Development of scientific-based irrigation systems on hydromodule districts of ghoza in irrigated areas of bukhara region based on computer technologies

Abstract

Аbstract. In this article, due to year-by-year global climate change and the increase in water shortage, the water demand for cotton in the Bukhara region was developed based on FAO methodology, i.e., CropWat 8.0 model program, taking into account soil-hydrogeological conditions the results of scientific research are presented. Water-saving, scientifically based irrigation procedures for cotton irrigation were developed according to the generally accepted scale of hydromodular regions N.F. Bespalov. The seasonal irrigation norms of cotton in the Bukhara region by hydromodule regions were 3900 (VIII) - 7200 (I) m ³ /ha.

Full text

Development of scientific-based irrigation
systems on hydromodule districts of ghoza in
irrigated areas of bukhara region based on
computer technologies
Mukhamadkhan Khamidov, Bakhtiyar Matyakubov, Nodirjon Gadaev, Khasimbek Isabaev,
and Ilkhom Urazbaev*
“Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers”, National Research
University, Tashkent, 100000, Uzbekistan
Аbstract. In this article, due to year-by-year global climate change and
the increase in water shortage, the water demand for cotton in the Bukhara
region was developed based on FAO methodology, i.e., CropWat 8.0
model program, taking into account soil-hydrogeological conditions the
results of scientific research are presented. Water-saving, scientifically
based irrigation procedures for cotton irrigation were developed according
to the generally accepted scale of hydromodular regions N.F. Bespalov.
The seasonal irrigation norms of cotton in the Bukhara region by
hydromodule regions were 3900 (VIII) - 7200 (I) m3/ha.
1 Introduction
According to the analysis of the Hydrometeorological Service Center of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, water resources will remain at their current level until 2030. With the further
increase in air temperature, river flows will decrease, the effect of climate warming on the
rivers and small streams of the Amudarya basin will be relatively significant, and the flow
variability will increase in all basins. None of the considered climate scenarios for climate
warming predict an increase in available water resources, the increase in total
evapotranspiration under the conditions of expected climate warming will increase the loss of
water from irrigated areas, which will require additional water consumption [1].
Climate change will cause 10-15% more water evaporation from water surfaces and 10-
20% more water use due to increased plant transpiration and irrigation rates. This leads to an
average 18% increase in non-renewable water consumption. Assessment of the possible
increase in water consumption in irrigated lands due to changes in climate conditions (water
consumption of various crops, losses, and changes in land reclamation) is an urgent problem
today [2].
The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the Aral Sea basin. Its main water source is the
Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers, internal rivers and streams, and underground water. The
average long-term water flow of all sources in the Aral Sea basin is 114.4 billion m3, of
* Corresponding author: gadaevnodijon@gmail.com
E3S Web of Conferences 365, 01009 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336501009
CONMECHYDRO - 2022
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

