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Towards an Architecture of Collaborative Objects
... By leveraging the facilities on the user's smartphone, in this case an Android device, the virtual object placed on the flat surface is given an anchor that is used to mark the position of the object against the surrounding environment [16]. Another advantage of this SDK is that it operates without any branding or watermarks [17]. ...
... Virtual items can also be rotated, moved in accordance with the identified planes, and scaled for a closer observation [16]. It enables playing with "Collaborative Objects" in real, augmented and mixed realities [17]. ...
Technology is employed in the fields of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) for characteristics like producing visual representations and offering assistance during the building phase. Both users and creators of these tools are able to immediately take advantage of the technology's potential as well as create a variety of workarounds for its drawbacks. Both viewpoints will be looked at in this study with regard to mobile extended reality SDKs (software development kit). By excluding the articles that did not provide the relevant information, this research concentrates solely on the papers that discuss the technological aspects of the SDK that were used, the opportunities the SDK offers, and/or the flaws of the SDK. The study's main objective is to compare the technological contributions made by the SDKs employed in the scope of the examined literature to the AEC disciplines and to the contexts in which such contributions are made. Through applications in literature research, the study aims to highlight the contributions of mobile extended reality SDKs to the fields of architecture, engineering, and construction. An entry-level developer can use the SDKs in accordance with his work by using the comparison diagrams, produced in this study, to see the relationships and comparisons between them, as well as to build a framework for what uses should be made in which domains. The technological capabilities and constraints of SDKs have an impact on how research is designed. Making relationality diagrams on the SDK to use and the effects it will have throughout the research phase is also crucial. As a result of the research, SDKs permit flexible uses in a variety of sectors, and their use also financially and logistically supports literature studies.
With the rapid development of augmented reality (AR) technology and devices, it is widely used in education, design, industry, game, medicine and other fields. It brings new development opportunities for computer-supported cooperative work. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on AR collaboration. Many professional researchers have also summarized and commented on these local and remote applications. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive review specifically on AR-enabled local collaboration (AR-LoCol). Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of research between 2012 and 2022 in this domain. We surveyed 133 papers on AR-LoCol in Web of Science, 75% of which were published between 2018 and 2022. Next, we provide an in-depth review of papers in seven areas, including time (synchronous and asynchronous), device (hand-held display, desktop, spatial AR, head-mounted display), participants (double and multiple), place (standing, indoor and outdoor), content (virtual objects, annotations, awareness cues and multi-perspective views), and area (education, industry, medicine, architecture, exhibition, game, exterior design, visualization, interaction, basic tools). We discuss the characteristics and specific work in each category, especially the advantages and disadvantages of different devices and the necessity for shared contents. Following this, we summarize the current state of development of AR-LoCol and discuss possible future research directions. This work will be useful for current and future researchers interested in AR-LoCol systems.
Thanks to the developing technology, different methods and tools are used in architectural representation, and architects contribute to developing these tools. Architects can easily model their designs with computer technologies and even make them visible in the environment with augmented reality technologies. Also, it is thought that these technologies will become widespread in basic architectural education over time. This study conducted a practice at the undergraduate architecture level using augmented reality technology. Within the scope of the study, the predisposition of students who experience augmented reality technologies to new representation, gender, course period, familiarity with playing computer games, the effect of computer programs that they can use in their previous augmented reality experience and designs if any, and the correlation between them has been tried to be revealed with this study. In this context, a study was carried out with thirteen students in the architectural design studio. Students were expected to parametrically design indoor exhibition elements using Rhinoceros 3D software and the Grasshopper plugin in the study. Then, an experimental augmented reality study was conducted with the Fologram, in which the students transferred these virtual exhibition elements they designed to the real indoors and reshaped them according to the space. Afterwards, a questionnaire consisting of five independent and ten dependent variables was applied to the students. The survey results were analysed with the IBM SPSS Statistics program. According to the results obtained, significant results were determined between 4 independent variables and one dependent variable.
The paper expands on the potential of using Augmented Reality (AR) for the design and customization of bridges. Following a literature review on the use of AR in architectural design, and in particular in design education, the authors discuss educational experiences gained in two digital design studios. These two courses were taught remotely at the University of Thessaly and the Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences and cross-informed each other. The teaching experiences of the authors were evaluated and subsequently used to develop the curriculum of “Augmented Bridges”, an experimental AR design studio. The aim of the paper is to present current research in AR and the interactive design process of site-specific bridges, using digital and augmented media. The studio results offered valuable insight into the educational and creative value of AR technologies in architecture.
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