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Philosophy : Hist. & Problems
Abstract
4th Ed Bibliogr. s. 911-918
... Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher, logician, and social reformer, one of the founders of analytic philosophy, was born in 1872 into an aristocratic family. He was influenced by Mill's liberalism and studied mathematics at Cambridge from 1890-1893, where he came under the influence of new-Hegelianism, especially the idealism of Mc Taggart, Ward and Bradley (Stumpf, 1988). ...
... In philosophy, he made much impact on epistemology, metaphysics, logic, mathematics, religion and ethics. He died in 1970 (Stumpf, 1988). ...
... On the theoretical level, he conceives that some philosophers before him have brought forward the reasons for regarding the immediate objects of our senses as not existing independently of us. According to Stumpf (1988), the philosopher who first did this was Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753). In his work: Three Dialogue between Hylas and Philonous, in Opposition to Sceptics and Atheists, George Berkeley undertakes -to prove that there is no such thing as matter at all, and the world consist of nothing but minds and their ideas‖ (Stumpf, 1988). ...
... This is as he expresses humankinds' subjective rational ability to apprehend the transcendental objects of the ideal world (Asiegbu, 2011). In this way, Plato in his doctrine of forms unveils further the obvious existence of subjectivism in the cosmic realm and universal objectivism in the ideal world (Stumpf, 1994). ...
... This is why Eboh (1995) advances that most values making up the substance of objective realities are constituted by subjective individuals and the conditions surrounding their perceptions. Kant resonates this process; submitting that the self-senses an object, remembers its characteristics, and imposes upon it the forms of space and time and the category of cause and effect (Stumpf, 1994). Thus, some of the perceived values and properties of objects are located in the individuals whose attitudes and conditions bestow values on the object of their attention. ...
... Indeed, Socrates upholds human subjective contributions to the understanding of that which is objective. Hence, he opines that knowledge has to do with the mental power of the individuals to discover in facts the abiding elements that remain after the facts disappear (Stumpf, 1994). However, Plato gives more ground to subjectivism and objectivism in his theory of knowledge and doctrine of forms or ideas. ...
AMAMIHE JOURNAL OF APPLIE DPHILOSOPHY VOL. 19. NO. 2
... Thus, democracy became understood as a system of governance in which eligible qualified citizens exercise their civic rights and governing power either directly or through representatives periodically elected by themselves (Appadorai, 2004). This makes democracy a political governance emerging from social contract and hinging on principles of equality, public opinion, social justice, rule of law, transparent elections, exercise of civic rights/duties and promotion of good life (Stumpf, 1994, Onah, 2006. It as well purports democracy as governance that operates on the basis of the general and popular will of the people, implementation of collective purpose and opinions of the citizens (Childs 2010). ...
... Along this lane, justice as conceived by Trasymachus manifests in the interest of the strong who are often those in government (Plato, 1997). And with relationship tilting into "might is right", the larger African population now show loyalty by coercion or dim of favour (Stumpf, 1994). These conundrums have become fertile grounds for resurgence of military juntas and UCG in the continent. ...
The triumph of democracy over military regimes in Africa was thought to be a solution to the problems of governance in the continent. Sequel to this, many scholars argue that liberal democracy is effective, secure, transparent, fair, inclusive, and masses oriented. However, the present resurgence of military intervention in some parts of Africa appears to be pointing at liberal democracy as a collapsing political system in the continent. An example of this can be seen in Sudan, Niger, Chad, Mali, Burkina Faso and Guinea where there are now military juntas accompanied with massive jubilation and celebration. A sign of the masses' approval of the counter triumph of military juntas over liberal democracy. Adding to these were the social media comments of many other Africans in Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, etc., wishing their military would conduct similar takeovers in their respective countries. What is the bitter pill in liberal democracy that propels resurgence of military interventions in Africa in contemporary times? Could it be that liberal democracy is a western model and unsuited for Africans? In critical response to these fundamental questions, this paper examines democracy in contemporary Africa and the resurgence of military juntas in African States. The study analytically unravels the contents of African democratic politics and governance; its cradle, essence, state, consequences, propelling rationale and functionalists' apologetic arguments to determine whether they are really in consonance with expected democratic principles. The paper also examines the common nature of the African military that appears to make coup d'état attractive to these militaries, and thus inevitable in the African continent. The paper however finds that democracy as practiced in some African countries is not wholly masses oriented, but rather predatory and inimical to the wellbeing of the African larger population. As such, democratic governance in Africa is not largely service driven. It is tainted by the leadership's inordinate quest for capital accumulation from public treasury. In addition, the deep-rooted ethnic divisions which is a hangover from African colonial history, and the utilization of this ethnic configuration by political leaders to stay in power remains a negative force militating against the entrenchment of democratic values and good governance. The study therefore concludes that democratic governance in contemporary Africa is grossly deficient and below global expectations as seen from the resurgence and masses' celebration of military coups in the continent despite the efforts of the African Union (AU) to foster democratic processes and prevent unconstitutional changes of Government (UCG) among member States. The paper affirms that the most important antidote to military coups remains service driven leadership committed to democratic principles, openness and human rights.
... He noticed so many similarities between Platonism and Christianity so that he stated: " I believe that among Platonists I will find what is not contrary to the teachings of our religion. " (Stumpf, 2000). St. Augustine tried to build what he called "My full program" which was designed to achieve wisdom. ...
