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ZONASI EKOSISTEM PERAIRAN DANAU TOBA UNTUK PEMANFAATAN PERIKANAN BERKELANJUTAN
Abstract
p>Danau Toba merupakan danau terluas (112.400 ha) dan termasuk salah satu danau kritis da15 danau di Indonesia serta merupakan danau warisan dunia yang perlu dilestarikan. Perairadanau ini dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai sektor pemanfaat yaitu sumber bahan baku air minumpariwisata, Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA), perikanan, dan transportasi (perhubungan). Dsektor perikanan, Danau Toba dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan perikanan tangkap dan perikanabudidaya. Kegiatan perikanan tangkap yang berkembang adalah perikanan bilih (Mystacoleucupadangensis) dan kegiatan perikanan budidaya dalam keramba jaring apung ikan nila merah danila hitam ( Oreochromis niloticus ) serta ikan mas ( Cyprinus carpio ) berkembang sejak tahu1988. Pengembangan perikanan berkelanjutan di suatu badan air adalah salah satu tujuan utamyang harus di l akukan dan merupakan bagian yang ti dak terpisahkan dari pembangunaberkelanjutan di antara sektor pemanfaat lainnya. Untuk keperluan tersebut, zonasi perairan danaadalah prasyarat mutlak yang harus dilakukan untuk menjamin keberlanjutan pemanfaataekosistem perairan Danau Toba. Zonasi Danau Toba untuk pengembangan perikanan yang dibahadalam makalah ini merupakan salah satu rancangan zonasi yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tatruang ekosistem danau untuk pengembangan berkelanjutan bagi seluruh sektor pemanfaat.
Lake Toba, a largest lake with a total surface waters area of 112,400 ha was classified as one of critical lakes among 15 lakes in Indonesia and also as one of the heritage lakes in the world which should be sustained. The lake ecosystem was utilized by multi sectors i.e., source of drinking waters, tourism, electric power generation, transportation, and fisheries. In fisheries sector, the lake was utilized for capture fisheries and floating cage fish culture development. Capture fisheries of the small fish (bilih), Mystacoleucus padangensis was being developed since 2005 and floating net cage culture of red tilapia and Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) was implemented since 1998 as the main activities developed in the lake. Sustainable development of fisheries is a main objective while a sustainable integrated development among others sector is a whole lake ecosystem objective. Therefore, zoning of the Toba Lake ecosystem for fisheries development which was presented and discussed in this paper was an integral part of whole zoning of the lake ecosystem.</p
... The content of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) heavy metals is not yet known in the lake water and freshwater fish in the waters of Lake Toba. This situation can cause disruption or even cause death in various aquatic biota such as freshwater fish found in the waters of Lake Toba which are vulnerable to pollution, especially heavy metals lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) (Kartamihardja et al., 2015;Raja et al., 2023;Susanto et al., 2021). Increased levels of heavy metals in water will result in heavy metals that beginning needed for various process metabolism could changed Becomes poison and cause toxic effects on biota. ...
Community activities in an effort to utilize the wealth of Lake Toba water resources can produce heavy metals in the waters and affect the life of biota that interact directly with the waters, especially freshwater fish. This research aims to analyzez the concentration of heavy metals contained in freshwater fish in the waters of Lake Toba. The research was conducted in August-September 2022 in the waters of Lake Toba, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province. The sampling process used purposive sampling method. Data analysis was carried out descriptively by looking at the results of measurements of several water parameters and the results of sample tests in the laboratory by comparing the quality standards. The results of the concentration of heavy metals contained in freshwater fish for Pb ranged from 0.0386 to 0.0700 ppm while for Cu metal ranged from 0.0059 to 0.0325 ppm. The results of the calculation of the value of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of freshwater fish on Pb metal ranged from 0.401 to 0.721 while the value of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cu metal ranged from 2.347 to 8.325. Analysis of the effect of the relationship between heavy metal content in plankton on environmental parameters processed using SPSS 16 software, showed that there was a fairly close relationship between heavy metals Pb and Cu in freshwater fish which was influenced by water parameters in Lake Toba. Environmental parameters that affect the content of heavy metals in freshwater fish include temperature, current velocity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH.
