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percepción de las noticias falsas en el estudiantado universitario: una revisión bibliográfica
Abstract
Las noticias falsas o fake news aparecen en los espacios digitales ya sea en formato escrito o audiovisual. Su apariencia de información periodística puede inducir a error al receptor. Por ello, es muy importante saber reconocerlas y protegerse de sus efectos. Así pues, el sistema educativo, en particular la educación universitaria, puede desempeñar un papel fundamental en esta tarea. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es identificar los trabajos que abordan la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios sobre las noticias falsas. En particular, este estudio se centra en los diferentes métodos de investigación utilizados para analizar la percepción de los estudiantes.
... In our work, therefore, we do not investigate the methods of detecting fake videos, but the factors that determine the ability to detect fake videos by the participants. Our study focuses on the high school age group because a) this age group is underrepresented in terms of the number of studies compared to university students [81]; b) this age group typically relies on social networks and has little or no control over the information presented there [80]; c) this age group is more susceptible to fake news than adults and is generally more vulnerable to fake news [26]. The rationale for the research design is as follows. ...
The harmful political, economic and health effects of fake news on social media are well known. The present study examines the impact of two socio-cultural variables (political orientation and parents' educational attainment), one media literacy variable and two media use variables (news control, platform usage frequency and media addiction) on fake videos detection. The ability to detect fake videos among Hungarian secondary school students (N = 507) was assessed using a 16-item video test. The results of the online survey are partly consistent and partly contradictory to the literature. There is no gender difference in the ability to detect fake videos in the age group studied, and media literacy and media use do not influence the ability to detect fake videos. However, a more conservative worldview and higher parental education are associated with better detection of fake videos. The paper concludes with recommendations.
Durante las crisis de salud pública como la actual pandemia de COVID-19, los gobiernos y las autoridades sanitarias necesitan métodos rápidos y precisos para comunicarse con los ciudadanos. Si bien las redes sociales pueden servir como una herramienta útil para una comunicación eficaz durante los brotes de enfermedades, pocos estudios han abordado cómo los Ministerios de Salud utilizan estas plataformas. Este estudio pretende explorar el uso de Facebook por parte de los Ministerios de Salud de los países más poblados de la Unión Europea y la respuesta del público en términos de interacción y seguimiento durante las diferentes etapas de la pandemia de COVID-19 a lo largo del año 2020. Se ha trabajado con la totalidad de las publicaciones realizaras por los 10 países más poblados de la Unión Europea en el año 2020, utilizando la herramienta Crowdtangle para la generación de la base de datos. Los resultados muestran la agilidad que estos países han tenido para dar respuesta a la comunicación exigida por los ciudadanos durante situaciones excepcionales como la pandemia generada por el coronavirus y también el gran aumento en el seguimiento de las fuentes oficiales de sanidad por parte de la población. Así, esta investigación proporciona unos primeros indicios sobre la estrategia de comunicación seguida por los principales Ministerios de Salud de Europa durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para los investigadores, los gobiernos, las organizaciones de salud y los profesionales con respecto a sus prácticas de comunicación durante las pandemias.
This chapter proposes a user perspective approach, to unravel how teens receive and perceive fake news on social media. It introduces and contributes to recent studies that analyze how young people interact with news and fake news, to better understand their diverse perceptions of the phenomenon and their related practices. Building on journalism and audience studies, the chapter identifies three key research foci to help identify essential factors that shape how teens deal with fake news on social media. These factors include: negotiation, navigation, and personalization. The chapter presents the main outcomes by examining teens' interactions with fake news. Teens spontaneously offered numerous and detailed examples to explain how they interacted with fake news. Teens are also attentive to the origin of the content disseminated on social media. The chapter draws upon insights gained from our research to sketch ways of addressing disinformation among teens.
The relationship between a subject’s ideological persuasion with the belief and spread of fake news is the object of our study. Departing from a left- vs. right-wing framework, a questionnaire sought to position subjects on this political-ideological spectrum and demanded them to evaluate five pro-left and pro-right fake and real news, totaling 20 informational products. The results show the belief and dissemination of (fake) news are related to the political ideology of the participants, with right-wing subjects exhibiting a greater tendency to accept fake news, regardless of whether it is pro-left or pro-right fake news. These findings contradict the confirmation bias and may suggest that a greater influence of factors such as age, the level of digital news literacy and psychological aspects in the judgment of fake news are at play. Older and less educated respondents indicated they believed and would disseminate fake news at greater rates. Regardless of the ideology they favor, the Portuguese attributed higher credibility to the sample’s real news, a fact that can be meaningful regarding the fight against disinformation in Portugal and elsewhere.
