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Freedom by Regulation: A Legal Assessment of the CRL Commission’s Report on the Commercialisation of Religion and Abuse of People’s Belief Systems: Research Article

Authors:

Abstract

The South African Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities is one of the key institutions established by the Constitution of the country to strengthen its constitutional democracy. The Commission conducted investigations and released a report in 2017 related to suspicions that there are abuses of beliefs taking place in religious communities. The report was subjected to a number of challenges from academia, especially with regards to the constitutionality of some of the findings and recommendations of the Commission. In this article, it is argued that one of the contributing factors to the main shortcomings of the report emanates from a lack of nuance in the approach of the Commission. Considering the complex nature of religious beliefs, it is argued that the investigations by the CRL Rights Commission would have offered an opportunity for better conversation if the Commission had taken a human rights approach. In the main it is argued that a clear differentiation between the right to freedom of religion which vests on individuals, and the right of freedom of religious practice which vests on individuals in their capacity as members of religious communities, would have created a discourse that would better grapple with the complexity of ensuring maximum freedom of religion while creating safety for communal interests beyond specific beliefs.
󰅺󰎛󰂶󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰎛󰃊󰎛󰂹󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆾󰆻󰇄󰇁󰇀󰃈󰆽󰇂󰇀󰆻󰇂󰇄󰇀󰇀󰄀󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆿
󰆗󰂺󰆓󰂺
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰂺󰃈
R/D
Religion &
De
velopment
Freedom by Regulation: A Legal Assessment
of the CRL Commission’s Report on the
Commercialisation of Religion and Abuse of
People’s Belief Systems
Research Article
Cosmo Mapitsa󰃊󰂹󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆽󰄀󰇀󰆿󰇄󰆽󰄀󰇁󰇀󰆻󰇄
󰂶󰂶󰂶

󰂶
󰂶󰄀ä󰂶󰂶
cosmo.mapitsa@hu-berlin.de
Abstract
            
󰂶  󰄀
           󰄀
󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚
   󰂺
󰂶

󰂺  󰂶         

󰂺󰂶

           󰂺 
󰄀
󰂶
         󰂶
  
  
󰂺
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󰇀󰇄
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
Keywords
󰄍󰄍󰄍󰄍
󰄍 󰄍  󰄍
󰄍
1 Introduction
       󰄙󰄛   
󰂶 
 󰂶  󰃍
󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆛󰆔󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃍󰃎
  󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂶  
 󰂺
󰂶  
󰂺
       󰃍 
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺

󰂶
󰂺
󰂶
󰄀
󰂺

󰂶󰄀
󰂺

  󰂺 󰂶  󰄀
   󰂶
󰄀      󰄀
󰂺    
󰂺󰄀
 
    󰂶   

󰄘󰂺
    󰂶       󰄀
  
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󰇁󰆻 
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂺
󰂶        󰄘
Report of the Hearings on the Commercialisation of Religion and Abuse of
People’s Belief Systems 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺    󰂶   
󰂶
󰂺
      
󰂺
2 Freedom of Religion and Legal Regulation

    󰂺󰂶 
󰂶󰂶󰃍
󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂶󰆔󰆘󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃎󰂺
󰂺
󰂶
󰂶󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆙󰆘󰃎󰂺󰄀
󰄘󰂶
󰂺
󰂶󰄀
󰄘󰂶󰄀
󰂶󰃍󰆖󰆔󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃎󰂺
   󰄀
󰂺󰄀
󰂺
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆙󰆘󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂶󰂺

󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰂶󰆖󰆔󰃍󰆕󰃎󰃎󰂺     

󰂶
󰂺
󰂶
 󰂶  󰄀
      󰄀   
󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆗󰆓󰃎󰂺
 󰂺
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󰇁󰆼
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
 󰂶       
  󰂶     
󰂶
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂶󰆖󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺

󰃍󰂶󰆖󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰃍󰂶
󰆖󰆔󰃍󰆕󰃎󰃎󰂶󰄀

󰆖󰆔󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰂶󰆔󰆖󰆜󰃎󰂺

       󰂶    
     󰂺
󰂶󰄀
            
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂶󰆚󰆓󰆘󰂶󰆚󰆗󰆜󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰂶
󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰂶
󰄙󰄀󰄛󰄀
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂶󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶
󰂶
󰂺
  󰂶       

󰂺 
         
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰄙
󰄛󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆚󰃎󰂺󰂶

󰂶󰃍󰃎
󰂺󰂶  
󰄀
󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰄀󰂺
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󰇁󰆽 
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽


󰄘󰂺
3 The CRL Rights Commission and Freedom of Religion
󰂶󰂺

  󰂶      󰄙 󰄛
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂶
󰂺
  󰆜󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂶         
󰂺
󰂺