... He strongly believed that there is no difference between theology and philosophy. Many people would ask why he thought so and his answer would be: " Thinking clearly may be possible only under the influence of the Lord's prayer " (Stumpf, 2000). Philosophy would achieve its own research in the thirteenth century and the problem that was posed from the medieval philosophy of that time was how could be possible how the thesis of Aristotle and the Arab philosophers about the world eternity could be joined with the biblical idea of creation. ...
From Plato to Aristotle, from Augustine to Aquinas from Pascal to Freud and Heidegger the world and philosophical thought has continually interpreted the human nature, the source of morality and religion, specifically what we call (metaphysics). Man of antiquity, the medieval, modern and contemporary has his attitude towards the sacred. But what is happening with the man of our age, what relation does it have nowadays with the sacred, what is his attitude and what are the reasons for this relationship with the sacred. All the above are part of this scientific research paper. To give readers an overview of attitudes of philosophical thought of different times in front of the sacred, what are its meanings at different times and how is the attitude toward the sacred today. Descriptive analysis of the philosophical and religious issues.
DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n1p127
... "to be is to be a substance as the product of a dynamic process". 16 To the question what is substance he addresses it as "that which is both itself a being among others and a principle and cause of being for all the beings in other categories, qualities, quantities, relations and so on. " 17 According to Aristotle, there are three kinds of substance, namely, one that is sensible and eternal, for example, heavenly bodies. ...
This paper is a comparative study of the concept of being in the metaphysics of Aristotle and E. M. P. Edeh. These philosophers belong to different socio-cultural and philosophical backgrounds which had influence on how they expressed their views. Employing the philosophical methods of hermeneutics and phenomenology, this study discovers that while both philosophers seem to differ on their understanding of being in some areas, they agreed to the fact that existence is an essential quality of being no matter how one tries to view it.
... Phenomenology by Edmund Husserl seeks to give an account of the more precisely description of facts of human experience, the consciousness of phenomena (Stumpf, 1994). The perception of the object as we mean it (intentionality), or as we create or intend the phenomena in us. ...
Purpose and Methodology: using a phenomenological perspective as both the theoretical and methodological framework, this study investigates how TTC (Teacher Training College) Tutors with a community mode of thinking from a Rwandan context, facilitate and experience learners’ individual thinking autonomy where this autonomy is understood as thinking and deciding with self-governed principles for learning. 24 TTC tutors from 4 provinces were observed and given an interview to share their experience on how they facilitate thinking autonomy for their learners.
Findings: Tutors’ implementation of the current competence-based curriculum, which embraces Learner Centered Pedagogy (LCP), revealed that learner centered pedagogy is not properly adapted to the Rwandan situation which is an African context, because LCP is rooted in Western culture influenced by the Cartesian philosophy, characterized by an individual personal reasoning. . Thinking autonomy understood in the Kantian connotation was not found in Rwandan classes because individual learners seemed to use a community thinking schema which originates from their social context. Findings were interpreted by the researcher with phenomenology that describes first-hand tutors’ and researcher’s narratives of how they experience the paradox and dichotomy of facilitating thinking autonomy for learners who have evolved within a community paradigm of thought.
Within the Rwandan context, community thinking paradigms seem to take precedence over the individual thinking autonomy, which opposess the implementation of curriculum intending the facilitation of individual thinking autonomy according to western Cartesian philosophical culture.
... Konsep kesederhanaan telah lama dibincangkan oleh ahli falsafah Yunani klasik sebelum Aristotle lagi seperti ditemui dalam perbincangan Plato dan ianya merupakan idea utama dalam pemikiran Yunani klasik (Godfrey 1953). Perbincangan ini melibatkan perbincangan etika dimana ahli falsafah sebelum Aristotle seperti Pythagoras (570-490 SM), telah membincangkan masalah konsep roh dan konsep pertengahan (mean) (Stumpf 1994). Menurut Max Horten (1974), apa yang dimaksudkan dengan konsep kesederhanaan Aristotle ialah kesederhanaan memimpin manusia melalui jalan yang lurus daripada terjebak dengan bahayabahaya yang ada di sekelilingnya. ...
Kebahagiaan merupakan salah satu topik utama yang mendominasi wacana falsafah etika. Konsep kebahagiaan mula dibincangkan sejak munculnya perbincangan falsafah iaitu pada zaman Yunani klasik seperti yang dibincangkan oleh Aristotle dalam buku Nicomachean Ethic, sehingga dibincangkan dalam tamadun Islam oleh beberapa ahli falsafah Islam seperti Ibn Miskawayh dalam Tahdhib al Akhlaq. Kedua tokoh tersebut mempunyai pendekatan yang berbeza berkaitan konsep kebahagiaan. Justeru, kajian ini menganalisis makna dan cara mencapai kebahagiaan yang telah dibincangkan menurut perspektif dua orang tokoh pemikir tersebut berdasarkan hasil penulisan mereka. Penelitian ini mengetengahkan metode perbandingan makna dan cara mencapai kebahagiaan. Hasil kajian mendapati wujud persamaan dan perbezaan dalam konsep kebahagiaan di antara Aristotle dan Ibn Miskawayh dalam beberapa aspek tertentu. Eudaimonia, merupakan konsep yang dibincangkan melalui perbincangan menerusi pencarian Aristotle melalui persoalan yang menjadi tumpuan manusia iaitu apakah yang menjadi tujuan akhir dan kebaikan yang tertinggi dalam kehidupan manusia. Selain itu, kebahagiaan dapat dicapai melalui aspek pemilihan dan pengawalan tingkah laku serta perbuatan dalam kesederhanaan serta hubungan nalaran yang telah dibincangkan oleh Aristotle dan Ibnu Miskawayh melalui kaitan dan perbezaannya.
