A Study of the Phytoremediation Process Using Water Lettuce (Pistia Stratiotes) in the Removal of Ciprofloxacin

Abstract

The use of antibiotics has become imperative and unavoidable in medicine to Figureht against microbes, but the majority of these antibiotics are found in environmental ecosystems. It is revealed that the presence of these in the environment, intoxicates the bacterial ecological medium.Then, this investigated the phytoremediation abilities of Water lettuce (Pistia Stratiotes). Adolescent plants were placed in two different concentrations of Ciprofloxacin solution for 7 days. The aim was to see if the plant could remove the Ciprofloxacin, what amount of it and the effects of the drug on the plant thereafter. The concentrations were 50ppm and 10ppm of Ciprofloxacin. The result was that at 50ppm, the plants developed necrosis within 3 days and died. At 10ppm solution, water lettuce managed more than 70% removal efficiency, and also a steady growth of the plant was maintained at 0.1606 g/day. For the concentration of Ciprofloxacin, analysis of sample water was done using UV-Visible Spectroscopy and plant extract was analyzed by HPLC. The study proved that water lettuce can be used as a remediation technique for surface waters, or can be an end-of-pipe measure for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment facilities before discharge into surface waters.

Full text

Page 1

Page 1
American Journal of
Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI)
A Study of the Phytoremediation Process Using Water Lettuce (Pistia StratiotesPistia Stratiotes)
in the Removal of Ciprooxacin
Vimbai Masiyambiri1, Bachir Yaou Balarabe2*, Irédon Adjama1, Hassimi Moussa3,
Maman Nasser Illiassou Oumarou1, Abdoul Moumouni Iro Sodo4
Volume 2 Issue 1, Year 2023
ISSN: 2833-1397 (Online)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v2i1.1092
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Article Information ABSTRACT
Received: December 19, 2022
Accepted: December 26, 2022
Published: January 07, 2023
The use of antibiotics has become imperative and unavoidable in medicine to Figureht
against microbes, but the majority of these antibiotics are found in environmental ecosys-
tems. It is revealed that the presence of these in the environment, intoxicates the bacterial ecologi-
cal medium.Then, this investigated the phytoremediation abilities of Water lettuce (Pistia
Stratiotes). Adolescent plants were placed in two different concentrations of Ciprooxacin
solution for 7 days. The aim was to see if the plant could remove the Ciprooxacin, what
amount of it and the effects of the drug on the plant thereafter. The concentrations were
50ppm and 10ppm of Ciprooxacin. The result was that at 50ppm, the plants developed
necrosis within 3 days and died. At 10ppm solution, water lettuce managed more than 70%
removal efciency, and also a steady growth of the plant was maintained at 0.1606 g/day.
For the concentration of Ciprooxacin, analysis of sample water was done using UV-Visible Spec-
troscopy and plant extract was analyzed by HPLC. The study proved that water lettuce can be used
as a remediation technique for surface waters, or can be an end-of-pipe measure for pharmaceutical
wastewater treatment facilities before discharge into surface waters.
Keywords
Phytoremediation, Removal
Efciency, Pistia Stratiotes,
Ciprooxacin
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater reservoirs are being depleted and ocean
temperatures are rising, causing water pollution. As a
result of anthropogenic activities, water is polluted 1.
Adverse effects have been observed on the water supply.
These include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs,
and groundwater. When contaminants are introduced
into bodies of water, it leads to pollution. The pollution
control industry has seen an increase in the last few years
as a result of rising concerns. Untreated wastewater and
industrial efuents. There are a number of ways in which
antibiotics enter the environment. Among them are direct
human or animal excretion, animal manure applied to
crops as fertilizer, municipal wastewater treatment plants,
hospitals, and manufacturing plants (Balarabe & Maity,
2022; Booth et al., 2020; Kraemer et al., 2019). With the
rapid development of pharmaceutical waste, a growing
threat is posed to surface and groundwater resources with
adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems (Balarabe et al.,
2022; Jin & Aslam, 2019). As most antibiotics have active
ingredients that dissolve in water, they can be transmitted
into aquatic food webs as well. Bioaccumulation poses a
threat to public health, destroys aquatic ora and fauna,
and leads to drug-resistant waterborne diseases. Several
pharmaceutical wastes end up in the environment,
including antibiotics, hormone wastes, and analgesics,
from inappropriately disposed of pharmaceuticals,
unused or expired tablets, and unprescribed pills.
Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Ibuprofen, Ciprooxacin,
and Noroxacin are some of the antibiotics that persist
in wastewater after treatment (Shikha & Gauba, 2016).
To classify uoroquinolones, it is necessary to examine
their spectrum of activity as well as their pharmacokinetic
prole. A uoroquinolone-type antibiotic known as
Ciprooxacin is an antibiotic that has broad antibacterial
activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria (Wu et al., 2008). With well-established safety
features, Ciprooxacin is a promising and effective
antibiotic. Having effectively treated over 250 million
people globally, its safety prole has been extensively
documented in a large number of scientic articles.
Ciprooxacin inhibits DNA gyrase, which is needed for
disease replication. After oral treatment, ciprooxacin is
rarely absorbed completely. Ciprooxacin has an absolute
bioavailability of 70–80 percent, with no signicant
loss due to rst-pass metabolism (Sharma et al., 2009).
Many traditional cleanup procedures do not provide
adequate solutions to pollution in water and soil today.
Pharmaceutical and industrial waste products accumulate
in the land, air, and water, destroying plants and causing
health problems. Heavy metal toxins, antibiotics, hormonal
wastes, and pharmaceuticals are among the pollutants. As
part of the phytoremediation process, plants are utilized
in soil, sediment, and water to remove, transport, stabilize,
and decompose pollutants deposited in them through the
use of plants (Shikha & Gauba, 2016). Restoration of the
environment with plants is centuries old and cannot be
credited to any individual. A phytoremediation method
is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and promising.
An example of phytoremediation is the use of plants to
treat contaminated environments when they are naturally
occurring or genetically modied. There is a growing
1 School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, India
2 School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, India
3 Département des Sciences de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université Boubakar Bâ, Tillabéri, Niger
4 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), University of Ibadan, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: yaoubalarabe@gmail.com

Page 2
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
interest in phytoremediation, in which macrophyte
plants are used in constructed wetlands and stormwater
detention ponds to treat eutrophic waterways (Tanmay
Sanyal & Saha, 2022) Phytoremediation has evolved
recently. The concept of phytoextraction was developed
by Singh & Santal, an approach that uses plants to absorb
pollutants into their biomass. Pollutants are absorbed by
plants and stored in their aerial portions, after harvesting,
the plant is discarded (Kumar et al., 2018) . Rhizoltration
involves the root system of plants interacting with toxins
to remove pollution. This technology has the potential
to reduce the bioavailability of organic and inorganic
contaminants. Rhizoltration leaves the pollutant on/
in the root. In phytovolatilization, toxins are absorbed
from the soil, converted to a volatile form, and released
into the atmosphere (A. Yan et al., 2020). Then, plants
involved in process requires a dense root system
(Radziemska et al., 2017) (A. Yan et al., 2020). As well as
the degradation of contaminants in soil, groundwater,
and surface waters, phytodegradation is the enzyme-
mediated uptake and breakdown of pollutants within
plants. Plants and accompanying microbes digest organic
pollutants to transform them into harmless forms. Plant
roots absorb a considerable amount of contaminants.
There are thousands of Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce)
oating in the ocean. It spreads rapidly in nutrient-
contaminated water. Due to its availability and ability to
withstand temperatures up to 30°C, water lettuce can treat
wastewater. It grows in massive colonies on water as an
Araceae macrophyte. If left unchecked, these colonies can
be invasive. While a dense root network absorbs/adsorbs
contaminants from water, hydrophobic leaf surfaces keep
it aoat (Galal & Farahat, 2015) and (Mustafa & Hayder,
2021). Phytoremediation, therefore, is an environmentally
friendly, cheap, efcient, and effective way to remove
antibiotics from contaminated water (Ansari et al., 2020).
