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"Probiotics to Control Oral Microbiome, Resulting in Gut Microbiome"

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Asthma and atopy, classically associated with hyper-activation of the T helper 2 (Th2) arm of adaptive immunity, are among the most common chronic illnesses worldwide. Emerging evidence relates atopy and asthma to the composition and function of the human microbiome, the collection of microbes that reside in and on and interact with the human body. The ability to interrogate microbial ecology of the human host is due in large part to recent technological developments that permit identification of microbes and their products using culture-independent molecular detection techniques. In this review we explore the roles of respiratory, gut, and environmental microbiomes in asthma and allergic disease development, manifestation, and attenuation. Though still a relatively nascent field of research, evidence to date suggests that the airway and/or gut microbiome may represent fertile targets for prevention or management of allergic asthma and other diseases in which adaptive immune dysfunction is a prominent feature. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Host-associated microbial communities are influenced by both host genetics and environmental factors. However, factors controlling the human oral microbiome and their impact on disease remain to be investigated. To determine the combined and relative effects of host genotype and environment on oral microbiome composition and caries phenotypes, we profiled the supragingival plaque microbiome of 485 dizygotic and monozygotic twins aged 5–11. Oral microbiome similarity always increased with shared host genotype, regardless of caries state. Additionally, although most of the variation in the oral microbiome was determined by environmental factors, highly heritable oral taxa were identified. The most heritable oral bacteria were not associated with caries state, did not tend to co-occur with other taxa, and decreased in abundance with age and sugar consumption frequency. Thus, while the human oral microbiome composition is influenced by host genetic background, potentially cariogenic taxa are likely not controlled by genetic factors
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Periodontitis is an oral disease that is highly prevalent worldwide, with a prevalence of 30–50% of the population in developed countries, but only ~10% present with severe forms. It is also estimated that periodontitis results in worldwide productivity losses amounting to ~54 billion USD yearly. In addition to the damage it causes to oral health, periodontitis also affects other types of disease. Numerous studies have confirmed the association between periodontitis and systemic diseases, such as diabetes, respiratory disease, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence also indicated that periodontitis may participate in the progression of liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as affecting liver transplantation. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are currently no reviews elaborating upon the possible links between periodontitis and liver diseases. Therefore, the current review summarizes the human trials and animal experiments that have been conducted to investigate the correlation between periodontitis and liver diseases. Furthermore, in the present review, certain mechanisms that have been postulated to be responsible for the role of periodontitis in liver diseases (such as bacteria, pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress) are considered. The aim of the review is to introduce the hypothesis that periodontitis may be important in the progression of liver disease, thus providing dentists and physicians with an improved understanding of this issue.
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Goals: The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an intake of Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 (DSM 22775) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. Background: AD is an inflammatory and pruritic chronic relapsing skin disorder with multifactorial etiopathology. Some evidence suggests that probiotics may improve AD by modulating the immune system and the composition of intestinal microbiota. Study: A total of 43 patients aged from 0 to 11 years were enrolled in the study (M/F ratio=1:1) and treated with the probiotic strain L. salivarius LS01. Clinical efficacy of probiotic treatment was assessed from baseline by changes in itch index and in the objective SCORAD/SCORAD index. Results: Patients being given probiotic treatment showed a significant improvement in clinical parameters (SCORAD and itch values) from baseline. The reduction in SCORAD and itch index observed after 4 weeks of treatment also persisted after the cessation of probiotic supplementation. Conclusions: L. salivarius LS01 seems to be able to improve the quality of life of children affected by AD and, as a consequence, it may have promising clinical and research implications.
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In the last decades the prevalence of allergic diseases and eczema raised significantly, and today they are the most common chronic pathologies affecting children. It has been shown that a functional intestinal mucosa provides a defensive barrier to the host against potential dangerous antigens, regulating the tolerance to them. Some inflammatory diseases of the gut weaken the barrier causing an increase in the mucosa permeability and in antigenic transition. As a consequence, there is an aberrant immune response and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines further compromises the barrier functionality. It has been demonstrated that a correlation between allergy and eczema onset and the intestinal microflora composition exists, and in particular, it has been showed that some microorganisms are able to influence the immune response. For these reasons it has been hypothesized that probiotics may have a beneficial role in preventing and treating allergies and eczema. However, the benefits of this treatment depend on many factors, such as the bacterial strain, the duration of administration, the pathology, the patient characteristics (age, diet, allergy predisposition). The aim of this work was to review the present knowledge about the use of probiotics in allergic diseases and eczema, highlighting their role in the aforementioned pathologies.
