the composition of EOs and hydrosols are related to the location, and the main compounds of “Grosso” cultivar, limonene, 1,8-cineole, cis-ocimene, linalool, camphor, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, and linalyl acetate, show different ratios at the experimental test sites. The differences might be due to the sunlight exposure and various maintenance of the crops over the years. In conclusion, these results suggest that the employment of biostimulants on lavandin crops do not endanger the quality of the EO while increasing biomass production and promoting the sustainability of the crop.
The natural products extracted from plants are part of traditional medicine and are also therapeutic possibilities for treating many diseases. Recently, its use in the development of new drugs has shown much visibility for its efficiency and few adverse effects. Essential oils extracted from medicinal plants are indicated to treat numerous diseases due to their antimicrobial, antiviral, antimutagenic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiprotozoal properties. Among essential oils, lavender essential oil stands out for having several important pharmacological properties. This review detailed the main studies on essential oils from different species of lavender and obtained a valuable collection on all their pharmacological, medicinal and toxicological potential. In this context, we evaluated lavender essential oil as a promising substance that can help treat several diseases. We provide some evidence and an overview of the potential therapeutic effect of lavender essential oil to guide new research.
Medicinal and aromatic plants have many uses-as food, medicines, cosmetics and spices-and have been used for such purposes since the beginning of human history. Turkey's unique geographic location, climate and plant diversity offer significant potential to the medicinal and aromatic plant market. This study presents an analysis of the economic importance of medicinal and aromatic plants through two exemplary plants: thyme and lavender. Specifically, the importance of these two plants is analyzed by way of an examination of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT).
The true lavender Lavandula angustifolia Miller is a Mediterranean aromatic shrub widely cultivated for its high quality essential oil used in perfumery and phytotherapy. Despite its economic importance, the intra-specific diversity among wild, non-cultivated plants remains poorly understood. We analyzed the structure of the chemical and genetic diversity of plants from 14 sites sampled over the entire native range of the true lavender. Volatile organic compounds of inflorescences were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Genotyping was performed with fingerprinting genetic markers. To limit the influence of environmental variability on chemical composition, plants were grown in the same conditions in a common garden. Without prior knowledge, discriminant analysis of principal component identified unambiguously four distinct chemotypes among three genetic populations. Co-inertia analysis and supervised analysis which integrated multiple datasets indicated a strong congruency between chemical and genetic patterns. Two distinct genetic units were located at the edge of the distribution area in the south of Italy and in the northeast of Spain, and were associated with two distinct chemotypes. Our results confirmed the existence of three genetically distinct entities, suggesting speciation. All French populations and the Italian Piedmontese population were genetically homogeneous but separated in two distinct chemotypes. The dominant chemotype was present in the center of the native range in southeastern France and was at the origin of the current most cultivated French varieties. Its main compounds were linalyl acetate, linalool, and caryophyllene oxide. The second French chemotype was found in south of Massif Central and presented high abundance of valuable linalyl and lavandulyl acetates. Linalool, eucalyptol, β-caryophyllene, borneol, camphor, and cis-sabinene-hydrate were significantly associated with southern latitudes and their role would be worth exploring.
Lavandulae aetheroleum, the oil, was obtained by vapor condensation from the flower of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. or Lavandula intermedia Loisel (Lamiaceae) plant. Other names of Lavandulae aetheroleum oil are Al birri, common or English lavender. The Lavandula angustifolia Mill. or Lavandula intermedia Loisel plant is spreading in the Mediterranean, southern Europe, Bulgaria, Russia, and USA. The Lavandula angustifolia Mill. or Lavandula intermedia Loisel plant, is an odor shrub with 1-2 m in height. The oil is a clear, colorless, or pale yellow. The gas chromatography studies reported the following percentage of the major chemical constituents in the oil: linalyl acetate (25-46%), linalool (20-45%), terpinen-4-ol (1.2-6.0%), lavendulyl acetate (> 1.0%), 1,8-cineole (1,8-cineol, cineol, cineole, eucalyptol) (< 2.5%), 3-octanone (< 2.5%), camphor (< 1.2%), limonene (< 1.0%), and α-terpineol (< 2.0%). Medicinal applications of the oil include the treatment of restlessness, anxiety, cardiovascular disorders, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disorders, burns, diarrhea, headache, sore throats, and wounds. Pharmacological effects include experimental and clinical pharmacology. Experimental pharmacology includes anesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antispasmodic, central nervous system depressant effects. Clinical pharmacology includes anxiolytic, analgesic, and cardiovascular effects. The oil dose by inhalation = 0.06-0.2 ml/ 3 times/day while oil dose internally = 1-4 drops approximately 20-80 mg on a sugar cube per day. In conclusion, Lavandulae aetheroleum oil had an anesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antispasmodic, central nervous system depressant, anxiolytic, analgesic, and cardiovascular effects.
Lavender essential oil from the aerial parts of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. was analyzed by GC-MS equipped with three capillary columns of different polarities, which were HP-1, HP-5 ms and HP-INNOWax. A total of 40 compounds were identified by GC-MS, accounting for 92.03% of the total essential oil compositions. Nineteen monomers were separated by column chromatography and improved preparative gas chromatography (pGC), six of which could not be retrieved from the NIST 14 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA; 14th edition) library database. Fifteen compounds were identified for the first time in lavender essential oil. The improved pGC not only doubled the efficiency but also greatly reduced the cost.
Background:
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of lavender oil inhalation on blood pressure, pulse measurements, cortisol levels, depressive mood, and anxiety in healthy male adults. The mechanism was investigated by the action on oxytocin single neurons in the hypothalamus of rodents.
Methods:
The participants (n = 7) were aged 20-40 years. After randomisation, they received an inhaled dose of lavender oil or distilled water for 20 min. They received the other treatment after a washout period of one week. We assessed the outcomes using the Self-Rating Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and self-rated unidimensional Visual Analogue Scale for depression; anxiety; and hunger, thirst, and appetite, respectively. Blood pressure, pulse rate, and cortisol concentration in the peripheral blood were assessed before and after inhalation. In the rodent study (n = 4), oxytocin single neurons were isolated from the mouse hypothalamus. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the oxytocin neurons isolated from the hypothalamus was measured following direct administration of lavender oil.