Industrial, household and agricultural wastewater have
been treated with Pistia stratiotes. This plant is widely used
because of its availability, durability in toxic environments,
bioaccumulation potential, and invasive properties
(Mustafa & Hayder, 2021). In a lab test, (Gowri et al., 2020)
found that water lettuce can be used to purify eutrophic
surface water, but not for drinking. To name a few, water
lettuce reduced or increased BOD, COD, pH, Nitrates,
Phosphates, and TDS. A study by (Kumar et al., 2018)
found that Water Lettuce (P. Stratiotes) can remove heavy
metal contamination. A 75% maximum extraction of
heavy metal was from the water. According to (Upadhyay
& Panda, 2009), copper on water lettuce could be a
bioindicator for copper levels in surface water. (Odjegba
& Fasidi, 2004) tested the effectiveness of Water lettuce
for the removal of heavy metals was tested. It was found
that the rate of leaf growth was found to be reduced
when metal type, concentrations, and exposure time were
increased. This study aims to remove Ciprooxacin from
a hydroponic nutrient solution by water lettuce.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
All the materials and solvents were purchased from
commercial sources (Finer Chemicals, India, Sisco
research laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India, Sigma Aldrich,
and Abhishek Enterprise Pvt. Ltd.) and used as received
without purication. Distilled water was used as the
solvent for Ciprooxacin and the Hoagland solution
in which the plants were grown. For standardization in
HPLC, Milli-Q water was used as a solvent as required
by the HPLC protocol. Milli-Q water and spectroscopic
grade solvents were used for all measurements.
Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) plants
The adolescent water lettuce plants were obtained from
Umarose Nursery and Farm, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
The plants were washed thoroughly and grown in a
hydroponic solution for 1 week prior to exposure to a
Ciprooxacin solution.
Preparation and characterization of Hoagland
Solution
Pistia stratiotes plant life was sustained in a hydroponic
system by using a Hoagland solution which is prepared
based on the modied protocol of Hoagland and Amon
in 1950 (Seth et al., 2011). The nutrients were made
separately into stock solutions and the working solution
was mixed accordingly (Table 1).
Table 1: Hoagland Solution Composition: The stock and working solutions.
Nutrient Stock solution (g/100mL) Working solution (mL/L)
Macro-nutrients Calcium nitrate
Potassium Nitrate
Magnesium sulfate
Monopotassium phosphate
23.61
5.02
24.64
1.31
2.50
2.50
1.00
1.00
Micronutrients Boric acid
Manganese sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Copper (2) sulfate
Molybdic acid
EDTA-K salt
Ferric Sulfate
2.86
1.54
0.22
0.08
0.09
2.50
2.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Preparation and Characterization of Ciprooxacin HCL
The Ciprooxacin HCL used was obtained from Abaris
Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Mehsana, India. Ciprooxacin
is insoluble in water, therefore, the study utilized
Ciprooxacin Hydrochloric powder. The study targeted
the degradation of a 10ppm solution of Ciprooxacin.

Page 3
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
UV-Visible Spectroscopy was used to analyze a 10ppm
solution of Ciprooxacin and single distilled water at full-
spectrum analysis (200-800nm) to nd the absorbance
peak for Ciprooxacin. The same analysis was also done
using 10ppm Ciprooxacin and Hoagland solution. High-
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used
to Characterized Ciprooxacin according to the protocol
described by (Wu et al., 2008).
Development of Ciprooxacin Calibration curve
To develop a standard for Ciprooxacin, 2 calibration
curves were plotted using results from UV-Visible
spectrometry and HPLC analysis. The standard determined
the key concentration to use in characterization studies.
A sample of 1mg/10ml was used to create a 100ppm
stock solution, from which 2, 4, 6,8, and 10ppm working
solutions were derived to create the calibration curve. The
absorbance for Ciprooxacin was determined at 271nm.
Preparation of Citrate - phosphate buffer
To check the availability of Ciprooxacin in the plant,
the plant extract was derived using a Citric-dihydrogen
phosphate buffer called McIlvaine buffer after its creator,
Theodore McIlvaine in 1921. Development and use were
done following the protocol by (McIlvaine, 1921; Y. Yan
et al., 2021).
Experimental procedure
Pistia stratiotes plants were grown in two different
concentrations, 50 ppm, and 10 ppm concentrations.
The rst was to introduce plants to a slightly high
concentration, to determine the level of toxicity water
lettuce can withstand. The second concentration was
primarily the focus of the study, to see if and what amount
of the Ciprooxacin could be removed by the plant from
water. It was a test of its phytoremediation capability.