Introduction
Rumors and conspiracy theories, can contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Monitoring online data related to COVID-19 vaccine candidates can track vaccine misinformation in real-time and assist in negating its impact. This study aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccine rumors and conspiracy theories circulating on online platforms, understand their context, and then review interventions to manage this misinformation and increase vaccine acceptance.
Method
In June 2020, a multi-disciplinary team was formed to review and collect online rumors and conspiracy theories between 31 December 2019–30 November 2020. Sources included Google, Google Fact Check, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, fact-checking agency websites, and television and newspaper websites. Quantitative data were extracted, entered in an Excel spreadsheet, and analyzed descriptively using the statistical package R version 4.0.3. We conducted a content analysis of the qualitative information from news articles, online reports and blogs and compared with findings from quantitative data. Based on the fact-checking agency ratings, information was categorized as true, false, misleading, or exaggerated.
Results
We identified 637 COVID-19 vaccine-related items: 91% were rumors and 9% were conspiracy theories from 52 countries. Of the 578 rumors, 36% were related to vaccine development, availability, and access, 20% related to morbidity and mortality, 8% to safety, efficacy, and acceptance, and the rest were other categories. Of the 637 items, 5% (30/) were true, 83% (528/637) were false, 10% (66/637) were misleading, and 2% (13/637) were exaggerated.
Conclusions
Rumors and conspiracy theories may lead to mistrust contributing to vaccine hesitancy. Tracking COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in real-time and engaging with social media to disseminate correct information could help safeguard the public against misinformation.
El objeto de este trabajo es conocer la percepción de los estudiantes de los grados universitarios en Ciencias de la Comunicación y Comunicación Digital sobre las noticias falsas publicadas en Internet. Nos interesa conocer su postura porque como futuros informadores profesionales deberán desenvolverse en un mercado laboral marcado por esta problemática social. Se ha trabajado con una muestra dirigida para entender las actitudes en un centro universitario de Sevilla. Por su parte, la investigación responde a un diseño mixto, donde se lleva a cabo un doble estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, para los que se han empleado sendos instrumentos de medida: un cuestionario y una entrevista estructurada con preguntas abiertas. Los resultados muestran que, en general, estos estudiantes no consumen ni comparten noticias falsas de manera periódica y que gracias a la formación adquirida saben contrastar una información. Igualmente, perciben que estos contenidos persiguen intereses políticos o económicos; y defienden la implantación de programas escolares de alfabetización mediática y digital con objeto de formar a una ciudadanía crítica con los mensajes que se difunden en la Red. - ABSTRACT - This paper aims to understand the relationships that exist between digital and communication Science undergraduate
students and fake news on the internet. We believe it is necessary to understand the student’s behaviour because they will be the future of the communication profession and also the ones who will have to deal with its significant consequences on their labor market. Data has been collected within the University of Seville in order to understand the student’s attitudes. The research develops a mixed scheme approach -quantitative and qualitative analysis-, in which there have been used the following measuring tools: a questionnaire and an open-question interview. Results show that students dont frequently consume or share fake news because they have a foundation of knowledge that enables them to verify and filter information. They are similarly able to recognise when the published contents have other political and economic motives. For these reasons, the students support media and digital literacy programs that aim to educate the public on how to be critical towards published information on the internet.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, risk communication has often been ineffective, and from this perspective “fake news” has found fertile ground, both as a cause and a consequence of it. The aim of this study is to measure how much “fake news” and corresponding verified news have circulated in Italy in the period between 31 December 2019 and 30 April 2020, and to estimate the quality of informal and formal communication. We used the BuzzSumo application to gather the most shared links on the Internet related to the pandemic in Italy, using keywords chosen according to the most frequent “fake news” during that period. For each research we noted the numbers of “fake news” articles and science-based news articles, as well as the number of engagements. We reviewed 2102 articles. Links that contained fake news were shared 2,352,585 times, accounting for 23.1% of the total shares of all the articles reviewed. Our study throws light on the “fake news” phenomenon in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A quantitative assessment is fundamental in order to understand the impact of false information and to define political and technical interventions in health communication. Starting from this evaluation, health literacy should be improved by means of specific interventions in order to improve informal and formal communication.
