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Systematic Review on Herbs with Antidandruff Property
Abstract
The most common problem in teenage and adult is of dandruff which is scientifically known as ‘Malassezia’ which if ignore can further continue with secondary symptoms like Acne, itching, discomfort etc. The present review highlighted the mechanism of ‘Malassezia’ along with the available treatment for it. Though the number of synthetic formulations available, the present review focuses on alterative and safe way to treat dandruff i.e. use of herbs with their biological source and constituents responsible for effectivity to solve the problem in broad population. Due to wide range of activity phytoconstituents like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, these synergistic effect may increase the applicability of herbs in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals as well. Hence the considering the need of herbal formulation development an attempt has been made to discuss about formulation commonly used to treat dandruff i.e. shampoo, different parameters of evaluation and invitro method evaluation of Antidandruff activity.
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Eclipta alba is a common folk medicinal plant which is generously known as bhringraj in Indian traditional medicine and as false daisy in English. It belongs to the Asteraceae family, found in almost all over the globe specially in tropical and subtropical region with various vernacular names include kesuriya (Bengali), maakaa (Marathi), yerba de tago (Minnesota), Kehraj (Assamese), Karisalankanni (Tamil), galagara (Telugu), bhangaro (Guajarati), bhangaara (Hindi). The plant has been traditionally used in folk medicine along with Ayurveda and Siddha for its curative properties where it is utilized as anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-venom, antioxidant, antimytotoxic, antihyperglycemic, immunomodulatory properties. A broad range of chemical components including alkaloids, coumentans, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, triterpenes, thiopenes and their derivatives have been extracted from this species. These phytochemicals show different pharmacological activities against several common diseases. This contribution provides update about isolated and identified chemical compounds from the plant extract and their traditional and pharmacological activities.
Malassezia spp. are commensal yeasts that can cause cutaneous ailments such as dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. We sought to develop a cost-effective, herbal formulation for the treatment of cutaneous ailments related to Malassezia spp. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) leaves exhibited activity against a clinical isolate and commercial strain of Malassezia furfur. The extracts were also found to be active against other pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation of aqueous extract showed a predominant presence of flavonoids apart from alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and proteins. Gel formulation of 30% aqueous fenugreek leaf extract was developed and optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent. The formulation showed good physicochemical characteristics and retained activity against M. furfur during 3-month accelerated stability studies. Furthermore, the developed herbal gel formulation did not show any irritation or sensitization in New Zealand rabbits after topical application, proving its cutaneous safety. Thus, topical gel formulation containing fenugreek leaf aqueous extract could be a safe and effective herbal treatment for various cutaneous fungal infections, including dandruff.
Plants are excellent source of active components which act as a natural
antimicrobial agent and used for treatment of various diseases in whole world from
ancient time. As a result the main focus of researchers is on the plants, especially
herbs and spices. Tulsi is most sacred plant of the India. It is cultivated for medicinal
and religious purposes. Ocimum sanctum has many beneficial properties namely antioxidative, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetic, antiviral and many others that’s why
this plant is also given the term “Queen of Herbs”. Tulsi is one of the most important
aromatic herb, which is widely used in Pharmaceutical Industry. O. sanctum is mostly
used in the form of extract and oil. The main secondary metabolites of Tulsi extract is
Eugenol, Linalool, β-Caryophyllene, Carvacrol, Apigenin, Rosmarinic Acid, Urosolic
Acid, these are derivatives of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, terpenoids, steroids and quinone isolated from Ocimum sanctum and other
medicinal plants. Tulsi leaves extract also inhibit the growth of pathogens which is
responsible for spoilage of fresh produce. Tulsi extract shows inhibitory effects
against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonellatyphae, Shigella dysentriae, Bacillus pumilus, Aspergillus spp., Candida albican and
Penicellium spp. Essential oil and extract of Tulsi leaves have antiviral properties
that’s why it is used extensively in medical practices. It is an excellent antimicrobial
agent so it is used in food products as an ingredient as well as medicine.
