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Subtitling Taboo Expressions from a Conservative to a More Liberal Culture: The Case of the Arab TV Series Jinn

Authors:
Ahmad S Haider at Applied Science Private University
Ahmad S Haider
Bassam Al Saideen at Isra University
Bassam Al Saideen
Riyad Hussein at Applied Science Private University
Riyad Hussein
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Abstract

Subtitling involves constraints about differences between cultures. This requires a set of translation strategies, especially when subtitling from relatively conservative to more liberal cultures. This study explores subtitlers’ strategies when translating the Jordanian Arabic vernacular series Jinn into English. Jinn has been selected because it’s Netflix’s first Arabic-Jordanian series containing explicit scenes and inappropriate language. Further culture-bound expressions were classified according to their connotative functions. The findings demonstrated that subtitlers used various strategies to render culture-bound expressions from Arabic into English. These include translating the source culture taboo to a target culture taboo of the same, higher or lower intensity levels. The findings also revealed that ‘unfriendly suggestions’ and ‘noun supports’ were the most frequently targeted connotative functions of the swear words. The research recommends additional studies on subtitling movies and series cross-culture.
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       󰃊  󰂹󰆼󰆻󰂺 󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾 󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀 󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁
󰅺  󰂺     󰂺󰂶 󰆽 󰆻󰆽 󰆾 󰃊 󰂹 󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰄀󰇄󰇃󰇀󰇂 󰃍󰃎 󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰄀󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀 󰃍󰃎
     
 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
MEJCC
󰂺󰃈
    
   
      
 󰂐  󰃊 󰂹 󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆽󰄀󰇂󰇂󰇁󰆾󰄀󰆽󰆻󰆼
   󰂶 󰂶 󰂷   󰂶
  󰂶 󰂶 
󰄾󰅱󰅯󰅎󰂐
  󰃊 󰂹 󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆼󰄀󰇁󰆻󰆿󰇄󰄀󰆼󰇄󰆼󰆼
 󰂶 󰂶 
󰅎󰂐
 󰂐  󰃊 󰂹 󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆼󰄀󰇃󰇁󰆻󰇀󰄀󰇂󰆾󰆾󰇄
   󰂶 󰂶 
󰅎󰂐

     󰂺    
 󰂶        
 󰂺    󰄘     󰄀
      󰂺      󰄘
󰄘  󰄀       󰄀
󰂺  󰄀      󰄀
 󰂺         
 󰄀     󰂺  
          󰂶    
󰂺      󰄖 󰄘 󰄖 󰄘 
         󰂺  
        󰄀󰂺
󰆽󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾

󰄀 󰄍   󰄍   󰄍   󰄍  󰄍

󰆔 
    󰄀   󰂶  󰄀
  󰂶   󰄘   󰄘  󰄀
         󰂺 󰄘
   󰂶      
   󰂺          󰄀
       󰂶   󰂺
󰂶        󰄖 󰄀
󰄘 󰃍  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺      󰂶 
   󰂺 󰂶     󰄘 
         󰄘  󰃍
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺              
   󰄘       󰃍󰃎
      󰂺   
       󰆜  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺
 󰄀          󰄀
          󰂺  󰂶  
 󰂶   󰄘 󰄀  󰄎   
       󰂺 󰂶  󰄘
      󰂺  󰂶 
 󰄘         󰂺
󰄘         󰄀󰄀
󰃍󰃎      󰂺  󰂶  
󰂶  󰂶      󰂺
   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂹 󰆕󰆙󰆔󰃎   󰄖      
 󰃕 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃖  󰄘󰂶     
    󰂺       󰄀
      󰂶   
  󰂶      󰂺
        󰂶 󰄀 󰄀
    󰂶     
 󰃍󰃎     󰂺   
       󰄀 󰄀  󰂶 
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆾
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
    󰄖 󰄘   󰄀 
      󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
         󰂶
   󰂶    󰂶    󰄀
      󰂺     
       󰂶  
    󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺 󰂶   
       󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂹
󰆕󰆚󰆘󰃎󰂺
    󰂶      
        󰂺 󰂶  
       󰄀 󰄀
   󰂶     󰂺    
         󰃍󰄀
  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷 󰄀󰂶    󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂶   󰄘 󰄀
    󰂶       
   󰂺
           󰂹
           󰂶
        󰂺   
           
        󰂺 󰂶  
           
󰄘   󰂺
󰆕    
      󰂹      󰄀
   󰄀      󰄀
󰂺          
     󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆔  
󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔  󰄀 
           󰄀
       󰄘 󰂶      󰄀
  󰂶       󰂺   
   󰂶     󰂶  
 󰂶    󰂶    󰄀
󰆿󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰄘      󰂺    
        󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓󰂶    󰄀
         󰃍󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
            󰄀
   󰂶    󰃍     󰃎󰂶
       󰄘  󰂺 󰂶
        󰂶   
         󰃍󰃎 󰂶
 󰂶        󰂺 󰂶  󰄀
         
󰂺           󰄀
 󰂶          
󰂺              󰄘
󰂶            󰄀
 󰃍󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
    󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰂶    󰂶
           󰃍󰄀
󰂶 󰂶  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺      󰂶 󰄀
     󰂺     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂶
    󰄘      
          󰂺  󰄀
    󰂶  󰃎    
󰃍󰂶  󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰃎󰂷  󰃎 󰂶  
    󰂶   󰂺       
󰂶     󰂶   󰄀
   󰂶    󰂶   󰃍󰄀  󰄘
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷 󰄀  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
     󰂶   
      󰄀  
  󰃍 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷
 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰃎󰂺        
    󰂶       󰂶
    󰂺 󰂶     
 󰂶         
    󰂶       
  󰂺
 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎         
    󰄀 󰂺  󰄀
     󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂹 󰆘󰆜󰃎    󰂺
   󰂶    󰄖󰃕󰃖  
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰇀
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
   󰄘󰂺     
      󰄀󰄀󰂶     󰄀
󰄀󰂺  󰂶    󰂶  󰄖󰂶
 󰂶  󰂶 󰄀   󰄀
 󰄘󰂺 󰂶     󰂶 󰄀
 󰄖󰂶   󰄘󰂺   󰄀
         󰂺 
        󰂶   
󰄖        󰂶      
  󰄘󰂺
  󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂹 󰆚󰆔󰃎   󰂶 󰄖 󰄀 󰄀
󰄘  󰄖 󰄀 󰄘󰂺  󰄀   
󰂶  󰄖󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰄀
󰂶   󰄘󰂺  󰂶   
    󰂹    󰂶     
     󰃍󰃎    󰃍󰃎󰂺 󰄀
󰂶    󰄀   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎   
       󰄀  
   󰂺     󰄖󰂶  󰃍 󰄀
󰃎󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶 󰄀
󰂶  󰄘 󰃍󰄀   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂹 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆚󰃎󰂺 󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰃎
         󰄀
󰂹 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺
   󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎   󰄀
        󰂺  󰂹 󰃍󰃎
            󰄀
 󰂶 󰃍󰃎          
 󰂶 󰃍󰃎  󰄀      󰃍󰄀
󰃎           󰃍󰃎  
         󰂺
󰂶 󰄀󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎       
    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎       
 󰂺   󰂹
       󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰄀
󰃈   󰃎󰂶   󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰃈   󰄀
󰃎󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰃈      
      󰃎   󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰃈
  󰃎󰂺
 󰄀  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂹 󰆖󰆖
󰇁󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
  󰂶       󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎  
       󰄀 󰄀
     󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆕 󰄘   
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂹 󰆚󰆗󰄍󰆔󰆕󰆓󰃎       
  󰂺        
   󰂹
󰂺 󰄀   
 󰂹 󰄖󰂼󰄘󰂺
󰂹 󰄖 󰄘 󰄘󰂺
󰂹 󰄖 󰄘󰂺
  󰂹 󰄖   󰄘󰂺
 󰂹 󰄖  󰄘󰂺
 󰂹 󰄖 󰄘 󰄘󰂺
󰄀󰂹 󰄖󰃈 󰄘󰂺
󰂺 󰄀  
   󰂹 󰄖  󰄘󰂺
  󰂹 󰄖    󰄘󰂺
󰂹 󰄖    󰄘󰂺
 󰂹 󰄖      󰄘󰂺
   󰂹 󰄖    󰂻󰄘
 󰂹 󰄖     󰄘󰂺
 󰂹 󰄖   󰄘󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆕  
  󰂶       
   󰂺    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎  
         
