GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm

Full text

1
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm
GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic AlgorithmGSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm
GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic Algorithm
Nwelih, E.
Nwelih, E. Nwelih, E.
Nwelih, E.
1Department of Computer Science
University of Benin, Benin City Nigeria
E-mail(s): emmanuelnwelih@yahoo.com, 1emmanuel.nwelih@uniben.edu.ng
Phones: +23480233964661
Asagba, P.O.
Asagba, P.O.Asagba, P.O.
Asagba, P.O.
&
& &
& Ugwu, C.
Ugwu, C.Ugwu, C.
Ugwu, C.
Department of Computer Science
University of Port Harcourt
Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria
E-mail(s): asagba.prince@uniport.edu.ng, 3chidiebere.ugwu@uniport.edu.ng
Phones: +23480348577812, +23480367311443
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACTABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
This study examines the issues of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)
networks in Nigeria which have made it possible to be connected and reachable even in the
most remote places, and this has also increase the problem of base station transceiver
placement. Literatures reviewed shows that 98% of GSM communication base stations in
Nigeria are sited within 20 meters from residences, offices, schools, business buildings,
petrol stations and public arenas. The challenges that necessitated this research are the
problem of the location of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) in mobile telecommunication
networks, excessive electromagnetic field which can be dangerous to people increases
concern, because of the exposure of living organisms to more sources of electromagnetic
fields from radio. In this study we will be discoursing the prospect of using Genetic
Algorithm approach in placing Base Transceiver Station Neighborhood model in our
environment by taking into consideration the health issues of the population living there.
Key
KeyKey
Keywords
wordswords
words: Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Base Transceiver Station
(BTS), Neighborhood Model and Genetic Algorithm (GA).
SMART
SMARTSMART
SMART-
--
-i
ii
iSTEAMS Conference Proceedings Paper Citation Format
STEAMS Conference Proceedings Paper Citation Format STEAMS Conference Proceedings Paper Citation Format
STEAMS Conference Proceedings Paper Citation Format
Nwelih, E. Asagba, P.O. & Ugwu, C. (2018): GSM BASE Transceiver Station Placement Using Genetic
Algorithm. Proceedings of the 10th SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Conference, February, 2018,
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria. Pp 1-8
1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Nigeria has been described in various ways as one of the fastest growing nation in the use of
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) by different researchers, Omirin and
Olutuase, (2007), Udomisor et al. (2015) and Chieme and Obiora, (2014). The early
periods of the new millennium, precisely year 2001, witnessed a revolution in the
communication system in Nigeria as some Global Satellite Mobile (GSM) phone service
providers were licensed to operate in Nigeria. This revolution has been largely enhanced
by the aggressive market promotion of the GSM phone by the service providers who were
quick to list various utility advantages of GSM services.

2
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
This ranges from making business transaction easier through facilitating quick information
exchange to enhancing interpersonal relationships (Elegbeleye, (2005) and Joseph (2013)).
There is no doubt that the telecommunication system in Nigeria has undergone a
revolution since the deregulation of the market. Ever since then, there has been
astronomical growth in the acquisition of cell phones by the youths, the grown-ups and
even the aged. Given the mode of operation of GSM technology, Base Transceiver
Stations (BTS) are required for the provision of GSM services. Consequently, network of
base stations were established in areas that enjoyed the GSM services all over Nigeria.
However, there are claims that the masts used by telecom providers radiate
Electromagnetic Field (ETF) rays which are injurious to health. radiations are linked to
health hazards such as fatigue, headache, decreased concentration, dizziness, local
irritation, tumour induction, sperm motility, morphology and viability, cancer, especially
brain tumour and leukaemia, viral and infectious diseases according to Aderoju, et al.
(2014), Bello (2010). Given these potential health impacts of BTS on humans, the Nigeria
Communication Commission (NCC), seeing the robust growth in the sector, encouraged
the entry of more mobile operators into the market in the year 2001(Olukotun et al. 2013
and Elegbeleye, 2005). But two of the federal government agencies in Nigeria, the Nigerian
Communications Commission (NCC) and the National Environmental Standard
Regulatory Agency (NESREA), engaged each other in a show of supremacy over how to
use or not to use Nigeria’s environmental space for telecommunication business purposes.
While NCC certifies a five (5) meters distance and other requirements, NESREA insists on
the established guidelines for national environmental standards for telecommunications
and broadcasting facilities.
The guidelines provided for the establishment of BTS within a minimum setback of ten
(10) meters from the perimeter wall (fence) of residential/business premises, schools and
hospitals. Similarly, where there is no perimeter wall (fence), the BTS must be at a
minimum of twelve (12) meters from the wall of residential, business premises schools and
hospitals, as stipulated by its 2007 establishing Act. NESREA has consequently shut down a
number of base stations that contravened its position Husain, et al. (2017) and Badru et al.
(2016). In this work we considered the Nigeria environmental space in the design of the
proposed model using Genetic algorithm approach.
The mobile telecommunication industry in Nigeria is growing and is still undergoing
extraordinary changes brought about by the introduction of new technology according to
Joseph (2013). The changes have led to an increase of BTS in cities, towns and villages in
Nigeria. This led to the concept of neighborhood control in this work, which is the
inclusion of consideration of the structure in the immediate environment (neighbor) in the
selection of a suitable site for the BTS. Involves the consideration of many issues amongst
which are availability of land, safety and health considerations, accessibility for maintenance
purposes, issues of radio frequency requirements, capacity issues, line of sight and height of
the neighboring building.