Plants were monitored for 7 days for both parameters.
Water lettuce was grown at ambient temperature. The
pH was monitored as the plant needs a pH of 6.5-7.5 to
grow. Water loss through evapotranspiration was relled
with distilled water and Hoagland solution. Readings
for UV- Visible spectroscopy were taken initially from
Ciprooxacin solution prior to transplanting the plants.
On the 7th day, another UV-Visible reading was done to
check the amount of Ciprooxacin left. The pH reading
was carried out every day because Ciprooxacin HCL is
acidic and acidity could kill the plant. Foil paper was used
on samples to reduce photodegradation of Ciprooxacin
as shown in the experimental set-up. The Pistia stratiotes
resilience by taking initial and nal growth fresh
weights and calculating the growth per day. The growth
was monitored in the 7 days the plant was exposed to
Ciprooxacin.
Figure 1: Experimental setup:
(a) Distilled water mixed with Ciprooxacin (at 10 ppm) under the sun; (b) Distilled water mixed with Ciprooxacin (at 10
ppm) without the sun; (c) Distilled water mixed with Holang solution (at 10 ppm) under the sun; (d) Distilled water mixed
with Holang solution (at 10 ppm) without the sun; (e) Holang solution (at 10 ppm) with Pistia stratiotes under the sun; (f)
Holang solution (at 10 ppm) with Pistia stratiotes without the sun; (g) Ciprooxacin, Holang solution (at 10 ppm) and Pistia
stratiotes under the sun; (h) Ciprooxacin, Holang solution (at 10 ppm) and Pistia stratiotes without the sun.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ciprooxacin concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and
50ppm were tested. Figure. 2a shows that the higher
the concentration of ciprooxacin, the more difcult
it is for the plant to survive. The plant grows normally
up to 10pmmIn the Ciprooxacin solution, plants
developed chlorosis and necrosis within the rst 3 days
and died. Plants suffer toxicity from absorbing uorine,
which explains this. Plant growth is illustrated in Figure.
2a&b at 10ppm and 50ppm, respectively. Fluorine is
a determining factor in the structure of Ciprooxacin,
which is a uoroquinolone (Sharma et al., 2009). Plants
sensitive to uorine are susceptible to necrotic lesions,
burning, chlorosis, leaf damage, and development and

Page 4
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
reproductive suppression (Banerjee & Roychoudhury,
2019). It became apparent that the water lettuce samples
that contained 50ppm will be effective as bioindicators in
the future (Galal & Farahat, 2015).
UV- Vis spectroscopy indicated a lambda max of 271nm
for 10ppm ciprooxacin solution and a maximum
absorbance of 0.8573111 (Figure. 3a). The lambda max
was also found to be 271nm for Ciprooxacin and
Figure 2: (a)-Water lettuce survival analysis, (b)-Normal growth of Water lettuce in 10ppm Cipro solution, (c)-Dying
of Water lettuce plants in 50ppm Cipro solution.
Hoagland solution at 10ppm, showing almost the same
absorbance. In Figure. 3c, the calibration curve at different
concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10ppm) was plotted and
the equation was y= 0.0844x + 0.0136 with an R2 of
0.9992. The UV-Visible reading of day 7 indicated that
there had been a signicant decrease in UV absorption.
The degradation efciency of the can be dened as
Degradation efciency (%) = (C0-Ct)/C0 × 100% 2,
where: C0 is the Cipro concentration at 10ppm, and Ct is
the residual concentration of Cipro after 7 days. In Figure.
3d, the degradation efciency of the treatments S1, S2,
S3, S4, S7, and S8 has been shown. It is evident from
Treatments 1 and 2 that light contributes to ciprooxacin
degradation. 3.62% of Cipro removable was attributed
to light. Furthermore, when Hoagland’s solution was
added (S3 treatment), the degradation rate increased
from 3.62% to 5.69%. Iron present in Hoagland’s
solution may act as a reducing agent. Combined with
light + Hoagland’s solution + Water lettuce, signicant
degradation occurs. Therefore, Water lettuce is able to
absorb 71.92% (treatment S7) of ciprooxacin compared
to 66.60% without light (treatment S7). In addition, this
illustrates how light inuences ciprooxacin degradation.