󰂶󰄙
󰃍󰃎󰄀
󰄛󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺󰂶󰄀
󰄘󰂺
󰂶󰂶
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂶󰆘󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰂶
       󰂶    
󰂺
      󰂶
󰂺
       
󰂶
          
󰃍Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰃍󰆗󰃎󰆚󰆘󰆚󰃍󰃎󰃎󰂺
           󰃍Ryland
v Edros󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰃍󰆕󰃎  󰆙󰆜󰆓 󰃍󰃎󰂶 󰆚󰆓󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂶

󰃍Christian Education South Africa󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰃎󰂺
󰂺
󰂶󰄀
  
󰂶󰂺
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󰇁󰆾
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
4 The CRL Rights Commission’s Report on Commercialisation
of Religion
  󰆔󰆛󰆔󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃍󰃎 

󰂺
󰂶󰂶
󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆙󰃎󰂺
         󰂶  
󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰄀
󰂺
󰄀

󰂶󰂶
   󰂺 󰂶  
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆖󰆚󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂶
󰄀󰂺󰂶
 󰃍󰂶 
󰆔󰆛󰆘󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃍󰃎󰃎󰂺󰄀
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆚󰃍󰆕󰃎󰃎󰂺

󰂺󰂶

󰂶

󰂶
      󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂶 󰆕󰆖󰆚󰃎󰂺
󰄀
󰂶
󰂺
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂶
󰄙󰄀
󰄀󰄛󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆕󰃎󰂺
        
    󰂶   󰂶  󰄙   
     󰄛 󰃍 
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆙󰃎󰂺
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󰇁󰆿 
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰂶󰂶󰄙󰄀
        
 󰂷󰄀
  󰂷    

      󰂷   
          󰄀
󰄛󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆙󰃎󰂺

󰂶
 
󰂺

󰂶󰂶
󰄀
󰂶󰂶󰄀
󰄙
󰂶󰄛󰃍
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆕󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆓󰃎󰂺
       
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆖󰆗󰃎
    󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶
󰆔󰆙󰃎 
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆘󰃎󰂺  
     
󰃍
󰂶󰆕󰆚󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺

    󰄀
󰂺󰂶 

󰄙
󰄛󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆔󰃎󰂺 
󰂺󰄀
󰂶
󰂺󰂶󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆖󰆜󰃎
󰂶
󰂺
󰄙 󰄛
   󰂶   󰂶
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󰇁󰇀
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰂺󰄀
󰂶󰄀
󰂺  󰂶
     󰄙     
    󰂶  󰂻       󰂺 
           󰂺
󰄛󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂶󰆕󰆛󰆛󰄍󰆕󰆛󰆜󰃎󰂺
󰂶 
󰄘
󰂺
󰂶

      󰂶    
󰄀󰂺

󰄀󰂶󰄀
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰄀
󰂺
󰄀
󰂺󰂶
󰄀󰃍󰎤󰃎󰂶
  
󰃍  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆔󰃎󰂺󰄀
󰃍󰆚󰆔 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰃎 
󰎤  󰂶  󰂶   
󰄀
󰎤󰃍󰆚󰆔󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰂶󰄀
󰆕󰄍󰃎󰂺
           󰃍󰄀
󰆔󰆕󰃍󰆔󰃎may󰂷
󰆔󰆔  may  
registered󰂷 󰆔󰆖󰃍󰆔󰃎
may   󰃎󰂺        
󰂺󰆔󰆙󰃍󰆔󰃎󰄀

󰂺󰄘
     󰎤󰂶   
󰎤
󰂺󰂶
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󰇁󰇁 
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰂶󰄀
󰂺
󰂶󰄀
󰂺
󰄙󰄀
󰄀
󰂶    󰄀󰄀
󰄛󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂶
󰂶
󰂺󰄀
     
󰂶
󰂶󰂺
󰄀
󰂺
 󰄙  󰄛
󰂶󰄙󰄀
󰄛󰂺
 󰄙󰄛      󰂶   󰂶
󰂶
  
󰂶󰂶󰂺 
󰂺  
󰂶󰂶
󰂺
󰄀
󰂶󰄀
󰂺

󰂶
   󰂶󰄀
󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰄀
󰆘󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃍󰃎   

󰂺          
  
󰂺
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󰇁󰇂
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
5 Regulating Freedoms: Proposals for Dealing with “Abuses”
in Religious Organisations
󰂶     
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰂶󰄀
          
      󰂶    
            
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰄘 
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶
󰆘󰆘󰃎󰂺 󰄀 
󰄀󰂶
      