... Kebijakan dan perangkat hukum yang baik, sarana promosi yang lancar serta intensi pada gilirannya memberikan keuntungan potensi peningkatan ekonomi bagi suatu daerah untuk terus berkembang dan maju (Soliha, Rahayu, & Triastinurmiatiningsih, 2016). Pulau Dewata Bali merupakan model bagaimana sektor pariwisata memberikan dampak dan keuntungan bagi peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat (Kartamihardja, Fahmi, & Umar, 2015). Namun, bencana dunia wabah Covid-19 memberikan pukulan telak bagi dunia industri pariwisata. ...
Riset yang dilakukan memiliki tujuan utama yakni mengkaji kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan tantangan yang ada untuk menemukan strategi kebijakan pengembangan Danau Sentani sebagai destinasi wisata budaya dan olahraga yang bernilai jual. Pendekatan kearifan lokal, perencanaan pihak yang baik dari pengelola wisata dan dukungan pemerintah daerah menjadi sumber kebijakan utama. Jenis riset yang digunakan adalah desain deskripsi, adapun penatapan subyek riset dalam pencairan sumber informasi menggunakan cara non-probabilitas. Wawancara, angket ataupun kajian literasi menjadi sumber pengumpulan informasi riset, berkaitan analisa data yakni menggunakan teknik (S.W.O.T). Hasil dan pembahasan dalam riset in menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Sentani sebagai destinasi budaya dan olahraga memberikan sumbangan dampak perekonomian bagi masyarakat lokal di Kabupaten Jayapura Papua; (2) Kebijakan yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan daya tarik destinasi adalah menggunakan pendekatan vertical growh. Oleh sebab itu, sangat tepat apabila Pemerintah bersama masyakarat terus meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas destinasi Danau sentani sebagai tujuan wisata budaya dan olahraga.
... Eksplorasi dan penelitian pada tumbuhan paku dan likofit masih perlu dilakukan di Sumatra, terutama di kawasan Dataran Tinggi Toba, Sumatra Utara. Kawasan tersebut membentang dan mengelilingi Danau Toba yang mencapai luas 112.400 hektar (Kartamihardja et al. 2015). Dataran Tinggi Toba diperkirakan memiliki keragaman jenis tumbuhan paku dan likofit yang tinggi karena berada di zona pegunungan yang merupakan habitat utama bagi tumbuhan paku (Kessler 2010). ...
Keragaman jenis tumbuhan paku dan likofit sangat tinggi di Sumatra, yaitu 1.014 jenis. Dataran tinggi Toba merupakan salah satu kawasan di Sumatra yang memiliki keragaman jenis yang tinggi dari tumbuhan tersebut. Namun, informasi mengenai kelompok tumbuhan tersebut masih sedikit dan keberadaannya terancam oleh kerusakan habitat. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengoleksi, menginventarisasi, dan memberikan tambahan informasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan paku dan likofit yang berada di kawasan Dataran Tinggi Toba. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode jelajah (eksplorasi) pada lima wilayah yang berada di kawasan Dataran Tinggi Toba. Identifikasi jenis dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan koleksi spesimen tumbuhan dengan acuan spesimen dari Sumatra dan buku identifikasi jenis seperti Flora Malesiana. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 31 jenis tumbuhan paku dan likofit berhasil dikoleksi dan diidentifikasi, 19 jenis di antaranya merupakan koleksi baru untuk Dataran Tinggi Toba. Sejumlah tumbuhan paku dan likofit menarik, seperti tumbuhan paku endemik Pyrrosia distichocarpa, Asplenium longissimum dengan sebaran geografi baru di Sumatra dan berbagai jenis tumbuhan paku yang berpotensi sebagai obat, tanaman hias, payung, dan pewarna alami, juga dijumpai di kawasan ini.