 󰂺            󰄀
       󰂺    
            
  󰂺        
󰄀           
    󰂶      
     󰂶     󰄀
     󰂺
󰄀 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎        󰄀
       󰂺    
   󰄖󰄘    󰄖󰄘󰂺    
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰇂
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
     󰂶       
 󰂺        󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰄖
 󰄘󰂶         
 󰂶            
   󰂺     󰄖󰄘  󰄀
 󰂶   󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 
   󰄖󰄘  󰃈 󰂶   󰂶
       󰂺   󰄀
      󰂶     
      󰂺 󰂶  
  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 
          󰄀
󰂺
󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎        
  󰂺        󰂺
      󰂶  󰂶   
          󰄀
󰂺           
         
   󰂺 󰂶 󰂶   󰄀
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎          
   󰄀 󰂺     
    󰂶  󰂶 󰂶 󰄀
󰂶   󰂺       󰄀
  󰂶       
          󰄀
         󰂺  
 󰂶         
         
 󰂺
   󰂶 󰄀  󰄘 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎   
           
 󰄀 󰂺        󰄀
           
󰂺   󰂶     
    󰂶      󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎  
 󰂺 󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎   
    󰂶 󰂶 󰄀󰂶   󰂺   󰄀
󰂶   󰆕󰆔󰆗  󰂶       
󰂶  󰆕󰆖    󰂺    
󰇃󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
      󰂶  󰄀
   󰂶    󰂺  
      󰂶  󰄀
   󰂶     󰂺
󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎     
   󰃍󰃎 󰂶 󰂶     󰃍󰃎󰂺
            
 󰂹 󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰃎󰂶 󰆕󰃎 󰄀 󰂶 󰆖󰃎 󰄀
󰂶 󰆗󰃎 󰄀   󰆘󰃎 󰂺  
            
           󰄀
    󰂺         
          󰄀
󰂺
       
      󰂶   
󰂶          
        
        󰃍 󰃎󰂶  
    󰃍 󰃎󰂺 󰂶       󰄀
       󰂶   
       󰂺
       󰂹
󰆞󰂺            󰄀
        󰂿
󰆟󰂺            
 󰄘    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂿
󰆖 
             
 󰂺          󰄀
   󰂺 󰄘        
 󰄀 󰂺        
         󰂺    
      󰂶     
󰂶           
󰂶       󰂶 
 󰂺
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰇄
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
            
󰂶            
      󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂶 󰂹
󰄍         󰃍
󰃎󰂺
󰄍       󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰄍         󰄀 󰃍
 󰄀󰃎󰂺
󰄍          󰄀
 󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰆖󰂺󰆕 
       󰂹
󰄍        󰄀 󰂹  
  󰂺
󰄍        󰂶    
    󰂺
󰄍     󰂺
󰄍       󰂺
󰄍           
           
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎 󰂺
󰄍      󰄘    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰄍       󰂺
󰆗   
          󰄀
        󰂺 
   󰂶 󰂶 󰄀󰄀󰄀 󰃍 󰃎 
 󰆔󰂶 󰄀󰄀󰄀 󰃍 󰃎   󰆕󰂶  󰄀󰄀 
 󰆖󰂺             󰄖󰄀
     󰄘󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆔 󰃖󰃖󰃖 󰂣 󰂤
        󰂺 
󰃍󰆔󰃎           
 󰂺        󰄀
   󰃈󰂹 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶 󰂶 
  󰂺
󰆼󰆻 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
  󰆼          
󰂺     
󰆔󰂼󰂺
󰄔󰅀󰑨󰑽
󰂼 󰄘   󰂺   󰂺  
󰆕󰄑󰅀 󰄑󰅀
󰂶    
  󰂶 󰂿
 
󰆖󰂻󰂻  󰂻   󰂿 
󰆗󰂻󰃵󰑿  󰂻   󰂶 󰂺  
󰆘󰂻 󰄘      
󰆙󰄑󰅀      󰂿 
󰆚󰂻󰦓 󰂺
󰄘       
󰆛󰅔󰒉󰓣󰋇         
󰂿

󰆜󰒉󰒝󰂻󰅔     󰂻   󰂿  
󰆔󰆓 󰅔󰂻   󰂿  󰂼  
󰆔󰆔 󰌄󰌥󰅔   󰂿  
󰆔󰆕 󰁪   󰂺  
󰆔󰆖 󰦓󰄑󰅀󰃪󰂻
󰀺
      󰂶 
󰂼
󰄀
󰆔󰆗 󰀺 󰎅󰎱󰎋󰎱󰂵
    󰂿
󰂶 󰂶  󰂿
   
󰆔󰆘 󰂼       󰂿  
󰆔󰆙 󰐡󰐵󰂻 󰄽
󰂶       󰂺
󰄘   󰄘 󰂿
 
󰆔󰆚 󰂼     󰂼  
󰆔󰆛 󰅑󰎋󰎱󰜇󰦰󰂻
󰍞󰎱
   󰂺
    󰂺
  
󰆔󰆜 󰆇󰅹   󰂼  
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆼󰆼
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
  󰆼           󰃍󰂐󰃎
󰂺     
󰆕󰆓 󰆇󰅹󰂻  󰂼  
󰆕󰆔 󰆇󰅹 󰄀   󰂻  
    󰂶        󰆔󰂶 
            
       󰂺  
       󰆔      
     󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶    󰂺
            󰄀
 󰂺
    󰆔       󰂺   󰆔󰄍󰆗󰂶
     󰄖󰄘        
 󰂺   󰆖󰂶 󰄖 󰄘 󰄖󰂶  󰂿󰄘  
 󰄖󰂶    󰂿󰄘󰂺        󰄀
󰂶  󰄀       󰂺
        󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆔󰂶    󰄖󰄘 
    󰂺   󰆘 󰄖 󰂻 󰄘󰂶 󰄖󰄘   󰄘 
  󰄖󰄘     󰄘󰂺   󰆜󰂶    
   󰄖 󰒉󰒝󰂻󰅔 󰄘 󰄖     󰂻 󰂿󰄘󰂶
    󰄖    󰂻   󰂿󰄘     
 󰆔󰆓    󰄖 󰅔󰂻 󰄘 󰄖 󰂻  󰂿󰄘  󰄀
  󰄖  󰂿  󰂿󰄘󰂺
  󰆔󰆕󰂶    󰄖 󰃼 󰄘 󰄖 󰄘    󰄖󰂶
 󰄘    󰂺   󰂶    󰄖 󰄘 
    󰂺 󰂶      
󰄀  󰄖󰄘󰂺
 󰂶       󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆗󰂺   󰆔󰆖󰂶 
󰂶   󰄖 󰃌 󰄘 󰄖  󰃍󰃎󰄘    󰄖
󰄘    󰂺        󰆔󰆗   󰄀
 󰄖 󰃌 󰄘 󰄖   󰃍󰃎  󰄘  
 󰄖    󰄘󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕 󰃖󰃖󰃖 󰂣 󰂤
      󰆕       
    󰂶      󰄀
󰆼󰆽 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
        󰂶     
     󰂺
 󰄀󰄀󰄀      󰂺   󰆔󰆘󰂶
        󰄖 󰂼 󰄘
󰄖       󰂿󰄘    󰄖  
   󰂿󰄘󰂺 󰂶   󰆔󰆙󰂶 󰄖 󰒳󰓇 󰄘 󰄖󰂶 
     󰄘    󰄖󰂶      
󰄘󰂺   󰆔󰆚󰄍󰆔󰆛󰂶   󰄖 󰂼 󰄘 󰄖  󰄘
 󰄖 󰍞󰎱 󰄘 󰄖   󰄘    󰄖    󰂼󰄘
 󰄖    󰄘    󰂶 󰂺
    󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆔󰂶   󰄖 󰇩󰈋 󰄘 󰄖󰄘     
     󰂺  󰂶    󰂺 
 󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆓󰂶 󰄖 󰈙󰈋 󰄘 󰄖  󰄘    󰄖  󰂼󰄘 
󰄖 󰂼󰄘󰂶 󰂶    󰆕󰆔󰂶   󰄖󰄘   
󰄖󰄘󰂺               
        󰂶    󰄀
         