which 78.34 m3 is formed in the Amudarya basin and 36.06 m3 in the Syrdarya basin. The
total underground water reserve is 31.2 billion m3; 47.2% of it belongs to the Amudarya
basin and 52.8% to the Syrdarya basin. Following the schemes of integrated use of water
resources and their protection of the "Amudarya" and "Syrdarya" basins, the average multi-
year water intake limit for the Republic of Uzbekistan is 64 billion m3. Still, in recent years,
due to global climate change, as well as the problems of using water resources of
transboundary rivers, the average annual amount of water used is 51-53 billion m3, on
average 90-91% of the total water resources are used in agriculture, 4.5% in the communal
household sector, 1.4% in industry, 1.2% in fisheries, 0, 5 percent is used in heat energy, and
1 percent is used in other sectors of the economy [3, 4].
In our Republic, there is a serious shortage of irrigation water for agriculture and water
management, and as a result of climate change, the demand for water for agricultural crops is
increasing, so efficient use of water in agriculture is a priority. Periodic data on precipitation
analysis in the Bukhara region show that the annual amount of precipitation is 140-145 mm.
Uneven distribution and, low amount of precipitation, low water holding capacity of soils are
the main causes of crop stress [5, 6]. Therefore, it is important to determine the water needs
of agricultural crops in our country's different climatic and soil-hydrogeological conditions
using the CropWat 8.0 model based on the FAO methodology.
2 Methods
The water demand of crops was determined based on the SropWat 8.0 program developed by
FAO. Evapotranspiration (ET0) of individual agroecological units was determined according
to the Penman Monteth method [7]. Methods of systematic analysis and mathematical
statistics, as well as "Methods of conducting field experiments" of the Scientific-Research
Institute of Cotton Selection, Seeding, and Agrotechnology of Cultivation, were used in
research [8].
3 Results and Discussion
Hydromodular zoning of irrigated areas in our region, including our Republic [9], and the
development of scientifically based irrigation procedures for agricultural crops in each
hydromodular region according to the SropWat 8.0 program are relevant in the conditions
of the observed and increasing water shortage in our Republic. Based on the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) methodology, the CropWat 8.0 program, the water
demand for cotton in the Bukhara region was determined using meteorological parameters,
the main meteorological indicators for the development of irrigation procedures taking into
account the soil-hydrogeological conditions were carried out according to the data of the
Bukhara meteorological stations [13, 15].
The coordinates of the Bukhara weather station in the Bukhara region are determined
(State: Uzb 2020 Station: Altitude: 225 m.; Latitude: 39.46 °S; Longitude: 64.26 °W), and the
required air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed of the meteorological
station for the program and solar radiation duration data were obtained (Table 1), based on
which the data were developed.
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Table 1. Bukhara meteorological station data (2021y).
Months
Air
temperature, 0S
Relative
humidity of
the air %
Precipitat
ion, mm
Wind
speed, m/s
Duration of
sunlight, day.
Мах
Мин
Average
January
5.7
-2.5
75
0.4
0.9
3.6
February
11.1
0.3
71
29
1.2
5.6
March
17.4
4.1
50
3
1.3
8.9
April
23.7
10.1
51
4.8
1.3
8.9
May
31.6
17.3
45
6.2
1.4
11.1
June
36.3
21.4
47
7.0
1.1
12.7
July
37.1
22.8
46
0.4
1.0
12.7
August
33.2
19.7
50
0.3
1.1
11.8
September
26.9
12.1
46
0.0
1.1
11.2
October
20.4
4.8
48
0.0
0.9
9.6
November
8.9
-1.9
62
8.6
1.2
6.3
December
-0.6
-8.9
72
1.0
1.3
5.7
Average
21
8.3
55
60.7
1.1
9.0
Source: Information from the Hydrometeorological Service Center.
The amount of evapotranspiration in the Bukhara region in 2021 in mm/day,
precipitation and useful precipitation in mm, max and min air temperature °C, relative air
humidity %, wind speed m/s, duration of sunlight in hours, radiation mdj/ml/months of data
Fig. of change (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Change figure of natural climate data in Bukhara region (Source: «Compiled by the
authors»)
It was determined that the following tasks could be performed within the framework of
the existing program. Effective use of water in irrigation is based on the possibility of
determining the criteria of water use in the process of reducing water supply with the
economy of water at the current and future development levels and the impact on crop
productivity, determining the water demand of cotton, as well as the uniqueness of rational
management of water resources.
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Standard evapotranspiration was calculated using the software using the Penman
Monteth formula (Table 2) [12].
=0.408∆(−)+∗ 900
 + 273∗(−
)
∆+(1 + 0.34) (1)
Here: ETo is standard evapotranspiration [mm day-1]; Rn is net radiation reaching the
plant level [MDj m-2 day-1]; G is heat flow density in the soil, [MDj m-2 day-1 ]; T is the
average daily temperature of the air at a height of 2 m above the ground level [°С]; u2is
