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Efficacy of Postemergence Herbicides for Control of Small-Leaf Spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis) in Florida
Abstract
Tradescantia fluminensis (small-leaf spiderwort; SLSW) is a fast-growing herbaceous groundcover and one of the most problematic invasive plants in Florida. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of selected postemergence herbicides for SLSW control in greenhouse and field experiments in Florida. An additional objective was to determine if pre-cutting plants would increase herbicidal efficacy. In greenhouse experiments, cutting mature SLSW plants increased the control of most herbicides evaluated. Overall, triclopyr ester provided the highest level of control along with triclopyr amine, triclopyr choline, and glufosinate, all of which were similar. Few differences were observed between 2,4-D, aminopyralid, metsulfuron-methyl, sulfentrazone, and glyphosate and all provided 66% control as evidenced by shoot weight reduction. In field experiments, pre-cutting SLSW had no effect on herbicide efficacy. Triclopyr was again generally the most efficacious treatment, outperforming glyphosate, aminopyralid, glufosinate, and fluroxypyr on most evaluation dates, especially as trials progressed past 5 mo. Overall, data suggest that triclopyr would be the most effective option for SLSW management. However, as efficacy was noted with fluroxypyr, glyphosate, and glufosinate depending upon location, other options exist. Further research is needed to determine reapplication intervals and effects on nontarget native plants in order to develop comprehensive management plans.
... T. fluminensis has been the subject of numerous herbicide evaluations as it is a problematic species in Florida and other countries such as New Zealand and Brazil. Overall, triclopyr (multiple formulations) has been the most consistently effective option across many of the different studies [4,[11][12][13][14], yet triclopyr can damage many native broadleaf plant species [15], leading researchers to search for other viable non-chemical alternatives. Artificial shading (reducing ambient light by 80-90%) has been shown to reduce T. fluminensis cover by over 60% and was less injurious to native tree seedlings compared with the use of herbicides but was not feasible in large-scale infestations [15]. ...
... Artificial shading (reducing ambient light by 80-90%) has been shown to reduce T. fluminensis cover by over 60% and was less injurious to native tree seedlings compared with the use of herbicides but was not feasible in large-scale infestations [15]. Glyphosate is another potential option but has provided variable control depending upon timing, rate, and environmental conditions [11,14]. Other broadleaf active herbicides such as 2,4-D have generally been ineffective on mature populations in the field [14,16,17]. ...
... Glyphosate is another potential option but has provided variable control depending upon timing, rate, and environmental conditions [11,14]. Other broadleaf active herbicides such as 2,4-D have generally been ineffective on mature populations in the field [14,16,17]. While less research has focused on managing G. pellucida, a recent report by Yu et al. evaluated G. pellucida control with nine different active ingredients including 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr amine, aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, glufosinate, glyphosate, metsulfuron-methyl, and triclopyr (applied as either acid or amine formulations) in a greenhouse setting [10]. ...
Tahitian bridal veil (Gibasis pellucida) and small-leaf spiderwort (Tradescantia fluminensis) are both invasive species in natural areas throughout Florida. However, very little is known regarding herbicide control. To provide land managers with herbicidal control options for both species, postemergence herbicides were evaluated for efficacy in a greenhouse to identify herbicide options that control both species under similar settings. Four herbicides, including triclopyr acid, triclopyr amine + 2,4-D amine, triclopyr amine, and glufosinate were applied at standard label rates and compared to a non-treated control group for efficacy. Visual control ratings were taken at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT), and shoot dry weights (WAT 8) and regrowth dry weights (WAT 12) were determined. Triclopyr (acid and amine) generally provided the most consistent control of both species as evidenced by the visual control ratings and shoot dry weight data which showed reductions of 76% to 89% in shoot biomass at trial conclusion. Triclopyr + 2,4-D reduced shoot dry weights by 52% to 54% and was the least effective when considering the control of both species.
... Overall, herbicides have been reported to be the most effective and only feasible option on a large scale (Standish 2002), with triclopyr reported as the most consistently effective herbicide for T. fluminensis. Triclopyr ester, amine, and choline have all been found to consistently provide 90% control or greater in multiple experiments (Brown and Brown 2015;Hurrell et al. 2008Hurrell et al. , 2009Lusk et al. 2012;Marble and Chandler 2021) when applied at labeled rates. Glyphosate has also been evaluated extensively in multiple studies, with results ranging from~30% to 60% control depending on rate and location (Brown and Brown 2015;Marble and Chandler 2021), but multiple applications have typically been needed to provide optimal control (McCluggage 1998). ...