La responsabilidad social de los medios de comunicación se extiende a todas las materias de que informa, siendo el consumo de drogas un extendido fenómeno social de habitual presencia en la prensa. Por lo que esta investigación se propuso, en primer lugar, describir la representación mediática de las drogas y, en segundo, exponer cómo deberían tratarse informativamente las drogas de un modo responsable desde el doble punto de vista deontológico y preventivo. Para tal fin se analizó la literatura científica y divulgativa sobre este tema hallándose que el tratamiento informativo de las drogas ha sido mayoritariamente criticado por cuantos lo han estudiando en las últimas cinco décadas. Los medios de comunicación ofrecerían una información en ocasiones sensacionalista y habitualmente no contrastada, ya que tiende a utilizarse una única fuente, mayoritariamente institucional, que resulta de fácil acceso para el periodista. Además se ha acusado a los medios de propagar estereotipos, difundir una imagen imprecisa, cuando no errónea, de este fenómeno y hasta de desempeñar un papel contrapreventivo. Pese a ello, se ha destacado la importancia para la prevención de contar con la colaboración de los periodistas y los medios de comunicación, en tanto éstos son la principal fuente de información sobre drogas para la población general. La aparición de Internet ha sumado un nuevo campo de investigación sobre comunicación y drogas de múltiples formatos, canales y contenidos, donde coexisten población general, jóvenes, instituciones y profesionales de los medios.
Recent statistics show that almost 1/4 of a million people have died and four million people are affected either with mild or serious health problems caused by coronavirus (COVID‐19). These numbers are rapidly increasing (World Health Organization, May 3, 2020c). There is much concern during this pandemic about the spread of misleading or inaccurate information. This article reports on a small study which attempted to identify the types and sources of COVID‐19 misinformation. The authors identified and analysed 1225 pieces of COVID‐19 fake news stories taken from fact‐checkers, myth‐busters and COVID‐19 dashboards. The study is significant given the concern raised by the WHO Director‐General that ‘we are not just fighting the pandemic, we are also fighting infodemic’. The study concludes that the COVID‐19 infodemic is full of false claims, half backed conspiracy theories and pseudoscientific therapies, regarding the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, origin and spread of the virus. Fake news is pervasive in social media, putting public health at risk. The scale of the crisis and ubiquity of the misleading information require that scientists, health information professionals and journalists exercise their professional responsibility to help the general public identify fake news stories. They should ensure that accurate information is published and disseminated.J.M.
La crisis sanitaria global surgida por la expansión del Covid-19 ha llevado a la OMS a acuñar el término infodemia para definir una situación de miedo e inseguridad en la que la difusión de información falsa se ha generalizado. Estos bulos se aprovechan de este tipo de emociones para propagarse más rápido que el propio coronavirus, generando a su paso temor y desconfianza en la población. La difusión de estas mentiras, parte de las cuales circula por las redes sociales, resulta peligrosa porque afecta a la salud y puede hacer que se agrave el contagio y provocar la muerte de personas. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar y visualizar la red tejida alrededor de las noticias falsas que circulan en Twitter sobre la pandemia del coronavirus mediante la técnica del análisis de redes sociales. Se ha empleado el software NodeXL Pro. Se han utilizado varias medidas de centralidad para generar la red de conexiones entre los usuarios, representar sus patrones de interacción e identificar los actores clave dentro de la estructura. Además, también se ha creado una red semántica para descubrir las diferencias en la forma en que los grupos de personas hablan sobre el tema. Los resultados muestran que la situación en EUA domina la conversación, pese a que en ese momento apenas registraba casos y Europa se había convertido en el epicentro global del Covid-19. A pesar de las acusaciones de inacción de periodistas y críticos del gobierno de Trump, se observan varias semanas en las que la desinformación distrae de tomar medidas más eficaces y prevenir verdaderamente el contagio. Además, entre los actores con posiciones más destacadas en la red se constata la escasa presencia de científicos e instituciones que ayuden a desmentir los bulos y expliquen las medidas de higiene.
