Contribution of Electrical Resistivity Tomography to the Anticipation of Potential Disasters: Case of Pipe Ramming Works Under Road Embankments

Abstract

Throughout Burkina Faso's road network, some roadways have experienced subsidence or collapse following pipe ramming works conducted for the laying of pipes such as drinking water supply networks. When such works are conducted, it is difficult to make a diagnosis of the properties of the formations underlying the road embankment because a destructive sounding would lead to expensive and tedious repairs. In this present study, a geophysical method, namely electrical resistivity tomography has been used to image the structure and the geometry of these formations so as to anticipate potential disasters. Four electrical resistivity profiles were conducted near the insertion and receiving pits, parallel to the national road N°4, at the exit of the capital Ouagadougou. The strategy of prospection has allowed to image down to an investigation depth of approximately 10 m. The study showed that at an average depth of 2 m, an environment of very low electrical resistivity (about 50 ohm.m) is observed in a very resistant environment. This conductive environment corresponds to the presence of a porous and very wet material which extends laterally and in depth under the roadway, and which can lead to a subsidence or a collapse of this roadway on the surface. ARTICLE HISTORY

Full text

Journal of Materials Science and Surface Engineering, 10: 1091-1096
ISSN (Online): 2348-8956; DOI: https://doi.org/10.52687/2348-8956/101
Corresponding Author: Hamma Fabien Yonli, Tel: +22671409576 © 2022 INSCIENCEIN. All rights reserved
Email: fabienyonli@yahoo.fr
Contents lists available at http://www.jmsse.in/ & http://www.jmsse.org/
Peer Reviewed
Contribution of Electrical Resistivity Tomography to the
Anticipation of Potential Disasters: Case of Pipe Ramming Works
Under Road Embankments
Hamma Fabien Yonli1,2 · Mahamadou Koïta3 · Issouf Kanla2 · Aristide Compaoré4 · Gilbert Mano2
1Department of physics, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
2Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Fada N’Gourma, BP 46 FadaN’Gourma, Burkina Faso.
3Departement of Civil Engineering and Hydraulics, Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2iE), 01 BP
594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
4Department of soils and foundations, Laboratoire National du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics, BP 133 Ouagadougou 01,
Burkina Faso.
ABSTRACT
Throughout Burkina Faso's road network, some roadways have experienced subsidence or collapse
following pipe ramming works conducted for the laying of pipes such as drinking water supply networks.
When such works are conducted, it is difficult to make a diagnosis of the properties of the formations
underlying the road embankment because a destructive sounding would lead to expensive and tedious
repairs. In this present study, a geophysical method, namely electrical resistivity tomography has been used
to image the structure and the geometry of these formations so as to anticipate potential disasters. Four
electrical resistivity profiles were conducted near the insertion and receiving pits, parallel to the national
road N°4, at the exit of the capital Ouagadougou. The strategy of prospection has allowed to image down to
an investigation depth of approximately 10 m. The study showed that at an average depth of 2 m, an
environment of very low electrical resistivity (about 50 ohm.m) is observed in a very resistant
environment. This conductive environment corresponds to the presence of a porous and very wet material
which extends laterally and in depth under the roadway, and which can lead to a subsidence or a collapse of
this roadway on the surface.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 14-11-2022
Revised 15-12-2022
Accepted 02-01-2023
Published 27-01-2023
KEYWORDS
Pipe Ramming,
Electrical Resistivity
Tomography
Roadways
Geophysics
Burkina Faso
© 2023 JMSSE · INSCIENCEIN. All rights reserved
Introduction
Pipe ramming is a trenchless method for installation of
steel pipes or casings, in which a pneumatic tool is used to
hammer the pipe or the casing into the ground while the
excess soil from creating borehole is removed to the
surface. The methodisfrequentlyusedunder railway and
road embankments [1] and has the advantage to be
conducted without affecting traffic. Pipe ramming has the
benefice of cost-effectiveness operation [2] and is suitable
for all ground conditions except solid rock. However,
despite an increasing usage, little technical guidance is
available to owners and engineers who plan installations
with pipe ramming [3]. Indeed, pipe ramming works
present some constraints because they require on the one
hand a thorough knowledge, of the nature of the subsoil,
and also of its size, in particular in regards to the other
buried networks [4]. The damage resulting for pipe
ramming when it occurs can have serious economic and
security consequences. concerning roads, pipe ramming
may lead to localized subsidence or collapse, because of the
modification of the structure of the ground underlying the
road. Monitoring the occurrence of such phenomena can be
difficult without the use of non-destructive methods. For
this purpose, geophysical methods can be of great interest.