Results:
Seven participants completed the study. Lavender inhalation decreased Self-Rating Depression Scale score and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Ex vivo administration of lavender oil increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the hypothalamic oxytocin neurons.
Conclusions:
Lavender oil might be a useful therapy for stress relief, and its mechanism of action may include activation of the central oxytocin neurons.
The main goal of this bulletin is to provide timely information and/or updates on issues of adulteration and mislabeling of essential oil (EO) of English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) in particular with lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel, syn. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. × Lavandula latifolia Medik.), spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medik.), linalool and linalyl acetate-rich EOs, terpenes, and synthetic chemicals. This bulletin may serve as a guide for quality control personnel, the international herbal products, cosmetic, and essential oil industries, and the extended natural products community in general. It is also intended to present a summary of the scientific data and methods on the occurrence of species substitution, adulteration, the market situation, and economic and safety consequences for the consumer and the industry.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive chronic joint disease with global relevance with up to 250 million people being affected from knee OA worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lavender oil massage on pain among patients with knee osteoarthritis. A convenient sample of 60 adult male and female patients who admitted to Rheumatology and Rehabilitation unit affiliated to Cairo University hospital in Egypt with confirmed diagnosis of knee OA divided into experimental (study) and control group. A quasi-experimental Time Series pre-post test non equivilant interrupted control design was utilized in the current study. Data was collected using Personal and Medical Background Information Form, Pain Numerical Rating Scale and Lequesne Algo Functional Index of Severity. The study findings revealed that there were significant statistical differences of pain intensity score and OA severity between study and control group after application of lavender oil massage. Conclusion: Lavender oil massage was proved in this study to be effective on pain and OA severity among patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Keywords: Lavender oil massage, pain, Patients with osteoarthritis.
Alpha-terpineol is a monoterpenoid found in many essential oils, being widely used in food and household products. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have already been associated with this alcohol; therefore, this study aimed to check if these properties were also present in vivo, counteracting the oxidant and inflammatory effects of a high-fat diet, as well as if there were differences in the biological activities among the two α-terpineol enantiomers. Thus, this work evaluated the effect of supplementation of α-terpineol enantiomers (at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of diet) on biological parameters of diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats. In general, α-terpineol improved the nutritional parameters of rats fed a high-fat diet. The intake of α-terpineol at concentrations ≥50 mg/kg was able to reestablish the insulin sensibility and reduced (p < 0.05) serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, when compared with the control group. The intake of R-(+)- and (–)-α-terpineol decreased the TNF-α level by approximately 1.5 and 3.4 times, respectively, when compared with the high-fat group, regardless of the concentration. Moreover, both enantiomers at 50 mg/kg decreased the levels of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 2.6–4.2 times, while hepatic TBARS were reduced in approximately 1.6 times, regardless of the compound and concentration tested. Further experiments are suggested to confirm the mechanisms and the security of α-terpineol in different experimental models and more extended exposure experiments.
Introduction:
Bone marrow biopsy is a common procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of hematologic diseases and tumors, which are associated with anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lavender aroma on anxiety of patients having bone marrow biopsy.
Materials and methods:
This study was performed on 80 patients referred to Vali-e-Asr Hospital for bone marrow biopsy. Samples were selected by convenience method and were assigned into intervention and control groups using randomized blocks of 4. Random sequence was generated by RAS software. Several drops of distilled water on a cotton ball was used in the control group and same amount of lavender essential oil on a cotton ball was used in the intervention group. Then, participants in both groups were asked to smell the cotton ball for 15 minutes and then, their anxiety level was measured immediately. The results were analyzed by SPSS software version 25 using covariance analysis and rank regression.
Results:
The results showed that, the mean scores of anxiety in the control and intervention groups were 6.3 ± 1.92 and 3.75 ± 1.05, respectively. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the two groups in terms of anxiety score.The results showed that there was a significant difference in anxiety score between two groups in terms of variables such as age, gender, physician experience, biopsy history and biopsy site (P <0.05). The results also showed no significant difference between the (p >0.05).
Conclusion:
The results of this study showed that bone marrow biopsy is associated with anxiety, and smelling of lavender aroma is effective in reducing anxiety in patients undergoing this procedure. This fragrance can be used by treatment team in hematology and oncology clinics to reduce anxiety caused by bone marrow biopsy.
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Aroma-massage indicates a body massage technique which involves the use of essential oils. The aim of the present work is to outline the efficacy, safety and tolerability profile of aromatherapy massage with topically applied lavender essential oil based on a critical overview of available scientific evidence. Overall, aroma-massage with lavender essential oil may be beneficial as a complementary and integrative therapy for the symptomatic management of several health conditions, mainly psychological disturbances and pain-related benign disorders, and, possibly, in palliative care of advanced incurable life-limiting illnesses. In general, studied intervention appears safe and well tolerated by patients, provided that all precautions are followed by therapists. Further studies on the topic are encouraged to better understand the therapeutic properties of lavender aroma-massage, especially in the pediatric population for whom available efficacy and safety data are scarce and controversial.
The Mediterranean region is characterized by a diverse vegetation cover, and the Lavandula genus is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants in this region. It has been used in traditional medicine as a treatment for anxiety and insomnia and to improve sleep quality for a long history. Lavender is commonly used in perfumes, soaps, bath powders, and scented sachets. It can flavor teas or food even at low concentrations. Several ethnopharmacological studies have demonstrated its use in treating several diseases; it has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, sedative, insecticidal, antimicrobial and antifungal activities. This paper reviews the geographical distribution, traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of the Lavandula stoechas.