Plant oils have been utilized for a variety of purposes throughout history, with their integration into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. They are now being increasingly recognized for their effects on both skin diseases and the restoration of cutaneous homeostasis. This article briefly reviews the available data on biological influences of topical skin applications of some plant oils (olive oil, olive pomace oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, safflower seed oil, argan oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, borage oil, jojoba oil, oat oil, pomegranate seed oil, almond oil, bitter apricot oil, rose hip oil, German chamomile oil, and shea butter). Thus, it focuses on the therapeutic benefits of these plant oils according to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the skin, promotion of wound healing and repair of skin barrier.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts from neem leaves on growth of some human pathogens (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Candida albicans and Microsporum gypseum) in vitro. Different concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20%) prepared from these extracts inhibited the growth of the test pathogens and the effect gradually increased with concentration. The 20% ethyl acetate extract gave the strongest inhibition compared with the activity obtained by the same concentration of the other extracts. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of a main component (nimonol) which was purified and chemically confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. The 20% ethyl acetate extract lost a part of its antifungal effect after pooling out the nimonol and this loss in activity was variable on test pathogens. The purified nimonol as a separate compound did not show any antifungal activity when assayed against all the six fungal pathogens.
The present article discusses about the pathogenic agents responsible for dandruff, clinical manifestation and mechanism of action of dandruff. The article also discusses about various synthetic and herbal treatments available for dandruff and the side effects associated with synthetic antidandruff agents. These herbs have wide range of active principles and are used in their crude form or they may be extracted purified or derivatized to render them more suitable for use in cosmetics .The status of dandruff is ambiguous-a disease/disorder therefore relatively less medical intervention is sought after for the treatment of dandruff. Dandruff can be treated with over the counter products which are shampoos containing antifungal and antibacterial ingredients like zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, salicylic acid etc. These can slow down flaking. Herbal extracts have proved to be good alternatives for the chemical preparation. A number of herbal preparations have excellent result due to their synergistic antifungal, anti-inflammatory and immuno-stimulatory action.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a legume and it has been used as a spice throughout the world to enhance the sensory quality of foods. It is known for its medicinal qualities like antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, immunological Activity etc. Beside its medicinal value, it is also used as a part of various food product development as food stabilizer, adhesive, and emulsifying agent. More importantly it is used for the development of healthy and nutritious extruded and bakery product. The present paper reviews about nutraceutical properties of fenugreek and its utilization in various product developments.
Eclipta alba can be found growing wild in fallow lands of Bangladesh where it is considered as a weed by farmers. Traditional medicinal systems of the Indian subcontinent countries as well as tribal practitioners consider the plant to have diverse medicinal values and use it commonly for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract disorders (including asthma), fever, hair loss and graying of hair, liver disorders (including jaundice), skin disorders, spleen enlargement, and cuts and wounds. The plant has several phytoconstituents like wedelolactone, eclalbasaponins, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Pharmacological activities of plant extracts and individual phytoconstituents have revealed anticancer, hepatoprotective, snake venom neutralizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Phytoconstituents like wedelolactone and ursolic and oleanolic acids as well as luteolin and apigenin can form the basis of new drugs against cancer, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, and liver disorders.1. Background
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (also known as Eclipta prostrata Roxb.) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is commonly known as false daisy in English and bhringoraj or bhringraj in Bangladesh and India. It is regarded as a weed of ethnomedicinal significance. It is known in the three major forms of traditional medicinal systems in the Indian subcontinent, namely, Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, as bhringoraaja, bhangraa, and karissalaankanni, respectively. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India considers the plant as hepatoprotective [1]. The full taxonomic hierarchy is shown below in Table 1.
The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases, many of which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi can address physical, chemical, metabolic and psychological stress through a unique combination of pharmacological actions. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against chemical stress from industrial pollutants and heavy metals, and physical stress from prolonged physical exertion, ischemia, physical restraint and exposure to cold and excessive noise. Tulsi has also been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels, and psychological stress through positive effects on memory and cognitive function and through its anxiolytic and anti-depressant properties. Tulsi's broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes activity against a range of human and animal pathogens, suggests it can be used as a hand sanitizer, mouthwash and water purifier as well as in animal rearing, wound healing, the preservation of food stuffs and herbal raw materials and traveler's health. Cultivation of tulsi plants has both spiritual and practical significance that connects the grower to the creative powers of nature, and organic cultivation offers solutions for food security, rural poverty, hunger, environmental degradation and climate change. The use of tulsi in daily rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge offering solutions to modern problems.