After this, on the 7th day, Water lettuce from treatment
S7 was harvested and dried at ambient temperatures. This
took 4 days for the plants to be completely dry. The dried
Figure 3 : (a)-UV- Vis Spectroscopy of Cipro solution, (b)-UV- Vis Spectroscopy of Cipro and Hoagland solution,
(c)-Calibration Curve of Cipro solution in UV-Vis Spectroscopy and (d)-Cipro removable efciency per treatment.
plant was then prepared for HPLC using the protocol
which uses McIlvaine buffer to get plant extract (A. Yan
et al., 2020). A mortar was used to ne-grind dried plant
samples. The plant powder was then sifted and placed
in a centrifuge tube. 0.1 molar of McIlvaine Buffer at
pH 3 was prepared up to 20 ml, then added to the plant
sample. This was sonicated for 10 min and placed in a
centrifuge for 10 min with extraction done 3 times. The
extract was ltered using Whatman’s lter paper. The
clear plant extract was analyzed by HPLC to determine
Ciprooxacin content. Bypassing the plant extract
through HPLC, it was observed that a peak synonymous
with Ciprooxacin was observed (Figure. 4a&b). This
proved beyond doubt that Water lettuce had the ability
to absorb Ciprooxacin from water. The peak observed
in HPLC is shown in Figure. 3a&b. The time of the peak

Page 5
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
during calibration is the same as the time observed from
the plant extract. This observation means that the same
compound (Ciprooxacin) was retained, eluted, and
detected in both instances. From the standard curve of the
2, 4, 6, 8, and 100 in Figure. 4c with equation y= 33519x-
34322 and R2= 0.9963, the peak from the water lettuce
plant extract in Figure. 4b corresponded with the peak
for 8ppm concentration. Therefore, the concentration
of Ciprooxacin in the water lettuce plant extract can be
calculated from the standard curve equation. According
to HPLC, the amount of Ciprooxacin present in
the plant after 7 days was 7.78 ppm. This supports
the hypothesis that Water lettuce can be used as a
phytoremediation strategy to cleanse wastewater that has
Ciprooxacin. The removal efciency indicates 77.8%,
which is similar to the efciency percentage obtained by
UV-Visible spectroscopy. There was also conrmation
from a mass spectrometry analysis of degraded Cipro in
the dye solution that no signicant smaller fragments are
present as a result of this degradation process (Figure.
4d&e). The following table 2 presents a brief summary
of the previous studies, the methods used, and the
results derived from these studies. During the 7-day
period, the water lettuce plant had accumulative growth
Figure 4: (a)-HPLC peak of 10 ppm Cipro concentration, (b)- Plant Extract analysis in HPLC, (c)-Calibration Curve
of Cipro in HPLC and Mass Spectrometry analysis of Cipro (d)-before and (e)-after 7 days.
of 0.1606grams each day. This growth was not deterred
by the effects of Ciprooxacin, which means that it is a
hyperaccumulator. The Relative growth rate (g/d) = (W2-
W1/ T2-T1) (Kumar et al., 2018).
Where W1 (9.53167g) is the initial mass of fresh plants,
W2 is the nal mass of fresh plants (8.5676g); T1 is
day 1 and T2, is the last day. The Relative growth rate is
0.1606grams/day.
The Bioconcentration factor or bioaccumulation factor is
calculated to determine if a plant is a hyperaccumulator.
This means that the plant biomass will not be disturbed
by the amount of pollutant accumulation at a particular
concentration of said pollutant. In other words, it is a
ratio of the contaminant in the plant in relation to its
concentration in the water. For hyperaccumulators, the
BCF is more than 1. The BCF = CHPLC / CUV.
Where CHPLC (7.78ppm) is the contaminant
concentration in plant tissue (HPLC result) and CUV
(2.69ppm) is the contaminant concentration in wastewater
(UV result).
For this particular study, the BCF for water lettuce was
2.89. BCF is more than 1 means that Water Lettuce is
a hyperaccumulator and can be used to reduce bio-
availability of Ciprooxacin in affected waters. BCF
is also important as it shows the impact or risk to the
ecosystem under threat from a contaminant.