  󰂺
 󰆕󰆕󰄍󰆖󰆙   󰆕          󰆔󰂶
          
󰂺   󰂶         
       󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰄀
󰂶   󰆕󰆕󰄍󰆕󰆗󰂶    󰄖 󰇩󰈻 󰄘 󰄖 󰂿󰄘  
     󰄖      󰄘󰂶 󰄖 󰄘󰂶 
󰄖  󰄘󰂺   󰆕󰆘󰂶 󰄖 󰂺 󰄘 󰄖  󰄘    󰄖 󰄘󰂺
  󰆕󰆙󰄍󰆕󰆚󰂶   󰄖 󰄘 󰄖󰄘       
  󰂶         󰂶  󰄖
 󰄘    󰂺   󰄖 󰌓󰌥 󰄘 󰄖󰄘    
   󰂶      󰂺  󰂶  
  󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘   󰆕󰆛󰄍󰆕󰆜󰂺
  󰆖󰆓󰂶     󰄖󰄘    󰄖 󰄘󰂶  
 󰆖󰆔󰂶 󰄖  󰄘       󰄖 󰄘󰂺
  󰃕󰄀󰄀󰃖 󰃍    󰃎       󰂶
    󰂶        
 󰂺   󰆖󰆕󰄍󰆖󰆖󰂶         
 󰄖 󰄘  󰄖 󰄘󰂺   󰆖󰆗󰂶      
    󰄖 󰂼󰄘󰂺   󰆖󰆘󰂶       
    󰄖 󰄘 󰄘󰂶       󰄖󰂶 󰄘󰂶
       󰂺 󰂶   󰆖󰆙󰂶  󰄀
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆼󰆾
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
  󰆽     󰃍󰃎      
     
󰆕󰆕 󰅗󰆩      󰂺  
󰆕󰆖 󰅗󰆩󰂻  󰂺   󰂶  󰂺  
󰆕󰆗 󰄳 󰂻󰅗󰆩
        󰂿
    󰂿
 
󰆕󰆘 󰒉󰒝󰒉󰓩󰄑󰅀󰂻
󰀨
  󰂺  
󰆕󰆙 󰅑󰋃󰋋󰍡󰎱          
󰆕󰆚 󰂼󰋃󰋋󰂻
󰂼󰋃󰋋
  󰂺  
󰆕󰆛 󰄑󰅀󰊁󰊓    󰂶  󰂿 󰄀
󰆕󰆜 󰂼 󰊁󰊓
󰄘       󰂺  
󰆖󰆓 󰀪󰃻  󰂺  
󰆖󰆔 󰌄󰌥󰃻󰂻
󰂶   󰂶 󰂺  󰂺  
󰆖󰆕 󰌄󰌥󰃻󰃻  󰂺 󰄘     󰂺  
󰆖󰆖 󰂺
󰃻󰃻
󰂶    󰂶    󰄘
  󰂺
 
󰆖󰆗 󰃻󰃻  󰂿  
󰆖󰆘 󰃻󰃻󰃻󰋃󰋋󰂻 󰂶 󰂺  
󰆖󰆙 󰂻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻   󰂿   󰂿  
󰃻   
󰃻󰃻   
󰃻󰃻󰃻   
󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻  
   󰄖  󰂿   󰄘    󰄖  󰂿
  󰄘󰂺   󰄖󰄘    󰂶   󰄀
 󰂺 󰂶  󰂶   󰂶   
  󰂺
󰆼󰆿 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰆗󰂺󰆖 󰃖󰃖
      󰆖        
   󰂺   󰄀󰄀 󰂶  
       󰂶   󰂶    
 󰂶       󰂺
          
       󰂶   󰄖󰄘󰂶 󰄖 󰄘󰂶
󰄖 󰄘󰂶 󰄖 󰄘󰂶 󰄖󰄘󰂶 󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘󰂺
  󰆖󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆛󰂶   󰄖 󰄘󰂶    󰄖 
 󰄘       󰂶 󰄖󰄘󰂺
  󰆖󰆜󰄍󰆗󰆔󰂶   󰄖 󰇩󰈻 󰄘 󰄖 󰄘    󰄖 
 󰄘󰂺   󰆗󰆕󰂶 󰄖 󰄘 󰄖 󰄘    󰄖 󰄘  
 󰆗󰆖 󰄖 󰄘 󰄖 󰃕󰃖 󰄘    󰄖󰄘   
󰂺 󰂶   󰄖 󰄘 󰄖󰄘     󰄖󰄘  
󰆗󰆗󰂺
  󰆗󰆘󰄍󰆗󰆚󰂶       󰃕󰄀󰄀󰃖  
󰄖 󰄘    󰄖󰄘   󰄖  󰄘 󰂺 
            󰄀
    󰂺        
󰄖 󰃍󰃎 󰄘 󰃍 󰆗󰆛󰄍󰆗󰆜󰃎󰂺   󰆘󰆓󰂶 󰄖 󰃻󰃻 󰄘 󰄖󰂼
󰄘   󰄘 󰄘    󰄖󰂼   󰄀
   󰄘󰂺   󰂶 󰄖 󰃻󰃻 󰄘  󰄘    
󰄖󰂺󰄘  󰂶        
󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰃎󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶   󰃎󰂶  󰄘  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰄘
󰃎󰂺  󰂶    󰂶  󰄘    
󰂺
  󰆘󰆔󰄍󰆘󰆕󰂶          󰂺
  󰆘󰆖󰂶     󰄖 󰂿󰄘    󰄖󰄀
󰄘󰂺    󰂶  󰄀󰄀      
             
 󰂺
         󰆖 
            
           󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗      󰃮   
 󰆔󰄍󰆘󰆖        󰄀
 󰄘    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺      󰂹
󰄀      󰃍 󰆗󰃎󰂺
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆼󰇀
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
  󰆾   󰄀󰄀      
     
󰆖󰆚 󰦓󰂻 󰂼     󰂿    
󰆖󰆛 󰂺 󰊽󰋇
󰄘      󰂺    
󰆖󰆜 󰅗󰆩    󰂺  
󰆗󰆓 󰅗󰆩󰌨󰌷󰊽󰋇         󰂺  
󰆗󰆔 󰅗󰆩󰄳
       
󰂿
 
󰆗󰆕 󰋃󰋋       󰂿    
󰆗󰆖 󰁇󰂻
 󰂺 󰄀
󰆗󰆗 󰅑 󰂶    󰄘    󰂻  
󰆗󰆘 󰃻󰃻      󰂿  
󰆗󰆙 󰂺󰄳 󰃻󰃻
     󰂿
   󰂺
 