... According to research by the (Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2018) there is a fairly high load of phosphorus entering the body of Lake Toba, namely 941 tons/year from floating net cage fish culture and 25,334 tons/year originating from the river that empties into the lake. As well as the phosphorus concentration of 0,78 mg / l and free chlorine 0,84 mg / l, where it showed that the concentration of phosphorus and free chlorine in the waters of Lake Toba exceed the quality standards (Kartamihardja et al., 2015). Based on these data, the water quality of Lake Toba has decreased, so it is necessary to study the carrying capacity of the environment in the Lake Toba area. ...
Lake Toba area has been designated a National Strategic Area, which is a priority spatial planning area. The Simanindo Area is a sub-district in Samosir Regency which is an island in the middle of Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Lake Toba's current condition has been polluted by organic contamination and high free chlorine. In addition, the existence of fish farming activities or floating net cages that contribute to the contamination of phosphorus by 0.78 mg/l and free chlorine by 0.84 mg/l into Lake Toba which resulted in the need for studies on the carrying capacity and environmental capacity. Land carrying capacity can be calculated by comparing the availability of land with land requirements. While the carrying capacity of water can be calculated by comparing the availability of water with water requirements or using the Thornwaite Mather Water Balance method. Land Capacity can be calculated by the Land Endurance Unit. While the Capacity of Waters can be calculated by STORET analysis or calculation of domestic waste pollution load. The existence of a massive development plan for Simanindo area and rapid population growth is projected to cause the Land Support Capacity of the Simanindo Priority Zone to be conditionally safe in 2040. Water Carrying Capacity experienced a deficit in the atmosphere in July after being calculated with the Thornwaite Mather Water Balance. In addition, the Capacity of Water Bodies is also in the Status of Severe Pollution according to the STORET Method.
Sentani Lake, one of Indonesia's national priority lakes, serves a multitude of roles, including ecological, economic, tourism, and transportation functions. The local community has been exploring Sentani's Lake natural resources and potentials, which could potentially pose the lake to pollution and environmental deterioration. Pollution and environmental degradation are mainly caused by the erosion of the lake's boundaries and catchment areas, human settlements, transportation activities, agriculture, mining, and the use of floating net cage aquaculture. This research was performed to propose an effective pollution control strategy for Sentani Lake, with a particular focus on the East Sentani District. This descriptive quantitative research involved respondents who were selected using a purposive random sampling technique. In this research, SWOT analysis was employed to identify and formulate priority strategies for pollution control. The findings of this study underscore the paramount importance of water quality improvement strategies through concerted pollution control and environmental preservation efforts to be carried out by the Jayapura Regency Government. Those strategies require solid collaboration with traditional leaders and robust engagement with the local community. The key components of the strategies include augmenting the frequency of water quality monitoring, strategic planning and construction of domestic wastewater treatment facilities, fostering knowledge and expertise in floating net cage aquaculture, and enlisting the guidance of traditional leaders in delineating zones for the responsible utilization of Sentani Lake waters. ABSTRAK Sebagai salah satu danau prioritas nasional di Indonesia, Danau Sentani memiliki banyak fungsi seperti fungsi ekologi, ekonomi, pariwisata, dan transportasi. Masyarakat sudah sejak lama memanfaatkan potensi yang dimiliki Danau Sentani, tetapi pemanfaatan ekosistem danau dapat menimbulkan permasalahan berupa pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan danau. Pencemaran dan kerusakan tersebut disebabkan oleh rusaknya sempadan dan daerah tangkapan air, pemukiman penduduk, transportasi, pertanian, pertambangan, dan kegiatan perikanan budidaya keramba jaring apung (KJA). Tujuan dari penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif ini adalah untuk merumuskan strategi pengendalian pencemaran perairan danau khususnya di wilayah Distrik Sentani Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive random sampling untuk menentukan responden dan analisis SWOT untuk mengidentifikasi serta merumuskan prioritas strategi pengendalian pencemaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi prioritas yang tepat untuk pengendalian pencemaran adalah meningkatkan kualitas perairan Danau Sentani melalui pengendalian pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Jayapura dengan dukungan tokoh adat dan masyarakat, menambah frekuensi pemantauan kualitas air, perencanaan dan pembangunan IPAL domestik, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan budidaya KJA serta melibatkan tokoh adat untuk menetapkan zonasi pemanfaatan perairan danau.