Table 2: A summary of previous studies
Serial
No.
Location Experimental Parameters Analytical Technique Summary References
1 Uttarakhand,
India
Removal of selected metals
Copper, Iron, and Mercury
using Water Lettuce
Absorbances
recorded using UV-
Vis Spectroscopy
Water lettuce managed
to effectively remediate
synthetic and industrial
wastewater
(Kumar et al.,
2018)
2 Vanarasi,
India
5 heavy metals (Cu, Cr,
Fe, Zn, Cd) in 3 different
concentrations (1.0, 2.0,
5.0mg-L
Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer,
UV-Vis, Extraction
air acetylene ame
method
Water lettuce along
with two other aquatic
plants showed that it
was highly effective
as a phytoremediator,
without damage from
toxicity.
(Mishra &
Tripathi,
2008)

Page 6
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
3 Lagos,
Nigeria
Exposure of live plants
to crude oil (0–100 ppm)
for 28 days at a normal
temperature of 30 ± 2C.
Total Hydrogen
content (THC)
and metal ion
concentration were
measured using AAS.
Crude oil was toxic to
the plant. Using growth
and cell division Water
lettuce can be used as a
bio-indicator in water.
(Akapo et al.,
201 C.E.)
4 Ankara,
Turkey
Water Lettuce exposed to
different concentrations of
Cadmium and Lead
ICP-MS used to
analyze plant extract
Water lettuce was
successful in removing
heavy metals at
moderate concentrations
(Ali et al.,
2020)
5 Fort Pierce,
USA
2 plots in 2 different
stormwater detention plots.
1plot with water lettuce
plants, Analysis of water
samples weekly for 22
months
ICP-OES 20% reduction in metals
in water. The highest
accumulation was of Cr
(Lu et al.,
2010)
6 Prague,
Czech
Republic
8 variants were set up. Plans
were grown in Hoagland
solution. Harvesting of
plants for analysis on days, 2
4 and 8
ICP-OES, UV-Vis
Spectroscopy
Pb accumulation by
rhizoltration. Chlorosis
due to increased Pb
accumulation
(Veselý et al.,
2013)
7 Alexandria,
Egypt
3 experimental units with
water lettuce. Growth
monitored for 7 days.
Physicochemical
parameters of
wastewater analyzed
High removal rate of Fe,
Cu, Zn. Reduction of
TN and TP and removal
of HNO3
Gaballah et
al., 2019)
8 Nigeria Using Water lettuce to treat
wastewater from rubber
industry efuent for 3 years
AAS Successful in reduction
of water perimeters to
WHO permissible limits
(Owamah et
al., 2014)
9 Shanghai,
Bangkok,
Weekly sampling of
physicochemical properties
of water under study- 3
macrophytes.
6months in 3 separate tanks.
Analysis after every 10 days
Water parameters
analyzed
Water lettuce exhibited
the highest efciency
removal of Phosphorus.
High nitrogen removal
was attributed to its
dense root system
which encouraged
microbial activity for
denitrication
(Lu et al.,
2010)
10 Thailand
China
Water lettuce grown and
analyzed for 7 days with
different Chlorpyrifos
concentrations
GC-ECD Water lettuce growth
and removal efciency
was dose dependent.
Img + concentration of
the pesticide was toxic.
(Prabakaran et
al., 2019)
11 Gujarat
India
Water lettuce grown
and analyzed for 7 days
with different 10ppm
Ciprooxacin
UV-Vis, HPLC,
GC-MS
Water lettuce growth
and removal efciency
was approx. 70%
This work
CONCLUSION
Phytoremediation of Ciprooxacin using Water lettuce
was achieved in the study. The study supports earlier work
mentioned above that macrophytes can remediate surface
waters. The study was done under ambient temperatures.
The variable that was maintained was the pH. The plants
need pH of between 6.5 - 7.5. As the study was done
during the month of May, one of the hottest months for
Gujarat, India, it showed resilience for high temperatures.