... 11 Thus, they had two goals; while Moore set out to analyze commonsense language, Russell tried to analyze facts for the purpose of inventing a new language -logical atomism. 12 Both intend that this new language would have the exactness and certitude as in mathematics and must correspond with facts. By this means, the analytic philosophy was developed as a system of philosophy, focusing on the analysis of language to correspond with fact and to perfectly explain reality. ...
... Peter Bodunrin advises a new mind that wishes to know the definition of philosophy -to wait for one as he would settle for one later or achieve this for himself with time in the course of his training in philosophy‖. 4 It is commonly attributed to Immanuel Kant that he once said to his students: -You will not learn from me philosophy, but how to philosophize; not truths to repeat, but how to think. Think for yourselves and stand on your own feet‖. ...
... In the case of human beings the dominant monad is mind. There must be some relation between all the monads which make up the universe [12]. Man has genetic link with one another like a telephone exchange and this is possible because of what we have come to understand as magnetic memory from one person to the other. ...
There is an epistemic relationship between Quantum physics and extra-sensory perception (ESP). The discovery and illumination gotten from the study of particle physics and the understanding of quantum physics brings to light a great resolution of the content of reality within the confines of the seen and unseen or from the mental and extra-mental. This paper posits that the inherent controversy in trying to comprehend the workings of “paranormal” acts such as telepathy and psychokinesis imbued by critics of paranormal phenomena can be resolved by an understanding of quantum physics and the uncertainty principle. The underlying position of this work is that everything in the universe, whether in the realm of the physical or the metaphysical are made up of energy and vibrations manifested in various forms. These forms include our bodies, minds, thoughts and in the elements. And uncertainties are parts and parcels of realities in both quantum mechanics and ESP.
... For Plato, the individual is chronologically prior to the state (S.E. Stumpf, 1983). The state only came into existence because people could not individually provide for their many needs. ...
Health and economic growth are germane to each other. The extent to which one can affirm the influence of the one on the other is, however, dependent on the available situational evidence. Health can be the source of economic growth, just as wealth can enhance health condition. In the South eastern states of Nigeria, health cannot be said to be making any significant impact in economic growth. The healthcare service in these states is financed by the individuals. It is often mixed up with superstition and characterized by insufficient funding by state governments. There will be a meaningful economic improvement if ever there is a combined proactive engagement in healthcare delivery by the state governments and the citizens. The approach in this paper is analytic and descriptive.
... This was His Majesty the King's principle given to students to learn from real practice, or ‚Learning by doing‛. Only thinking was not enough for living, worthy living was supposed to be on the basis of moral thinking and appropriate action (Stumpf, 1994). The second highest achievement was general education and living skill subject and extra-curricular activities, which had the same average results. ...
Sufficiency Economy is an essential foundation of development and excellently applied with current situation. The Sufficiency Agriculture Course of Phra Dabos Foundation targeted to reinforce every student to behave by providing honest occupations following the path of Sufficiency Economy concept as a navigation device. This research to study 1) the context of the philosophy of the Sufficiency Economy; 2) the indicators of the philosophy of the Sufficiency Economy for students; 3) the achievement of the Sufficiency Agriculture Course; 4) the appropriate course in manipulation to acquisition of knowledge; and 5) the primary cause of having occupations different from the graduated field of study.This applied qualitative research is done by in-depth interview together with Delphi technique, which the 33 informants are Experts of Sufficiency Economy ,local scholars and previous students graduated from the Sufficiency Agriculture Course. The analysis is to calculate the average frequency, median, and absolute variation in analyzing the context and verifying analyzed results with 3 experts. The results showed that 1) the philosophy of the Sufficiency Economy was the concept of human resource development in the secularization under morality leads to knowledge initiatives principle for Sustainable Development; 2) the characteristic of indicators of the philosophy in individual level consisted of 82 units of input, process, output, and outcome; 3) for the accomplishment of the Sufficiency Agriculture Course, this study found that the result was significant in every aspect and effected to the life governance ,work governance, people governance and self-governance, respectively. Ranking from the highest to the lowest average frequency of significant achievement, the results were agricultural practice, general education and living skill, extra-curricular activities, study visit, specific profession study subject and basic technician subject, respectively. 4) the majority of the experts had an approval that the current course structure has been appropriate; and 5) the indispensable intention that made students not work directly in graduated field of study was due to insufficient land and money.
... Idea alone is not enough to sustain life. Because good life begins with good thought and appropriate action (Stumpf, 1994). Curriculum provides guidance for all teaching staff on the main areas of the assessment strategy for Curriculum for Excellence. ...
The objectives were to study 1) desirable join indicators feature of educational management 2) the importance of the indicators in the educational management, and 3) the current physical condition of the curriculum of sufficiency agriculture and the competency level of the course. A combined quantitative and qualitative research process were synthesizing the desirable join indicators feature in three Education System based on the International and National Standard by Content Analysis, study the importance of the indicators, the current physical condition of the curriculum and the competency level of the course by using combination techniques of Focus Group Discussion, sorting IPO Model and Survey Research from 15 qualified subjects and the conclusion data from 2 educational experts, analysis of data, and by averages the frequency and descriptive summary.