Lake Toba is known as a tourism destination and also has aquaculture that is utilized for freshwater fish. However, several types of endemic fish and consumable fish cultivated in Lake Toba are facing the threat of extinction, and their populations are decreasing due to the presence of Red Devil Fish. The research aims to explain how the local government’s strategic planning efforts mitigate the invasion of Red Devil Fish and preserve the ecosystem in Lake Toba. This research uses qualitative research with descriptive methods. This research prioritizes secondary data collection that can support research. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results showed that the Indonesian government must overcome the problem of red devil fish invasion into the Indonesian aquatic ecosystem. The presence of Red Devil fish in Lake Toba has reduced the number and diversity of fish, including the extinction of several native fish species. The impact of this invasion damages the ecosystem and causes economic losses such as control costs and decreased fish production for public consumption. The local government’s strategic planning in protecting the Lake Toba ecosystem from Red Devil fish invasion is carried out by controlling spatial planning, conducting talks, and collaborating with various related parties. The North Sumatra Provincial Marine and Fisheries Service and the Fish Family Association have implemented strategies to minimize Lake Toba’s Red Devil fish population. Increasing community involvement in managing the Lake Toba ecosystem and reducing the Red Devil fish population is crucial.
Pemerintah telah menetapkan Danau Toba (DT) sebagai tujuan wisata internasional , namun pengembangannya menghadapi banyak kendala, seperti kondisi air DT yang tercemar. Salah satu faktor penyebabnya adalah usaha perikanan keramba jaring apung ( KJAKJA), sehingga Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Utara menetapkan daya dukung DT untuk perikanan KJA sebesar 10.000 ton per tahun yang jauh lebih kecil dari rata rata-rata produksi yang dihasilkan nelayan lokal. Hal ini telah memicu t erjadinya konflik sosial. Untuk menemukan solusi ini maka dilakukan penelitian dan hasilnya menunjukkan kualitas air DT Status Mesotropik menuju Eutropik dan daya dukungnya sekitar 60.000 ton per tahun. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan rev isi SK Gubernur Sumatera Utara tersebut menjadi 60.000 ton per tahun.
Lake Toba is one of ten programs the Ministry of Tourism in the Republic Indonesia, as a priority tourism area because of its unique potential. The Ambarita is one of 16 villages that are priority areas in Simanindo Subdistrict, Samosir Regency. At present, the quality of Lake Toba's waters has been polluted, the pollution is caused by domestic waste water which is discharged directly without prior treatment. The purpose of this study is to plan a domestic wastewater pipeline network and recommendations for wastewater treatment plants with a centralized system in the Ambarita. This study uses a data analysis method by using a population projection approach with maximum capacity to be planned in the draft MasterPlan of Ambarita and literature study for WWTP technology recommendations. The results showed that the total discharge of wastewater in the Ambarita was 0,06495 m3/second and the results of laboratory tests showed the parameters that exceeded quality standard were free chlorine and fecal coli. Piping network planning in the Ambarita uses concrete type pipes with diameters of 100 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The selected Waste Water Treatment Technology recommended is anaerobic-aerobic biofilter technology with removal efficiency for fecal coli and free chlorine are 99.9% and 65%.
Pemerintah telah menetapkan Danau Toba (DT) sebagai tujuan wisata internasional, namun pengembangannya menghadapi banyak kendala, seperti kondisi air DT yang tercemar. Salah satu faktor penyebabnya adalah usaha perikanan keramba jaring apung (KJA), sehingga Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Utara menetapkan daya dukung DT untuk perikanan KJA sebesar 10.000 ton per tahun yang jauh lebih kecil dari rata-rata produksi yang dihasilkan nelayan lokal. Hal ini telah memicu terjadinya konflik sosial. Untuk menemukan solusi ini maka dilakukan penelitian dan hasilnya menunjukkan kualitas air DT Status Mesotropik menuju Eutropik dan daya dukungnya sekitar 60.000 ton per tahun. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan revisi SK Gubernur Sumatera Utara tersebut menjadi 60.000 ton per tahun.