Covid-19 is a phenomenon of enormous magnitude and relevance. Its impact has affected various social domains, including the media and journalism. Since the beginning of this health crisis, the news has become a valuable resource for citizens. Studying the dynamics of information consumption is highly relevant both for its ability to transform the media system and for its incidence in democracy. The objective of this research is to analyse the influence of the new coro-navirus on news consumption, the credibility given by citizens to the media as well as their ability to detect fake news. To answer these questions, we have conducted an exploratory analysis based on the secondary data from the online surveys of the Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel in the United States, comparing data before and after the outbreak. The results confirm the impact of Covid-19 on the media system. The findings suggest the emergence of important developments such as the resurgence of the role of legacy media, especially television, and the fact that citizens who usually remain far from the information have reconnected with the news. Therefore, the existing inequalities regarding news consumption among citizens have been reduced, in part. This generates potential benefits for democracy in terms of equality and accessibility concerning public affairs. Nota: Este artículo se puede leer en español en: http://www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/2020/mar/casero_es.pdf
One of the challenges today is to face fake news (false information) in health due to its potential impact on people’s lives. This article contributes to a new application of social impact in social media (SISM) methodology. This study focuses on the social impact of the research to identify what type of health information is false and what type of information is evidence of the social impact shared in social media. The analysis of social media includes Reddit, Facebook, and Twitter. This analysis contributes to identifying how interactions in these forms of social media depend on the type of information shared. The results indicate that messages focused on fake health information are mostly aggressive, those based on evidence of social impact are respectful and transformative, and finally, deliberation contexts promoted in social media overcome false information about health. These results contribute to advancing knowledge in overcoming fake health-related news shared in social media.
Internet y las redes sociales se han convertido en la vía de información más atractiva y accesible para los jóvenes. Objetivos. Examinar las conductas de los jóvenes universitarios ante las fake news y pulsar su opinión sobre este fenómeno. Metodología. Encuestas semiabiertas realizadas principalmente al alumnado Periodismo de la Universidad del País Vasco. En una segunda fase se amplía el estudio a estudiantes de otras áreas de conocimiento. Resultados. Los universitarios se informan principalmente en el entorno online y un alto porcentaje confiesa haber caído en la trampa de las fake news en alguna ocasión. Conclusiones y discusión. Se detectan un alto índice de alerta por parte de los universitarios ante las noticias falsas y algunas diferencias, según el área de conocimiento, de las temáticas que consideran más invadidas por las fake news.
Although the rise of fake news is posing an increasing threat to societies worldwide, little is known about what associations the term 'fake news' activates in the public mind. Here, we report a psychological bias that we describe as the 'fake news effect': the tendency for partisans to use the term 'fake news' to discount and discredit ideologically uncongenial media sources. In a national sample of the US population (N = 1000), we elicited top-of-mind associations with the term 'fake news'. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find evidence that both liberals and conservatives freely associate traditionally left-wing (e.g. CNN) and right-wing (e.g. Fox News) media sources with the term fake news. Moreover, conservatives are especially likely to associate the mainstream media with the term fake news and these perceptions are generally linked to lower trust in media, voting for Trump, and higher belief in conspiracy theories.
Las noticias falsas o fake news vienen ocupando un papel protagonista a nivel político, social, mediático y también, científico. En este trabajo se desarrolla una revisión sistematizada de los estudios realizados hasta la fecha sobre las noticias falsas, partiendo de las principales bases de datos (Web of Science, Dialnet Plus) y con el fin de verificar qué temas han atraído la atención de la comunidad científica al respecto, qué técnicas de investigación se han utilizado en estos estudios, dónde se concentran geográficamente y qué campos quedan aún por cubrir en torno a este fenómeno. El estudio realizado refleja que aún queda camino por recorrer, en especial, en el ámbito iberoamericano que aparece menos representado dentro de la producción científica sobre las noticias falsas.