The results showed that. There are 32 factors found among the join desirable indicators which are initial input, the process, the outcome of the process. Favorable indicators for a good education system are whatever comes out of the operation, followed by the process and the initial input according to the theory of knowledge and morality. Phra Dabos Foundation has been utilizing high level of morality to increase the quality and confidence of their sufficiency agriculture curriculum in their operational processes, outcome of the operation and the initial input.
... The art of asking questions was most famously developed by Socrates as a pedagogical technique nearly twenty five hundred years ago. For Socrates, dialogue involving questioning was the principal means for uncovering the truth, revealing misconceptions and assumptions, exposing poor argumentation and prejudice, or discovering wider perspectives through clear reasoning (Guthrie, 1989;Stumpf, 1983). Socratic questioning can also be seen as a key foundation of the critical thinking movement and scaffolding techniques within constructivist literature (Mason, 2011;Paul & Elder, 2007;Paul, 1990;Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976). ...
This conceptual paper outlines a cross-disciplinary research agenda focused on situating questioning while engaging with the digital environment. It builds upon earlier research focused primarily in the area of why-questioning that identified significant difference between information and explanation as distinct goals of inquiry. Consequences of this distinction point to limitations of current digital technology, particularly from the perspective of an individual researcher engaging in prolonged, reflective inquiry. The digital environment offers numerous options to support inquiry but is dominated by the search paradigm in which the informational bias of search engines abbreviate inquiry, and therefore, questioning. While other digital options such as scholarly collection services, social media, and question-answering services also support inquiry there are limits to which these services can provide targeted support for sense-making activities such as in-session questioning, reasoning, interpreting, identifying connections, discerning relationships and implications, evaluating competing explanations, as well as development and validation of understanding. Within the research agenda outlined here the relationship between sense-making and questioning has emerged as a pivotal area to investigate. In a very reflexive way many questions arise – as the scope of this inquiry includes inquiry itself. What can be learned from a focus on questions as data? How might question formulation be supported online? What digital technologies are successfully used to support sense-making? In what ways might human-computer interfaces be further developed in order to scaffold deep and prolonged in-session questioning? In what ways might ontologies of questioning support such an endeavour? While situated at the nexus of educational research and information science, this research agenda is both informed by, and positioned to inform, other domains of research and innovation, including human-computer interaction, knowledge management, and communications design. Of particular interest is how application of the Question Formulation Technique and recent innovations in automated Question Generation might be utilized.
... Although, according to Hobbes the requisite sovereign power might come into existence in either of two ways: by some man or body or men conquering and subduing the inhabitants (Sovereignty by acquisition) or by men agreeing by consent with each other to transfer all their natural powers to some man or body of men (Sovereignty by institution) (Macpherson, 1968). Hobbes was aware that the logical outcome of egotistical, competitive, and self preservative individuals all deciding how best to survive would lead to a state of anarchy and to avoid such a condition of anarchy is for men to give up their natural rights which are contrary to peace and enter into agreement with each other as if every man should say to everyman, I authorize and give up my right of governing myself, to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy right to him, and authorize all his actions in like manner (Stumpf, 1994). Every man was expected to submit their individual rights (except that of self-preservation) and recognize the common instituted power. ...
The purpose of the state and its apparatus right from the formation of human society to this contemporary period is still being confronted with the question of legitimacy. One of the major reasons why the state is formed is for the attainment of good life of the citizens. The institution of the state would thus remain legitimate only when those who are in political authority perform basic functions of government to meet the expectations of the members of the society. To this end, this paper examines the concept of consent and consensus as a foundation for the justification of the emergence of the state and argue that if there is no mutual agreement within the society, there can be little or no way of ensuring peaceful resolution of policy differences that is associated with the democratic process. Consequent upon this, the paper adopts Thomas Hobbes social contract theory as a theoretical framework to explain the origin of the state and justify the absolute power of the government which is rooted in the consent and the consensus of the people. The philosophical methods of conceptual clarification and critical analysis are employed to examine Hobbes political theory and evaluate its relevance to the contemporary society.
Francis Bacon, Friedrich Nietzsche and Samuel Udoidem all have something in common-the search for wisdom in unusual places. For Udoidem, the search begins at the market place. The market is a place where two or more persons congregate to buy and sell but beyond this material market is the real market. The real market, according to him is the 'market place of ideas'. Udoidem used the metaphor of the philosopher in the market place to dissect, ex-ray, critique and proffer solutions to the myriad of political and socioeconomic problems bedeviling the Nigerian state. Among his findings is the fact that Nigeria is a "country" and not a "nation" and he is terribly flabbergasted by the silence of the people in the midst of systemic injustice and leadership dishonesty. He proposes amongst others the 'trans-valuation of values by which he means 'going beyond the everyday not-so-valuable values' that deter national growth. This work is a comparative evaluation of Udoidem's inaugural lecture entitled The Philosopher in the Market Place: A Reflection on the Future of Nigeria. Francis Bacon's analogy of the Idols of the Mind and Nietzsche's parable of the mad man were used as theoretical frameworks. The paper argued that the authors, though centuries apart-share the philosopher's burden of trans-valuation of values for the good of humanity. The paper agrees with Udoidem that it will take the trans-valuation of enshrined values in the country to halt systemic injustice and give voice to the silenced.
Aiming to begin research on the Carbon Dating of Indigenous Artifacts. With these findings, there is the hope of aiding in Reconciliation for the Constitution in strong standing with the First Nations People.