Hair loss, hair thinning, poorly growing hair and powerless or dull hair are common complaints in clinical dermatology. There is a need for products, which support the hair growing process and control some of the disturbances in the hair cycle dynamics. In context of a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial efficacy of a fenugreek seeds containing food supplement against hair loss is evaluated. The results indicate a successful treatment of low to moderate hair loss in women and men. Additionally, positive effects on hair growth were demonstrated.
Dried latex (Aloe drug) and extractives of Aloe vera obtained by Hexane, Ethyl acetate and methanol were tested with the aim of assessing their activity against some phytopathogenic fungi and understanding the chemical nature of the active principles present in them. The activity of the extractives against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum capsici and Fusarium solani was assessed by poisoned food technique and activity against Colletotrichum curumerinum was assessed by thin layer chromatographic bioautography. Polar extractives obtained by methanol and ethyl acetate showed higher activity than non-polar extractive obtained by hexane. The extractives showed higher activity against Colletotrichum species than F. solani. Two constituents namely aloin and aloe-emodin were identified as active principles by their activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum curumerinum.
The root of Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae) has been used for treatment of fungal diseases such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot). In this study, we investigated the antifungal constituent of the root of Hibiscus syriacus Ggoma, which was produced by a mutation breeding using gamma ray irradiation, and compared the antifungal activity of H. syriacus Ggoma and its parent type. According to the results, the methanolic extract of H. syriacus Ggoma exhibited four times higher antifungal activity than its parent type against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Following purification through various column chromatographies, the antifungal substance was identified as nonanoic acid on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
A large number of common herbs possess antimicrobial activity, because of their bioactive components, and some of them have become new potential anti-infective agents. In the present study, the antifungal activity of the essential oil from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) was tested. The compositions of the oil was analyzed by GC/MS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against six pathogenic fungi causing ginseng root rot disease were determined for the essential oil. Ginger essential oil possessed significant antimicrobial effects against all phytopathogenic fungi tested. Only 0.3 % (v/v) concentration of ginger oil exhibited complete inhibition against Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Sclerotinia nivalis. The major constituents of ginger (Zingiber officinale) oil were citral (2, 6-octadienal, 3, 7-dimethyl) (76.94%), verbenyl ethyl ether (3.98 %), geranic acid (2.57%) and artemiseole (1.12%). The results of this investigation show evidence that the essential oil of ginger represent a potentially rich source for natural antimicrobials and may be useful as alternative anti-infectious agent to control ginseng root rot fungi.
Plants have been a source of medicinal compounds since ancient times and have been used to treat various diseases in humans as well as animals. Many of the modern clinical drugs are of natural origin. Hibiscus Rosa sinensis is one of the miraculous medicinal herbs that is found to have powerful antimicrobial properties. This review focuses on the structural aspects of this plant along with its ecology, composition, bioactivity and some of its major applications in the scientific field.
Hair cosmetics are an important tool that helps to increase patient's adhesion to alopecia and scalp treatments. This article reviews the formulations and the mode of action of hair cosmetics: Shampoos, conditioners, hair straightening products, hair dyes and henna; regarding their prescription and safetiness. The dermatologist's knowledge of hair care products, their use, and their possible side effects can extend to an understanding of cosmetic resources and help dermatologists to better treat hair and scalp conditions according to the diversity of hair types and ethnicity.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease characterized by defects in the epidermal barrier function and cutaneous inflammation, in which transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is increased and the ability of the stratum corneum to hold water is impaired, causing decreased skin capacitance and hydration. This study investigated the effects of topical virgin coconut oil (VCO) and mineral oil, respectively, on SCORAD (SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis) index values, TEWL, and skin capacitance in pediatric patients with mild to moderate AD, using a randomized controlled trial design in which participants and investigators were blinded to the treatments allocated. Patients were evaluated at baseline, and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. A total of 117 patients were included in the analysis. Mean SCORAD indices decreased from baseline by 68.23% in the VCO group and by 38.13% in the mineral oil group (P < 0.001). In the VCO group, 47% (28/59) of patients achieved moderate improvement and 46% (27/59) showed an excellent response. In the mineral oil group, 34% (20/58) of patients showed moderate improvement and 19% (11/58) achieved excellent improvement. The VCO group achieved a post-treatment mean TEWL of 7.09 from a baseline mean of 26.68, whereas the mineral oil group demonstrated baseline and post-treatment TEWL values of 24.12 and 13.55, respectively. In the VCO group, post-treatment skin capacitance rose to 42.3 from a baseline mean of 32.0, whereas that in the mineral oil group increased to 37.49 from a baseline mean of 31.31. Thus, among pediatric patients with mild to moderate AD, topical application of VCO for eight weeks was superior to that of mineral oil based on clinical (SCORAD) and instrumental (TEWL, skin capacitance) assessments.
