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Новые подходы к историографии психологии
Abstract
Обсуждается критическая историография психологии в ракурсе полипарадигмальности ее развития. Признание множественности исторических форм психологии, поиск культурно-универсальных и специфичных единиц анализа ее интеллектуального прошлого, а также идея социальной истории дают возможность перейти к проблеме диалектического взаимодействия психологии, общества и субъективности. Обосновывается тезис о том, что психология, институализированная как самостоятельная наука, является ключевым фактором конструирования нового образа человека в культуре позднего модерна – «психологического индивида», отвечающего специфике ненасильственного управления агентами социальных действий в демократических обществах. Задача историка с этих эпистемологических позиций – раскрыть опосредованность психологических теорий и практик национальными, социально-политическими и идеологическими контекстами, а также предоставить «право голоса» маргинализируемым со стороны академического мейнстрима традициям и фигурам.
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It was once assumed that the bedrock concepts of psychology held true for all the world’s peoples. More recently, post-modern approaches to research have expanded on these Western models, building a psychology that takes into account the sociopolitical, historical, religious, ecological, and other indigenous factors that make every culture, as well as every person as agents of their own actions.
Indigenous and Cultural Psychology surveys psychological and behavioral phenomena in native context in various developing and developed countries, with particular focus on Asia. An international team of 28 experts clarifies culture-specific concepts (such as paternalism and the Japanese concept of amae), models integrative methods of study, and dispels typical misconceptions about the field and its goals. The results reflect culturally sound frames of reference while remaining rigorous, systematic, and verifiable. These approaches provide a basis for the discovery of true psychological universals.
Among the topics featured:
• Scientific and philosophical bases of indigenous psychology
• Comparisons of indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychologies
• Socialization, parent-child relationship, and family
• The private and public self: concepts from East Asia, Europe, and the Americas
• Interpersonal relationships: concepts from East Asia, Europe,, and the U.S.
• Factors promoting educational achievement and organizational effectiveness in Asia
• The growth and indigenization of psychology in developing and developed countries
• Are any values, attitudes, beliefs and traits universal? Cross-national comparisons
• The potential for indigenous psychology to lead to a global psychology
With this book, the editors have captured a growing field at a crucial stage in its evolution. Indigenous and Cultural Psychology benefits students and researchers on two levels, offering groundbreaking findings on understudied concepts, and signaling future directions in universal knowledge.
Constructing the Subject traces the history of psychological research methodology from the nineteenth century to the emergence of currently favored styles of research in the second quarter of the twentieth century. Kurt Danziger considers methodology to be a kind of social practice rather than simply a matter of technique. Therefore his historical analysis is primarily concerned with such topics as the development of the social structure of the research relationship between experimenters and their subjects, as well as the role of the methodology in the relationship of investigators to each other in a wider social context. The book begins with a historical discussion of introspection as a research practice and proceeds to an analysis of diverging styles of psychological investigation. There is an extensive exploration of the role of quantification and statistics in the historical development of psychological research. The influence of the social context on research practice is illustrated by a comparison of American and German developments, especially in the field of personality research. In this analysis, psychology is treated less as a body of facts or theories than a particular set of social activities intended to produce something that counts as psychological knowledge under certain historical conditions. This perspective means that the historical analysis has important consequences for a critical understanding of psychological methodology in general.
