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Administration of Probation, Parole, and Other Community-Based Sanctions
Abstract
The term community corrections refers to the programs and services that are used for the supervision and treatment of youths who have been adjudicated delinquent and are supervised by a community-based agency in a community setting. Community corrections, in a broad sense, can be divided into “ front-end” and “back-end” sanctions (punishments). “Front-end” sanctions refer to those that are given to juveniles before being adjudicated delinquent, such as when a juvenile is diverted from formal court processing, placed in some type of diversion program, and required to complete some form of sanction, such as community service, restitution, and others, while those youths who are adjudicated delinquent might be placed on probation or committed to a community treatment center. “Back-end” sanctions are applied to youths who have been removed from the community, committed to some form of secure residential facility, released from the facility, and allowed to return to the community under some form of supervision by a juvenile justice program, such as aftercare (parole) or treatment in a community residential facility.
... However, frontend diversion is also pursued through other types of non-custodial sentences. For example, individuals may receive intermediate sanctions requiring them to register with daily reporting centers, complete a certain number of hours of community service, or attend boot camps that provide discipline-focused training (Kratcoski, 2023). Moreover, technological advancements are helping to make electronic monitoring and house arrests more secure (Austin et al., 2017;Sandøy, 2020). ...
This is a forthcoming chapter on criminal sentencing for the second edition of the APA Handbook of Forensic Psychology. The chapter begins by describing the historical context, standards, goals, and significance of criminal sentencing in the United States (U.S.). In an effort to elucidate the key influences to and practices by which courts reach sentencing decisions, we then describe psychological and cognitive-behavioral theories relevant to sentencing decision-making. After describing these theories and principles guiding our understanding of the cognitive and computational shortcuts involved in decision-making, we review relevant sentencing research and case law. Key legal, extralegal, and extraneous factors that can influence sentencing are also described to provide a more comprehensive view of sentencing decision-making in practice. We then discuss the significance of sociocultural identities and systemic inequalities in sentencing related to past and current practices, as well as concerns regarding the future of sentencing decision-making that may increasingly rely on automation. Finally, policy issues are discussed, with a particular focus on de-biasing humans, machines, and improving overall sentencing decision-making.
In China, the widespread implementation of community corrections is a key strategy designed to reduce the burden on the criminal justice system. This strategy prominently features social participation as a critical element. This study delves into the effects of social participation on correctional practices by conducting in-depth interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders, including community corrections officials, judicial police, community workers, and counselors. Our findings reveal a predominant government-led approach to social participation, where government-funded social organizations play a major role. The research also highlights significant role conflicts and jurisdictional ambiguities within the system, which may arise from unclear criminal policies. These conflicts and ambiguities underline the challenges in the current implementation of community corrections. By examining these dynamics, the study suggests that refining the government-led model of social participation could provide more effective strategies for enhancing civic engagement and improving the efficacy of community correction.
Combining theory with practical application, this seminal introduction to juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice integrates the latest research with emerging problems and trends in an overview of the field.
Now in its sixth edition, this book features new interviews and discussions with child care professionals and juvenile justice practitioners on their experiences translating theory to practice. It addresses recent changes in the characteristics of delinquents alongside changes in laws and the rise of social media and smartphones. It includes a new chapter of international perspectives on juvenile justice and delinquency. Incorporated throughout is consideration of the mental health and special needs of youth in the juvenile justice system, as well as at-risk and non-fault children as victims.
With attention to both quantitative and qualitative findings, this clear and comprehensive text will be useful for students of criminology, criminal justice, sociology and those interested in working with at-risk youth.
This book provides the first complete, literal English translation of Alexis de Tocqueville’s and Gustave de Beaumont’s first edition of On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application to France. The work contains a critical comparison of two competing American penitentiary disciplines known as the Auburn and Philadelphia systems, an evaluation of whether American penitentiaries can successfully work in France, a detailed description of Houses of Refuge as the first juvenile detention centers, and an argument against penal colonization. The work provides valuable insights into understanding Tocqueville as a statesman, as well as a comparative look at civic engagement in early American and French penal reform movements. The Translator’s Introduction provides historical context for understanding Tocqueville’s work in French penal reform and the major themes of the report. The book thus fills a void in Tocquevillian studies and extrapolates the roots of American and French criminal justice systems in the nineteenth century.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the methods used in the Criminal Justice system in the United States to counsel and treat offenders. It is aimed at advanced undergraduate and early graduate-level students for courses in Correctional Treatment or Rehabilitation, or Community Corrections more broadly.