󰆗󰆚 󰒉󰒝󰃻󰃻   󰂼  
󰆗󰆛 󰂻󰒉󰓣󰋇
󰂻󰌶󰌷󰃻󰃻 󰁔
󰄘 󰂺 󰄘    󰂺
󰂶     󰂶
 
󰆗󰆜 󰒉󰓣󰋇 󰅑󰃻󰃻󰅑󰃻󰃻
  󰄘 󰂶 󰂿
  󰂺
 
󰆘󰆓 󰃻󰃻󰎋󰎱 󰂺
󰂼   󰃉  󰂶
  󰂼
  
󰆘󰆔 󰎝󰎱󰃷󰂻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻    󰂿  󰂼 󰄀
󰆘󰆕 󰄳󰄑󰄽󰌄󰌥 󰂺󰂻
󰃪󰑿󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻
󰂶 󰄘  󰂺
󰂶 󰄘   
 
󰆘󰆖 󰄺󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰂻  󰂶 󰂿 󰄀
󰃻󰃻   
󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃻   󰃈
󰆼󰇁 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
  󰆿     󰄘   
󰄀 
   

  󰆦 󰆞󰆟󰂶 󰆟󰆟󰂶 󰆟󰆠󰂶 󰆟󰆡󰂶 󰆟󰆢󰂶 󰆠󰆝󰂶 󰆠󰆦󰂶 󰆡󰆝󰂶 󰆡󰆞
  󰆥 󰆞󰂶 󰆟󰂶 󰆡󰂶 󰆦󰂶 󰆞󰆝󰂶 󰆞󰆞󰂶 󰆠󰆡󰂶 󰆠󰆢
󰄀 󰆣 󰆞󰆠󰂶 󰆟󰆥󰂶 󰆠󰆞󰂶 󰆡󰆠󰂶 󰆢󰆞󰂶 󰆢󰆠
  󰆠 󰆞󰆦󰂶 󰆟󰆝󰂶 󰆟󰆞
󰄀
  󰆞󰆝 󰆞󰆤󰂶 󰆟󰆣󰂶 󰆟󰆤󰂶 󰆟󰆦󰂶 󰆡󰆢󰂶 󰆡󰆣󰂶 󰆡󰆤󰂶 󰆡󰆥󰂶 󰆡󰆦󰂶 󰆢󰆟
  󰆣 󰆞󰆢󰂶 󰆞󰆣󰂶 󰆠󰆟󰂶 󰆠󰆠󰂶 󰆠󰆣󰂶 󰆡󰆡
 󰆢 󰆠󰂶 󰆢󰂶 󰆣󰂶 󰆤󰂶 󰆥
    󰆡 󰆞󰆡󰂶 󰆠󰆤󰂶 󰆠󰆥󰂶 󰆡󰆟
   󰆞 󰆞󰆥
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔 󰄀 
   󰄀     󰂺   
           󰄀
󰂶   󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔  
          
󰂺           󰂺
           󰂺
         󰃍󰆔󰆕󰂶
󰆕󰆕󰄍󰆕󰆘󰂶 󰆖󰆓󰂶 󰆖󰆜󰂶 󰆗󰆓󰄍󰆗󰆔󰃎󰂺   󰂶   󰂶  
 󰂶       󰄀
          󰂺 󰄀
󰂶   󰂶    󰄖 󰄘    󰄀
󰂶  󰂺    󰄖 󰄘  󰄘󰂺  󰂶   
            
󰄀 󰂺
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆼󰇂
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆕  
       󰄘  
     󰂶   󰄖󰄘󰂶 󰄖󰄘󰂶  󰄖 󰄘󰂺 
   󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶
󰂶   󰂺       
  󰂶   󰂺    
 󰂶          󰂺
 󰄀        
    󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘 󰃍 󰆔󰄍󰆕󰂶 󰆗󰂶 󰆜󰂶 󰆔󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂶  
 󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘 󰃍 󰆖󰆗󰄍󰆖󰆘󰃎󰂺       󰄀
  󰂶      󰄘  
  󰂺       
          
      󰂺    
         󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆖 󰃖
            󰄀
      󰂺      󰄀
󰂶      󰄀     󰄀
  󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰄀    󰃍󰆔󰆖󰂶 󰆕󰆛󰂶 󰆖󰆔󰂶 󰆗󰆖󰂶
󰆘󰆔  󰆘󰆖󰃎    󰂺       
       󰂺   󰆔󰆖󰂶  
    󰃍󰄖 󰃌 󰄘󰂶 󰄖󰄘󰃎󰂶     
 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆗  
   󰄖         󰂺
        󰄘   
󰄘 󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂹 󰆔󰆓󰆚󰃎󰂺       
 󰃍 󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺          
 󰃍󰄖 󰈙󰈋 󰄘󰂶 󰄖  󰄘󰃎󰂶 󰄘      
  󰂺         
   󰂶    󰃈 󰃈   
 󰆔󰆜󰂺  󰆕󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆔      󰂶  󰄀
 󰃈     󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆕 󰄀 
  󰄀      󰂺     
        󰂶  
 󰂺
󰆼󰇃 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆔  
             󰂺 
     󰄖   󰄘󰂶  󰄀   󰄖 
 󰄘󰂺          
   󰃍󰆔󰆚󰂶 󰆕󰆙󰄍󰆕󰆚󰂶 󰆕󰆜󰂶 󰆗󰆘󰄍󰆗󰆜󰂶 󰆘󰆕󰃎      
  󰂺    󰄘   
 󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆕  
             󰄘
  󰃍    󰃎      
      󰂺      
      󰂺  
              
  󰂺
  󰃍󰆔󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆙󰂶 󰆗󰆗󰃎󰂶   󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘  󰂶  
 󰃍󰆖󰆕󰄍󰆖󰆖󰂶 󰆖󰆙󰃎   󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘    
󰄘      󰄘   󰂷
  󰂶   󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆖 
     󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶   󰃎󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶   
 󰂿󰃎󰂶  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰄘  󰃎      
  󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰄀󰄀󰃎   󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶    󰃎󰂺 
             
  󰂺
     󰃍󰆖󰂶 󰆘󰄍󰆛󰃎      
󰄖󰄘  󰄖󰄘    󰂺  󰄀   
     󰂺 󰂶   
         󰂶 
         󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆗    
󰂶  󰄖󰄘󰂶 󰄖󰄘  󰄖 󰄘    
         󰂺
           󰂶 
  󰃍󰆔󰆗󰂶 󰆖󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆛󰂶 󰆗󰆕󰃎󰂺   󰄖󰄘   󰆔󰆗    
󰄘         
   󰂺
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆼󰇄
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰆗󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆘   
          󰂶  
       󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰆛󰃎 󰄀
  󰄘         󰄀
 󰂺
󰆘   
           
       󰂺 󰂶  󰄀
    󰄀   󰄘  
󰂺 󰂶       
 󰂹 󰆔󰃎       
 󰃍󰄀󰄀󰃎󰂷 󰆕󰃎      󰃍󰃎󰂷  󰆖󰃎
         
󰃍󰃎󰂺  󰄀󰄀      
          󰂺   
            
 󰂶          
    󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰂶   󰄀
󰂺            
            󰄀
  󰂶   󰂶 󰂶 󰂶  
  󰂺  󰂶     
 󰂺       󰂶
  󰂶        
           󰂺  
  󰂶     󰄀
      󰄘 󰂺   󰄀
         󰂶
 󰂶 󰄀󰂶     󰄀
󰂺
     󰂶  
      󰂺     󰄀
󰂶     󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂶    󰄀
 󰂶        󰂶   󰂶
   󰂶    󰂺   󰄀
         
     󰂺       󰄀
󰆽󰆻 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
     󰂺   󰂶  
     󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺 
       󰂺    󰂶
   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂹 󰆘󰆓󰃎       
     󰄖 󰂹 󰂶
󰂶  󰂶   󰂶  󰂶
 󰄙󰄛  󰄙󰄛󰄘    
         󰂺   󰂶
         󰄀
      󰂺     
󰂶   󰂶   󰂺     󰄀
     󰂶 󰂶   󰂶  
      󰂶    
 󰂶         
      󰃍   󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂷
 󰂶 󰂶  󰄀 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
         󰄀
       󰃍    
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷 󰄀  󰄘 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
            