Among these methods, electrical resistivity tomography
(ERT) is a geophysical technique widely used for imaging in
two dimensions subsurface structures. The technique is
used to locate geological discontinuities as well as areas of
great geological interest [5-7]. Studies such as Alle et al. [8]
have shown the efficiency of the method in identifying
hydrogeological targets for proper borehole siting
compared to other commonly used geophysical methods.
Soro et al. [9] showed that the application of ERT allows to
design a geological conceptual model of an aquifer. Such
applications are certainly useful to characterize aquifers
and so for the mobilization of groundwater [10-12].
Moreover, in the field of civil engineering, there are also
examples of the application of ERT of practical utility.
Indeed, Kim et al. used tomography to monitor subsoil
stability near a foundation excavation [13]. Shin et al. used
this method for early detection of dam failure by
characterizing temporal changes in subsurface behaviors
[14]. Neyamadpour showed that it is possible to use ERT to
study the vertical and horizontal extension of existing
cracks in the structure of a road covered with asphaltic
sandstone [15]. Studies such as the works of Martínez-
Pagán proved that the ERT method has been very effective
and suitable for providing sufficient information on the
subsoil of shallow cavities [16]. However, to our
knowledge, the method has never been used to monitor
and anticipate damage caused by pipe ramming. The
objective of the present study is to highlight the
contribution of ERT in the diagnostic potential damages
caused by pipe-ramming under roads. The study will focus
on verifying whether the pipe ramming does not
accentuate the formation of cavities or flow paths within
these terrains. Such a study will therefore be of practical
use for engineers and geotechnicians working in the
construction and public works sector. This study was
conducted on the national road N°4 in Burkina Faso where

Hamma Fabien Yonli et al./Contribution of Electri cal Resistivity Tomography to the Anticipation of Potential Disasters:
Case of Pipe Ramming Works Under Road Embank ments
JMSSE Vol. 10, 2023, pp 1091-1096 ©2023 INSCIENCEIN. All rights reserved
Contents lists available at http://www.jmsse.in/ & http://www.jmsse.org/
pipe ramming is one of the trenchless pipe laying
techniques that have become widespread in recent years.
The time elapsed between the pipe ramming works and the
investigations of this study is three (03) months.
Experimental
Study site
The study site is located in Burkina Faso on the national
road N°4 (Figure 1), about thirty km from the capital
Ouagadougou, in the locality of Boudtenga, in a geological
context of crystalline basement. The dominant formations
are made up of schists, granites and basalts as shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Geological map of the study area
Pipe ramming was conducted there in order to pass various
networks under the roadway, namely: electric cables and
optical fiber inserted in PVC casings. This work required
the construction of temporary excavations on both sides of
the road.
The first excavation called insertion pit was carried out on
the north side of the road in an anthropized environment.
The relief is flat and indurated on the surface with the
presence of altered lateritic shells, and sandy and clayey
soils originating from the saprolite. On the south side
where the second excavation was carried out, qualified as
receiving pit, the relief is very indurated and characterized
by the presence of witness mounds.
Both pits are located a few tens of meters from the foot of
the roadway embankments; the height difference
measured between the roadway and the natural ground is
respectively 1.20 m on the side of the insertion pit and 0.80
m on the side of the receiving pit.