Naming the mind: How psychology found its language, 1997. London: Sage. Summary Intelligence, motivation, personality, learning, stimulation, behaviour and attitude are just some of the categories that map the terrain of `psychological reality'. These are the concepts which, among others, underpin theoretical and empirical work in modern psychology - and yet these concepts have only recently taken on their contemporary meanings. In this fascinating work, Kurt Danziger goes beyond the taken-for-granted quality of psychological language to offer a profound and broad-ranging analysis of the recent evolution of the concepts and categories on which it depends. He explores this process and shows how its consequences depend on cultural contexts and the history of an emergent discipline. Danziger's internationally acclaimed Constructing the Subject examined the historical dependence of modern psychology on the social practices of psychological investigation. In Naming the Mind, he develops a complementary account that looks at the historically changing structure of psychological discourse. Naming the Mind is an elegant and persuasive explanation of how modern psychology found its language. It will be invaluable reading for students and academics throughout psychology, and for anyone with an interest in the history of the human sciences. Reviews “I wish I had it in my power to make this book by Kurt Danziger required reading for any psychologist who teaches or contemplates teaching a course in the history of the field. Why? Because it eloquently challenges the current view that the category language of the 20th-century American psychology reflects a natural and universal order of psychological phenomena. In Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found Its Language, Danziger shows very convincingly what is wrong with that picture” - Laurel Furumoto, Theory & Psychology “Naming the Mind consolidates a vast body of scholarship on psychological language and offers a persuasive model for appreciating the dynamic play and implications of this expert language....For those researchers concerned with psychology's language, Naming the Mind is a smart read" - Jill Morawski, Feminism & Psychology "Danziger is to be congratulated for his vision, his courage, and his articulate style in delivering his devastating message that today's psychology is not forever." - Michael Wertheimer, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences "...helps to reveal the socially constructive character of psychological categories that are often taken as 'natural' entities in a reality independent of sociocultural processes. His method for doing this, however, is not ethnographic, but historical, and his book demonstrates how historical analysis can make an important contribution to the ongoing development of psychology." Harry Heft, The Psychological Record "Kurt Danziger’s Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found Its Language, published in 1997, has already been highly valued as a must-read book in the domain of history of psychology, theoretical psychology, and critical psychology ... This review will evaluate the book from the viewpoint of the philosophy of mind and its relevant domains in philosophy. My conclusion is that this book is also a must-read for philosophers." - Tetsuya Kono, Philosophy of the Social Sciences Details • Publisher: Sage • Hardcover Edition: May 6, 1997 (ISBN-10: 080397762X; ISBN-13: 978-0803977624) • Paperback Edition: May 6, 1997 (ISBN-10: 0803977638; ISBN-13: 978-0803977631)
During its relatively short history as a distinct discipline, psychology was accompanied by a historiography that projected the idea of psychology back to ancient times when such an idea did not in fact exist. As the modern discipline proliferated into a collection of weakly connected sub-disciplines, the textbook image of psychology's ancient essence suggested that, in spite of the current messy reality, the subject had an unchanging core object that had always been there to be recognized. Earlier, that object was the psyche, later it was human nature, and more recently, the principles of human cognition. However, historiography plays a more useful role within the discipline when it takes the current multiplicity of psychological objects as its point of departure and explores the social context of their emergence. This entails a historical analysis of the language used to define, describe, categorize, and modify psychological objects.
It is generally considered that psychology was born as an independent discipline in 1879. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory in the world, at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Attempts to apply psychology to practical problems soon followed. As early as the 1890s, psychologists in various countries became involved in different social issues. In Germany, the psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus undertook studies regarding the question of fatigue among school children, and the psychiatrist Kraepelin put psychological instruments to use in examining psychiatric patients. And in Vienna, Sigmund Freud started a small private practice for patients with psychological problems, which would prepare the ground for psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. In the United States, Lightner Witmer opened a "psychological clinic" for diagnosis and treatment of children with educational problems. What started out as isolated local initiatives soon became a veritable movement. By the 1910s, practical psychology was well underway, and in the early 1920s it already overshadowed academic psychology, especially in the United States. As a con-temporary observer put it in 1924: "There is now not only psychology in the aca-demic or college sense, but also a Psychology of Business, a Psychology of Education, a Psychology of Salesmanship, a Psychology of Religion. . . . In all our great cities there are already, or soon will be, signs that read 'Psychologist – Open Day and Night'." 1 Why did practical psychology strike root so rapidly? Before turning to the various fields of psychological practice in the chapters to follow, in this chapter we will try to put the general early success of the discipline into perspective. In the Introduction, we presented two general socio-historical trends, which we consider to have been crucial for the success of psychology: individualization and social management. "Individualization" covers a number of changes in people's "life-world," in particu-lar the shift from group to individual, the interest in individual differences, and a focus on the inner world of feelings. "Social management" refers to the concerted efforts to monitor and control the behavior of individuals and groups. Taking these phenomena as our leads, we will begin with a review of early processes of individu-alization, starting around 1400 (section 1). In subsequent sections, we will focus on what is generally known as "the long nineteenth century": the period starting with the industrial and political revolutions of the late eighteenth century, and ending with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Section 2 provides a general sketch of the period, with emphasis on the major social transformations which set this period off from earlier times. Section 3 discusses the transformation of the life-world from the perspective of individualization. Section 4 concentrates on the rise of practices of social management. In section 5, we turn to our subject proper: the inception of psy-chology as a practical field of expertise. Finally, in section 6 we will briefly discuss some general trends in the twentieth century, which set the stage for more recent developments in psychology, to be examined in greater detail in the chapters to follow.