Lavandula pubescens Decne (LP) is one of the three Lavandula species growing wildly in the Dead Sea Valley, Palestine. The products derived from the plant, including the essential oil (EO), have been used in Traditional Arabic Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM) for centuries as therapeutic agents. The EO is traditionally believed to have sedative, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antidepressive, antiamnesia, and antiobesity properties. This study was therefore aimed to assess the in vitro bioactivities associated with the LP EO. The EO was separated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of LP plants and analyzed for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, and antilipase activities. GC-MS was used for phytochemical analysis. The chemical analysis of the EO composition revealed 25 constituents, of which carvacrol (65.27%) was the most abundant. EO exhibited strong antioxidant (IC 50 0.16–0.18 μ L/mL), antiacetylcholinesterase (IC 50 0.9 μ L/mL), antibutyrylcholinesterase (IC 50 6.82 μ L/mL), and antilipase (IC 50 1.08 μ L/mL) effects. The EO also demonstrated high antibacterial activity with the highest susceptibility observed for Staphylococcus aureus with 95.7% inhibition. The EO was shown to exhibit strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (MIC 0.47 μ L/mL). The EO was also shown to possess strong antidermatophyte activity against Microsporum canis , Trichophyton rubrum , Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum (EC 50 0.05–0.06 μ L/mL). The high antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antimicrobial potentials of the EO can, therefore, be correlated with its high content of monoterpenes, especially carvacrol, as shown by its comparable bioactivities indicators results. This study provided new insights into the composition and bioactivities of LP EO. Our finding revealed evidence that LP EO makes a valuable natural source of bioactive molecules showing substantial potential as antioxidant, neuroprotective, antihyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial agents. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that LP EO might be useful for further investigation aiming at integrative CAM and clinical applications in the management of dermatophytosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and obesity.
Objectives:
Neuropathic pain is a prevalent and debilitating neurological disorder. Ample evidence indicates that microglial cells and inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Alpha-terpineol is a monoterpenoid alcohol with inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of α-terpineol on neuropathic pain in rats.
Materials and methods:
Chronic constriction injury (CCI) model was utilized to induce neuropathic pain in male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into control, sham, α-terpineol, and gabapentin groups. Normal saline, α-terpineol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and gabapentin (100 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in the above-mentioned groups once daily for 14 days post-CCI. Behavioral tests, including Von Frey, acetone, and Hargreaves were used to assess mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, and hyperalgesia in rats. Iba1 immunostaining and ELISA procedures were used to assess the activation of microglial cells and inflammatory cytokines level.
Results:
The results showed that α-terpineol (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, and hyperalgesia in the neuropathic rats. The analgesic effect of α-terpineol (100 mg/kg) was comparable with that of gabapentin as a standard antineuropathic pain drug. In addition, α-terpineol (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly decreased the number of Iba1-positive cells and diminished the concentration of IL-1β and TNF-α in the spinal tissue.
Conclusion:
It was ultimately attained that α-terpineol attenuates neuropathic pain through the suppression of the microglial cells and reduction of inflammatory cytokine levels in the spinal cord of rats.
Lavender oil is one of the most valuable aromatherapy oils, its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities can be explained by main components such as linalool, linalyl acetate, lavandulol, geraniol, or eucalyptol. The aim of the study was to assess the anti-microbial effects of two different lavender oils on a mixed microbiota from facial skin. The commercial lavender oil and essential lavender oil from the Crimean Peninsula, whose chemical composition and activity are yet to be published, were used. Both oils were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The composition and properties of studied oils were significantly different. The commercial ETJA lavender oil contained 10% more linalool and linalyl acetate than the Crimean lavender oil. Both oils also had different effects on the mixed facial skin microbiota. The Gram-positive bacilli were more sensitive to ETJA lavender oil, and Gram-negative bacilli were more sensitive to Crimean lavender oil. However, neither of the tested oils inhibited the growth of Gram-positive cocci. The tested lavender oils decreased the cell number of the mixed microbiota from facial skin, but ETJA oil showed higher efficiency, probably because it contains higher concentrations of monoterpenoids and monoterpenes than Crimean lavender oil does.
There has recently been an increase in lavender plantations in Turkey. More people are interested in lavender farming for essential oil production and rural tourism, and it brings many questions regarding production and marketing. Turkey is traditionally a medical and aromatic plant and essential oil producing country but has a corner in the world market only for rose oil, jasmine oil and oregano oil. Current interest in lavender production in the country has exposed a need to understand and analyse the world lavender oil markets. However, there is an information shortage and no regular dataset for world lavender oil production and trade. This study aims to consolidate information, data and expertise in order to understand and conduct a qualitative analysis of dynamics of lavender oil prices and actors in the world markets. In Turkey, almost all lavender production is from Lavandula intermedia (lavandin), as is the majority of world lavender production. Although the quantity of essential oil of lavandin traded is five times more than L. angustifolia (true lavender) oil, the most qualified and sought after lavender oil is produced from L. angustifolia. The largest lavender oil suppliers in the world are Bulgaria, France and China, and there are also many other countries which have recently increased their production. World lavender oil supply has tended to increase based on increases in plantation in Bulgaria, but quantity and quality depend on weather conditions. Demand for lavender oil, as the main driver for price determination, does not vary a lot from one year to another. However, it is expected that increases in consumer awareness towards healthier products associated with natural and organic ingredients may create an additional demand. The question is whether Turkey can become a player in the world lavender oil market. Low production costs, high profit rate and its role in rural development make lavender production attractive, but small farm sizes and a complex value chain make lavender oil production far from being economic for farmers working alone and force them to stay at the beginning of the value chain. However, as there will always be a place in the market for quality lavender oil, Turkey should focus on quality and organization of lavender value chain in order to be competitive in the world market.
Depression is a major health issue that causes severe societal economic and health burden. Aromatherapy, a practice that uses essential oils for preventive and therapeutic purposes, represents a promising therapeutic alternative for the alleviation of depressive symptoms. Lavender essential oil (LEO) has been the focus of clinical studies due to its positive effect on mood. An animal model of chronic administration of high dose corticosterone to induce depression- and anxiety-like behavior and reduced neurogenesis was used to explore the biological changes brought by aromatherapy. Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: Control, corticosterone (Cort) group with high dose of corticosterone, LEO group with daily exposure to LEO by inhalation, and LEO + Cort. At the end of the 14-day treatment period, behavioral tests were carried out. Serum samples were collected 2–3 days after the 14-day period treatment and before perfusion to carry out biochemical analyses to measure BDNF, corticosterone and oxytocin. After perfusion, brains were collected for immunohistochemical analysis to detect BrdU and DCX positive cells in the hippocampus and subventricular zone. Results showed that treatment with LEO ameliorated the depression-like behavior induced by the chronic administration of corticosterone as observed in the LEO + Cort group. Cort treatment reduced the number of BrdU positive cells in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. Treatment with LEO prevented the corticosterone-induced reduction in the number of BrdU positive cells (LEO + Cort group) demonstrating the neurogenic effect of LEO under high corticosterone conditions. Chronic administration of high dose of corticosterone significantly reduced the dendritic complexity of immature neurons. On the contrary, treatment with LEO increased dendritic complexity of immature neurons under high corticosterone conditions (LEO + Cort group). The improved neurogenesis and dendritic complexity observed in the LEO + Cort group demonstrated a clear restorative effect of LEO under high corticosterone conditions. However, 2–3 days after the treatment, the levels of BDNF were upregulated in the LEO and LEO + Cort groups. Furthermore, the concentration of oxytocin in serum, 2–3 days after the treatment, showed to be upregulated in the LEO group alone. The present study has provided evidence of the biological effect of LEO on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Also, this study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of action of LEO in an animal model where depression- and anxiety-like behavior and reduced neurogenesis were induced by high corticosterone administration.
Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of infant death in the world accounting for high child mortality rate. It is also present in different pathophysiologies related to several etiological agents. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiarrheal effect of α –Terpineol (α-TPN) in different diarrhea models in rodents. The antidiarrheal effect of α-TPN in the treatment of acute diarrhea and enteropooling induced by castor oil or PGE2 in Swiss mice pretreated orally with saline (NaCl 0.9%), Loperamide (5 mg/kg) and α-TPN (6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) was analyzed. Additionally, parameters of severity, total weight of faeces and post-treatment for 4 h were evaluated. Modulation of the opioid and cholinergic pathways was performed and intestinal transit model using activated charcoal as marker was also used. The effect of α-TPN on secretory diarrhea was investigated using the model of fluid secretion in intestinal loops isolated from cholera toxin-treated mice. α-TPN showed antidiarrheal effect (*p < 0.05), reducing the total stool amount (*55%, *48%, *44%, *24%) and diarrheal (*47%, *66%; *56%, 10%) respectively for the doses tested. All doses investigated in the enteropooling test presented significant changes (*46%, *78%, *66%, *41% respectively) in relation to the control. α-TPN through the muscarinic pathway reduced the gastrointestinal transit (*31%), besides inhibiting PGE2-induced diarrhea (*39%). α-TPN also reduced fluid formation and loss of Cl⁻ ions, by interacting directly with GM1 receptors and cholera toxin, thus increasing the uptake of intestinal fluids. The results suggest an anti-diarrheal activity of α-TPN due to its anticholinergic action, ability to block PGE2 and GM1 receptors and interaction with cholera toxin in secretory diarrhea, making it a promising candidate drug for the treatment of diarrheal diseases.
The global essential oil market has been steadily increasing in size over the past few years, and is estimated to reach ca. $7.5 billion USD per annum by 2018. Lavenders (Lavandula; Lamiaceae) contribute significantly to this market, yielding ca. 1500 tons of essential oils which are primarily used in cosmetics, personal care products, and medicines. Recent literature indicates that these oils may also have applications in food preservation and pest control, among others. The medicinal and pharmaceutical properties of lavenders are chiefly due their essential oils, in particular the major essential oil constituents linalool and linalyl acetate, although certain activities have been attributed to the phenolic compounds. In addition, there is evidence that the major and minor essential oil constituents act synergistically to provide various biological effects. A substantial amount of current research focuses on evaluating the biological activities of lavender essential oils for potential use in traditional and complementary medicine, food systems, cosmetic and fragrance formulations, and insect control products. This review examines recent progress in these areas, and highlights the current and future implications for these economically and medicinally valuable plants. © Copyright 2018 Natural Product Communciations Inc. All Rights Reserved.
In folk medicine, it has long been believed that odorous compounds derived from plant extracts can have anxiolytic effects. Among them, linalool, one of the terpene alcohols in lavender extracts, has been reported to have the anxiolytic effects. However, the anxiolytic nature of the linalool odor itself as well as its potential action through the olfactory system has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, we examined the anxiolytic effects of linalool odor with light/dark box test and with elevated plus maze (EPM), and found that linalool odor has an anxiolytic effect without motor impairment in mice. The effect was not observed in anosmic mice, indicating that it was triggered by olfactory input evoked by linalool odor. Furthermore, the effect was antagonized by flumazenil, indicating that the linalool odor-induced anxiolytic effect was mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission via benzodiazepine (BDZ)-responsive GABAA receptors. These results provide information about the potential central neuronal mechanisms underlying the odor-induced anxiolytic effects and the foundation for exploring clinical application of linalool odor in anxiety treatments.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an important factor responsible for the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. Because linalyl acetate (LA) possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, being antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperpigmentation, we hypothesized that LA could inhibit TSLP. Therefore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, caspase-1 assay, Western blot analysis, fluorescent analyses of the intracellular calcium levels, and the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced edema model were used to investigate how LA inhibits the production of TSLP in HMC-1 cells. LA reduced the production and mRNA expression of TSLP in HMC-1 cells. LA also inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB and degradation of IκBα. PMA plus A23187 stimulation up-regulated caspase-1 activity in HMC-1 cells; however, this up-regulated caspase-1 activity was down-regulated by LA. Finally, LA decreased intracellular calcium levels in HMC-1 cells as well as PMA-induced ear swelling responses in mice. Taken together, these results suggest that LA would be beneficial to treatment of atopic and inflammatory diseases by reducing TSLP.
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. has a great economic importance in perfumery, cosmetics, food manufacturing, aromatherapy, and pharmaceutical industry. This species finds its phytosociological optimum in the sub-Mediterranean region. Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients are expected to affect species diversification in peripheral alpine populations. In this study, phenotypic traits including morphometric parameters, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and essential oils (EOs) were analyzed in lavender peripheral populations selected in order to explore different ecological conditions. Plants were cultivated under uniform conditions to observe variations due to the genetic adaptation to native environments and to exclude the short-term response to environmental factors. Results showed qualitatively and quantitatively intra-specific variations in secondary metabolites, mainly along the latitudinal gradient, while minor effect was attributable to the altitude. This latter affected more the morphometric parameters. As the latitude augmented, VOCs showed lower content of monoterpene hydrocarbon (mh) and higher content of oxygenated monoterpenes (om); whereas EOs showed higher content of mh and non-terpene derivatives (nt) and lower content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (sh). Lavender aroma and EO composition varied in every population, for a total of 88 and 104 compounds identified, respectively. Eleven and 13 compounds were responsible for 95% of the dissimilarity, with linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole as major contributors. As the latitude augmented, linalool decreased and 1,8-cineole increased while linalyl acetate content was unaffected. These results are discussed with regards to the potential adoption of the lavender peripheral alpine populations for the improvement of quality and productivity of lavender cultivations, especially in mountainous areas.