Apapun profesi seseorang perlu adanya standar yang mengikat agar pelaksanaan profesi tersebut dapat berjalan dengan baik, begitu juga dengan profesi guru. Tulisan ini ingin menjawab kegundahan para praktisi pendidikan yang merasa masih banyak oknum yang berlaku dan bertindak tidak sesuai dengan aturan. Oleh karena itu pemahaman dan penegakan kode etik profesi khususnya profesi guru menjadi sangat penting, sebab dengan memahami dan menegakkan kode etik profesi yang telah ditetapkan maka melakukan pekerjaan dan pengabdian akan merasa sangat senang. Penegakan kode etik ini juga perlu dilandasi dengan asas-asas yang membangun antara lain: Asas Tut Wuri Handayani, asas keadilan, asas kekeluargaan, asas komunikasi, dan asas keguruan. Asas-asas tersebut sesuai dengan filsafat pendidikan yang telah digagas oleh para filosof pendidikan.
In Nigeria, democracy is believed to have replaced military juntas. But democracy, as practised in the country, has not been different from the tenets of past military regimes. As such, scholars have argued whether present politics and governance in Nigeria, with its character of suppression, repression and neglect of democratic principles-rule of law, accountability, adequate representation, public opinion, etc.-can be classified as democracy. This paper analytically examines the irony of democratic governance and the challenges of the democratization of Nigeria. Along this lane, the paper unravels the historicity, spectre, poor state, consequences and contents of Nigerian democratic governance to determine whether they are really in consonance with expected democratic principles. The paper as well proffers solutions towards the democratization of the Nigerian political space. However, it identifies that democracy as purported in Nigerian politics and governance is not wholly masses-oriented, but inimical to the wellbeing and survival of the larger population. The paper, thus, concludes that democratic governance in contemporary Nigeria is grossly deficient and below global expectations, for it is inadequately true to practical democratic political principles and responsibilities.
The focus of this paper is to examine the doctrine of intentionality in Merleau-Ponty. It will look at how he departs from the traditional description of intentionality. It will also draw the differences between his and Husserls understanding of Intentionality, and how his doctrine of intentionality becomes integral to subjectivity. This discourse submits that Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological approach to intentionality amounts to radicality especially from his account of the intentional constitution of the body and its role in perceptual experience.
The search for a historically conscious individual who is disposed to
“radical action” is the main thrust of this paper. This is premised on
the following claims: first, that the modern society is a pathological
society whose rules, most often but not necessarily, imply control and
domination; thus a “refusal” to abide by these rules is the most appropriate
alternative available; and, second, that there is still hope for the
Enlightenment’s project of emancipation, that is, such “refusal,” which means
a political fight for liberation, is still winnable no matter how formidable the
forces of domination may be. But this paper can only do so much. I do not
offer any universal and prefab solution to the pathological society. What I do
instead is argue that the emergence of a historically conscious individual who is
disposed to “radical action,” which eventually leads to a “collective radical
action,” is still possible today. I also argue that “radical action” presupposes an
awareness of the concrete socio-historical situations, thus the importance of
“historicity.” This is done through a reconstructive reading of Marcuse’s
Critical Theory. In fact, my argument is just an echo on what Marcuse did
more than four decades ago.
Αι σύγχρονοι απόψεις των Νευροεπιστημών, αι
οποίαι υπογραμμίζουν τας πολυμόρφους, απείρους λειτουρ-
γικάς δυνατότητας του ανθρωπίνου εγκεφάλου, πολλαί των
οποίων δεν εκφράζονται λόγω του περιωρισμένου χρονικού
φάσματος της ανθρωπίνης ζωής, καταδεικνύουν την αξίαν
των φιλοσοφικών θέσεων του Αναξιμάνδρου, αι οποίαι διετυ-
πώθησαν τον 6ον π.Χ αιώνα. Η προηγμένη σκέψις του Ανα-
ξιμάνδρου υπερέβη την αντίληψιν του υλικού κόσμου, ο
οποίος είναι σχηματοποιημένος, πεπερασμένος, υποκείμενος
εις την αλλοίωσιν και την φθοράν και προέβη εις ανάβασιν
εις τον κόσμον της αφθαρσίας, του απείρου, η ουσία του
οποίου παραμένει άγνωστος, ενώ το ενεργειακόν δυναμικόν
αυτού παραμένει αιώνιον, πολυδύναμον και απέραντον, δια-
φοροποιούμενον μεν αλλά μη αλλοιούμενον. Το άπειρον, κατά
τον Αναξίμανδρον, εκφράζει την δημιουργικότητα, την αναγεν-
νητικήν δυνατότητα, την εξελικτικήν δυνατότητα, παραλλήλως
προς την προσαρμοστικότητα και την επίτευξιν λειτουργικών
ισοζυγίων. Το άπειρον αποτελεί την κυρίαν αρχήν, αφ’ ενός