3
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
The key problem identified in the placement of base station in Nigeria is the manual
inspection of proposed site by engineers. The present process of cell planning leaves the
final decision of the Base Station Transceiver (BST) site in the hands of a team of radio
planners, who take these decisions based on their experience. The final decision can be
subjective, giving room for bias and not give opportunity for a wider consultation for other
option. The importance of environmental consideration in BST placement has resulted in
operator views by many with the notion of their placement requirement. The shutting
down of a BST over regulatory breach has multiple effects as it results in loss of network
coverage for the area and a big financial loss for the operator Aderoju, et al. (2014).
The neighborhood concept was born out of the need for more efficient and automated cell
planning tool that takes compliance to regulation into consideration and gives the operator
the opportunity to search for a larger space for a near optimal placement. In the presence
of agitation and public concern for the installation of base station in residential area, in
Nigeria however there is cooperation between the ministries of environment, health and
the ministries involve with the telecommunication regulation in putting in place an
acceptable legal and regulatory framework. In this work, we will be looking at the existing
BST architecture and design a BTS architecture which will includes Genetic Algorithm
(GA) for optimizing the placement of the BTS and taking the neighborhood into
consideration in determining its location by BTS, with maximum and minimum distance
from populated environment in Nigeria.
2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In spite of the huge work carried out on the designing of the access part of mobile
communication networks, there are still some problems which have not been completely
studied. Like the neighborhood consideration of BTS placement problem in Nigeria
communities, despite the legal frame work put in place by NCC and NESREA to check the
maximum and minimum distance from populated environment in Nigeria. GSM operators
still violate the rules and regulations; this work specifically deals with the importance of
environmental consideration problem in the locations of base station in mobile
telecommunication networks in neighborhoods of Nigeria
3. OBJECTIVE
3. OBJECTIVE3. OBJECTIVE
3. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this study is to design the proposed model using Genetic algorithm
and to investigate existing base station placement patterns policies in Nigeria vis-à-vis our
proposed software.
4. METHODOLOGY
4. METHODOLOGY4. METHODOLOGY
4. METHODOLOGY
The method applied in this study is the Object Oriented System Analysis and Design
method where an existing system is studied from the perspective of objects and similar
objects are grouped as classes and their properties are handled as fields while their
behaviors are treated as the actions or methods within the same bundle of object.

4
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
4.1 The Rese
4.1 The Rese4.1 The Rese
4.1 The Research Design
arch Designarch Design
arch Design
This study considered the architecture of other researchers since the inception of the base
station transceiver mobile network and the work of Mouly and Pautet, (1991) was adapted.
Figure 1 shows the neighborhood control design.
Figure 1: Neighborhood Control Design of the Proposed System
Are
Solutions
optimal?
Evaluate
Fitnesss
Revis
e
No
Yes
GA
initialization
Selection
Crossover
Mutation
GA Algorithm
Optimal
weight dataset
Optimal BST
Figure 1: N
Figure 1: NFigure 1: N
Figure 1: Neighborhood Control Design of the Proposed System
eighborhood Control Design of the Proposed Systemeighborhood Control Design of the Proposed System
eighborhood Control Design of the Proposed System
5. Detailed System Design
5. Detailed System Design 5. Detailed System Design
5. Detailed System Design
The proposed Neighborhood Control Design (NHC) of the Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) concept consideration as shown in figure 2 is described in details as following:
Base Tran
Base TranBase Tran
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
sceiver Station (BTS)sceiver Station (BTS)
sceiver Station (BTS)
Base Transceiver Station is actually the antenna that you see installed on top of the tower.
The BTS is the Mobile Phone’s access point to the network. It is responsible for carrying
out radio communications between the network and the Mobile Phone. It handles speech
encoding, encryption, multiplexing, and modulation/demodulation of the radio signals.
One BTS usually covers a single 120 degree sector of an area. Usually a tower with 3 BTSs
will accommodate all 360 degrees around the tower. However, depending on geography
and user demand of an area, a cell may be divided up into one or two sectors, or a cell may
be serviced by several BTSs with redundant sector coverage.