In order to maintain the sustainability of contaminated
large-scale landscapes and damaged aquatic ecosystems,
phytoremediation is a practical and economical method
of cleanup that uses macrophytes like water lettuce. Water
lettuce is an invasive macrophyte which grows in most
tropical regions. By harnessing macrophytes to remediate
surface water, not only do ecosystems benet, it is also an
investment in future environmental sustainability. Research
is needed to nd out if Water lettuce can remediate more
pharmaceutical waste. The performance of the plant in
a eld study on pharmaceutical waste water needs to be
studied. In the above study, Ciprooxacin interactions with
the rhizosphere and plant tissue were not explored.
Compliance with ethical standards.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing

Page 7
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
nancial interests or personal relationships that could
have appeared to inuence the work reported in this
paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
REFERENCE
Akapo, A. A.-R., Omidij, S. O., & Otitoloju, A. A. (201
C.E., June). Morphological and anatomical effects of
crude oil on Pistia stratiotes | SpringerLink. https://
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-011-
9333-x
Ali, S., Abbas, Z., Rizwan, M., Zaheer, I., Yavaş, İ.,
Ünay, aydın, Abdel Daim, M., Bin-Jumah, M., &
Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). Application of Floating
Aquatic Plants in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals
Polluted Water: A Review. Sustainability, 12. https://
doi.org/10.3390/su12051927
Ansari, A., Naeem, M., Gill, S., & Alzuaibr, F. (2020).
Phytoremediation of contaminated waters: An eco-
friendly technology based on aquatic macrophytes
application. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2020.03.002
Balarabe, B. Y., Bowmik, S., Ghosh, A., & Maity, P.
(2022). Photocatalytic dye degradation by magnetic
XFe2O3 (X: Co, Zn, Cr, Sr, Ni, Cu, Ba, Bi, and Mn)
nanocomposites under visible light: A cost efciency
comparison. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic
Materials, 562, 169823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2022.169823
Balarabe, B. Y., & Maity, P. (2022). Visible light-driven
complete photocatalytic oxidation of organic dye by
plasmonic Au-TiO2 nanocatalyst under batch and
continuous ow condition. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 655, 130247.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130247
Banerjee, A., & Roychoudhury, A. (2019). Biologia
plantarum: Fluorine: A biohazardous agent for plants
and phytoremediation strategies for its removal from
the environment. https://bp.ueb.cas.cz/artkey/
bpl-201901-0013_fluorine-a-biohazardous-agent-
for-plants-and-phytoremediation-strategies-for-its-
removal-from-the-environment.php?back=/magno/
bpl/2019/mn1.php?secid=5
Booth, A., Aga, D. S., & Wester, A. L. (2020).
Retrospective analysis of the global antibiotic residues
that exceed the predicted no effect concentration for
antimicrobial resistance in various environmental
matrices. Environment International, 141, 105796.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105796
Gaballah, M. S., Ismail, K., Beltagy, A., Zein Eldin, A.
M., & Ismail, M. M. (2019). Wastewater Treatment
Potential of Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) with
Modied Engineering Design. Journal of Water
Chemistry and Technology, 41(3), 197–205. https://doi.
org/10.3103/S1063455X1903010X
Galal, T. M., & Farahat, E. A. (2015). The invasive
macrophyte Pistia stratiotes L. as a bioindicator for
water pollution in Lake Mariut, Egypt. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 187(11), 701. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10661-015-4941-4
Gowri, A., Balasubramani, R., Muthunarayanan, V.,
Nguyen, D. D., Nguyen, X., Chang, S.-W., Nguyen,
V. K., & Thamaraiselvi, C. (2020). Phytoremediation
Potential of Freshwater Macrophytes for Treating
Dye-Containing Wastewater. Sustainability, 13, 329.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010329
Jin, K., & Aslam, M. (2019). The occurrence of pharmaceutical
waste in different parts of the world: A scoping review.
https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27951v1
Kraemer, S. A., Ramachandran, A., & Perron, G. G.
(2019). Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment:
From Microbial Ecology to Public Policy.