μεν υπό την έννοιαν της κοσμογονικής ενάρξεως, αφ’ ετέρου
δε υπό την έννοιαν της επικρατήσεως και καθοδηγήσεως του
Γίγνεσθαι εις την όλην πορείαν του διά μέσου του χρόνου. Το
άπειρον αποτελεί, κατ’ ουσίαν, την απολύτως απέραντον έν-
νοιαν, η οποία περιλαμβάνει την παντοδυναμίαν της ενεργει-
ακής υποστάσεως και εκ παραλλήλου την μοναδικήν ισχύν
του ανθρωπίνου νου, ο οποίος αφ’ ενός μεν συλλαμβάνει την
έννοιαν του απείρου, αφ’ ετέρου δε έχει απείρους δυνατότη-
τας, πολλάς μεν των οποίων δεν έχει ακόμη εξιχνιάσει και
άλλας δε δεν έχει ακόμη ενεργοποιήσει. Ο Αναξίμανδρος,
χωρίς να αναφέρεται ειδικώς εις τον εγκέφαλον ή να εξειδικεύει τας θεωρίας του επί των νοητικών και ψυχικών λειτουρ-
γιών του Ανθρώπου, κατά το μέτρον ετέρων φιλοσόφων,
διετύπωσεν απόψεις, αι οποίαι συνέβαλον ουσιωδώς εις την
διαμόρφωσιν του θεωρητικού υποβάθρου των Νευροεπιστη-
μών και της ιδίως της ΝευροφιλοσοφίαςΔιά της εννοίας του απείρου, η οποία έχει πρωταρχικήν βα-
ρύτητα, ο Αναξίμανδρος εκφράζει συγχρόνως την άπειρον
και απεριόριστον λειτουργικήν δυνατότητα, την οποίαν έχει ο
νους, μέρος μόνον της οποίας καθίσταται συνειδητή, καθ’
όλην την διάρκειαν της επιγείου ζωής. πρακτικώς απεριόρι-
στος αριθμός συνάψεων μεταξύ των νευρώνων και τα πολυά-
ριθμα νευρωνικά δίκτυα, τα οποία, δομούνται αναδομούνται,
μεταβάλλονται, φθίνουν ή ενισχύονται απεικονίζουν την δυ-
ναμικήν του απείρου, διά της αϊδίου κινήσεως, όπως αύτη έχει
διατυπωθή υπό του Αναξιμάνδρου. Εκ παραλλήλου, η απέ-
ραντος και συνεχής συναπτική πλαστικότης, διά της οποίας
μεταβάλλεται τόσον ο αριθμός των νευρωνικών συνάψεων,
όσον και ο λειτουργικός χαρακτήρ αυτών εις τον ανθρώπινον
εγκέφαλον, εναρμονίζεται προς την μεταβλητότητα, η οποία
εκφράζεται εις τα πλαίσια της δυναμικής του απείρου κατά τον
Αναξαγόραν , χωρίς εν τούτοις να μεταβάλλεται το επιδιωκό-
μενον ισοζύγιον και η υπάρχουσα εσωτερική αρμονία.
Κλείδες:
This chapter discusses feminist Philosophy of science and technology
This chapter discusses the problem of space and time, the immortality of the soul and the existence of God. Space and time is approached from a metaphysical perspective and from the perspective of philosophy of science. The immortality of the soul is discussed from the perspective of philosophy and theology. The existence of God is discussed from the perspective of general metaphysics.
Doctrine of Original Sin has been debated for centuries among the Theologians include Augustine. The Understanding of doctrine original sin as a theological term started from the teaching of Augustine around 5century B.C. Augustine‘s understanding regarding of original sin derived from his problem and his question concerning the life of Adam and Eve, and particularly in his youth experiences of adultery. He believed that all men involved in Adam’s fist sin and original sin was transmitted through the parents to their children. Augustine learned Manichaeism, however he did not satisfied and then he went to learned Neo-Platonism and deeply impressed to him both for his Neo-Platonism and Christian life. In Neo-Platonism, Augustine respect and received the Plotinus views. For Neo-Platonism the root of sin is discovered in the very nature of the soul and in relation to the body as self- isolation. Before it enters the body, the soul has a prior existence. When the souls falls and that is how it comes to be in the body. But the point is that the soul has an unruly and evil nature in its irrational parts even before it enters the body, so that it in one sense the cause of evil is present even in the soul preexistence state. Neo-Platonist believed that original sin is transmitted from one to another, Neo-Platonism underscored this notion by suggesting that in addition to such a transmission of evil, human souls would reappear via transmigration, bringing to the new body their earlier errors and judgments of value. Therefore, this study is to analyze and to compare Augustine’s view as a theologian of the original sin with Neo-Platonism concept.
This work discusses the role that political education has to play in an emerging democracy just opening up to the entrenchment of democratic principles. Such a democracy is often faced with some challenges; one being that its past is plagued with features that are antithetical to the principles of democracy such that if care is not taken, these anomalies will smoother democratic institutions, practices and underlying philosophies. The second one identified in the paper is that moral principles are not adhered to in such a democracy. There is consequently the need for social engineering to correct the deficiencies. Political education is projected as a bulwark for strengthening democracy in societies where the concept is just finding its feet. It is through political education that, citizens can be imparted with necessary lessons regarding politics, democratic ethos and democratic institutions. Political education will aid the acculturation of citizens of emerging democracies in democratic norms and moral values.