5
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
A BTS is assigned a Cell Identity. The cell identity denotes a particular Location Area,
which provides details of the cell which the BTS is covering. Each cell covers a limited
number of mobile subscribers within the cell boundaries (Coverage area). Approximately a
Cell Radius is 30 Km, (Start up), 1 KM (Mature). The cell size determines the number of
cells available to cover a geographic area and (with frequency reuse) the total capacity
available to all users. Each network operator has a size cells to handle expected traffic
demand.
Neighborhood Control (NHC)
Neighborhood Control (NHC)Neighborhood Control (NHC)
Neighborhood Control (NHC)
The Neighborhood Control (NHC) is in charge of the geographic land mark futures, which
helps the prospective network owners to place BTS within the control location. NHC
consist of the following:
Area type (AT)
Availability of land (AL)
Safety and health considerations (SHC)
Accessibility for maintenance purposes (AMP)
Issues of radio frequency requirements (IRFR)
Capacity issues (CI)
Line of sight (LS)
Height of the neighboring building (HNB)
Base Station Controller (BSC):
Base Station Controller (BSC):Base Station Controller (BSC):
Base Station Controller (BSC): Base Station Controller (BSC) controls multiple BTSs. It
handles allocation of radio channels, frequency administration, power and signal
measurements from the MS, and handovers from one BTS to another (if both BTSs are
controlled by the same BSC). A BSC also functions as a "funneler". It reduces the number
of connections to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and allows for higher capacity
connections to the MSC. A BSC may be collocated with a BTS or it may be geographically
separate. It may even be collocated with the Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the heart of the GSM
network. It handles call routing, call setup, and basic switching functions. An MSC handles
multiple BSCs and also interfaces with other MSC's and registers. It also handles inter-BSC
handoffs as well as coordinates with other MSC's for inter-MSC handoffs.
Genetic Algorithm (GA):
Genetic Algorithm (GA): Genetic Algorithm (GA):
Genetic Algorithm (GA): Genetic Algorithms are based on the principle of evolution and
natural genetics it has been successful in solving many optimization problems including the
BTS placement problem. The design of a GA starts with solution encoding, creation of
individuals that make a population, and evaluation of the individuals. During the evaluation
each individual is assigned a fitness value according to a certain fitness function. Based on
the fitness value, some of the better individuals are selected to seed the next generation by
applying crossover and mutation to them. In GA, the variables can be represented in
binary, integer, real, or integer and binary. This work considers the value encoding scheme.
In other to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the network data will be
given 64kbps uplink and 144kbps downlink data service will be used for the cell planning
process which goes through the following;

6
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
Selection
Selection Selection
Selection The selection was carried out to find out which individuals can be taken as
parents for crossover. The individuals are selected based on their fitness values. An
individual with higher fitness value is likely to be selected. The best six individuals are
selected for crossover
Crossover
Crossover Crossover
Crossover The crossover produces new individuals in combining the information
contained in the parents. Depending on the representation of the variables, different
methods must be used. Basic crossover methods include one-point crossover, multi-point
crossover, and uniform crossover. The uniform crossover is used in this thesis.
Mutation
Mutation Mutation
Mutation After the creation of all the children, the mutation operator possibly changes
them. It scans each gene of all children and changes the value of a gene with the mutation
probability. After the mutation process was finished the children needed to be evaluated.
The best chromosome was then found and the algorithm started with selection again. The
stopping criterion was fulfilled if the number of generations was reached.
Fitness
FitnessFitness
Fitness simply defined is a function which takes a candidate solution to the problem as
input and produces as output how “fit” or how “good” the solution is with respect to the
problem in consideration. Calculation of fitness value is done repeatedly in a GA and
therefore it should be sufficiently fast. A slow computation of the fitness value can
adversely affect a GA and make it exceptionally slow.
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
This study provides an insight into a developing country like Nigeria in terms of
placement of Base Transceiver System for Global System for Mobile communication.
There is the need for proper placement of base transceiver station in and around
neighborhoods to enhance information technology. Conclusively, this study has
successfully designed a neighborhood control model which can be used in the placement
of base transceiver station in the neighborhoods of Nigeria Cities.
7. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE
7. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE 7. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE
7. CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE
In this study, we successfully design the proposed Base Transceiver Station Neighborhood
model using Genetic Algorithm approach. It caters for proper placement of the base
station in the natural environment by taking into consideration the health issues of the
population living there.

