OSO ANDINO Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier, 1825)
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Current northernmost distribution of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is not defined precisely; mentioned to be located “at the Serranía del Perijá” without accurate/confirmed distribution records, and placed by the IUCN at the Serranía de Portuguesa (Venezuela). There is an information gap on the fragmentation of the Andean bear associated ecosystems (Andean forest and Paramo) throughout its distribution in Colombia and Venezuela. The aim of this study is to provide precise knowledge on the current northernmost distribution of the Andean bear in South America at the Serranía del Perijá, besides quantifying spatial trends of the fragmentation of its associated ecosystems at the eastern and western slopes. Confirmed distribution records were obtained from field surveys (2009 to 2016), literature, scientific collections and biodiversity databases. The fragmentation degree of Andean bear associated ecosystems was characterized using FRAGSTATS (V 4.2) software with satellite images from 2008. A current population block with at least three sectors of incidence is present along both slopes of the Serranía del Perijá. Although the Colombian slope comprises greater raw area of Andean bear associated ecosystems, it is highly fragmented and isolated. Core area analysis (extracting a disturbance buffer of 1,000 m into the border of each patch) exhibits a Venezuelan slope maintaining greater amount of Andean bear associated ecosystems at few, large and less fragmented patches. This study extends the distribution of the species 180 km until the north of the Serranía del Perijá (regarding the current distribution recognized by the IUCN) and provides the northernmost confirmed distribution records for South America: Barrancas (Colombia) and Mara (Venezuela) municipalities. This study provides the first fine-scale information on Andean bear associated ecosystems fragmentation for Colombia and Venezuela, with traceable landscape measurements permitting future long-term comparative analyses. A high fragmentation degree of the Andean bear associated ecosystems is present at the Colombian slope of the Serranía del Perijá due to extensive legal and illegal agricultural activities and wood extraction. The lack of information about the Andean bear distribution and its associated ecosystems fragmentation could be putting the survival of local populations at risk, while a clear knowledge on these issues could generate planned conservation actions by the governmental environmental authorities.
INTRODUCCIÓN La taxonomía es una disciplina dinámica, donde nuevas aproximaciones generan con frecuencia ajustes en las hipótesis sobre las relaciones evolutivas entre distintos taxones (e.g., Padial et al. 2010). Para que las clasificaciones taxo-nómicas reflejen este dinamismo, deben ser actualizadas con cierta regularidad. En este contexto, contar con un listado de referencia no solo facilita el intercambio de información y la comunicación entre distintos actores, sino que a su vez sirve de base para la realización de otro tipo de estudios (e.g., análisis de riqueza, endemismo, etc.). Para la Argentina existen listados previos de sus mamíferos (e.g., Galliari et al. 1996; Ojeda et al. 2002), de los cuales el más reciente tiene diez años (Barquez et al. 2006). Durante ese lapso, se han incorporado nuevas especies al país (e.g., Akodon boliviensis, Andalgalomys pearsoni) y se han producido cambios significativos en la taxonomía de al-5 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina. RESUMEN. Se presenta una lista revisada de los mamíferos de Argentina, incorporando los cambios taxonómi-cos recientes y los nuevos registros para el país producidos desde la publicación de un listado previo en 2006. Se registraron 409 especies nativas, correspondientes a 181 géneros, 46 familias y 12 órdenes, más 23 especies introducidas con poblaciones silvestres. ABSTRACT. Revised checklist of mammals from Argentina. We present a revised checklist of the mammals of Argentina, incorporating recent taxonomical changes and new records of mammals for the country produced since the publication of a previous list in 2006. We recordered 409 native species, corresponding to 181 genera, 46 families and 12 orders, plus 23 introduced taxa with wild populations. Palabras clave: América del Sur. Lista de especies. Mammalia. Taxonomía.
Existen muchas más deidades que las veneradas por los creyentes urbanos y rurales. Algunas moran en montañas, llanuras, ríos, bosques, selvas, esteros y mares. Viven en ámbitos naturales y silvestres desde lo más añejo del poblamiento humano, acompañando mitos y leyendas ancestrales. Y existen desde el momento en que se las sigue nombrando y en quien las menciona o cree en ellas. Estos seres -que occidentalmente catalogamos como “sobrenaturales”- son tan reales y naturales para las distintas culturas que los referencian como cualquiera de los distintos organismos (hongos, plantas, animales) para la ciencia.
Así, en la Argentina y países vecinos tenemos numerosos ejemplos. En los cerros, valles y planicies precordilleranas, a Coquena o Llastay (calchaquí) protegiendo los rebaños de vicuñas. En las montañas de los Andes a los Apu Wamani (quechua) y Hunuc Huar (huarpe). En la región chaqueña, el pícaro Tokjuaj, el protector Suweletaj (ambos, wichíes) y el heroico Nowet (qom) en los bosques. En sus ríos está su “dueño” pilagá, Wédayk (pilagá) y en los esteros, su par: Lek. En las selvas litoraleñas, el popular Pombero y el temido Caá Porá (mbyá guaraní). Y, en los bosques más australes, el poderoso Ngenemapun (mapuche) o el pequeño Kohlah (selknam), por mencionar solo unos pocos de las muchas entidades que existen.