Visual observations show that the excavated grounds
appear to have been used to backfill the pits. However,
these grounds show evidence of subsidence and the
appearance of cracks favorable to surface water infiltration
inside the pits (Figures 2.A and 2.B). The situation is all the
more worrying as runoff water from the roadway is easily
routed to the pits because of the slope of the embankments.
Strategy of geophysical prospection
The strategy of prospection chosen in this study has
consisted of conducting four (04) electrical resistivity
profiles as shown in Figure 2.
In a first step, two (02) electrical profiles, namely profiles 1
and 4, were carried out upstream of the pits, about thirty
meters away. This strategy aims to assess the properties of
the medium that have not been influenced by the pipe
ramming. These profiles will thus provide, for each of side
the investigated road, the reference situation for a
comparison with other profiles.
The second step consisted in conducting electrical profiles
(profiles 2 and 3) downstream of the pits, along the road, at
the top of the embankments. This position makes it
possible to assess the modifications of the properties of the
formations underlying the embankment which would have
been potentially influenced by the presence of the pipe
ramming.
Figure 2: Illustration of the locations of ERT profiles conducted on
the field
Data acquisition
Principle
Electrical resistivity tomography consists to align a set of
electrodes of constant spacing (electrical resistivity profile)
in order to perform a series of apparent electrical
resistivity measurements. A sequence of measurements is
prepared in advance using ELECTRII software and
imported into the memory of a resistivity meter. This
sequence of measurements is a small execution program
indicating the sequence of quadrupoles to be considered to
perform the resistivity measurements (Figure 3).
Measurements are made at several horizontal positions
and at several depths.
For each quadrupole considered, the potential difference
V and the electric current intensity I are measured. The
apparent resistivity ρ is then calculated by applying to the
ratio V/I a multiplier coefficient K according to the
formula: =
 (1)
Figure 3: Procedure for acquiring a dataset with several
quadrupoles using an automatic electrical resistivity meter [17]
Once installed in the memory of the resistivity meter, the
protocol allows it to independently perform the series of
programmed unit measurements. The apparent resistivity
values obtained for each of the measurement quadrupoles
are plotted in a vertical plane called pseudo-section of
apparent resistivity.
Choice of measurements configuration on the field
All the profiles were conducted using the Wenner α and
Wenner β electrodes array. These arrays have been
conducted because their the combination makes possible
to assess both the horizontal and vertical heterogeneities of
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Hamma Fabien Yonli et al./Contribution of Electri cal Resistivity Tomography to the Anticipation of Potential Disasters:
Case of Pipe Ramming Works Under Road Embank ments
JMSSE Vol. 10, 2023, pp 1091-1096 ©2023 INSCIENCEIN. All rights reserved
Contents lists available at http://www.jmsse.in/ & http://www.jmsse.org/
the subsoil. The profiles were obtained by aligning 72
electrodes spaced 1 m apart and centered laterally on the
pits (Figure 4). Such an approach allows us to obtain an
investigation depth of about 10 m at the center of the
device.
Figure 4: Implementation of an electrical resistivity profile
downstream of the insertion pit
The measurement device used in this study is the SYSCAL
R1+ 72 Switch, which is a resistivity meter presented in a
compact block and making it possible to read the current
intensities, the potentials and to directly calculate the
apparent resistivities of the ground. It is powered by an
external battery and two internal batteries. Reels of
electrical cables are used to connect the device to the
electrodes for injecting current and measuring the
potential difference.
Data processing
Data pre-processing
Raw data from the resistivity meter undergoes pre-
processing with the Prosys II software. Some parameters of
the dataset have been filtered in order to avoid errors in
the modeling process. In this study, these constraints have
been considered: positive apparent resistivity, maximum
standard deviation equal to 10%.
Elimination of outliers
After filtering data under Prosys II, they are processed with
the X2ipi software. X2ipi made it possible to eliminate
some outliers that would have escaped the filter. This
consisted in identifying the data which have orders of
magnitude different from those of the neighboring data.