 󰂶 󰂶   󰂶    󰄀
  󰂺          󰄀
      󰂶    
          󰂺
  󰂶         󰄘  󰂶 
           󰄀
     󰆜  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰂶  󰄀
           
     󰂺     
       󰂶  󰂶 
  󰂺        󰄀
           󰆔󰄍󰆕 
󰂺              
󰂶   󰂺 󰂶   󰂶  󰄀
            
     󰂺    
           
    󰂺
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆽󰆼
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾

󰂶  󰂶    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺   
        󰄙 󰄛󰂺 󰂶 󰆚 󰃍󰆚󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆜󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺󰆓󰆚󰆖󰆘󰆔
󰄀󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰄀󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺  
    󰂹       
󰄀  󰂺    󰂶 󰆔󰆓
󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆘󰆚󰃈󰆗󰆔󰆘󰆜󰆜󰄃󰆓󰆕󰆖󰄃󰆓󰆔󰆘󰆓󰆙󰄃󰆖
󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺  󰂏     󰃖
      󰂺 󰂹  󰂺
󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰄀   󰂺   
 󰂺    󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶 󰂌 󰂌 󰂶 󰂺 󰆘󰆕󰄍󰆚󰆛󰂺 󰄀
󰂹  󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰄙   󰄘  󰂺󰄛  󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺
󰄀󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺      󰄀
      󰃈  󰂺   󰃖
󰂶 󰆛 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆓󰃈󰆕󰆖󰆖󰆔󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆖󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰆘󰆜󰆚󰂺
󰄀󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰄀
            󰄀
   󰂺 󰂶 󰆛 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺󰆓󰆛󰆚󰆕󰆛󰂺
󰄀󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺   󰂹 󰂶 󰂶  
      󰂺 󰂶 󰆛 󰃍󰆛󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺󰆓󰆜󰆜󰆚󰆚
󰄀󰂶  󰂶   󰄘󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺     
     󰂹  󰂺 󰂶 󰆙󰆘 󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆕󰆕󰄍󰆕󰆗󰆛󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆘󰃈󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆜󰆓󰂺󰂺
󰄀󰂶 󰂶   󰄀󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺 󰄘   
          󰂺   󰂶
󰆙 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰄃󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰄃󰆓󰆔󰆘󰆙󰂺
 󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰄀󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰄘
  󰂹        
 󰂺   󰂶 󰆙 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆖󰆓󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆕󰆔󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰎦
󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰄃󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰄃󰆓󰆔󰆙󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰄀󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺     
  󰂹       󰂺 
   󰂶 󰆔󰆛 󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆛󰆘󰄍󰆖󰆓󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆓󰃈󰎦
󰆔󰆙󰆘󰆕󰆕󰆖󰆘󰆗󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆛󰆘󰆖󰆗󰆖󰆙󰂺
󰆽󰆽 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰃊 󰂶   
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰂶 󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺  󰂏     
󰂺 󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺       
 󰂺        󰂶 󰆖 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆕󰄍
󰆖󰆓󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺   
   󰂹      󰂺  󰂶
󰆔󰆘 󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆘󰆗󰄍󰆛󰆓󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆙󰆓󰆖󰆘󰃈󰂺󰆙󰆜󰆕󰆕󰂺
󰄀󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺         
  󰄙 󰄛  󰂺  󰂏   󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰂹 󰆕󰆘󰄍
󰆗󰆓󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆕󰆗󰆖󰆔󰆓󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂺󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆔󰆗󰆘󰂺
 󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺        
󰂺    󰂌   󰂶 󰆖 󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂹 󰆛󰆕󰄍
󰆜󰆛󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆕󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺󰆖󰂺󰆙󰂺󰆜
󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰃎󰂺    󰂿    󰄀
       󰂺  󰂶 󰆜 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆓󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆖󰆘󰆘󰆙󰆘󰆓󰆜󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆜󰆜󰆔󰆗󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺    
  󰂹        󰂺 󰅬󰂏
󰂌 󰂌 󰅓󰂶 󰆕󰆙 󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆚󰆘󰆚󰆙
󰃈󰆖󰄃󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰄃󰆕󰆙󰆓󰆔󰄃󰆓󰆔󰂺
󰄀󰂶 󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺  󰂏 󰂺 
 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆕󰃎󰂺 󰄀   󰂺  󰂺  
󰂺  󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶    󰂏 󰂌 󰂌 
 󰂺 󰆔󰆙󰆔󰂺 󰃈󰂹  󰂺
󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺   󰂶   󰄀
󰂹       󰂺    󰃖
  󰂶 󰆔󰆗 󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆙󰆔󰄍󰆕󰆛󰆓󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆖󰆛󰆙󰃈󰎦
󰅨󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆖󰆗󰅨󰆔󰂺
󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺     
 󰂹          󰂺 󰃖
    󰂹 󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆙󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰎦
󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆚󰆗󰆚󰆘󰆚󰆘󰆜󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺󰆕󰆔󰆓󰆙󰆕󰆛󰆜󰂺
󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺     
    󰂺 󰂶 󰆗 󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹 󰆕󰆘󰄍󰆘󰆓󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶   󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺 󰄀
       󰂹    󰂺 󰃖
  󰂶 󰆔󰆛 󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂹 󰆙󰆙󰆖󰄍󰆙󰆛󰆓󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆗󰆚󰆓󰆛
󰆗󰆚󰆚󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰆔󰆖󰆚󰆚󰆕󰆔󰆔
   󰃊 󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇃󰇂󰆾󰇄󰇃󰇁󰇀󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰇁 󰆽󰆾
       󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆾󰃎 󰆼󰄍󰆽󰆾
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺 󰄙󰄘󰂶 󰂹       󰂺󰄛
󰄀 󰂺
󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂌      󰂺  󰂹
  󰂺
󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰂏 󰃖  󰂺 󰂶 󰂹 
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰄙       󰂺󰄛
 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃󰄃
󰄃󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃎󰂺      󰂹     󰄙󰄀
󰄛 󰃍󰃎󰂶 󰄙󰄛 󰃍󰃎  󰄙󰄛󰂶 󰄙󰄛  󰄙 
󰄛 󰃍󰃎󰂺 󰂶 󰆕󰆗󰂹 󰆔󰆓󰆚󰄍󰆔󰆘󰆘󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺  󰂺       󰄀
 󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶    󰂶 󰂺 󰆗󰆜󰄍󰆘󰆖󰂺 󰂹  
󰂺
󰄀󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺         󰃖
   󰂺 󰂹   󰂺
... Studies recommended the pivotal necessity to conduct research studies on the subtitling of taboo expressions (Abdelaal & Al Sarhani, 2021;Haider et al., 2023). Such a call motivates us to study the subtitling of taboo expressions from translators' reception. ...
... Such a call motivates us to study the subtitling of taboo expressions from translators' reception. However, the various studies listed above (e.g., Abdelaal, 2019;Abdelaal & Al Sarhani, 2021;Haider et al., 2023), among others, exist in the field; no study analyzing the acceptability of translators to subtitling has been identified, either in the Arab context or elsewhere. This gap urged us to explore the level of translators' acceptability of subtitling in the target language, i.e., Arabic, in this study. ...
... They also applied reformation, such as translating the third sentence into ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻮ‬ [taharuku bisurea]. This tendency to translate taboo expressions rather than omit them aligns with Haider et al. (2023), who noted that taboo content may be rendered with similar, higher, or lower intensity levels depending on context. In some cases, as Greenall (2024) observed, translators may use a re-borrowing strategy when translating taboo language, particularly when the source text lacks metalinguistic commentary on the offensive term. ...
Gauging the Reception of Arab Translators to the Subtitles of Taboo Language in Hollywood Movies
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2025
This investigation analyzes the appropriateness of Arabic equivalents of English taboo words according to the perceptions of the Arab translators. It also detects if there is a difference in the perceptions of the male and female translators in the subtitles of such taboo words, according to the strategy used in the subtitling of taboos. The study asked translators to suggest their translations for the unacceptable sentences. A self-prepared scale of 16 sentences containing taboos was administrated to Arab translators. Sixty translators responded to the scale. The results showed that Arab translators moderately (M=3.38) accept the translation of the taboo language. Results also showed that males (M=3.41) accept the rendering of taboos more than females (M=3.31), however, the difference was not significant (Sig. =.831). Male translators prefer omission, cultural substitution, and reformation higher than female while female translators prefer direct translation over male translators. The findings also showed that translators provide some translations depending on using cultural substitution for the taboo expression, followed by reformation. Omission was also preferred by some translations, especially where direct subtitling was adopted. This study concludes that subtitling taboo expressions poses difficulties to translators that may not be easily worked on. This study recommends that subtitling companies to a balance between euphemizing the offensive or taboo expressions and preserving the intended meaning provided.
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... The audiovisuals presented to the public today require a subtitling expert to cater to the mixed cultural or linguistic diversities of global audiences (Ghourdou, 2023). Another challenge to subtitling, especially cultural-wise, is how to remain liberal, especially when dealing with sensitive audiovisual material and meeting the needs of a target audience (Haider et al., 2023). According to Schäffner (1997), sensitive content can be determined based on the reaction sensitive content prompts in viewer. ...