Background
The trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Spicae aetheroleum (Spicae ae.), a phytomedicine obtained by steam distillation of the flowering tops of Lavandula latifolia, as compared to placebo in adult patients with acute bronchitis. Methods
Patients with uncomplicated acute bronchitis (bronchitis severity score [BSS] ≥ 5 score points) were randomly assigned to treatment with Spicae ae. or placebo in a double-blind, parallel-group design. No additional treatment was admitted. The primary objective was the mean difference of a defined total BSS of 25% between the Spicae ae. and the placebo group after 7 days of full medication dose. Secondary endpoints included the BSS at day 10, additional signs and symptoms of bronchitis, quality of life (QoL) and safety. ResultsThe mean decrease in BSS at day 7 and day 10 was significant with 4.79 vs. 3.20 (p < 0.005 for a 25% difference) and 6.47 vs. 4.32 (p < 0.009 for a 25% difference) score points respectively in the Spicae ae. (n = 119) vs. placebo group (n = 110). Accordingly, most additional signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis as well as the patients’ QoL improved significantly with Spicae ae. as compared to placebo. In all, 258 patients were eligible for safety analysis. The treatment with Spicae ae. was well tolerated; no serious adverse events occurred. Conclusion
The defined objectives both for the primary and secondary endpoints have been met. The results of this study provide evidence that Spicae ae. is well tolerated, effective and superior to placebo in the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adult patients.
Essential oils (EOs) are natural products obtained from aromatic plants. Steam distillation and hydrodistillation are the most commonly used methods for the extraction of EOs at laboratory scale. They have been widely studied due to their potential in the food industry. EO can be used in food in order to prolong the shelf-life, and additionally, they can reduce or replace synthetics additives. Their effectiveness can be confirmed in antimicrobial and antioxidant tests performed, in general, by diffusion test in agar and DPPH• assay, respectively. Volatile compounds are present in EOs, a role in their biological activities. In this line of thought, chromatography techniques can be applied to identify the main volatile compounds present in EOs. In general, EOs extend food stability during storage, inhibiting the growth of spoilage or pathogenic microorganisms and protecting against oxidation. It is important to evaluate the responsible compounds for the biological activities of EOs and determine their utilization limits, including their safety. Highly variable composition with source species, plant parts, and/or extraction methods appears to play important roles in the variability of EO biological activities. This review provides a concise and critical insight in the use of EOs with emphasis in food applications.
The aim of the research was to study the influence of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization on the main physiological processes in lavender and biochemical characterization of essential oil obtained by steam distillation. Physiological processes studied were the photosynthesis and transpiration intensity. The material used for herbal purposes includes commercial genotype of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.). Experiment was carried out under controlled conditions and fertilization was performed with a modified Hoagland nutrient solutions. For biochemical analysis were used average samples of lavender leaf, stem and flowers. Separation and analysis of compounds was performed by gas chromatography analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Transpiration intensity was performed by successive mass determinations from leaves and resulted values were reported per unit leaf area. The rate of photosynthesis was measured by Qubit Systems CO2 analysis package. Researches were performed in the laboratory of Plant Physiology within the Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry and Plant extracts laboratory, Faculty of Food Processing Technology, from Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara. Following the experiment, it was found that potassium fertilization has a positive effect both on the photosynthesis and transpiration. Linalool (30.398%), lynalil acetate (23.609%), camphor (8.844%), borneol (5.49%) and eucalyptol (3.964%), were determined as the main compounds from over 50 identified through biochemical analysis of the essential oil.
Bulgaria has a near century long tradition in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) cultivation and essential oil production.Following significant reduction of lavender plantations during the country’s transition period at the end of the last century, the industrial lavender cultivation gained considerable attention and rapid expansion during the last decade.Here we present the main trends of the 21st century developments of the industrial lavender cultivation in Bulgaria.The data of parallel growing and essential oil production of the currently cultivated Bulgarian lavender varieties demonstrate the higher impact of cultivating vegetative propagated varieties instead of seed derived lavender populations.The main directions and challenges of the 21st century lavender growing in the country related to increased lavender cultivation are pointed out.The recent advances in development of lavender genomic resources, molecular markers, comparative analysis of flower volatiles and related opportunities for targeted breeding and marker assisted selection are discussed. © 2016, National Centre for Agrarian Sciences.All rights reserved.
The research was carried out during the 2009 and 2010 growing period with the aim of determining agricultural and technological characteristics of lavender cultivars. When the agricultural characteristics of the lavender and lavandin cultivars were examined, in both years the highest fresh stem flower yield was obtained from Dutch (5467 and 8204 kg ha(-1), respectively) and the highest dry stemless flower yield from Super A (1083 and 1463 kg ha(-1)., respectively) cultivars. The highest essential oil content in both fresh stem flowers (the first year 2.00 %, the second year 1.90 %) and dry stemless flowers (the first year 9.62 %, the second year 8.87 %) was determined from Silver. Linalool, linalyl acetate and camphor were determined as the main components of essential oil in the lavender cultivar. The highest linalool content in fresh stem flowers was determined to be from Dutch (43.3 %) in the first year and from Vera (43.9 %) in the second year. The highest linalyl acetate content from Super A (42.5 and 19.8 %, respectively) and camphor content from Super A (19.8 %) in the first year and Dutch (10.0 %) in the second year were determined. The highest linalool content in dry stemless flowers from Dutch (46.5 and 47.0 %, respectively), linalyl acetate content from Super A (32.8 and 29.5 %, respectively) in both years and camphor content from Silver (12.6 %) in the first year and Dutch (10.9 A) in the second year were obtained.