speed of the wind at a height of 2 m above the ground level [m s-1]; es is saturated vapor
pressure [kPa]; ea is the actual actual steam pressure [kPa]; (es-ea) vapor saturation
pressure deficit [kPa]; D is vapor pressure curve gradient [kPa °С-1 ] is psychrometric
stability (constant) [kPa °С-1 ] [12, 14].
Table 2. Calculation of standard evapotranspiration and radiation rate in Bukhara region.
Months
Air temperature,
0C
Relative humidity of the
air %
Precipitation, mm
Wind speed, m/s
Duration of sunlight,
day.
Radiation rate
MJ/ml/day
Eto mm/day
Max
Min
Average
January
5.7
-2.5
75
0.4
0.9
3.6
6.9
0.77
February
11.1
0.3
71
29
1.2
5.6
10.7
2.03
March
17.4
4.1
50
3
1.3
8.9
17.4
3.33
April
23.7
10.1
51
4.8
1.3
8.9
20.5
4.13
May
31.6
17.3
45
6.2
1.4
11.1
25.3
6.56
June
36.3
21.4
47
7.0
1.1
12.7
28.3
8.56
July
37.1
22.8
46
0.4
1.0
12.7
27.9
8.69
August
33.2
19.7
50
0.3
1.1
11.8
25.1
7.09
September
26.9
12.1
46
0.0
1.1
11.2
21.2
5.34
October
20.4
4.8
48
0.0
0.9
9.6
15.7
3.09
November
8.9
-1.9
62
8.6
1.2
6.3
9.6
1.58
December
-0.6
-8.9
72
1.0
1.3
5.7
7.9
0.68
Average
21
8.3
55
60.7
1.1
9.0
18.0
4.32
Source: Developed by the authors based on data from the Hydrometeorological Service Center.
Etalon evapotranspiration and radiation rates were calculated using SropWat software,
using air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and solar radiation data
from the Bukhara weather station in the Bukhara region (Fig. 2).
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Fig.2. Change of radiation speed and standard evapotranspiration by months in Bukhara region
The total water standards and crop coefficients of cotton for the Bukhara region are
presented in Table 3. We developed crop coefficients based on the values recommended by
the Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems [10]. The total water
demand for cotton in the Bukhara region is recorded from 3900 to 7200 m3/ha. In short-
duration crops, cotton's water demand in dryland areas is particularly high during the
growing season, as meteorological parameters are very high and rainfall is very low. We
have analyzed the experiences conducted in the conditions of Uzbekistan and the
international FAO method adapted to local conditions [11].
Table 3. Seasonal irrigation standards of cotton, m3/ha.
Hydromodule
region
Seasonal irrigation
standards m
3
/ha
Seasonal irrigation
standards m
3
/ha
Crop coefficients
Recommendation of
scientists of TIAME NRU
for Bukhara region
Recommendation of
F.N.
Bespalov of
Bukhara region
I
7200
0.42-0.89-0.65
II
6800
7900
0.39-0.82-0.60
III
6000
7500
0.38-0.82-0.55
IV
6300
8100
0.40-0.85-0.60
V
6000
5500
0.34-0.74-0.50
VI
5800
6800
0.33-0.74-0.50
VII
5500
6400
0.35-0.72-0.55
VIII
3900
3800
0.31-0.56-0.50
IX
4200
4900
0.30-0.56-0.50
Source: Developed by the authors.
Seasonal cotton irrigation rates and water consumption were calculated using SropWat
software. With the program's help, the water demand of cotton for the growing season was
calculated at what times and how much it should be irrigated, as well as the Fig. of changes
in the norms and the net water consumption (Fig. 3).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Unit of measurement,
mm/day
Radiation
velocity
Eto
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Fig. 3. Indicators of cotton irrigation according to FAO methodology in Bukhara region.
According to the recommendations made by professor N. Bespalov for the Bukhara
region, seasonal irrigation norms of cotton were developed, and irrigation works are being
carried out according to these recommendations. Using the CropWat 8.0 program, the
seasonal irrigation rate of cotton was developed for the research objects, the correlation
coefficient coordinate system was developed, and the correlation coefficient was equal to
R2=0.80. Each pair of values is marked with a specific symbol (Fig. 4).
Fig 4. Correlation coefficient comparing seasonal irrigation rates of cotton (Source: Developed by the
authors)
y = 1,353x - 1163,6
R² = 0,8008
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
8000
Bukhara
by region
Seasonal irrigation norms of cotton, m3/ha
based on the recommendation of scientists of
TIAME NRU
Recommendation of F.N. Bespalov of Bukhara region
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4 Conclusions
1. Using the CropWat 8.0 program, reference evapotranspiration and radiation rates
were determined for the research objects. These indicators were equal to 18.0 mdj/ml/day
and 4.32 mm/day in the Bukhara region.
2. The correlation coefficient of the seasonal irrigation norms of cotton for the Bukhara
region by hydromodule regions was equal to R2=0.80
3. Seasonal irrigation norms of cotton in the Bukhara region were equal to 3900 (VIII -
Hydromodul region) - 7200 (I - Hydromodul region) m3/ha according to hydromodule
regions. These indicators were estimated to be 500 - 1800 m3/ha less than the data of
N.F.Bespalov.
4. Irrigation standards (net) of cotton in hydromodule regions of the Bukhara region
were 600-1050 m3/ha, and the number was 6-8. These data were, on average, 700 m3/ha
less than the recommendations used in the Republic (N.F. Bespalov).
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