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:
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Uppsala Conflict
(Data Program (UCDP
/https://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp
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ACLED
ACLED
ACLED
https://acleddata.com/#/
dashboard
Claire Felter and Danielle Renwick, “The Role
of Peacekeeping in Africa”, Council on foreign
Relations, October 5, 2021, https://www.cfr.org/
backgrounder/role-peacekeeping-africa
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:äÉYGõædG øe ´GƒfCG á©HQCG ÉfóæY
:óMGh ÖfÉL øe ∞æ©dG :∫hC’G ´ƒædG
:»eƒµëdG ô«Z ∞æ©dG :»fÉãdG ´ƒædG
:»eƒµëdG ∞æ©dG :ådÉãdG ´ƒædG
:ôãcCG hCG ø«àeƒµM ø«H Ée »dhódG ´GõædG :™HGôdG ´ƒædG
()
Ingrid Vik Bakken and Siri Aas Rustad, Conflict
Trends in Africa 1946–2017, Peace Research
.16-Institute Oslo (PRIO), 2018, p. 7
,´ƒædG Ö°ùM á૪ªdG ∞æ©dG çGóMCG
:Ω2021 É«≤jôaEG §°Sh
Source: UCDP GED map: fatal events in
2021 by type of violence, Central Africa
https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/charts/
graphs/pdf_22/centralafricain2021.pdf
:»eGódG …Qɪ©à°S’G çQE’G -1
39
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Ezeabasili E Ifeoma, “The Nature of Conflict
in Africa and Its Impact on African International
Relations”, World Affairs: The Journal of
International Issues, Vol. 15, No. 3, Autumn
.2011, p.91
()
()
:ºµëdÉH OGôØà°S’Gh ,ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG ô«HóJ Aƒ°S -2
Steve Dr Fenton, Ethnicity (Key Concepts)
.(Cambridge: Polity Press, 2nd, 2010), p.143
Prologue Conflict in Africa: An” ,Ali A. Mazrui
in Alfred Nhema and Paul Tiyambe ,“Overview
Zeleza (ed.), The Roots of African Conflicts the
Causes and Costs, (Oxford: James Currey,
.2008), p.37
40
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Megan Duzor and Brian Williamson, “By the
Numbers: Coups in Africa”, VOANews, Feb-
ruary 2, 2022. https://projects.voanews.com/
/african-coups
()
()
Transparency International, Corruption Per-
ceptions Index, https://www.transparency.org/
en/cpi/2021
Christiaan Keulder, Africans see growing cor-
ruption, poor government response, but fear
retaliation if they speak out, Afrobarometer Dis-
patch No. 421, 26 January 2021, p. 3-4. https://
bit.ly/3zvxXAC
41
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:ó«æéà∏d IGOCÉc á«æKE’Gh øjódG -3
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René Dumont, L’Afrique Noire est Mal Partie,
Préface de Abdou Diouf et Jean Ziegler (Paris:
.Editions du Seuil, 2012), p.20
Hamdy A. Hassan “Religious as a Security
Threat, Case Studies of Extremist Christian
()
Movements in Africa”, Journal of Religion in Af-
.rica, No. 51, 2021, p. 428
Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, “Introduction: The
Causes & Costs of War in Africa” in Alfred Nhe-
ma and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza (ed.), The Roots
of African Conflicts the Causes and Costs, (Ox-
.ford: James Currey, 2008), p.14
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()
:á«©«Ñ£dG OQGƒªdG áæ©d -4
Mazrui, “Prologue Conflict in Africa: An Over-
.view”, p.38
Chris Kwaja, “Nigeria’s Pernicious Drivers
of Ethno-Religious Conflict”, Africa Center for
Strategic Studies, Africa Security Brief No.41,
July 31, 2011. P. 2. https://bit.ly/3BhzETo
()
Snow Sini, A.S. Abdul-Rahim, and Chindo Su-
laiman, “Does natural resource influence con-
flict in Africa? Evidence from panel nonlinear
relationship”, Resources Policy, No. 74 (2021),
.p.6
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k’óH á∏µ°ûªdG ø```e Aõ```L á```«≤jôaE’G ¢Tƒ«édG -5
:πëdG øe
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Jakkie Cilliers, Violence in Africa Trends, driv-
ers and prospects to 2023, Institute for Security
.Studies, Africa Report 12, August 2018, p.12
OECD/SWAC, Conflict Networks in North and
.West Africa, (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2021(, p.25
»a ádhódG º«¶æJh ΩGôM ƒcƒH ¬LGƒJ »àdG äÉ¡édG
:Ω2020 É«≤jôaEG ÜôZ
Source: OECD/SWAC, Conflict Networks
in North and West Africa, (Paris: OECD
Publishing, 2021) p.26
:IQÉb áeRCG ¢üî∏J ádhO Éjô«é«f -6
Zamfara
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IPOB
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≈∏Y iôѵdG iƒ≤dG ´Gô```°Uh »NÉæªdG ô```«¨àdG -7
:PƒØædG
Mark Duerksen, “Nigeria’s Diverse Security
Threats”, Africa Center for Strategic Studies,
March 30, 2021, p. 2-6. https://africacenter.org/
/spotlight/nigeria-diverse-security-threats
()
Christian von Soest, “A Heated Debate: Cli-
mate Change and Conflict in Africa”, GIGA
Focus Africa, No 2, April 2020, p. 02. https://
pure.giga-hamburg.de/ws/files/21509173/gf_af-
rika_2002.pdf
45
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()
https://bit.ly/3b3uKyO
Solomon A. Dersso, “Brace Yourselves for a
New Cold War”, The Continent, Issue 73, Janu-
.ary 29 2022, p. 24-25
()
()
()
Isiaka A. Badmus, The African Union’s Role
in Peacekeeping Building on Lessons Learned
from Security Operations (New York: Palgrave
.Macmillan, 2015), p. 02
.Ibid. p.03
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Africa’s Forever Wars:
Why the continent›s conflicts never end.” For-
eign Policy, February 11, 2010
46
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()
()
()
https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/02/11/africas-forev-
/er-wars
.“Gettleman, “Africa’s Forever Wars
.Ibid
()
()
()
STG
Claire Felter and Danielle Renwick, “The Role
of Peacekeeping in Africa,” Council on foreign
Relations, October 5, 2021, https://www.cfr.org/
backgrounder/role-peacekeeping-africa
.Ibid
United Nations Peacekeeping, “How we are
funded”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-
we-are-funded
47
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¢Vô¨dG Ö°ùM QÉædG ¥ÓWEG ∞bh :É«≤jôaEG
:(Ω2018-1989)
Source: Júlia Palik et al. Conflict Trends in
.Africa,1989-2019, PRIO Paper 2020
Wafula Okumu et al. Silencing the Guns in Af-
rica by 2020 Achievements, opportunities and
challenges. Institute for Security Studies, Mono-
.graph 203, August 2020, p. 39-41
»a ΩÓ°ùdG AÉ```æHh ßØM äɪ¡e hCG äGQOÉ```Ñe ≈```≤ÑJ
:»g ,á«°SÉ°SCG ô°UÉæY á©HQCG ≈dEG áKÓK É¡ªµëJ É«≤jôaEG
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