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺
 󰄘     
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆘󰃎  󰄀
󰂺󰂺
󰂺󰄀
󰄙󰄛
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆘󰃎󰂶
󰂶󰄀
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰄙󰄀
󰃕󰃖
     󰂺
         󰄛 󰃍
  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶 󰆖󰆘󰃎󰂺    󰄀
    󰂶      󰃍
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰄙󰄛 󰄙󰄛󰃍󰄀
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰂶
󰂺
󰄙󰄛󰂺󰂶
󰄀
󰂺
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󰇁󰇃 
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰄙exponential
increase in religious organisations and leaders of foreign origin󰂺   
󰂶but the
evidence has shown that in some cases they display a propensity for amassing
money󰄛󰃕󰃖󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆖󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰂶
󰂶
         
󰂺󰂶󰄀

󰂺
󰂶󰂶
󰄘
 󰄘󰂺󰂶  
    󰂺  
󰂶 
 󰂺  󰄘    

󰂶
󰂺
6 The CRL Rights Commission and Protecting Communities from
Abuses by Religious Leaders
󰄘󰄀
󰂶󰄀
󰂺󰄘
󰂶󰂺
  󰂶        󰂶 
󰄘󰂺
   󰂶
󰂶󰄘
 󰂶 󰂶
󰂺󰂶󰄀
󰂶
󰂺
󰂶
󰂺
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󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
 󰂶 
󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎 󰂶   󰄀
󰃍󰆖󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰃍󰂶󰆔󰆛󰆘󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂶
           󰃍
󰂶 󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺  󰆔󰆘󰃍󰆔󰃎 
󰄙󰃍󰃎
󰂷󰃍󰃎󰄘
󰄛󰃍Prince v President, Cape Law Society󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂶󰆛󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰄀
󰆖󰆔󰂶󰂺
           
practices
󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆖󰃎
 󰄘 
󰂶  󰂺󰄘
󰄀
󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂶󰄀
󰂶󰂺󰄘
󰆖󰆔󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂺

 󰂶 󰂺 
           
 
󰂺
  󰆕󰆜󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃍󰃎 󰂶  
󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰂶󰂺
󰆕󰆛󰃍󰆕󰃎       
󰂺
󰄘
󰂺
󰂶󰄀
󰄀
󰂺󰂶󰂶 
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󰇂󰆻 
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
󰂺󰂶

󰄘󰂺
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶 󰆘󰃎󰂺

󰂺
 󰂶    󰄘    
󰂺󰂶
󰂶
    󰂶       󰄀
󰂺󰂶


  󰂺󰂶

󰂺
         
   
 󰄀
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶󰆔󰆖󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂷󰂺
 󰂶    󰂶  󰄀  
  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘         
󰃍󰆕󰆙󰃍󰆔󰃎󰃎󰂺
 
󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶 󰆜󰃎󰂶       󰂺 
󰂶
󰂺󰂶

󰆖󰆔󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂺
7 Conclusion

󰂶
󰂶󰄀
󰂺󰄘
󰄘
󰂶
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󰇂󰆼
󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇀󰇃󰄍󰇂󰆽
 