7
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
REFE
REFEREFE
REFERENCES
RENCESRENCES
RENCES
1. Aderoju, O.M., Godstime, J., Olojo, O., Oyewumi, A., Eta, J., Onuoha, H.U.,
Salman, K., and Nwadike, B.K. (2014) Space-Based Assessment of the
Compliance of GSM Operators in Establishing Base Transceiver Station (BTS) In
Nigeria Using Abuja Municipal Area Council as Case Study. IOSR Journal of
Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. Volume 8, Issue 10.
PP 46-57
2. Alabi, I. K., Sagir, L., Fatai, O. A., and Alabi, I.I. (2017).GSM Quality of Service
Performance in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Computer Science,
Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol. 7, No. 3/4, pages 29-40.
3. Badru, R.A., Alwadood, J.A., Atijosan, A.O., Oloko-Oba, M.A., Babalogbon,
B.A., Jesuleye, I.A., Alaga, T.A, and Shaba H.A. (2016). Evaluation Of Geo-
Spatial Proximity Of Mobile Communication (GSM) Base Transceiver Stations
To Buildings In Ile-Ife, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology
Research Volume 5, ISSUE 02, Pages 87-91.
4. Bakare, B.I. Ekanem, I.A., and Allen, I.O. (2017) Appraisal of Global System for
Mobile Communication (GSM) In Nigeria. American Journal of Engineering
Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-6, Issue-6, pp-
97-102
5. Bello, M. O. (2010). Effects of the Location of GSM Base Stations on Satisfaction
of Occupiers and Rental Value of Proximate Residential Property. Computer and
Information Science, 3 (4): 159 – 170.
6. Chieme, A. and Obiora, O. (2014). Wireless Communication: The Impact of
GSM on the Economic Lives of the Nigerian Rural Users. Journal of Educational
and Social Research, 4 (7): 79-87.
7. Elegbeleye, O.S. (2005). Prevalent Use of Global System of Mobile Phone (GSM)
for Communication in Nigeria: A Breakthrough in Interactional Enhancement or a
Drawback? Nordic Journal of African Studies, 14(2): 193–207
8. Enyinna, P. I. and Avwir, G.O. (2010).Characterization of the Radio Frequency
Radiation Potential of Alakahia and Choba Communities, Nigeria. FACTA
UNIVERSITATIS Series: Working and Living Environmental Protection Vol. 7,
No 1, 2010, pp. 25 – 31
9. Husain, M. A., Gwary, M. S., Yusuf, M. I. and Yusuf, I. D. (2017).Appraisal of
Spatial Distribution of Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM)
Infrastructure in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria.International Journal of Engineering
Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org. Volume 6 Issue 8.Pages. 45-55
10. Job, M. Anish, K. and Ben, V.W. (2008).Optimization of Antenna Placement in
3G Networks using Genetic Algorithms.Third International Conference on
Broadband Communications, Information Technology & Biomedical
Applications. Journal of Computer Society, Pp30 – 37.
11. Joseph I. (2013). Harnessing Telecommunications Revolution in Nigeria: A Case
Study.Wireless and Mobile Technologies1, no. 1, pp. 20-24.
12. Micah D. J. and Alabi, J. T. (2016). Challenges of operators of global system for
mobile telecommunication services in Nigeria: towards mitigating the pain. Direct
Research Journal of Social Science and Educational Studies (DRJSSES). Vol. 3(3),
pp. 44-50.

8
SMART- iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary
Conference
Ogwuashi-uku, Delta State, Nigeria, February 2018
13. Mouly, M. and Pautet, M. B. (1991). GSM Protocol Architecture: Radio
Subsystem Signaling. IEEE 41st Vehicular Technology Conference
14. Mu˜noz-Gea, J. P. Vales-Alonso, J. Garc´ıa-Haro, J. Gonz´alez-Casta˜no, F. J.
(2006). A Simulation Study on the Health Concerns Derived from GSM Base
Station Placement. IEEE MELECON, Benalmadena (Malaga), Spain 1-4244-
0088-0/06
15. Oliver, B. and Danielle, S. (2005). Reglating the Risksof Mobile Phone Base
Stations a Comparative Study in five Countries. World Health Organization
workshop on base stations and wireless network, 113-126
16. Olukotun, G. A., James, O. O. and Olorunfemi, K. (2013). The Introduction of
GSM Services in Anyigba Community and its Impact on Students Expenditure
Pattern. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Finance, 13 (8):
71-81.
17. Omirin, M.S. and Olutuase, T.O. (2007). The Effect of GSM on Reading Culture
of Student/Users of the Library: ACase Study of the University of Ado-Ekiti,
Nigeria. The Social Sciences Medwell Journals, 2(2): 139-141.
18. Thomas, A. W. (2002). Cell Towers proliferation in the United States. The
geographical review, 92(1) 46-62 published by the geographical society of New
York
19. Udomisor, I.W., Akoje, S. P. E. and Udomisor, E.I. (2015). Impacts of Mobile
Technology on Nigeria Broadcasting Communication Policy. International Journal
of Social Science Studies, 3 (1): 111-121.