This article examines the essential oils that are the central tools of aromatherapy and uses them as a case study for different approaches to material culture. It considers the conceptual and political implications of thinking of essential oils as, in turn, commodities, materials and essences. I argue that both cultural studies and aromatherapy have something to learn from each other. Classic materialist approaches might do well to focus more attention on the material properties and effects of things. Aromatherapy, on the other hand, could benefit from the enriched political understanding associated with classic materialist critique. New materialist strains of cultural studies may also find the vibrancy of matter that underpins many CAM/New Age practices worthy of examination.
Une nouvelle espèce de Dysmicoccus nuisible à la lavande en Provence (France) (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Pseudococcidae). Dysmicoccus lavandulae Germain, Matile-Ferrero & Williams n. sp. est décrite et illustrée. Ses séquences ADN sont présentées. L'espèce vit sur Lavandula x intermedia cultivée pour la production d'essence de lavande en Provence. La liste des espèces de pseudococcines vivant sur les lavandes spontanées en France est dressée. Le statut des 2 genres voisins Trionymus Berg et Dysmicoccus Ferris est discuté.
Characterization and confirmation of identity as part of the structural interaction perspective of essential oils biostructure from lavender (Lavandula officinalis), peppermint (Mentha piperita), green Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii), fir (Abies alba) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) has been addressed by qualitative detection and quantification of specific natural clusters, by infrared absorption spectrophotometry. The method allows the identification of structural components that are characteristic to essential oils, due to steric and electronic effects of vibrational coupling (neighbouring bonds acting on force constant of the bond, changing the position of the absorption band). Through this research the essential oil identity was confirmed by quantifying the structural components and by assigning characteristic absorption bands in the spectrum measured. Comparisons of spectra by calculating the correlation coefficient is a convenient, fast and secure method for objective confirmation of essential oils identity.
Natural products, including essential oils and their components, have been used for their bioactivities. Linalool (2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol) is an aromatic monoterpene alcohol that is widely found in essential oils and is broadly used in perfumes, cosmetics, household cleaners and food additives. This review covers the sources, physicochemical properties, application, synthesis and bioactivities of linalool. The present study focuses on the bioactive properties of linalool, including anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-stress, hepatoprotective, renal protective, and lung protective activity and the underlying mechanisms. Besides this, the therapeutic potential of linalool and the prospect of encapsulating linalool are also discussed. Linalool can induce apoptosis of cancer cells via oxidative stress, and at the same time protects normal cells. Linalool exerts antimicrobial effects through disruption of cell membranes. The protective effects of linalool to the liver, kidney and lung are owing to its anti-inflammatory activity. On account of its protective effects and low toxicity, linalool can be used as an adjuvant of anticancer drugs or antibiotics. Therefore, linalool has a great potential to be applied as a natural and safe alternative therapeutic.
Background
This study was carried out to determine the effects of lavender oil intervention before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) on patients' vital signs, pain and anxiety.
Materials and methods
This study was designed as a randomized controlled study. The population of the study consisted of adult patients who were going to receive ERCP at the gastroenterology clinic of a university hospital. Ninety patients participated in the study. The data were collected using a Patient Information Form, a Pre-Post Test Record Form, VAS and the State Anxiety Scale.
Results
After lavender oil intervention, the pulse rate, systolic-diastolic blood pressure, pain and anxiety levels of the patients in the experiment group were reduced, their oxygen saturation levels were increased, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Lavender oil applied on the patients before the ERCP procedure reduced their pulse rate, systolic-diastolic blood pressure, pain and anxiety levels, while it increased their oxygen saturation levels.
Ethno-pharmacological relevance
Lavender oil (LO) is an aromatic/essential oil extracted from Lavandula angustifolia and traditionally used as an aromatherapy massage oil due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing property and also for providing the relief in other skin conditions such as psoriasis, dermatitis and eczema. However, LO has not been evaluated scientifically for psoriasis like skin inflammation.
Aim of the study
This study aimed to investigate the LO and its major components linalool (L) and linalyl acetate (LA) against psoriasis like skin inflammation.
Materials and methods
Anti-psoriatic activity was done using Imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasis like skin inflammation in BALB/c mice. Assessment of anti-psoriatic effect of LO, L and LA was done on the basis of change in ear thickness, psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scoring at alternative day, CosCam scoring using skin analyzer equipped with SkinSys software, biochemical, immunohistochemical and histological investigations. Level of effectiveness against psoriasis was investigated by percent reduction in PASI scores, skin analysis scores and level of Th-1 and Th-17 cell expressing cytokines, as compared to the diseased mice.
Results
Topical application of LO 10% showed 73.67% recovery in PASI and 87% in Th-17 cell-specific cytokines towards normal as compared to disease group. L and LA were identified as the major components of LO and favoured ligands for selected psoriasis targets. At 2% topical dose, L and LA showed 64% and 47.61% recovery in PASI scores, respectively. Both, L and LA showed significant recovery in Th-1specific TNF-α and IL-1β however, only L showed significant recovery of Th-17 cytokines (IL-17 and IL-22). In contrast to LA (which restored granulosis), L restored epidermal hyperplasia and parakeratosis toward the normal condition. On the other hand, L also reduced the expression of NF-κβ, ccr6 and IL-17, while LA reduced the expression of NF-κβ only. At 10% topical dose, LO was observed to be slight irritant while at 2% topical dose, L and LA were found non-irritant to the skin.
Conclusion
This study proves the effectiveness of LO and its major phytoconstituents linalool and linalyl acetate against IMQ induced psoriasis like skin inflammation and provides the scientific evidence for topical use of lavender oil.
Hydrodistillation has commonly been used to recover essential oil from various plant materials, including lavender (Lavandula officinalis) flowers. The main objectives of the present study were to model the kinetics of the lavender essential oil (LEO) hydrodistillation using a phenomenological model, to evaluate the statistical significance of the hydromodule and hydrodistillation time on LEO yield combining a 4² full factorial design with the response surface methodology, to model statistically LEO yield by multiple non-linear regression and to determine the optimal process conditions that provided the maximum LEO yield. The fast-essential oil distillation (washing stage) in the initial period and the slow diffusion stage until the saturation occurring simultaneously were observed, justifying the use of the phenomenological model. With increasing the hydromodule, the saturation LEO yield and the washable fraction of the LEO decreased while the washing and diffusion rate constants increased. Knowledge of the LEO oil yield and the hydrodistillation kinetics is important from the techno-economical point of view.