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Bacterial infections in the mouth are caused mainly by the normal endogenous flora and are rarely of exogenous origins. The bacteria may play a primary aetiological role in disease or be secondary contaminators of disease caused by other pathogenic mechanisms. Antibacterial agents used topically are logical in the management of some of these infections and could be used for prevention or therapy. In both situations a variety of delivery methods has been proposed and can conveniently be classified according to duration of delivery as: short, medium and long-term. Most interest in antibacterial agents has been in the control of plaque-related diseases, particularly chronic gingivitis. Effective compounds show persistence of action for many hours, notably chlorhexidine. Chemical plaque control agents are of limited therapeutic value and are more valuable in the preventive mode. Such agents also are of no value in the treatment of chronic periodontitis unless delivered directly into pockets by irrigation or sustained-delivery vehicles. In fact, even by irrigation, antibacterials appear to offer limited action above that of a washing-out effect. Sustained delivery vehicles are relatively numerous, but it is the antibacterial rather than the vehicle which appears important. Most data are available for chlorhexidine, metronidazole and tetracycline, with again chlorhexidine appearing of little value in a therapeutic mode. Despite encouraging results for metronidazole and tetracycline, more data are required demonstrating lasting adjunctive benefits of local antibacterials to conventional mechanical treatments. Despite the logic behind the use of topical antibacterials for oral infections, many prescribed uses are somewhat empirical and more controlled studies are required.
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Over the past decade, numerous studies have attempted to delineate the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile in chronic periodontitis in humans. While some controversy still exists regarding these profiles, the fact that the stable periodontal lesion is identical to a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction while the progressive lesion involves large numbers of B cells and plasma cells, strongly suggests that the stable lesion is mediated by Th1 cells and the progressive lesion by Th2 cells. The control of Th1 and/or Th2 expression is therefore fundamental in understanding the immunoregulatory mechanisms in chronic periodontitis. In this context, high affinity T cell receptor (TCR) interactions seem to direct a Th1 response while low affinity TCR involvement tends towards a Th2 response. As yet however, TCR affinity in chronic periodontitis has not been investigated. Other mechanisms which may control Th1/Th2 profiles include the nature of the antigen(s), antigen presentation and the innate immune response. The role of these mechanisms in periodontal disease is reviewed and suggestions for future research are put forward.
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Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are relatively ineffective. Recently, probiotics have emerged as a potential treatment modality for numerous gastrointestinal disorders, including IBD. Few probiotics, however, have undergone appropriate preclinical screening in vivo. The current study compared the effects of four candidate probiotics on development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged 1 mL of the potential probiotic (1 x 10(10) CFU/mL), or vehicle, twice daily for 14 days. Strains tested were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 (TH-4), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) and Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 (BR11). Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via administration of 2% DSS in drinking water. Disease activity index (DAI) was monitored daily until rats were killed at day 14. DAI decreased in DSS+Bb12 and DSS+BR11 compared to DSS+Vehicle. Colon length increased in DSS+BR11 (10%) and DSS+LGG (10%) compared to DSS+Vehicle. DSS+Bb12 and DSS+BR11 prevented the distal colon crypt hyperplasia evident in DSS+Vehicle, DSS+LGG and DSS+TH-4. BR11 was most effective at reducing colitic symptoms. Bb12 had minimal effects, whilst TH-4 did not prevent DSS-colitis and LGG actually exacerbated some indicators of colitis. Further studies into the potential benefits of L. fermentum BR11 are indicated.
Clinical changes in periodontal subjects with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteriprodentis: a preliminary randomized clinical trial
  • M Vicario
  • A Snatos
  • D Violant
  • J Nart
  • L Giner
Vicario M, Snatos A, Violant D, Nart J, Giner L (2013) Clinical changes in periodontal subjects with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteriprodentis: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. Acta Odontol Scand 71(3-4): 813-819.
Analysis of oral microbes in healthy subjects and periodontitis patients. Theis is of master of science in Yonsei University
  • E G Choi
Choi EG (2015) Analysis of oral microbes in healthy subjects and periodontitis patients. Theis is of master of science in Yonsei University.