... Subtitling activities have transitioned based on the dynamic demands of target audiences and the presence of emerging technologies (Sasamoto, 2024). The creation of subtitles regarding English to Arabic audiovisuals has constantly encountered numerous challenges related to cultural and language-related preferences of target audiences (Ghourdou, 2023;Haider et al., 2023). These aspects warrant the review of published studies on how subtitling-related behaviors in English to Arabic translations vary significantly with more studies indicate liberal open-minded translations. ...
Complexity in Subtitling: Interacting Factors Influencing Decisions on Sensitive Content from English to Arabic
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
Subtitling approaches are constantly changing based on the factors surrounding their implementation. This qualitative secondary study seeks to explore the factors that influence subtitlers’ decision in translating English to Arabic sensitive audiovisual material. This study adopts complexity theory to unveil the intricate interplay of factors that influence these decisions. We move beyond a linear cause-and-effect model, exploring how social media, Turkish movies, globalization and the Arab Spring influence subtitlers’ decision in translation. The results of this qualitative secondary investigation indicate that many factors such as audience age and westernization among others influence subtitlers’ approaches in translation. Hence, it is essential for subtitlers to be dynamic and consistently review their subtitling approaches to ensure that they meet the needs of their target audiences, considering the presence of new and old target audiences of English to Arabic audiovisual translations.
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... Many researchers indicate that translating culturally specific expressions can be very challenging (Al-Khalafat & Haider, 2022;Farghal, 2019;Fawcett, 2003;Haider & Alrousan, 2022;Haider, Saideen, & Hussein, 2023;Obeidat, 2023). To successfully convey the intended meaning of such expressions, the translator must have a deep understanding of the source language (SL) and target language (TL), as well as cultural nuances. ...
Classical versus Contemporary Qur'an Translations: Marriage Ethics, Advantages, and Problems (Dragoman Journal of Translation Studies)
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2025
The translation of the language of Qur’an and its culturally specific linguistic and rhetorical elements is a challenging task. This study intends to evaluate the strategies used by classical and contemporary translators to render Qur’anic marital terms into English and determine whether these techniques have changed over time. Marital expressions refer to the linguistic forms, phrases, and rhetorical structures used in the Qur’anic text to address, describe, and regulate the institution of marriage. The data consists of a select number of marital expressions (7 verses) pertaining to marriage ethics, advantages, and problems which are critically investigated from a translational standpoint to check their accuracy and adequacy. Three exegeses (Al-Tabari, 1958; Ibn Abbas, 2014; Ibn Kathir, 2011), and eight renowned English translations from 1930 to 2015 are analyzed. The findings show that both classical and contemporary translators provide successful reproductions in certain instances, but they fall short in a number of instances because of lexical and cultural challenges, as well as issues with figurative language. Paraphrasing, transliteration, footnoting, or combinations of these need to be taken into consideration when formal equivalence fails, even if it should always be a first priority. The findings also indicate that there has not been much improvement between classical and modern translations in this area, a point indicating that each translator has heavily fallen back on his predecessor’s/s’ work. This article contributes to understanding the challenges of translating Qur’anic teaching on marriage by identifying areas where both classical and contemporary translations succeed and where they fail. It suggests practical solutions when formal equivalence proves inadequate and offers insights for translators
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... In translation, particularly from Indonesian to English, the strategies used to handle taboo words vary widely depending on the context and communicative purpose. Therefore, research on translation strategies for taboo words, especially in films, is essential to understand how meaning and cultural nuances are preserved or adapted in the target language (Abdulhadi & Hamza, 2023;Abu-Rayyash et al., 2023;Al-Yasin & Rabab'ah, 2019;Fouladi & Hashemi, 2025;Haider et al., 2023). ...
Taboo for Taboo Strategy in Indonesian-English Translation of Taboo Words in Inang Movie Subtitles
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2025
The present research aims to explore and describe the translation strategies of taboo words in the subtitles of the movie Inang, available on the Netflix platform. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the study focuses on analyzing Indonesian taboo words translated into English, identifying the strategies applied, and investigating how subtitling can either preserve or alter their intensity and meaning in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural adaptation. The research data was gathered by watching Inang on Netflix, noting the use of taboo words in the Indonesian subtitles, along with their English translations. Data collection involved identifying 23 taboo words or phrases and recording their corresponding timestamps. The collected data was analyzed using interactive data analysis model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The analysis revealed two types of the taboo-for-taboo strategy: the first is the taboo for taboo strategy that maintains the same level of taboo as the source language, maintaining its intensity. While the second is the taboo for taboo strategy with a lower level of taboo compared to the source language. In conclusion, the study shows that the taboo-for-taboo strategy in Inang allows for a balanced adaptation of offensive expressions.
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... Concerning the linguistic constraint, it is worth noting that the linguistic system of English and Arabic languages differs significantly (Abu-Rayyash, Haider, & Al-Adwan, 2023;Debbas & Haider, 2020;Haider, Saideen, & Hussein, 2023). They belong to different language families; for example, Arabic belongs to the Semitic languages written from right to left, while English is a Germanic language written from left to right. ...
Subtitling Legal Expressions in English Series into Arabic by Netflix, Machine, and Artificial Intelligence
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine translation (MT) have revolutionized translation. However, assessing AI and MT of audiovisual (AV) content has not yet gained much interest. This study examines the strategies used to translate legal expressions by Netflix, Google Translate (GT), ChatGPT (GPT), and Gemini (GEM) in four English Netflix series. It also classifies the collected legal terms thematically. The results showed that the majority of English legal terms are related to criminal law. Using an eclectic approach of translation strategies, the findings showed that each translator (Human, MT, and AI) employs unique strategies, with paraphrasing being the most commonly used strategy (33.1%), followed by literal (26%) and cultural substitution (25.3%). The analysis also showed some cases of mistranslation, with Netflix showing the least and GT demonstrating the most errors. The results showed that AI and MT systems need further improvement in specialized fields such as legal. The study concludes that human translators follow subtitling requirements more precisely than machine translation and artificial intelligence systems do when it comes to legal terminology.
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... In the same vein, Haider, Saideen, and Hussein investigated how subtitlers translated the Jordanian Arabic vernacular television series Jinn into English [27] . The investigated series is the first Arabic-Jordanian sitcom on Netflix with sexual content and derogatory language. ...
Cultural Constraints in Subtitling and Dubbing Arabic Series into English: A Case Study of the Saudi Series "Alkhallat"
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
Dubbing and subtitling foreign movies, series, and other audiovisual products have flourished since the invasion of the screens; hence, the translation task between languages and cultures became integral to cope with this vast expansion. The different cultural and religious backgrounds of Arabic and English-speaking cultures complicate the translation of Arabic television series. Therefore, translators should be multicultural and multilingual, especially when working between Western and Eastern cultures. The current study aims to investigate the strategies used by Netflix professional translators to ensure the ideas are culturally conveyed effectively to the intended audience. The research compared the English subtitled and dubbed versions of the Arabic-Saudi series Alkhallat with the original version screened on Netflix. The findings showed that the main subtitling and dubbing strategies that were used were cultural substitution, omission, and paraphrasing. The findings also showed that although the dubbed and subtitled versions employed similar strategies, the wording varied. This variation could be attributed to the differences between spoken and written modes. The current study concludes that translators must understand the source and target cultures and consider the constraints of each AVT mode in order to provide a good quality translation.