Novel digital technologies make it increasingly difficult to distinguish between real and fake media. One of the most recent developments contributing to the problem is the emergence of deepfakes which are hyper-realistic videos that apply artificial intelligence (AI) to depict someone say and do things that never happened. Coupled with the reach and speed of social media, convincing deepfakes can quickly reach millions of people and have negative impacts on our society. While scholarly research on the topic is sparse, this study analyzes 84 publicly available online news articles to examine what deepfakes are and who produces them, what the benefits and threats of deepfake technology are, what examples of deepfakes there are, and how to combat deepfakes. The results suggest that while deepfakes are a significant threat to our society, political system and business, they can be combatted via legislation and regulation, corporate policies and voluntary action, education and training, as well as the development of technology for deepfake detection, content authentication, and deepfake prevention. The study provides a comprehensive review of deepfakes and provides cybersecurity and AI entrepreneurs with business opportunities in fighting against media forgeries and fake news.
Este artículo aporta una contribución al debate sobre la crisis actual del periodismo a partir de una investigación por cuestionario sobre la percepción de fake news por estudiantes de Comunicación en tres países. En la investigación exploratoria participaron 300 alumnos de universidades de Brasil, España y Portugal. Los resultados muestran más similitudes que diferencias en su capacidad de detectar noticias falsas y de percibir dónde se originan y por dónde circulan. Entre los hábitos de consumo, hay un abandono de los medios tradicionales en sus soportes de origen, pero se observa una alta adhesión a las versiones digitales de periódicos, radios y emisoras de televisión, y una especial preferencia por la información que llega a través de redes sociales. Los estudiantes no tienen el hábito de leer / escuchar / ver todo el contenido de una noticia y la mayoría se concentra en la lectura de los titulares y entradillas.
In an era where claims of “fake news” abound and more people turn to social media for their daily updates, knowing how to find and critically appraise information is more important than ever. The workshop discussed in this article aims to provide college students with the news literacy needed to make educated decisions about the information they find online.
Courses: This workshop is relevant for courses that address the evaluation of information, the value of different sources, the role played by personal biases, and the provenance of ideas, including Introduction to Communication, Public Speaking, Persuasive Communication, Health Communication, and Media Studies.
Objectives: This activity aims to help students compare and contrast the different meanings of “fake news” and misinformation; identify the various biases that impact selection and interpretation of information; develop a set of guidelines with which to evaluate information quality; and apply evaluation guidelines to contemporary news items.
The media ecosystem of the post-truth era is shaped by several unprecedented elements—the pitfalls of the personalized/networked media, the cherry picking tendencies of news producers in an attention economy, the propagandist powerelite, and the gullible support of the semi-literate media audience. These post-truth
realities also call for new approaches in journalism education to address phenomena like fake news. In this backdrop, this study examines the existing issues in Indian journalism training based on a thematic analysis of focus group discussions with graduate students of journalism at an Indian university about their perception of
fake news. It recommends pedagogical approaches to focus on improving journalistic agency in students to deal with fake news situations.
This project report describes a collaborative effort between librarians, staff, local journalists and students at Old Dominion University (Norfolk, VA) to provide a venue for a discussion about ‘fake news’. Post-event questionnaire results are analysed to explore what students learned as a result of attending the event as well as student perceptions of their own understanding and ownership of the roles that they can play in the information cycle.
This paper examines the 2016 US presidential election campaign to identify problems with, causes of and solutions to the contemporary fake news phenomenon. To achieve this, we employ textual analysis and feedback from engagement, meetings and panels with technologists, journalists, editors, non-profits, public relations firms, analytics firms and academics during the globally leading technology conference, South-by-South West, in March 2017. We further argue that what is most significant about the contemporary fake news furore is what it portends: the use of personally and emotionally targeted news produced by algo-journalism and what we term “empathic media”. In assessing solutions to this democratically problematic situation, we recommend that greater attention is paid to the role of digital advertising in causing, and combating, both the contemporary fake news phenomenon, and the near-horizon variant of empathically optimised automated fake news.
In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, most universities had to switch to “emergency online learning”. At the same time, academics were in search of means to combat “the infodemic”, a wave of misinformation rolling over the world, affecting social and political life, and undermining efforts to deal with the pandemic. In the framework of emergency online learning, we propose an educational sciences undergraduate online course addressing fake news illiteracy by giving students an insight into the form and effects of fake news with a focus on framing. The course was built upon current fake news research and the problem-based learning approach. The research questions addressed students’ perceptions of critical design elements, their fake news credibility test performance, and their academic achievement. A total of N = 102 undergraduate students participated in the course. Among various design elements, students indicated that online communication and feedback was most appealing. On the other hand, for future course iterations, they suggested improvements to the task descriptions. Fake news credibility decreased significantly (F(1, 36) = 62.64, p < .000, partial η² = .64) and final course papers were on average good to very good, indicating strong academic achievement. The study suggests that problem-based online courses can be appropriate learning environments, even in the context of “emergency online learning” and, furthermore, that they can serve as an instrument for combating fake news illiteracy.