PREAMBLE Among people who influenced Philosophy greatly in the 20 th century include the father of continental philosophy; Rene Descartes. He is known for his quest to improve greatly in the shaking foundation of Philosophy. Rene Descartes was primarily known to be a Philosophy who sought to lay a new foundation for philosophy with the mathematical method. Rene Descartes in introducing his principles of Philosophy made influential changes in the area of Science, Philosophy and mathematics. His record of achievements in this area speaks volume. Our main concentration in this paper is to inquire into his method of truth which in his idea could be the best in resolving the problems of doubt in multiple philosophical claims. This paper will examine his biography, works, evaluation and then conclusion. I will plead for indulgence if the paper appears below your expectation as I look forward to improve with your criticism and later suggestion. Hence this is an intellectual voyage in the person of Rene Descartes we are to put on our thinking cap as we advance in this complicated journey. BIOGRAPHY OF RENE DESCARTES RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) is usually considered the Founder of Modern Philosophy. He is the first man of high philosophic capacity whose outlook is profoundly affected by the new physics and astronomy. While it is true that he retains much of scholasticism, he does not accept foundations laid by predecessors, but endeavours to construct a complete philosophic edifice de novo. This had not happened since Aristotle and is a sign of the new
PREAMBLE Among people who influenced Philosophy greatly in the 20 th century include the father of continental philosophy; Rene Descartes. He is known for his quest to improve greatly in the shaking foundation of Philosophy. Rene Descartes was primarily known to be a Philosophy who sought to lay a new foundation for philosophy with the mathematical method. Rene Descartes in introducing his principles of Philosophy made influential changes in the area of Science, Philosophy and mathematics. His record of achievements in this area speaks volume. Our main concentration in this paper is to inquire into his method of truth which in his idea could be the best in resolving the problems of doubt in multiple philosophical claims. This paper will examine his biography, works, evaluation and then conclusion. I will plead for indulgence if the paper appears below your expectation as I look forward to improve with your criticism and later suggestion. Hence this is an intellectual voyage in the person of Rene Descartes we are to put on our thinking cap as we advance in this complicated journey. BIOGRAPHY OF RENE DESCARTES RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) is usually considered the Founder of Modern Philosophy. He is the first man of high philosophic capacity whose outlook is profoundly affected by the new physics and astronomy. While it is true that he retains much of scholasticism, he does not accept foundations laid by predecessors, but endeavours to construct a complete philosophic edifice de novo. This had not happened since Aristotle and is a sign of the new
Development as freedom, in the words of Amartya Sen (1999), a renowned Indian political economist and philosopher, means that development is not reducible to income satisfaction. Rather, it is about what people are “able to do and be”. But beyond Sen, this paper makes the argument that human development, based on the notion of moral choice, possesses an existential character. This means that full human development, anchored on the idea of being free, has an existential meaning. Deeply embedded values ultimately govern how a person makes choices. Thus, while human well-being goes beyond mere material or need satisfaction, a more holistic account of human development should consider the human person‟s quest for love, meaning and self-realization.
Philosophy begins when human beings start trying to understand the world, not through religion or by accepting authority but using reason. The daily lives of most of us are full of things that keep us busy and preoccupied. However, every now and again we find ourselves drawing back and wondering what it is all about. Then, perhaps we may start asking fundamental questions that normally we do not stop to ask. This can happen with regard to any aspect of life. In this article, the focus attention is to discuss the importance of philosophy in Sri Lankan context.
The semantic content in the nomenclature natural philosophy and philosophy of physics revolve on epistemological leanings. This leaning is motivated by the growth of knowledge within the natural sciences. The yearning for specialization in specifics within the content of nature revolving around matter and energy precipitated the leap from the broad based natural philosophy to the philosophy of physics. This leap is based on the proposition that knowledge is dynamic and grows by accretion.
Abstract:
Pythagoras can be seen as a mathematician and a mystical philosopher. His theory of numbers and his mystical philosophy of the transmigration of the soul are outstanding. There are various postulations as to the originality of Pythagoras in his philosophy. The question is how can we justify him as either a mathematician or mystic? Which of these thought mostly affect or has an influence on mankind? The essence of this paper is to make clarifications on this issue
In conflict resolution discourse the two challenging and contrasting concepts, violence and non-violence, are often presented as opposites and contradictory. On the basis of this, one is affirmed against the other. In this article, we aimed to present violence and non-violence as complementary phenomena toward a complementary process of conflict resolution. The objective was to provide an analysis to show that the two concepts can contribute meaningfully to conflict management and resolution. To achieve this aim and objective, we highlighted their significance as methods of resolving and managing conflict, and discussed their problems as well. We used the method of complementary analysis to render a practical account of this discourse; the paper reviewed a number of scenarios where the strategies of violence and non-violence were employed towards conflict resolution and transformation. This enables us to see how the violent and non-violent methods can contribute to resolve the issue of conflict. From the analysis, we concluded that methods of violence and non-violence should overlap each in conflict and peace research.
The notions of citizen and citizenship have been understood in different senses. When Barrack Obama was campaigning for his presidential election some years back, many conservatives peddled conflicting stories about his US citizenship. Some of the stories alleged that: his birth certificate was forged, he had dual citizenship of both the US and Britain and his country of birth was either Kenya or Indonesia, not Honolulu in Hawaii where he was actually born. Thus citizenship today denotes a link between a person and his state of birth with the rights to work, trade, reside and participate in the civic life of the community.
Compared with the ancient world, citizenship, with regard to the state, conveyed deeper meaning. The ancient Greeks believed that the state is a creature of nature. By nature, man himself is a political animal, only capable of relating to humanity through his rights to participate in the affairs of the state. The state is a multifaceted entity, made up of citizens. Therefore, without the citizens, there is no state and without the state, no citizens. It then follows that the extent to which a state is good is proportional to the nature of its citizens and vice versa. For the Greeks, like Aristotle, the city-state should be the only proper setting for man’s greatest good (summum bonum).
In view of the above and in the face contemporary realities in African states, it becomes imperative to look again at the roots of citizenship in order to understand both its historical and cultural context. Using Aristotle’s Politics as a template, this paper reviews the concept of citizenship by providing insights into the workings and attitudes of the citizens in the state of Athens, the city that served as ‘education to all Hellas’. Simultaneously, the paper presents a view into the civic mind of Aristotle, the greatest scholar of the Socratic school whose clinical and critical study of his society has continued to influence the modern thought.