Data inversion and classification
After pre-processing and elimination of outliers, the next
step has consisted in carrying out a data inversion, that is
to say proposing a model of true resistivities called section
of electrical resistivity which corresponds to the realities of
the field [18]. This step was performed using RES2DINV
software. Data inversion started with the determination of
an initial model and its iterative improvement using the
differences between the observations and the responses
calculated with respect to the parameters of the model.
In order to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the
geophysical models obtained after inversion, the
interpreted resistivities are grouped into classes of
resistivity taking into account the geological context of the
study area.
The quality of the data inversion is assessed by the Root
Mean Square (RMS) which measures the difference
between the calculated apparent electrical resistivities
(xmodel) and the measured electrical resistivities (xdata).
 =(,−,/,

 )
²
/
(2)
where N represents the total number of measurements.
Results and Discussion
In total, four (4) profiles of 71 m each, with an investigation
depth of 10 m, made it possible to carry out all the
geophysical prospecting on the Boudtenga site. The
following sections show the different results obtained for
each pit after data inversion.
Observations on resistivity variability at the insertion
pit side
Figure 5 shows the electrical resistivity section upstream of
the insertion pit (section from profile 1). Given the distance
between the electrical profile and the insertion pit, it can be
assumed that this part of the study site was not
considerably influenced by the pipe ramming. The section
of electrical resistivity makes it possible to perceive a very
resistant environment characterized by electrical
resistivities greater than 400 ohm.m, in line with the
presence of laterite from the surface. In the geological
context of crystalline basement, beyond 400 ohm.m, we
have to deal with the presence of massive rocks of
relatively low porosity and whose alteration is not deep
[19-20]. At the east of this profile, however, there are
formations of lower resistivity below 400 ohm.m which are
more characteristic of alterites.
Figure 6 shows the electrical resistivity section slightly
downstream of the insertion pit (section from profile 2
made on the roadway). In general way, the center of the
section is less electrically resistant compare to the
reference case. On the surface, up to about 1.20 m deep,
this situation is easy to understand given the presence of a
disturbed layer of soil (compacted road embankment) with
lower resistivity. At a deeper level, however, low electrical
resistivity values are noticed, such values are related to the
presence of wet materials
This situation is all the more noticeable in the center of the
electrical profile, at a depth of about 2.4 m, where the
lowest resistivities are recorded. These resistivities are
lower than 50 ohm.m. Such low resistivities are due to the
presence of a very porous medium (beginning of a
formation of cavity) and very humid which is not seen on
the reference profile (profile 1). Taking into account the
fact that the profile was centered on the insertion pit, we
can deduce that the poorly clogged excavation of the
insertion pit has favored the infiltration of water and has
lead to a degradation of the structure towards the zone
crossed by the pipe ramming. Therefore, the bearing
capacity of the formations underlying the road has been
altered. This seems all the more true since the zone of
weakness in the center of the section of profile 2 is located
at the estimated depth of 2.4 m where the pipe ramming
was conducted.
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Hamma Fabien Yonli et al./Contribution of Electri cal Resistivity Tomography to the Anticipation of Potential Disasters:
Case of Pipe Ramming Works Under Road Embank ments
JMSSE Vol. 10, 2023, pp 1091-1096 ©2023 INSCIENCEIN. All rights reserved
Contents lists available at http://www.jmsse.in/ & http://www.jmsse.org/
Figure 5: Electrical resistivity section from profile 1 (upstream of the insertion pit)
Figure 6: Electrical resistivity section from profile 2 (downstream of the insertion pit)
Figure 7: Electrical resistivity section from profile 4 (upstream of the receiving pit)
Figure 8: Electrical resistivity section from profile 3 (downstream of the receiving pit)
Observation on resistivity variability at the receiving
pit side
Figure 7 shows the electrical resistivity section upstream of
the receiving pit (section from profile 4). It reveals that, on
the south side of the road, the medium consists of a very
electrically resistant environment with electrical resistivity
values mostly above 400 ohm.m. As for the electrical
resistivity section of profile 1, these values are indicative of
a medium with very low porosity consisting of altered
lateritic shell.