Sin embargo, estos seres espirituales son más vulnerables que otros que cuentan con templos para resguardar su memoria, rendirles culto o reunir a sus creyentes. La existencia de la enorme mayoría de los primeros depende exclusivamente de la conservación de los paisajes silvestres que los contienen. Y es ahí donde la voladura de los cerros con dinamita, el incendio de las selvas, la deforestación de los bosques, el drenaje de un estero o la contaminación de las aguas desangra y esfuma ese panteón de divinidades que sólo habitan en esos ecosistemas. Ecosistemas que los protegen y a los que espiritualmente custodian. Esto último se ratifica cuando se encarnan en mitos, leyendas y otras creencias ancestrales que siguen vivas.
Identification of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) specimens is essential for obtaining demographic estimates of their populations. Camera traps are a noninvasive tool that allows such identification. The efficiency of using photographic or video records for identifying specimens of this species in a wild population in Colombia was compared. A total of 18 camera traps were operated from November 2011 through November 2013; each sample station included a single camera at 0.6 m height, with a bait placed 2 m in front of it at 1.5 m height. Four key external morphological features were chosen for identifying the specimens: Presence, shape and colour of facial; presence, shape and colour of pectoral markings; estimated body size; and sex. For each recording event, a visual file (photograph or video) was scored as¨goodïfas¨goodïf it showed at least three key identification features, thus allowing the correct identification of the specimen; or as¨badïfas¨badïf it showed fewer than three features, making identification impossible. Successful recording events were those that included at least one good visual file (photograph or video). A total of 4,588 visual files were obtained: 4,324 photographs in 325 recording events and 264 videos in 260 recording events. 5.25 % of the photographs and 53.03 % of the videos were scored as good files. 26.77 % of the photograph-based and 49.62 % of the video-based recording events were successful. There were statistically significant differences between the percentage of good photographs and good videos obtained every time a camera trap was activated in the presence of a bear (Mann-Whitney, P = 1.37E-11). The low percentage of successful recording events obtained with photographs (26.77 %) compared to that obtained with videos (50.38 %), is consistent with results previously reported for this same species in Ecuador using photographs (25 %). The higher percentage of good videos (53.03 %) compared to that of good photographs (5.25 %), is consistent with the statistically significant difference found between the percentage of good photos and good videos obtained every time a camera trap was activated in the presence of a bear (Mann-Whitney, P = 1.37E-11), and with results previously reported for the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus, 70 %) using sample stations including a single camera trap with video format. The use of video for recording Andean bear specimens allows the observation of individuals from different viewpoints and distances, even with the use of sample stations including a single camera trap, thus minimizing the effect of light reflection on the recognition of key identification features. Additionally , the video format allowed recognition of particular physical conditions, such as limp or rigid limbs in some specimens, which cannot be recognized in photographs. In this study case, information obtained with video records provides a greater ability to recognize individual marks in the specimens and to identify them.
An ethological study was realized to a couple of Andean bears located in “Parque de las Leyendas” Zoo, in Lima. Observations were made from February 4th to July 31st 1999, on the schedule from 9.00 AM. to 6.00 PM. The confinement was split in nine parts, in order to search the activity living zones of bears. Results showed that male was more active than female (M: 67.3%, H: 45.9%). At the same time, the development of activities was related to the changes of temperature, natural light and mating season. The greatest activity was recorded from 9.00 to 10.00 a.m. and then from 4.00 to 5.00 PM., in coincidence with the schedules of feeding and avarage temperatures. The most important behaviors were sleeping (M: 32.7%, H: 45.4%), locomotion (M:28.2%, H:23.3%) and feeding (M: 21.2%, H: 11.3%). Coupling peaks were recorded in the months of April and May. In the mating season, the female presented very evident changes on her behavior becoming more active, aggressive and nervous than the male. In addition, the female bear increased the number of her vocalizations, reduced appetite, and changed her nutritional preference almost strictly to proteins (meat). Some of the behaviors recorded during this study, have also been reported in other researches of these animals on their natural environment (innate behaviors) such as frequent male masturbation and repetitive female strolls. These stereotypes were produced by close environmental stresses. According to the used area, the artificial cave produced a fresh atmosphere in the hottest day hours and, in denominated area 2, bears developed most of their common behaviors: feeding, rubbing, excretion, courtship, attempts and coupling.
Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) diet review in South America and new records to Peru. In order to update the knowledge of the species recorded in the diet of the Andean bear (Spectacled bear) in its geographic range (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia), we collected and analyzed the published information about the issue in 76 documents as well as fieldwork obtained in nine protected areas of Peru and interviews in six additional natural areas in the same country. In field work we identified 114 vegetal species consumed by the Andean bear, of which 69 were new records to Peru and 51 to South America. Additionally, we obtained from interviews 35 species, of which 19 are new records to Peru and 12 to South America. Taking into account the literature review, fieldwork and interviews, it was recorded as part of the vegetable diet of the Andean bear a minimum of 305 especies/83 families, which corresponded to a moss/one family, a hepatica plant/ one family, five ferns/three families and 298 superiores plants/78 families; some fungi species and one lichen species. Families with greater frequency of occurrence were Bromeliaceae (leaf bases and cortex), Arecaceae (stems stipes) and Poaceae (stems and buds), however, overall, the fruits were most recorded with 179 especies/55 families, followed by stems with 143 species/27 families. The vegetable diet included 17 species of crops. Furthermore, the minimum number of animal species consumed by the Andean bear was 34, which included 22 mammals (and a hybrid: mule), one bird, nine insect, an annelid and one mollusk; among mammalian species were recorded eight domestic species, which included carrion, however animal consumption was less than 10%.
Un movimiento de larga distancia de un oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en el norte del Depto. de La Paz, Bolivia Ecología en Bolivia 36: 73-74, 2001. Un movimiento de larga distancia de un oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en el norte del Departamento de La Paz, Bolivia A long distance movement of a Spectacled Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in northern La Paz Department, Bolivia, Paisley en prep.). Datos empíricos sobre el uso del espacio tales como rango de hogar, selección de hábitat, movimientos altitudinales y densidades poblacionales son extremadamente escasos. En muchos sentidos esta información espacial es la más crítica para los propósitos de manejo y conservación de esta especie bandera y de los bosques nublados andinos en general; y hasta la fecha las decisiones han sido tomadas en base a sentido común y rumores (Peyton 1999). Aquí reportamos un movimiento de larga distancia de un jucumari marcado con radio-collar en el norte del departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. Un oso adulto macho (29 kg) fue capturado el 28 de junio 1998 en Pusupunku (14º 47.53' S, 69º 02.00' O; altitud = 3.000 m – 3.800 m) como parte de un estudio de radio telemetría del jucumari (Paisley en prep.). Este individuo fue seguido por un año hasta junio de 1999, período durante el cual el comportamiento de movimiento estuvo concentrado a cuatro valles adyacentes (Pusupunku, Pasto Grande, Siete Lagunas y Tojoloque; altitud = 2.900 -4.100 m) en la vecindad de Pusupunku cubriendo un área de aproximadamente 11km 2 (Paisley en prep.). En julio de 1999 este individuo desapareció de estos valles y cuatro meses más tarde fue localizado 15 km NNE de Pusupunku en un pequeño valle entre los valles de Quemado Pampa y Calla cerca al río Keara, dentro del Parque Nacional Madidi (14º 40.82' S, 68º 58.24' O; altitud = 3 100 m). Este individuo no ha reaparecido registrado en la vecindad de Pusupunku hasta nuestra última campaña de telemetría en abril de 2000. Las posibles razones para este movimiento de larga distancia de rango de hogar aparentemente estable (Paisley en prep.) incluyen: i) Cambios en los patrones de disponibilidad de recursos. Se conoce que el patrón de uso de hábitat por osos cambia estacionalmente (Peyton 1980, Suarez 1988, Velez & Azurduy 2000) y se piensa que esto está relacionado con la distribución y disponibilidad de recursos, incluyendo fuentes de alimento antrópicas como las chacras de maíz (Peyton 1980). Informes anecdóticos del área de Keara señalan la presencia de un oso con radio-collar en las chacras de maíz de este valle. La cosecha de maíz en este región es normalmente entre junio y julio.
The South American giant short-faced bear (Arctotherium angustidens Gervais and Ameghino, 1880) is one of five described Arctotherium species endemic to South America and it is known for being the earliest, largest, and most carnivorous member of the genus. Here we report an extraordinarily large A. angustidens individual exhumed from Ensenadan sediments (early to middle Pleistocene) at Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Based on overall size, degree of epiphyseal fusion, and pathologies, this bear was an old-aged male that sustained serious injuries during life. Body mass of the bear is estimated and compared to other ursid species based on a series of allometric equations. To our knowledge, this specimen now represents the largest bear ever recorded. In light of this discovery, we discuss the evolution of body size in Arctotherium (from large-to-small) and compare this to bears that exhibited different evolutionary trajectories. We suggest that the larger size and more carnivorous nature of A. angustidens, compared to later members of the genus, may reflect the relative lack of other large carnivores and abundance of herbivores in South America just after the Great American Biotic Interchange.
We present the results of a 2007 survey for Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) at Serrania de Pirre, Panama. We surveyed game trails using methodology developed by the Andean Bear Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society. We searched a total of 14 km along 3 trails and found 4 trees with claw marks resembling Andean bear activity signs. No other bear activity signs were found. The type and encounter rate of activity signs found at Serrania de Pirre indicate either a very sporadic and brief presence of Andean bears in the area or the absence of Andean bears and the misidentification of the claw marks as bear signs. We conclude that there is no resident population of Andean bears at the Serrania de Pirre and probably at the adjacent southernmost Serrania de Jingurudo. The only other mountain range biogeographically related with the Andes with reports of Andean bear presence in Panama is the northernmost Serrania del Darien. Serrania del Darien should be surveyed to confirm the status of Andean bears in Panama.