... Triclopyr ester, amine, and choline have all been found to consistently provide 90% control or greater in multiple experiments (Brown and Brown 2015;Hurrell et al. 2008Hurrell et al. , 2009Lusk et al. 2012;Marble and Chandler 2021) when applied at labeled rates. Glyphosate has also been evaluated extensively in multiple studies, with results ranging from~30% to 60% control depending on rate and location (Brown and Brown 2015;Marble and Chandler 2021), but multiple applications have typically been needed to provide optimal control (McCluggage 1998). Glufosinate and fluroxypyr have been successful in limited testing (Marble and Chandler 2021), while metsulfuron-methyl, sulfentrazone, clopyralid, aminopyralid, and 2,4-D have generally been found to be ineffective on mature populations (Kelly and Skipworth 1984;Marble and Chandler 2021;McCluggage 1998). ...
... Glyphosate has also been evaluated extensively in multiple studies, with results ranging from~30% to 60% control depending on rate and location (Brown and Brown 2015;Marble and Chandler 2021), but multiple applications have typically been needed to provide optimal control (McCluggage 1998). Glufosinate and fluroxypyr have been successful in limited testing (Marble and Chandler 2021), while metsulfuron-methyl, sulfentrazone, clopyralid, aminopyralid, and 2,4-D have generally been found to be ineffective on mature populations (Kelly and Skipworth 1984;Marble and Chandler 2021;McCluggage 1998). ...
Tahitian bridal veil [ Gibasis pellucida (M. Martens & Haleotti) D.R. Hunt], a Central and South America native plant that is often confused with another more well-known invasive plant, small leaf spiderwort ( Tradescantia fluminensis Vell.), has become invasive in natural areas throughout Florida. However, very little is known regarding herbicide control or other methods. To begin the process of developing herbicide recommendations for land managers who are working to control G. pellucida , multiple postemergence herbicides were screened for efficacy in a shaded greenhouse to determine active ingredients and/or combinations that warrant further investigation under field conditions. Nine different herbicides or combinations including glyphosate, triclopyr acid, 2,4-D+triclopyr, aminopyralid, 2,4-D, triclopyr amine, metsulfuron-methyl, fluroxypyr, and glufosinate were applied at standard label rates and compared with a non-treated control group. Visual control ratings were taken at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT) and shoot dry weights were determined at trial conclusion (8 WAT). Data showed glufosinate and triclopyr (acid and amine) provided the highest level of control as evidenced by control ratings (100% or complete control) and shoot fresh weight reduction, followed by 2,4-D+triclopyr (∼70%) and fluroxypyr (∼50% control). 2,4-D, and metsulfuron-methyl provided the lowest level of control and were similar to non-treated plants on most evaluation dates.
Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fluminensis Veil.) is a common weed in canopy-depleted indigenous forest remnants in New Zealand. In this study triclopyr was applied to dense stands of wandering Jew at a range of rates in each of two experiments (Diamond Harbour in the South Island and Te Pahu in the North Island) to determine its effects on the weed and subsequent regrowth. The cover of wandering Jew was initially reduced by 80-100% with herbicide application. At about 1 year after application of the herbicide, the wandering Jew had regrown to about 3-50% cover, depending on the rate of triclopyr applied, and some indigenous seedlings had begun to appear. However, the survival of these seedlings was minimal.
Since two excellent comprehensive reviews describing the action of herbicides on the ultrastructure of plant cells were published in 1973 ¹ and 1976, ² many new articles dealing with this subject have appeared. Recent books 3 - 5 have included the results from some of these published articles, but this subject has not been recently reviewed as a single topic. In this chapter, the literature since 1972 will be surveyed, covering the ultrastructural effects caused by herbicides on chloroplasts, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell walls. Effects on chloroplasts will be emphasized, because chloroplasts appear to be more sensitive to the majority of the available herbicides than other organelles. The ultrastructural effects of herbicides on nuclei and mitochondria are rarely found, except during late stages of cellular deterioration.