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Partial Intralingual Subtitling as a Means of Understanding Varieties of the Same Language: A Case Study of Syrian Vernacular and Modern Standard Arabic
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2025
This study examines the partial intralingual subtitles of the vernacular Syrian Arabic series "De'ah Dai'ah" into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). It investigates how the audience reacted to the partial intralingual subtitling of the series and probes into how vernacular words are rendered in MSA. The current study utilizes a hybrid method, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative part, the responses of 202 participants to an 18-item questionnaire were statistically analyzed, while in the qualitative part, the researchers watched all 57 episodes in the two seasons of the series and classified the subtitled words and expressions according to their themes, linguistic processes, and rendering strategies. The questionnaire analysis revealed that intralingual subtitling helped the audiences learn new words and dialects. The findings also showed that the technical issues related to the subtitles' length, position, font, size, and synchrony have positively impacted the attitudes of the audiences. The qualitative analysis showed that translation strategies like euphemism, hyponymy, calque, and explicitation were used to render Syrian vernaculars. In addition, some linguistic processes, such as clipping, loan, and affixation, were identified. Metathesis and sound change were frequently used, mainly to elicit humor.
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Analyzing the Performance of Gemini, ChatGPT, and Google Translate in Rendering English Idioms into Arabic
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2024
This study examines the translation of 155 idioms by different machine and AI translation systems, namely Google Translate, ChatGPT, and Gemini. Various sources were utilized to collect the data, including books, magazines, interviews with native English speakers, and various websites dedicated to English idioms. This data was analyzed based on a framework built on the taxonomy of Baker (1992). The quantitative part examined the frequency of translation approaches each program used to render the idioms. The qualitative part focused on selected examples to highlight the potential issues of each approach in conveying the style and sense-based features of the idioms. The findings showed that idiom translations were done through three main approaches: literal, sense-based, and idiom-to-idiom translation. Google Translate had the highest percentage of literal translation at 76%, followed by ChatGPT at 53%, while Gemini had the lowest percentage at 21%. For sense-based translations that use nonfigurative language, Gemini was in the lead at 63%, followed by ChatGPT, with a wide gap at 35%. Google Translate had the least sense-based renditions at a mere 11%. When it came to translating idioms using figurative language, Gemini once again was in the lead with 16%, followed closely by ChatGPT at 13%, with Google Translate right behind at 12%. The study concludes that although there is vast improvement and advancement in technology, machine translation has yet to master nonliteral language such as idioms.
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Subtitling Arabic dialogues in Netflix’s The Crown into English: treatment of cultural challenges
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2024
This study examined the translation strategies used in subtitling Arabic dialogues in Netflix’s The Crown into English with specific reference to idioms, slang expressions, and offensive language and taboos. The data, which included Arabic examples of the specified categories along with their English subtitles, were collected and qualitatively analyzed according to different typologies of equivalence proposed by previous studies, including those by Vinay and Darbelnet (2004), Baker (1992) and Díaz Cintas and Remael (2021). The findings revealed that in translating idioms, paraphrasing was the most utilized strategy that successfully delivered the literal meaning but fell short of capturing the negative connotations of the expressions. For slang expressions, the subtitler opted for omission and using equivalents with less expressive meanings. When translating offensive language and taboos, the expressions were either softened or omitted to minimize their negative impact on the audience, especially those concerning British royalty. Expressions related to non-royals, however, were translated literally. This study can help subtitlers and translation students enhance their skills in rendering culture-specific expressions, including idiomatic, slang, and offensive expressions. It is recommended that translators strike a balance between adapting expressions to resonate with the target audience while maintaining the authenticity of the original dialogue.
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Challenges in Netflix Arabic subtitling of English nonbinary gender expressions in ‘Degrassi: Next Class’ and ‘One Day at a Time’
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
People with genders outside of the binary prefer using language that matches and affirms their identities. This can pose a challenge to translators who are translating into gendered languages like Arabic or who are from cultures where such identities do not receive as much recognition as in the Arab culture. This study examines Netflix Arabic subtitles for scenes centered on nonbinary characters in ‘Degrassi: Next Class’ and ‘One Day at a Time’ series. It investigates how subtitlers dealt with such a challenge in translation. The results showed that the subtitlers failed to use appropriate language, lacked consistency when it came to pronouns and repeated misgendering when it came to grammatical agreement. Using gendered or incorrect inflections is the biggest issue, as they are the main indicators of gender in grammatical gender. The main problem seems to arise from the translators’ personal views on, or rather lack of understanding of, gender. This led them to revert to the usage of language that aligns with the characters’, sometimes assumed, biological sex instead of their gender, resulting in misgendering the characters. The study recommends that further research be conducted on A.V. materials on other platforms that are more prone to censorship.
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Strategies of translating swear words into Arabic: a case study of a parallel corpus of Netflix English-Arabic movie subtitles
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
This study adopts a corpus-assisted approach to explore the translation strategies that Netflix subtitlers opted for in rendering 1564 English swear words into Arabic. It uses a 699,229-word English-Arabic parallel corpus consisting of the English transcriptions of forty English movies, drama, action, science fiction (sci-fi), and biography and their Arabic subtitles. Using the wordlist tool in SketchEngine, the researchers identified some frequent swear words, namely fuck, shit, damn, ass, bitch, bastard, asshole, dick, cunt, and pussy. Moreover, using the parallel concordance tool in SketchEngine revealed that three translation strategies were observed in the corpus, namely, omission, softening, and swear-to-non-swear. The omission strategy accounted for the lion's share in the investigated data, with 66% for drama, 61% for action, 52% for biography, and 40% for sci-fi. On the other hand, the swear-to-non-swear strategy was the least adopted one, accounting for 21% in sci-fi, 16% in biography, 14% in drama, and 11% in action. In addition, the softening strategy got the second-highest frequency across the different movie genres, with 39% for sci-fi, 32% for biography, 28% for action, and 20% for drama. Since swear words have connotative functions, omitting or euphemizing them could cause a slight change in the representation of meaning and characters. The study recommends more corpus-assisted studies on different AVT modes, including dubbing, voiceover, and free commentaries.
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Dubbing Television Advertisements across Cultures and Languages: A Case Study of English and Arabic
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
The differences between Arab and English cultures make the process of Translating English advertisements into Arabic challenging. This study investigates the strategies used by translators to dub English advertisements into Arabic. Six English advertisements belonging to different domains, namely, cars, chocolate and sweets, cosmetics and skincare, and detergents, and their Arabic translation, were compiled from YouTube. The contents, brand names, and catchphrases of the two versions were compared. The findings showed that the translators opted for using various translation strategies such as cultural adaptation, substitution, loan, transliteration, explicitation, addition, omission, and paraphrasing. The analysis also revealed that translators sometimes use direct translation to preserve the foreignness spirit and stay faithful to the original message. Future studies should focus on examining a larger number of advertisements in different domains, such as beverages, fast food, electronics, sports, medicines, and furniture. The study also recommends that further studies be conducted on how the Arab audience reacted to the dubbed advertisements.
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Erotizing Nabokov’s Lolita in Arabic: How Translation Strategies Shift Themes and Characterization of Literary Works
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