As disciplines, psychology and history share a primary concern with the human condition. Yet historically, the relationship between the two fields has been uneasy, marked by a long-standing climate of mutual suspicion. This book engages with the history of this relationship and possibilities for its future intellectual and empirical development. Bringing together internationally renowned psychologists and historians, it explores the ways in which the two disciplines could benefit from a closer dialogue. Thirteen chapters span a broad range of topics, including social memory, prejudice, stereotyping, affect and emotion, cognition, personality, gender and the self. Contributors draw on examples from different cultural contexts - from eighteenth-century Britain, to apartheid South Africa, to conflict-torn Yugoslavia - to offer fresh impetus to interdisciplinary scholarship. Generating new ideas, research questions and problems, this book encourages researchers to engage in genuine dialogue and place their own explorations in new intellectual contexts.
A content analysis of four psychological journals for 1938, 1948, and 1958 showed that over this period there was a considerable increase in the use of the term "variable," especially in the domain of social psychological and personality research. Some of this increase is attributable to a growing tendency to describe psychological research in terms of the manipulation of variables. However, there was also a transposition of the term from the description of procedure to the description of that which was being investigated. Functions and limitations of this process of reification are discussed in terms of the cohesion of the research community and the consequences of a nonreflective research style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Jan De Vos's second book on psychologization argues that psychology IS psychologization, a phenomenon traced back from Late-Modernity to the Enlightenment. Engaging with seminal thinkers such La Mettrie, Husserl, Lasch and Agamben, the book teases out the limits of psychoanalysis as a critical tool.
As disciplines, psychology and history share a primary concern with the human condition. Yet historically, the relationship between the two fields has been uneasy, marked by a long-standing climate of mutual suspicion. This book engages with the history of this relationship and possibilities for its future intellectual and empirical development. Bringing together internationally renowned psychologists and historians, it explores the ways in which the two disciplines could benefit from a closer dialogue. Thirteen chapters span a broad range of topics, including social memory, prejudice, stereotyping, affect and emotion, cognition, personality, gender and the self. Contributors draw on examples from different cultural contexts - from eighteenth-century Britain, to apartheid South Africa, to conflict-torn Yugoslavia - to offer fresh impetus to interdisciplinary scholarship. Generating new ideas, research questions and problems, this book encourages researchers to engage in genuine dialogue and place their own explorations in new intellectual contexts.
points out that the teaching of psychology's history has been marked by the "great man," "great ideas" approach, whereas sophisticated historiographic analyses have moved on to a study of the influences of institutions and of cultures on events and to analyses "from the bottom up" as well as "from the top down" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
What is critical social psychology? In what ways can social psychology be progressive or radical? How can it be involved in political critique and reconstruction? Is social psychology itself the problem? Critical social psychology offers a confusing array of diverse answers to these questions. This book cuts through the confusion by revealing the very different assumptions at work in this fast growing field. A critical approach depends on a range of often-implicit theories of society, knowledge, as well as the subject. This book will show the crucial role of these theories for directing critique at different parts of society, suggesting alternative ways of doing research, and effecting social change. It includes chapters fr.
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