An assessment of a forest remnant in the Rangitikei district, New Zealand, showed serious weed problems, most obvious being Tradescantia fluminensis; the conservation of the forest is evaluated against the efforts needed to control the weeds. NZMS260/S23/195202
The arcsine and square root transformations were tested on 82 weed control data sets and 62 winter wheat winter survival data sets to determine effects on normality of the error terms, homogeneity of variance, and additivity of the model. Transformations appeared to correct deficiencies in these three parameters in the majority of data sets, but had adverse effects in certain other data sets. Performing the recommended transformation in conjunction with omitting treatments having identical replicate observations provided a high percentage of correction of non-normality, heterogeneity of variance, and nonadditivity. The arcsine transformation, not generally recommended for data sets having values from 0 to 20% or 80 to 100%, was as effective in correcting non-normality, heterogeneity of variance, and nonadditivity in these data sets as was the recommended square root transformation. A majority of data sets showed differences between transformed and nontransformed data in mean separations determined using LSD (0.05), although most of these differences were minor and had little effect on interpretation of results.
To assess the impact of the invasive weeds ginger (Hedychium), Tradescantia and gorse (Ulex) in the Northland, Manawatu and Nelson regions, respectively, we compared soil microfauna under weed-free native vegetation and weed-infested sites with similar soils. There were many significant differences in estimated populations of copepods, enchytraeids, tardigrades, rotifers and total nematodes. Vegetation and site effects, and vegetation x site interactions, occurred within regions. Groups showing consistent north-south trends included tardigrades, total nematodes, Dorylaimida and Mononchidae. Diversity and functional indices of the nematode fauna showed similar vegetation and site effects. Infestation with Tradescantia was associated with detection of seven additional taxa of nematodes, including Hoplolaimidae, Hemicycliophora and Trichodorus, while eight fell below the level of detection. The differing responses of soil microfauna to the weeds at paired sites within regions suggests that species x site characteristics interact to determine the impact of invasive weeds on the soil microfauna.
Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. is an adventive plant which has established in many lowland native forest remnants in New Zealand, where it forms a dense ground cover up to 60 cm thick. In one remnant in Manawatu its standing crop was lowest in areas of reduced light intensity, as was its regrowth over one year in cleared plots, suggesting that Tradescantia would not flourish m undisturbed forest remnants where forest floor light levels remain low. There was a significant negative relationship between presence of Tradescantia and presence of native tree seedlings, indicating that regeneration of natives may be inhibited by the dense ground cover of Tradescantia. In a glasshouse experiment segments of Tradescantia stem which were at least 1 cm long readily sprouted. Seed set was never observed so reproduction at this site was wholly vegetative.
An experiment was carried out in a native forest remnant in the Manawatu to examine the effectiveness of four herbicides in controlling infestations of the introduced herbaceous plant Tradescantia fluminensis. Paraquat at 2 kg active ingredient per ha reduced the standing crop of Tradescantia by over 50% within 10 weeks. Glyphosate (at 4 kg ha), amitrole-T (10 kg ha), and asulam (4 kg ha) had little effect on Tradescantia in that time. Paraquat also damaged seven species of native plant, but this does not necessarily prevent it bemg useful for controlling Tradescantia in small forest remnants.
A review is made of the success of naturalised plants grouped as plateau, increasing, fluctuating, or declining species. Most of the plentiful plateau species established at an early date and are more predictable in behaviour than the recent minor aliens which, in the short term, appear to be maintaining steady numbers. Increasing species are mainly recent garden escapes with high weed potential. Species with fluctuating populations have varying opportunity to establish and flourish, or an apparent inherent inability to maintain steady numbers. Declining species are mostly in diminishing habitats. Successful plants are considered to include those which aggressively suppress, those which can coexist and maintain populations, and those which can occupy temporary or difficult habitats. High levels of success are aided by competitive ability, quick maturity, and recovery from mutilation. Prolific seeding and efficient dispersal are helpful features but are lacking in many successful species. Cloning ability is an aid to some species. High ecological versatility and the requirement for a specialised habitat are uncommon. Some population constraints are indicated but, in the main, they are unknown. Over 100 aliens which have been recorded failed to persist.