Lake Toba is one of ten programs the Ministry of Tourism in the Republic Indonesia, as a priority tourism area because of its unique potential. The Ambarita is one of 16 villages that are priority areas in Simanindo Subdistrict, Samosir Regency. At present, the quality of Lake Toba's waters has been polluted, the pollution is caused by domestic waste water which is discharged directly without prior treatment. The purpose of this study is to plan a domestic wastewater pipeline network and recommendations for wastewater treatment plants with a centralized system in the Ambarita. This study uses a data analysis method by using a population projection approach with maximum capacity to be planned in the draft MasterPlan of Ambarita and literature study for WWTP technology recommendations. The results showed that the total discharge of wastewater in the Ambarita was 0,06495 m3/second and the results of laboratory tests showed the parameters that exceeded quality standard were free chlorine and fecal coli. Piping network planning in the Ambarita uses concrete type pipes with diameters of 100 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The selected Waste Water Treatment Technology recommended is anaerobic-aerobic biofilter technology with removal efficiency for fecal coli and free chlorine are 99.9% and 65%.
Degradasi kualitas perairan di danau dan waduk semakin meningkat menyebabkan terjadinya kasus kematian ikan secara massal. Untuk itu dilakukan kajian yang bertujuan untuk merumuskan upaya pencegahan dan penanganan kematian massal ikan di danau dan waduk, terutama bagi ikan-ikan budidaya, melalui telaah dan analisis berbagai literatur. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kasus kematian massal ikan dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya: i) perairan kekurangan oksigen; ii) ikan mengalami keracunan akibat gas-gas beracun; iii) serangan penyakit pada ikan; iv) kelebihan daya dukung perairan; v) perubahan suhu perairan; serta vi) lokasi keramba jaring apung (KJA) berada di perairan waduk yang dangkal. Untuk meminimalkan kasus kematian massal ikan, upaya pencegahannya antara lain: (a) memahami penyebab kematian ikan; (b) fokus pada pencegahan; (c) perhatikan sanitasi ikan yang dibudidayakan; (d) pengecekan rutin kesehatan ikan; (e) memahami jenis parasit/pathogen, dan perlunya diagnosa dan perlakukan terhadap penyakit ikan yang diketahui; (f) pengurangan kepadatan ikan budidaya; (g) pemberian pakan ikan tidak berlebihan untuk meminimalkan buangan limbah organik ke perairan; (h) pemasangan sistem aerasi darurat; dan (i) pemindahan unit KJA ke perairan yang lebih dalam. Langkah-langkah penanganan jika terjadi kematian massal ikan diuraikan dalam tulisan ini. Diperlukan kolaborasi diantara pemangku kepentingan dalam upaya penanganan kematian ikan untuk mencegah terjadinya dampak yang lebih buruk pada ikan yang belum mengalami kematian massal.Water quality degradation which caused mass fish mortality has increased in lakes and reservoirs. This study aimed to provide information on efforts of prevention and to handle the fish mass mortality through reviewing and analyzing various literatures. Results showed that the mass mortality of fish was caused by several factors, including: i) oxygen-deficient waters; ii) fish poisoning due to toxic gases; iii) disease attack on fish; iv) excess waters carrying capacity; v) water temperature changes; and vi) the location of floating net cages (KJA) in shallow waters reservoir. To minimize the fish mass mortality, preventive measures that can be taken include: (a) understanding the causes of fish mass mortality; (b) focus on prevention; (c) paying attention on sanitation of cultivated fish; (d) routine checks on the fish health; (e) understanding the types of parasites or pathogens and the need for diagnosis and treatment of the typed fish diseases; (f) reduction in the abundance of cultivated fish; (g) reduction in fish feeding for minimizingorganic waste disposal; (h) installation of emergency aeration systems; and (i) transferring the cages net to other deeper water areas. Furthermore, handling efforts in the event of a mass mortality occurrence of fish are described in this paper. Collaboration and coordination among stakeholders are needed in efforts to deal with the mass mortality of fish in lakes and reservoirs, to prevent a worse impact for fish which are still alive in cages net.
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