Fake news dissemination on COVID-19 has increased in recent months, and the factors that lead to the sharing of this misinformation is less well studied. Therefore, this paper describes the result of a Nigerian sample (n=385) regarding the proliferation of fake news on COVID-19. The fake news phenomenon was studied using the Uses and Gratification framework, which was extended by an “altruism” motivation. The data were analysed with Partial Least Squares (PLS) to determine the effects of six variables on the outcome of fake news sharing. Our results showed that altruism was the most significant factor that predicted fake news sharing of COVID-19. We also found that social media users’ motivations for information sharing, socialisation, information seeking and pass time predicted the sharing of false information about COVID-19. In contrast, no significant association was found for entertainment motivation. We concluded with some theoretical and practical implications.
The advent of deepfake videos, a new form of media manipulation, took the world by storm. Malicious use of this technology for fraud, misrepresentation, and abuse created more perils than opportunities for various stakeholders. However, little is known about Generative Adversarial Networks utilized by deepfake to manipulate videos. Viewing from the social construction of technology theory, we explore the redress of the adversarial purposes of deepfake. At the moment, there are more misgivings than credence about the possible application of this technology. Our research note provides a discourse on the rapid advances of deepfake and its potential impact on tourism and raises the call for research on the beneficial uses of deepfake.
Las noticias falsas, también conocidas como fake news, representan una parte significativa de uno de los problemas más complejos en el marco de la circulación de información en la sociedad contemporánea: la desinformación. A pesar de no ser un fenómeno nuevo, su importancia y las posibles consecuencias sociales y políticas de su difusión por internet han sido ampliamente discutidas, especialmente, en los últimos dos años. Los jóvenes son uno de los grupos más expuestos a esta realidad, si tenemos en cuenta la presencia de la tecnología de la comunicación en su día a día. En este artículo revisamos la bibliografía relacionada con la desinformación y analizamos la ya larga relación entre las noticias falsas y el periodismo, con especial hincapié en las particularidades de la situación actual. Siguiendo el método cuantitativo, hemos utilizado un cuestionario para analizar la percepción de 602 jóvenes estudiantes portugueses de entre 17 y 25 años sobre las noticias falsas. Los resultados revelan que se trata de un grupo habituado a consumir información online, y que ya ha entrado en contacto con lo que consideran noticias falsas. Sin embargo, existen diferentes concepciones —en ocasiones, equivocadas— de la expresión fake news. Así pues, este estudio subraya la importancia de la alfabetización mediática y, más concretamente, de la credibilidad, de contrastar la información online y de la actual dinámica de la información.
El artículo se construye a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre fake news y post-verdad usando las bases de publicaciones científicas Web of Science y Scopus, acompañada de una reflexión analítica. A partir de los datos recogidos en estas dos fuentes se muestra la evolución del número de publicaciones sobre fake news y post-verdad. Después, de los 482 documentos de todas las tipologías recuperadas de Scopus, sólo se consideraron los documentos de tipología artículo en texto completo, en un total de 91. A partir de su análisis se sistematizan las ideas en ellos contenidas, las metodologías utilizadas y las propuestas presentadas para combatir las fake news. Los resultados evidencian que fue a partir de 2016 cuando el crecimiento exponencial de publicaciones dobla el tema de la fake news y post-verdad. El tema es tratado de forma transversal en diversas áreas científicas, con más incidencia en el área de la comunicación, además, una parte significativa de publicaciones abordan estudios de caso y otra no explicita la metodología utilizada. En cuanto a las soluciones presentadas para superar o mitigar el problema de las fake news son de diversa índole: alfabetización informacional; algoritmos y procedimientos automáticos; crowdsourcing y verificadores profesionales.