The prime reasons for the high number of species naturalised in Auckland are considered to be a moderate climate favouring species from many climatic zones, and availability of habitats. It is predicted that the naturalisation rate of 4.12 species per year will not decline, and that garden escapes will make up a higher proportion of the naturalising species.
Wellington, New ZealandDOC Science Internal Series is a published record of scientific research carried out, or advice given, by Department of Conservation staff, or external contractors funded by DOC. It comprises progress reports and short communications that are generally peer-reviewed within DOC, but not always externally refereed. Fully refereed contract reports funded from the Conservation Services Levy (CSL) are also included. Individual contributions to the series are first released on the departmental intranet in pdf form. Hardcopy is printed, bound, and distributed at regular intervals. Titles are listed in the DOC Science Publishing catalogue on the departmental website
Data present in the PHYTOTOX data base were analyzed to determine the influence of greenhouse vs. field conditions, and of taxonomic differences on the response of terrestrial plants to a wide range of herbicides. In the greenhouse vs. field analysis, consideration was given to the response of 13 plant species to 1 or more of 17 chemicals. The influence of taxonomic differences was examined by comparing the response of 151 plant species (43 families) to 1 or more of 16 chemicals representing 11 different classes of herbicides. Analysis of this large body of comparative data drawn from approximately 230 published papers would not have been feasible without the use of computerized data assembled in PHYTOTOX.
These analyses showed that the magnitude of variability between laboratory and field data was 1.8 with a confidence interval of ±0.4. In comparison to this a similar analysis of data pertaining to a broad spectrum of taxonomically different plants showed that the mean sensitivity ratio was 10.5 with a confidence interval of 3.5. Thus, this study indicates that taxonomic differences among plants have a much greater influence on plant response to chemical treatment than does testing condition (greenhouse vs. field).
Tradescantia fluminensis, commonly referred to as 'tradescantia', is an invasive weed of canopy-depleted forest remnants. Previous research suggests that a reduction of tradescantia biomass to ~80 gm -2 (~40% cover) is compatible with native forest regeneration. I assessed herbicide application, hand weeding and artificial shading as methods for the control of tradescantia in two lowland podocarp/broad-leaved forest remnants in the lower North Island of New Zealand. Herbicide spray and hand weeding, applied to separate experimental plots, did not prevent re-growth of tradescantia after three successive treatments. Re-growth of tradescantia and invasion of other weeds were positively related to light availability, which increased in the more canopy-depleted areas, and negatively related to native forest regeneration measured two years after initial treatment. Artificial shading was the most effective method of control. The biomass of tradescantia was significantly reduced in artificially-shaded plots (2–5% full light; 81.3 ± 10.6 gm -2) relative to non-shaded plots (15–27% full light; 597.6 ± 6.6 gm -2 ; t 4 = 17.38, P < 0.001) after 17 months. Native sub-canopy species were planted into tradescantia to achieve natural shading over large areas of forest. After 2.5 years, 61% of the saplings planted had emerged from the surrounding tradescantia.
Light availability is clearly important in determining the extent of Tradescantia infestation (Kelly & Skipworth 1984; Maule et al. 1995; this study). The dramatic decrease in the species richness and abundance of native seedlings can be attributed to an increase in Tradescantia biomass and a consequent decrease in light availability. The disparity in seedling abundance and species richness between Tradescantia-affected and non-affected habitats was not explicable by a consistent difference in seed supply either from the seed rain or the seed bank. The differences in seed rain between two Tradescantia plots and the remaining plots at Denton’s Bush was driven by species uncommon (i.e. Melicytus ramiflorus and Rhopalostylis sapida) or absent (i.e. Melicytus micranthus) as seedlings. Moreover, the seed rain of the species common as seedlings was greater into Tradescantia compared with non-Tradescantia plots, with the exception of Laurelia novae-zelandiae and Macropiper excelsum at Rangitawa Bush. Alectryon excelsus presents a striking case, for it was the main contributor to seed rain into Tradescantia plots, but seedling recruitment was less than 1% of seed rain. Conversely, Alectryon excelsus ranked 10th in seed rain abundance for non-Tradescantia plots, and seedling recruitment was 33% of seed rain. It is difficult, however, to assess the generality of these results as extreme spatial and temporal heterogeneity typically characterize seed rain and seed bank data (Enright & Cameron 1988; Burrows 1994; Sem & Enright 1996).
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