󰂶
󰂺

󰂺 󰂶
󰂺

󰂶󰂺
󰄘󰂶󰄀

   󰂺     
 

󰂺
     󰂶    
󰂶 󰂺
󰂶󰂶
󰂶
󰂺󰂶
󰄘
󰂺󰂶
󰂶
󰂺
References
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺Research Handbook on Law and Religion󰂺󰂹󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺󰄙󰂹
󰂺󰄛Maryland Journal of International Law󰆕󰆜󰂹󰆘󰆓󰆘󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺󰄙󰂿      
󰄘      󰂺󰄛 Verbum et Ecclesia
󰆗󰆓󰂹󰆔󰂺
󰂶
󰂶󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺 Report on the Hearings on the Commercialisa-
tion of Religion and Abuse of People’s Belief Systems󰂺 󰂹  
󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰄙󰂹󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰄛Personal Autonomy in Plural Societies: A Principle and its Para-
doxes󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂹󰂺
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 󰂺 󰆕󰆚󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺 󰄙 
󰄘󰄖󰄘󰂺󰄛
󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺󰄙󰂹
󰂿󰄛Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal󰆕󰆕󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺 󰄙   
󰂺󰄛Emory International Law Review󰆔󰆗󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂹󰆙󰆜󰆜󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰂺󰄙󰂺󰄛
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󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰄙󰄀
󰂹󰂺󰄛󰆚󰆖󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂺󰄙󰂺󰄛Dutch
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󰂶󰂺  󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂺 󰄙󰄘  
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󰂶󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰄙󰄖󰄘󰃍󰆗󰂹󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂹󰄀
 󰂺󰄛Pharos Journal of
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󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰄙󰂺󰄛
Ecclesiastical Law Journal󰆔󰆜󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂹󰆖󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺󰄙󰂺󰄛
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󰆘󰆛󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆕󰂺
󰄀󰆚󰆔󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰂺
󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃍󰃎󰂺
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Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰃍󰆗󰃎󰆚󰆘󰆚󰃍󰃎󰂺
Independent Electoral Commission v Langeberg Municipality󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔󰃍󰆖󰃎󰆜󰆕󰆘󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰂌󰂌󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃍󰆕󰃎󰆚󰆜󰆗󰃍󰃎󰂺
Ryland v Edros󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆚󰃍󰆕󰃎󰆙󰆜󰆓󰃍󰃎󰂺
Online Resources
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What do the recommendations of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission) to regulate religion in South Africa reflect about the commission’s understanding of religion in the country? From a Christian theological perspective, the article critically engages the understanding of religion that emerges from the findings and recommendations of the CRL Rights Commission on the state of religion in South Africa as contained in its 2017 report. The article first examines the different responses to the CRL Rights Commission’s recommendations by writers concerned with freedom of religion and human rights in South Africa. Further, the commission’s investigations, findings and recommendations are critically examined. This is followed by deciphering attitudes towards religion that emerge from the commission’s recommendation for the regulation of religion in South Africa. The article closes by highlighting some possible dangers of regulating religion in a context riddled by economic inequality such as in South Africa. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article brings into dialogue Christian theology, religious freedom, human rights and the constitution, philosophy and sociology of religion to reflect on the essence of religion and freedom of religion in the context of undesirable and dangerous religious practices.
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In democratic pluralistic and secular societies, freedom of religion is a fundamental right to be enjoyed by all individuals and religious organisations. A unique feature of this human right is the extent to which it is premised on a personal belief. The latter can be "bizarre, illogical or irrational", but nevertheless deserving of protection in the interests of freedom of religion. However, when the expression of a religious belief or practice transgresses the civil or criminal law it must be dealt with in the relevant legislative framework to hold the transgressor liable. Measures taken by the state to regulate religious bodies in terms of a general supervisory council or umbrella body are an unreasonable and unjustifiable interference with freedom of religion, and hence unconstitutional. I am of the view that the right to freedom of religion depends for its constitutional validity - and viability - on there being no interference (or regulation) by the state except in instances as provided for in terms of relevant legislation.
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This article reflects and makes recommendations on the recent unusual practices within some Neo-Pentecostal churches in South Africa. Neo-Pentecostal churches in South Africa refer to churches that have crossed denominational boundaries. These churches idolise the miraculous, healing, deliverance and enactment of bizarre church performances often performed by charismatic and highly influential spiritual leaders. There have been unusual practices within some Neo-Pentecostal churches that include, among others, the eating of grass, eating of snakes, drinking of petrol, spraying of Doom on the congregants and other experiences. There are many possible theological, psychological and socio-economic explanations for these unusual practices. Given the facts that many South Africans experience various socio-economic challenges, it is argued here that the socio-economic factor is the main explanation for the support of these unusual practices. The unusual practices within some Neo-Pentecostal churches in South Africa are critically unpacked by looking at various churches where the incidents happened. The possible theological, psychological and socio-economic explanations for such practices are outlined in detail. Recommendations are made based on the scientific findings on the unusual practices.
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The effect of state regulation of religion on governance has been explored theoretically by scholars, but it has not been tested empirically across nation states. The theory posits that secular states are more likely to benefit from better governance because of the absence of clerical involvement in politics, paving the way for the expansion of civil society and the passage of progressive political, economic, and social reforms. Using a unique dataset of more than 100 nation states, I find that countries with higher levels of state intervention on religion are more likely to suffer from inferior governance as reflected by higher levels of corruption and political instability and lower levels of rule of law entrenchment, bureaucratic effectiveness, and regulatory quality. Furthermore, states wherein there is no distinct separation between church and state are more likely to have lower levels of political openness and accountability.
Africa's Rapid Embrace of Prosperity Pentecostalism Provokes Concern -and Hope
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  • J Maxwell
Phiri, I. and J. Maxwell. 2007. "Africa's Rapid Embrace of Prosperity Pentecostalism Provokes Concern -and Hope." Christianity Today 22.
The Constitutional Protection of Religious Human Rights in Southern Africa
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Heyns, Christof and Danie Brand. 2000. "The Constitutional Protection of Religious Human Rights in Southern Africa." Emory International Law Review 14(2): 699.
Freedom of Religion and the Prophetic Role of the Church
  • N Koopman
Koopman, N. 2002. "Freedom of Religion and the Prophetic Role of the Church." Dutch Reformed Theological Journal 43: 237.