Objectives: Fake news: misinformation and falsehood of health news in social media constitute a potential threat to the public health, but the scope of this issue remains unclear. Our pilot study is an initial attempt to measure a number of the top shared health misinformation stories in the Polish language social media. Methods: Using the BuzzSumo Application, a range of the top shared health web links in the Polish language social media was assessed during the period between 2012 and 2017. We used the following keywords which were related to the most common diseases and causes of death: cancer, neoplasm, heart attack, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, vaccinations, HIV, and AIDS. Each link was checked for the presence of fake news. Results: 40% of the most frequently shared links contained text we classified as fake news. These were shared more than 450,000 times. The most fallacious content concerned vaccines, while news about cardiovascular diseases was, in general, well sourced and informative. More than 20% of dangerous links from our material was generated by one source. Conclusions: Analyzing social media top shared news could contribute to identification of leading fake medical information miseducating the society. It might also encourage authorities to take actions such as put warnings on biased domains or scientifically evaluate those generating fake health news.
Lies spread faster than the truth
There is worldwide concern over false news and the possibility that it can influence political, economic, and social well-being. To understand how false news spreads, Vosoughi et al. used a data set of rumor cascades on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. About 126,000 rumors were spread by ∼3 million people. False news reached more people than the truth; the top 1% of false news cascades diffused to between 1000 and 100,000 people, whereas the truth rarely diffused to more than 1000 people. Falsehood also diffused faster than the truth. The degree of novelty and the emotional reactions of recipients may be responsible for the differences observed.
Science , this issue p. 1146
False information has economic, political, and social consequences. The authors analyze the real and perceived costs and benefits to those that engage in the creation and platform support of false information. Special consideration is given here to digital advertising ecosystems that provide a supportive environment for “fake news” creation. Fake news is one type of false information. The authors discuss the context of fake-news consumption, and suggest that fake-news creators, consumers, and various arbiters can reinforce each other and form a vicious circle. The article proposes mechanisms to break the circle and alter the cost-benefit structure of engaging in this activity.
Following the 2016 US presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories ("fake news"), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: 1) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their "most important" source; 2) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; 3) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and 4) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.
Little of the work on online credibility assessment has considered how the information-seeking process figures into the final evaluation of content people encounter. Using unique data about how a diverse group of young adults looks for and evaluates Web content, our paper makes contributions to existing literature by highlighting factors beyond site features in how users assess credibility. We find that the process by which users arrive at a site is an important component of how they judge the final destination. In particular, search context, branding and routines, and a reliance on those in one's networks play important roles in online information-seeking and evaluation. We also discuss that users differ considerably in their skills when it comes to judging online content credibility.
Fake o no fake, esa es la cuestión: reconocimiento de la desinformación entre alumnado universitario
- A Cerdà-Navarro
- D Abril-Hervás
- B Mut-Amengual
- R Comas-Forgas
Cerdà-Navarro, A., Abril-Hervás, D., Mut-Amengual, B., & Comas-Forgas, R. (2021). Fake o no fake, esa es la cuestión:
reconocimiento de la desinformación entre alumnado universitario. Revista Prisma Social, 34, 34.
How young people consume news and the implications for mainstream media
- L Galan
- J Osserman
- T Parker
- M Taylor
Galan, L., Osserman, J., Parker, T., & Taylor, M. (2019). How young people consume news and the implications for
mainstream media. Oxford University. https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2019-08/
apo-nid256781.pdf
Towards a political economy of fake news. The Political Economy of Communication
- M Hirst
Hirst, M. (2017). Towards a political economy of fake news. The Political Economy of Communication, 5(2), 82-94.
Información falsa en la red: la perspectiva de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de comunicación en Portugal
- F A Sobral
- N S N De Morais
Sobral, F. A., & de Morais, N. S. N. (2020). Información falsa en la red: la perspectiva de un grupo de estudiantes
universitarios de comunicación en Portugal. Prisma Social, 29, 173-194.
Fake News and The Economy of Emotions
- V Bakir
- A Mcstay
Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2018). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154-175. https://
doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645
Designing for fake news literacy training: A problem-based undergraduate online-course
- C Scheibenzuber
- S Hofer
- N Nistor
Scheibenzuber, C., Hofer, S., & Nistor, N. (2021). Designing for fake news literacy training: A problem-based
undergraduate online-course. Computers in Human Behavior, 121(September 2020), 106796. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106796