Given the conservative nature of Arab societies, Vladimir Nabokov's English novel Lolita (1955) poses considerable challenges to Arab translators because of its pornographic nature and controversial themes: pedophilia, incest, and young teenage sex. This study mainly examines the translation of Lolita by Mola with occasional references to Jubaili's translation of the novel. It also investigates the translation strategies employed by the two translators. The findings showed that Jubaili followed the literal approach of translation with no significant deviation from the novel's themes and characterization. On the other hand, Mola dysphemized the expressions and eroticized the events, which were more euphemistic in the original. Mola's utilization of some translation strategies such as omission, addition, and substitution affected the representation of the main characters, namely, Humbert (stepfather) and Lolita (stepdaughter), by shifting their roles as victim and victimizer, making Humbert's actions less culpable, and removing any traces of Lolita's innocence. In so doing, Mola reinforces sexual norms for young American women and diminishes the pedophile/incest angle. This study is significant, particularly within the context of translators' training and for those interested in literary translation.
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Modern Standard Arabic as a Means of Euphemism: A Case Study of the MSA Intralingual Subtitling of Jinn Series
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2022
  • J Intercult Comm Res
Subtitling is the most common way of translating audiovisual material interlingually or intralingually. This study examines the use of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as a means of euphemism in the intralingual subtitles of Netflix’s Arabic series, Jinn which sparked uproar due to the immoral scenes and inappropriate language. Subsequent to watching the series and examining the source script in the Jordanian vernacular along with the MSA subtitles, the researchers categorized them into five categories based on the themes they cover. The findings showed that the MSA intralingual subtitles contributed to toning down the inappropriate language and rendered the show more acceptable to the audience. The study recommends other researchers to conduct more studies on the use of MSA versus colloquial Arabic as a translation strategy.
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Censorship as Enabling: Importing, Distributing, and Translating Foreign Films in the Arab Middle East
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Control over film exhibition in commercial film theatres globally has been perceived as a practice that an exclusive authority has enforced for so long. This study which casts light on the control enforced on foreign film exhibition in commercial cinemas in the Arab Middle East (AME), uncovers a system of foreign film exhibition in the AME that has been ever obscure to the public audience, readership, and researchers in fields like film studies and the broadcast of audiovisual content. The analysis of this system is based upon interviews with key agents involved in decision making regarding the foreign films selected for exhibition and the censorial practices implemented to make these selected films culturally suitable for commercial cinemas in the AME. These interviewees include an exhibitor in a regional film import and distribution company, film classifiers, and film translators. Their input helps to analyse the processes of foreign film selection, scene filtering, distribution, and classification that are all incorporated in the system of foreign film exhibition. Furthermore, this analysis helps to uncover an obscure system of exhibition and identify the policymaking process and the policymakers involved in this context. Thus, while this study argues that this system enables film exhibition, it challenges the prevailing perception that control over foreign film exhibition in the AME is exclusively enforced by an authority generally known as the board of censors.
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Fansubbers’ Subtitling Strategies of Swear Words from English into Arabic in the Bad Boys Movies
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
This research investigates the strategies used by fansubbers to translate English culture-bound expressions into Arabic. It further investigates the functions of swear words and how the fansubber regenerated their functional connotations. The corpus of the study consists of English subtitles and Arabic fansubs of the Bad Boys movies. The researchers analyzed the data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The frameworks adopted in this research are the strategies proposed by Diaz-Cintas and Remael and the classification model of swear words presented by Ljung. The findings showed that the fansubber rendered the culture-bound expressions using seven strategies, the most dominant of which is omission at almost 37%. Other strategies varied in their percentage with: transposition, second-most utilized at 29%, followed by explicitation (25%), calques (8%), loanwords (0.2%), lexical creation (0.5%), and compensation (0.13%). The results showed that these strategies were sometimes wrongly used due to the lack of guidelines for fansubs. On the other hand, the dominant function of swearing used in the movie is the standalone one. Noticeably, the connotation of functional elements was often neglected by the fansubber. Thus, the fansubs were sometimes lacking in accuracy. Finally, the current research provides some implications and recommendations for translators when handling culture-bound expressions.
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A Quantitative Analysis of the Reactions of Viewers with Hearing Impairment to the Intralingual Subtitling of Egyptian Movies
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
This study investigates how the viewers with hearing impairment reacted to the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) subtitles added to some Vernacular Arabic movies during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period. A sample group of 106 deaf participants was asked to watch the MSA subtitled version of the Egyptian vernacular movie, Boushkash, and fill in an 18-item questionnaire of five constructs, namely, (1) movie watching habits, (2) technical aspects, (3) linguistic and paralinguistic information, (4) attitude, and (5) future actions and recommendations. The analysis showed that the intralingual subtitling of vernacular Arabic comedy movies was received positively by the participants. The technical specifications of the subtitles were satisfactory and adequate. The para-linguistic information was helpful as it offers a better understanding of the movie and creates a sense of reality in the movie's scenes. This indicates that intralingual subtitling is a step in the right direction that makes audiovisual materials accessible to people with hearing impairment and enhances their feeling of social inclusion. The study concludes that more governmental care in the Arab countries should be directed towards this minority group by urging national TV channels to add intralingual translation to their various programs.
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Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language
Book
  • Dec 2009
Many words and expressions are viewed as 'taboo', such as those used to describe sex, our bodies and their functions, and those used to insult other people. This 2006 book provides a fascinating insight into taboo language and its role in everyday life. It looks at the ways we use language to be polite or impolite, politically correct or offensive, depending on whether we are 'sweet-talking', 'straight-talking' or being deliberately rude. Using a range of colourful examples, it shows how we use language playfully and figuratively in order to swear, to insult, and also to be politically correct, and what our motivations are for doing so. It goes on to examine the differences between institutionalized censorship and the ways individuals censor their own language. Lively and revealing, Forbidden Words will fascinate anyone who is interested in how and why we use and avoid taboos in daily conversation.
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Netflix speaks Arabic, Arabs speak Netflix: How SVOD is transforming Arabic series screenwriting
Article
  • Nov 2021
While subscription of video-on-demand (SVOD) services has become increasingly popular across the world in recent years, the arrival of Netflix to the Arab world was transformational. As it stepped up to produce original Arabic series, Netflix-modelled services from the region proliferated, promising to challenge the existing Arabic series’ ( musalsalat ) routines in content and form. Since the Arab World is scarcely mentioned in the growing scholarly literature on SVODs, this article attempts to understand how the Arabic TV drama industry is recalibrating to this new transnational co-production context, particularly when it comes to developing series ideas and screenplays. Our aim is to analyse the creative interplay in which these ideas and screenplays are evaluated and developed. To this effect, we draw on original interviews with screenwriters, development producers and creative executives who have worked with Netflix on original Arabic series, as well as those who have worked with Shahid VIP, a Saudi-owned pan-Arab SVOD platform. Informed by the ‘Screen Idea System’ framework that suggests an understanding of the dynamics between the shaping elements of any new idea made for the screen, we explore whether the current business model results in certain cultural narratives and how this affects the perceptions of quality and success of the produced series. Our findings show that transnationalism is instigated by the writers’ perception of a transnational target audience, and is reflected strongly on the levels of production and creative decision-making. Moreover, the systems in which the series of both platforms are developed are in constant negotiations with the musalsalat conventions, while aiming to prompt novelty based on a Western perception of the idea of quality.
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