The sections in the book provide:
· Aims and Scope of Correctional Counseling and Treatment
· Tools that Corrections Workers Use (including counseling and case management)
· Behavioral Modification Treatments: Examples and Applications
· Cognitive Therapies: Examples and Applications
Throughout the text, there is an emphasis on the big picture: the interaction of the correctional component of the justice system with other components, particularly courts (including special courts like family courts, drug courts, veterans courts and other programs).
Chapters in this book address the diverse population of correctional facilities, including juvenile offenders; those with mental illness, addiction and substance abuse problems, physical and mental disabilities; and homeless populations. The author also provides analysis of how legislation influences the corrections process.
This work is also enhanced by providing comparative analysis of the criminal and juvenile justice systems: their goals, objectives, and how these can affect counseling and treatment available within these two systems.
The pedagogical features of this engaging text include excerpted interviews with correctional practitioners about the problems and challenges they encounter, discussion questions, classification of institutions, current examples of specific treatment programs, and case studies that give students the chance to select the appropriate interviewing, counseling, and treatment approaches to deal with the problems, and stresses of applying these methods. Several chapters are co-authored by correctional practitioners.
This work provides students with an overview of the methods used for Correctional Treatment and Counseling, and the tools to begin to think critically about how and when to apply these methods.
Efforts to redirect the behavior of persons who violate laws, customs, and morals are often unsuccessful, perhaps because we tend to view behavior different from our own as evidence of mental illness of some kind or degree. We ignore legal, cultural, and other idiosyncratic determinants of who may be "okay" today and who may be in trouble tomorrow, and instead seek patho logical explanations for nonconforming behavior. Many people have been harmed by our insistence that human behavior is un derstandable and thereby treatable only in terms of mental health or mental illness, a dogma that has compartmentalized, isolated, and stigmatized those who, for one reason or another, act uncon ventionally. This paper explores a more humanistic, economic, and societally productive alternative for changing behavior and considers its application and availability to offender groups in particular. Reality therapy departs radically from the conven tional treatment orthodoxy. The conceptual differences between the two approaches as well as the basic steps for practicing reality therapy are also outlined and discussed.
This report presents comprehensive information on juvenile crime, violence, and victimization and on the juvenile justice system. This report brings together the latest available statistics from a variety of sources and includes numerous tables, graphs, and maps, accompanied by analyses in clear, nontechnical language. The report offers Congress, state legislators and other state and local policymakers, professors and teachers, juvenile justice professionals, and concerned citizens empirically based answers to frequently asked questions about the nature of juvenile crime and victimization and about the justice system's response. Citing the FBI and other data sources, the Report demonstrates that the rate of juvenile violent crime arrests has consistently decreased since 1994, falling to a level not seen since at least the 1970s. However, during this period of overall decline in juvenile violence, the female proportion of juvenile violent crime arrests has increased (especially for the crime of assault), marking an important change in the types of youth entering the juvenile justice system and in their programming needs. The report also describes when and where juvenile violent crime occurs, focusing attention on the critical afterschool hours. Statistics presented throughout the report find that racial disparity in the juvenile justice system is declining. The report also presents new findings from OJJDP's national Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. In sum, this report offers a clear view of juvenile crime and the justice system's response at the beginning of the 21st century.
Managing delinquency programs that work
- E Loughran
- S Guarino-Ghezzi
Probation and parole in the criminal justice system
- G Killinger
- H Kerper
- P Cromwell
The essential components of social group work practice
- R Vinter
Youthful offenders at Highfields
- H A Weeks
- HA Weeks
Probation and parole: Crime control in the community
- J Smyka
Positive peer culture
- H Vorath
- L Brendtro
Boot camps for juvenile offenders
- M Peters
- D Thomas
- C Zamberian