Background:
This study was conducted to determine the effect of lavender oil on sleep quality and vital signs in palliative care patients.
Methods:
We examined 68 patients in a palliative care unit. Vital signs of all the patients were assessed, and also their sleep quality was evaluated using the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire. Lavender was applied to patients in the experimental group. During the intervention, vital signs of the patients were monitored at 4-h intervals throughout the night, and sleep quality was evaluated during the morning. The same evaluation processes were performed for the control group.
Results:
It was observed in the evaluation that lavender application did not affect the vital signs of the patients but it ensured a deeper sleep on the 2nd day after the intervention, facilitated their falling asleep and sleeping again when they were awakened and enhanced sleep quality (p < 0.05). Also, this application decreased the awakening frequency on the 1st and 2nd days and enhanced overall sleep quality (p < 0.05) after the intervention.
Conclusions:
Lavender has no effect on the vital signs of palliative care patients but is an effective and reliable approach to enhance their sleep quality.
Background:
This study was conducted to determine the effects of lavender oil on the levels of anxiety and vital signs in benign prostate hyperplasia patients (BPH) in their preoperative period.
Method:
This was a quasi-experimental study and a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The population of the study consisted of elderly male patients who were hospitalized at the urology clinic of a hospital in Turkey, eligible for inclusion, and who were scheduled to undergo BPH surgery. These patients had a prostate mass >30 g on which medical treatment and minimal surgical treatment had not been succesful but which could be cured through open prostatectomy surgery and transurethral resection of the prostate. The sample consisted of 110 patients selected by the convenience sampling method and determined based on power analysis.
Results:
According to data analysis, both groups showed significantly reduced anxiety after the smelling lavender oil. However, the experimental group reported a significantly higher decrease in anxiety [mean change: -38.47 (SD 8.68) vs -2.78 (SD 3.27)] in comparison to the control group (p < 0.001). The posttest mean vital signs of the groups were compared and there was a statistically significant decrease in respiration and increase in oxygen saturation (p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
The findings showed that lavender oil inhalation reduced anxiety levels and had effects on the vital signs of BPH patients in their preoperative period.
Preventing vascular damage is considered an effective strategy in patients who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with hypertension. Here, we investigated vascular damage in COPD-like and hypertensive rats, which demonstrated the presence of the three related factors of COPD with hypertension. These include elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which are positively correlated with vascular damage in patients. In addition to increases in these three related factors, COPD-like and hypertensive rats exhibited increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and enlargement of alveolar airspaces, recapitulating clinical findings in previous studies of patients. Moreover, the appearance of these related factors was prevented by linalyl acetate. Our results provide novel insight into the potential of LA to prevent vascular damage and elevated SBP, serum MDA and serum LDH in COPD with hypertension, and could lead to an alternative strategy for preventing vascular damage for patients who suffered from COPD with hypertension in a clinical setting.
Background:
This randomized clinical trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tavipec® (Spicae aetheroleum), a phytomedicine obtained by steam distillation of the flowering tops of Lavandula latifolia, as compared to placebo in adult patients suffering from acute viral rhinosinusitis.
Methodology:
Patients with acute viral rhinosinusitis were randomly assigned to treatment with 2 capsules Tavipec® 150 mg or placebo thrice daily over a period of 7 days in a double-blind, parallel-group design. No additional treatment was admitted. The efficacy endpoints comprised the improvement of the main rhinosinusitis symptoms as per Major Symptom Score (MSS) and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) as well as of quality of life (QoL) by global assessment scale, evaluated at baseline, day 5 and day 8, respectively.
Results:
288 patients were enrolled and randomized to treatment. At day 8 the patients in the Tavipec® group had a significantly lower MSS compared to placebo and the impact of rhinosinusitis symptoms on QoL was significantly reduced. A significantly higher proportion of Tavipec® treated patients experienced a change in SNOT-22 score greater than or equal to 10 points at day 5 or day 8. No new safety signals were identified.
Conclusions:
The treatment with Tavipec® effectively reduced the symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis in adult patients.
The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as chemical composition of essential oils from fresh and dried flowers and aerial parts of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) were compared. Their main volatile components were linalool (26.5-34.7 %), linalyl acetate (19.7-23.4 %), β-ocimene (2.9-10.7 %), and α-terpineol (2.8-5.1 %). The lavender essential oils showed high activity against bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa), yeast and filamentous fungi (Candida sp., A. niger, P. expansum), inhibiting their growth at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 4.5 μg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by the essential oil from fresh aerial parts (IC50 =77.11 mg/mL) while the oil from dried flower displayed the weakest activity (IC50 = 22.1 mg/mL).
A new extraction process, i.e., ohmic accelerated steam distillation (OASD), was designed and developed in this study. A packed bed of lavender inflorescences was subjected to OASD and extraction parameters, physical, and chemical properties of the extracted essential oil were compared to that of SD. The proposed extraction technique yielded the same amount of extract as SD (3.3–3.8% v·w−1) with the similar IC50 value (100 μg·ml−1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that OASD did not negatively affect the valuable compounds of lavender essential oil and the major components of both extracted essential oil were Linalool, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. Likewise, the extracted essential oils had similar relative densities (0.88) and color values. On the other hand, OASD was superior to SD in terms of rapidity (total extraction time of 50.3 ± 2.1 min vs. 112.7 ± 5.9 min) and consumed energy (0. 4 kWh vs. 0.9 kWh for 1 mL essential oil). OASD can be considered as a potential energy- and time- saving alternative to SD for industrial units after further process optimization and up-scaling studies.
During early development of a drug, in vivo studies precede or complement pharmacological bioassays in laboratory animals (in vivo studies). Carvacrol is a product with high therapeutic potential, which in vitro studies have been showing favorable results in different cellular models or methodological designs. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a systematic review to analyze pharmacological effects of carvacrol in in vitro studies. A comprehensive literature research using Science Direct, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science.