Figure 8 shows the electrical resistivity section slightly
downstream of the receiving pit, profile conducted on the
roadway (profile 3). This profile makes it possible to
distinguish in the superficial thickness of about 1 m, a layer
of resistivity between 200 and 400 ohm.m which
corresponds to the compacted road embankment. This
compartment thus overlays the lateritic shell which
extends over approximately 1.5 m in thickness. The profile
then shows that at about 2 m depth, very low electrical
resistivities are recorded in the central part (0 to 50
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Hamma Fabien Yonli et al./Contribution of Electri cal Resistivity Tomography to the Anticipation of Potential Disasters:
Case of Pipe Ramming Works Under Road Embank ments
JMSSE Vol. 10, 2023, pp 1091-1096 ©2023 INSCIENCEIN. All rights reserved
Contents lists available at http://www.jmsse.in/ & http://www.jmsse.org/
ohm.m). at this location close to the pipe ramming, the
structure of altered materials has been affected. The poorly
sealed excavation has favored the infiltration of rainwater
and its circulation towards the area crossed by the pipe
ramming and has given rise to a very wet and highly
porous environment (beginning of a formation of cavity).
This infiltration also seems to be propagating in depth and
also on the western side of the profile where we note the
presence of highly conductive layers (resistivities lower
than 100 ohm.m) which contrast strongly with the
resistant superficial medium above 2 m depth. Note that
the depth of 2 m corresponds to the estimated depth of the
pipe ramming zone from the level of the roadway.
Discussion
The application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in
Burkina Faso has already proven itself in the sense that it
made it possible to image geological formations and to
explain the behavior of aquifers in a crystalline basement
environment [21-23]. The combination of the Wenner α
and Wenner β devices for electrodes spaced 5 m apart and
used by Soro [19]; Outoumbe has allowed to observe the
presence of discontinuities over an investigation depth of
60 m, and to well describe the alteration profile of hard
rock aquifers [22]. Geological conceptual models have been
proposed on this basis facilitating the comprehension of
such media.
This study shows that the method is also suitable for
applications in the field of civil engineering provided that
the inter-electrode spacing is reduced in order to have a
good resolution of the surface fringe of one to a few tens of
meters which is the zone of interest in this type of
application. The ratio of outliers after data processing is
less than 1% for all electrical resistivity sections: the data
can be considered good at the end of this step.
Furthermore, the RMS values obtained ranging from 1.83%
to 4.37% are low compared to those obtained by Soro [19]
which vary between 4.8% and 13.2%. Such values attest
the quality of the models obtained.
Conclusions
At the end of the geophysical investigation on the site of the
Boudtenga, the electrical profiles conducted on the
roadway near the insertion and receiving pits, show in
their central parts, a modification of the structure of the
underlying formations. At a depth of about 2 m, an
environment of very low electrical resistivity is observed,
which corresponds to the presence of a porous and very
humid material which gradually extends laterally and in
depth.
In view of the observations made in the field, the pits have
probably been poorly clogged, making the zone of pipe
ramming a preferential flow zone below the roadway.
These soils underlying the roadway are therefore likely to
settle under the weight of road loads and thus lead to
subsidence or even collapse on the surface if they are not
properly sealed.
As a recommendation, the pits made during the pipe
ramming should be plugged in the future with carefully
compacted materials to avoid possible infiltration of runoff
water drained by the roadway. In addition, to better
anticipate disasters likely to occur, we recommend
carrying out Electrical Resistivity Tomography tests, before
conducting pipe ramming operations and then after the
end of these operations. This would allow a temporal
monitoring of the properties of the formations underlying
the roadway.
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Case of Pipe Ramming Works Under Road Embank ments
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