Microorganisms, 7(6), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/
microorganisms7060180
Kumar, V., Singh, J., & Chopra, A. K. (2018). Assessment
of plant growth attributes, bioaccumulation,
enrichment, and translocation of heavy metals in
water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) grown in sugar mill
efuent. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 20(5),
507–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1
393391
Lu, Q., He, Z. L., Graetz, D. A., Stoffella, P. J., & Yang,
X. (2010). Phytoremediation to remove nutrients and
improve eutrophic stormwaters using water lettuce
(Pistia stratiotes L.). Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 17(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11356-008-0094-0
McIlvaine, T. C. (1921). A Buffer Solution for Colorimetric
Comparison. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 49(1), 183–
186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86000-
8
Mishra, V. K., & Tripathi, B. D. (2008). Concurrent
removal and accumulation of heavy metals by the
three aquatic macrophytes. Bioresource Technology,
99(15), 7091–7097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2008.01.002
Mustafa, H. M., & Hayder, G. (2021). Recent
studies on applications of aquatic weed plants in
phytoremediation of wastewater: A review article. Ain
Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 355–365. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.05.009
Odjegba, V. J., & Fasidi, I. O. (2004). Accumulation of
Trace Elements by Pistia stratiotes: Implications for
phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology, 13(7), 637–646.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-003-4424-1
Owamah, H. I., Enaboifo, M. A., & Izinyon, O. C. (2014,
December). Treatment of wastewater from raw rubber
processing industry using water lettuce macrophyte
pond and the reuse of its efuent as biofertilizer
Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/
science/article/abs/pii/S0378377414002546
Prabakaran, K., Li, J., Anandkumar, A., Leng, Z., Zou,
C. B., & Du, D. (2019). Managing environmental
contamination through phytoremediation by invasive

Page 8
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi
Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 2(1) 1-8, 2023
plants: A review. Ecological Engineering, 138, 28–37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.07.002
Radziemska, M., Vaverková, M., & Anna, B. (2017).
Phytostabilization—Management Strategy for
Stabilizing Trace Elements in Contaminated Soils.
International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health, 14, 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ijerph14090958
Seth, C. S., Singh, V. M., R. R., & Zolla, L. (2011,
June 2). EDTA-enhanced lead phytoremediation
in sunower (Helianthus annuus L.) hydroponic
culture | SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1007/s11104-011-0841-8
Sharma, P. C., Jain, A., Jain, S., Pahwa, R., & Mohammad
Shahar Yar. (2009, September 25). Ciprooxacin:
Review on developments in synthetic, analytical, and
medicinal aspects. https://www.tandfonline.com/
doi/full/10.3109/14756360903373350
Shikha, S., & Gauba, P. (2016). Phytoremediation of
Industrial and Pharmaceutical Pollutants. Recent
Advances in Biology and Medicine, 02, 113. https://doi.
org/10.18639/RABM.2016.02.341789
Tanmay Sanyal, & Saha, A. (2022). A review on phyto-
remediation by aquatic macrophytes: A natural
promising tool for sustainable management of
ecosystem. International Academic Publishing House.
https://www.academia.edu/79037872/A_
review_on_phyto_remediation_by_aquatic_
macrophytes_A_natural_promising_tool_for_
sustainable_management_of_ecosystem
Upadhyay, R. K., & Panda, S. K. (2009). Copper-induced
growth inhibition, oxidative stress and ultrastructural
alterations in freshly grown water lettuce (Pistia
stratiotes L.). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 332(7), 623–632.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2009.03.001
Veselý, P., Bureš, P., & Šmarda, P. (2013). Nutrient
reserves may allow for genome size increase: Evidence
from comparison of geophytes and their sister non-
geophytic relatives. Annals of Botany, 112(6), 1193–
1200. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct185
Wu, S.-S., Chein, C.-Y., & Wen, Y.-H. (2008, July 1).
Analysis of Ciprooxacin by a Simple High-
Performance Liquid Chromatography Method
| Journal of Chromatographic Science | Oxford
Academic. https://academic.oup.com/chromsci/
article/46/6/490/314753
Yan, A., Wang, Y., Tan, S. N., Mohd Yusof, M. L., Ghosh,
S., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoremediation: A Promising
Approach for Revegetation of Heavy Metal-Polluted
Land. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11. https://www.
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.00359
Yan, Y., Deng, Y., Li, W., Du, W., Gu, Y., Li, J., &
Xu, X. (2021). Phytoremediation of antibiotic-
contaminated wastewater: Insight into the
comparison of ciprooxacin absorption, migration,
and transformation process at different growth stages
of E. crassipes. Chemosphere, 283, 131192. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131192