The concept of illusion, very much used but less analysed in its complex content, has been a word that most people use with doubts and with a kind of mystical suspicion, loading it with a lot of negative connotations. First of all, we have to mention that this notion is present, consciously or not, in most human activities, and second, that it covers from an operational point of view a series of psychic activities of the affective and cognitive types. That is why this notion is correlated and articulated with a series of neighbouring notions such as appearance, imagination, representation, perspective, and so forth. By their content and scope, these notions belong either to philosophy or to the arts or technology. The association of illusion with truth can be reviewed in the sphere of the technical-pragmatic sciences, yet not in the sphere of the arts and philosophy. What would cinematography be if we took away the possibility of using techniques of illusion, and what would music or literature be?
Progress and decline: historical dialect in two texts by Hans Magnus Enzensberger
The interpretation of history as a process of dialectical development has been one of the most important ideas of Marxist philosophy. Whereas earlier Marxists optimistically considered this process as steering inevitably towards a sociopolitical utopia, subsequent thinkers in the Marxist tradition, especially those identified as Neo-Marxists (like Theodor Adorno), had a more pessimistic interpretation of dialectics. Influenced especially by Adorno, German poet and social commentator Hans Magnus Enzensberger uses the concept of “historical dialectics” as a seminal theme in two of his literary works: “Mausoleum: siebenunddreißig Balladen aus der Geschichte des Fortschritts” and “Der Untergang der Titanic”. In these two texts the representation of the ambiguity of “Fortschritt” or historical development presupposes a more pessimistic account of the historical process. This ambiguity is present both in a bird’s-eye view of the historical process (“Mausoleum”), and in the focus on one specific historical incident (“Der Untergang der Titanic”). Enzensberger subsequently continues to consider the role of art within this dialectical context. In this article, both Enzensberger’s literary use of the philosophical concept of historical dialectics and its artistic implications (as identified by him) are examined.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine whether the study of mathematics as a subject or course has any
significant relationship with Nigerian National Development. Also, to ascertain if organizations whose workforce are sound
mathematically are more likely to achieve higher productivity than those whose workforce are defective, mathematically. The
methodology used to elicit data for the analysis was a simple random sampling technique by which a total of 100 respondents
were selected from three faculties of the Kogi State University, including the bursary department. The sample size comprised of
both students, academic and non-academic staff of the university. This method was considered adequate for the study in view of
the homogenous nature of the population surveyed. The study revealed that “mathematics” as a field of study, was the only key
to technological breakthrough in any given society. And no society could make meaningful progress in science and technology
without embracing the concept, logic and philosophy of mathematics which is the tap root to all scientific thinking minds.
Despite these facts however, many Nigerian Chief executives hate being associated with the study of mathematics and would
want to avoid it by all means if possible. The study therefore recommended that, mathematics should be made a compulsory
subject or course at the first and second years of study in all the tertiary institutions of learning in Nigeria. And equally, it
should be incorporated in the training curricula of all organizations in Nigeria be it private or public sector organization. It is
only then that the workers’ minds could be developed for sound logical and critical reasoning that would help them as better
planners and decision-makers in management and general administration.
The greatest task in epistemology is the quest for certainty and truth in knowledge, but due to skepticism it is far from being achieved. Yet theories emerged as an attempt to prepare a bedrock for epistemic justification and essentially to give epistemology a foundation and a means to eliminate skepticism. These theories are classified into doxastic and non doxastic theories. Doxastic in the sense that the justifiability of a belief is a function exclusively of what beliefs one holds of one's doxastic state, and non doxastic in the sense that belief is not the only determinant for epistemic justification but with the aids of an external factors outside ones doxastic state. This paper therefore, is an attempt to insightfully evaluate on these two hypotheses in epistemology and to articulate a better approach for epistemic justification. We posit that doxastic theory has the tendency of leading us to mere subjective opinion in knowledge acquisition, whereas non doxastic theory is a better way of justifying knowledge than doxastic theories, because it takes credence of evidential knowledge and pursue knowledge as an objective affair.
The territorial “barbed wire around comparative education” (Epstein and Carroll 2005, 88) is temporarily lowered a bit to depict graphically ways in which we may see and situate ourselves, our work and the work of others in a more broadly defined field of international education. This does not diminish the ongoing lively and substantive debates of territorial ownership. It does speak to the practical advantages of periodically returning to more inclusive proxemic depictions of our community membership in international education.
The purpose of this article is to analyse the philosophical ideas of a famous existentialism father Søren Kierkegaard. Different aspects of individual liberty and inward choice problems are raised and investigated in this article. The first part of this paper shows that human freedom for Kierkegaard is not an inevitable human being reality but rather an existential aim and the essence of freedom is comprehended as a permanent perfection of a personality while presenting three human life stages. The second part of the paper discusses the ratio between the individual liberty and God. An authentic and deep personal faith in Kierkegaard's philosophy discloses a direct relationship with God, through whom the person is released and uplifted over a rational mind and the principles of universal moral norms. We could experience the authentic personal freedom only choosing to live in harmony with God. From this point the main conclusion of this article arises that the individual liberty problems in Kierkegaard's existentialism crisis philosophy are deeply interconnected with faith and in this light the essence of freedom, its aim and fulfilment in the existence of human being.
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