Selection criteria:
Four databases were used (Internet sources), such as: National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE-PubMed), Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus, using different combinations of the following keywords: carvacrol, drug therapy, therapeutic uses, in vitro study. The searches on databases were for studies conducted in the period up to and including September 2016. A total of 3,269 studies were initially identified, with only 31 meeting the inclusion criteria. The included studies showed a variety of in vitro models able to determine the properties of Carvacrol. Many mechanisms of action of Carvacrol were noted: antimicrobial effect (7 studies), bactericidal (4), bactericidal and antifungal (1), anti-inflammatory (4), anticancer (4), mutagenic activity (4), antioxidant (3), antifungal (3), antidepressant (1), modulator of nerve impulses (1) and immunological modulator (1). The In vitro studies with Carvacrol included in this review showed a diversity of models and confirmed the therapeutic potential of this product in relation to several diseases.
Medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) are cultivated for the production of specialty materials including essential oils (EO), and pharmaceuticals, but most are still wild collected. The need for renewable sources of intensive industrial products as well as the protection of plant biodiversity can be satisfied by cultivating MAPs as agro-industrial crops. Such crops require ample amounts of irrigation water to meet their potential for rigorous production. Shortage of fresh water in arid and semi-arid zones has necessitated the development of MAPs production systems based on irrigation with treated effluents. In the present study we have investigated the MAP Clinopodium serpyllifolium for its suitability to grow under irrigation with treated effluents, as a source of EO and pharmaceuticals. The results have demonstrated the suitability of the utilization of treated effluents for agro-industrial production of C. serpyllifolium, as a promising source of high quality EO, and biomass production, without compromising yield parameters and bioactivities, compared with potable water irrigation. The results indicate that C. serpyllifolium is a valuable natural source of antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors, with interesting inhibitory actions against the key enzymes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and could represent a starting point for the development of new AD management strategies using natural butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, including its use as a food supplement. The study has demonstrated the ability of C. serpyllifolium extracts to exert health benefits by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, a target for obesity. Treated effluents is suitable for growth and quality production in C. serpyllifolium, and hence it forms the foundation for effluent-based industrial EO production.
Fulltext
https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XaRd3IipngHik
Objective
To investigate the effect of olfactory stimulation with essential oils on cardiovascular reactivity during the “moving beans” rehabilitation task in stroke patients with anxiety.
Methods
Twenty-eight stroke patients participated in this study. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and after finger movement tasks (e.g., moving beans and the Purdue pegboard test). Olfactory stimulation with lavender oil, grapefruit oil, and distilled water were conducted during finger tasks. Anxiety was assessed using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-Y2 before the finger movement tasks.
Results
There were no significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate activity in both finger movement tasks when stimulation of lavender oil, grapefruit oil, and distilled water was applied. However, the change values of Δ diastolic blood pressure (DBP) associated with the moving beans task indicated a significant interaction between olfactory stimulations and the groups of STAI-Y2 scores (high vs low) (p = 0.03), without main effects in the olfactory stimulations and the groups of STAI-Y2 scores.
Conclusion
Olfactory stimulation with lavender and grapefruit oil may repress the exaggerated DBP response during the moving beans task in stroke patients with higher levels of trait anxiety symptoms.
The effects of lavender volatile inhalation on human behaviour and emotions are not reproducible, because several types of lavender essential oils are available in markets. The aim of this study was to determine the key volatile components for the sedative effect of lavender essential oil on human. We tested twenty-seven Lavandula essential oils and analysed their volatile component compositions by means of GC and GC-MS. Volatile component composition of the essential oils was categorized by Principal Components Analysis and seven essential oils were selected for physiological/psychological evaluation. Power spectral analysis on R–R intervals, salivary amylase activity and POMS test showed that some essential oils showed sedative effects on humans. Oils with stimulant effects were also observed. Differences in volatile composition between sedative and stimulant oils suggested that key components of aromachology effects of Lavandula oils were linalyl acetate (sedative effect) and camphor (stimulant effect).
Patients with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and neurological diseases have been shown to benefit from treatments such as aromatherapy in addition to medication. Most chronic diseases are caused by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as well as harmful factors. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), a terpenoid oxide isolated from Eucalyptus species, is a promising compound for treating such conditions as it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various diseases, including respiratory disease, pancreatitis, colon damage, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Eucalyptol suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production through the action of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, and reduces oxidative stress through the regulation of signaling pathways and radical scavenging. The effects of eucalyptol have been studied in several cell and animal models as well as in patients with chronic diseases. Furthermore, eucalyptol can pass the blood–brain barrier and hence can be used as a carrier to deliver drugs to the brain via a microemulsion system. In summary, the various biological activities of eucalyptol such as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as its physicochemical characteristics, make this compound a potentially important drug for the treatment of chronic diseases.
Essential oils are widely used in the flavor, food, fragrance, and cosmetic industries in many applications. Contact allergy to them is well known and has been described for 80 essential oils. The relevance of positive patch test reactions often remains unknown. Knowledge of the chemical composition of essential oils among dermatologists is suspected to be limited, as such data are published in journals not read by the dermatological community. Therefore, the authors have fully reviewed and published the literature on contact allergy to and chemical composition of essential oils. Selected topics from this publication will be presented in abbreviated form in Dermatitis starting with this issue, including I. Introduction; II. General aspects; III. Chemistry; IV. General aspects of contact allergy; V. Peppermint oil, lavender oil and lemongrass oil; VI: Sandalwood oil, ylang-ylang oil, and jasmine absolute.
Linalool is a monoterpene compound commonly found as a major component of the essential oils of several aromatic plant species, many of which are used in traditional medical systems as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedies. We previously reported that (-)-linalool, the natural occurring enantiomer, plays a major role in the anti-inflammatory activity displayed by different essential oils, suggesting that linalool-producing species are potentially anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, the antinociceptive activity of (-)-linalool was examined in two different pain models in mice: the acetic acid-induced writhing response, a model of inflammatory pain, and the hot plate test, a model of supraspinal analgesia. Moreover, the effect of (-)-linalool on spontaneous locomotor activity (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) was evaluated. The results show that this compound induced a significant reduction of the acid-induced writhing at doses ranging from 25 to 75 mg/kg. Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. In the hot plate test, only the dose of 100 mg/kg of (-)-linalool resulted in a significant effect. (-)-Linalool induced a dose dependent increase of motility effects, thus ruling out the confounding influence of a possible sedative effect. The more pronounced effect of (-)-linalool on the writhing test with respect to the hot plate test is consistent with the observation that (-)-linalool possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, the activation of opioidergic and cholinergic systems appears to play a crucial role in (-)-linalool-induced antinociception.