ABSTRACT Dandruff is a common disorder affecting the scalp and can be an embarrassing condition. Currently available treatment options have certain limitations, either due to poor efficacies or due to compliance issues. Furthermore, these drugs are unable to prevent recurrence, which is common troublesome clinical problem. This study was planned to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of "Anti-Dandruff Hair Oil" in the management of dandruff. Dandruff is a common disorder affecting the scalp and can be an embarrassing condition. Currently available treatment options have certain limitations, either due to poor efficacies or due to compliance issues. Furthermore, these drugs are unable to prevent recurrence, which is common troublesome clinical problem. This study was planned to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of "Anti-Dandruff Hair Oil" in the management of dandruff. ABBREVIATIONS IL : interleukin γ-IFN : gamma-interferon This study was an open, non-comparative, non-randomized, phase III clinical trial, conducted as per the ethical guidelines of Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. Twenty-five patients of both sexes, from the age group of 20-45 years, who were clinically diagnosed as suffering from mild to moderate dandruff, and who were willing to give informed consent were enrolled in the study. Patients with severe hair fall due to endocrine disorders, patients with scanty hair and those with severe scalp skin infection were excluded from the study. All enrolled patients underwent a thorough clinical examination, with special emphasis on local scalp skin examination. All patients were advised to apply 10 ml of "Anti-Dandruff Hair Oil", twice daily for a period of 2 weeks with gentle massage to the entire scalp and were advised to leave the "Anti-Dandruff Hair Oil" on the scalp for a contact period of minimum 3-4 hours after application. All patients were followed for a period of 2 weeks. Clinical assessment of scalp lesions was done objectively and also subjectively. Thorough scalp examination was done after the completion of 1 week and at the end of the study. The severity of the dandruff symptom was recorded on a score scale and patients, with help of a linear analogue scale, did the subjective assessment. The predefined primary efficacy endpoints were rapid clinical improvement and symptomatic control of dandruff. The predefined secondary safety endpoints for short- and long- term were assessed by incidence of adverse events and patient compliance to the therapy. All adverse events reported or observed by patients were recorded with information about severity, date of onset, duration and action taken regarding the study drug. Statistical analysis was done according to intention-to-treat principles. The minimum level of significance was fixed at 99% confidence limit and a 2-sided p value of
Synopsis
Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost half of the postpubertal population of any ethnicity and both genders. It may, however, represent a stubborn esthetical disturbance often source of pruritus. Skin biocenosis, in particular the Malassezia spp. flora, plays a key aetiologic role, in combination with the unusual capacity of some corneocytes to be coated by these yeasts. Substantial evidence indicates that keratinocytes play an active role in the generation and expression of immunopathological reactions. This is probably the case in dandruff. Upon stimulation of a critical colonization of corneocytes by Malassezia yeasts, the release of pro‐inflammatory mediators is increased. This could lead to the subclinical microinflammation present in dandruff. In seborrheic dermatitis, local deposits of immunoglobulins and the release of lymphokines are responsible for the recruitment and local activation of leukocytes leading to the eventual amplification of the inflammatory reaction. Some ancillary non‐microbial causes of dandruff may operate through physical or chemical irritants. Many methods have been described for rating dandruff. Our favourite tools are clinical examination and squamometry. Dandruff can precipitate telogen effluvium and exacerbate androgenic alopecia. Antidandruff formulations exhibiting some direct or indirect anti‐inflammatory activity can improve both dandruff and its subsequent hair cycle disturbance.
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