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1/8Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e262479 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.262479
Original Article
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
ISSN 1519-6984 (Print)
ISSN 1678-4375 (Online)
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
Traditional medicines are extensively used from many
years due to their security. In many developing countries a
large number of the population uses medicinal plants for
treatment of several ailments (Vendruscolo et al., 2022;
Nguta et al., 2011). Plants contain certain active constituents
which are important medicinally. These phytochemical
constituents are present in storage organs of the botanicals
(Himesh et al., 2011). Different varieties of compounds
extracted from plant parts are used as protective agents
against viral, fungal, bacterial, and insecticidal diseases in
plants. They may also act as scavengers of free radicals,
absorbing UV lights, act against proliferative stimuli along
with acting as being antioxidant in nature (Lillo et al., 2023).
In order to detect the antitumor compounds and the
toxicity of plants towards cancer cells brine shrimp lethality
bioassay is used (Olowa and Nuñeza, 2013). Phytochemicals
are synthesized during secondary metabolic processes
possessing immense potential as biological activity
enhancers (Alves et al., 2024; Oszmia
ń
ski et al., 2020).The
toxicity of the plant extracts is assessed by this method.
Abstract
The methanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum were
investigated for cytotoxicity, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. Cytotoxicity was investigated by brine shrimp
lethality assay indicating that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and chloroformic extract of C.villosum
revealed highest mortality of brine shrimps with (LD
50
of 52.60 µg/ml) and (14.81 µg/ml). Phytotoxicity was evaluated
using the Lemna minor bioassay which revealed that the crude methanolic extract of A.millefolium and C.villosum
extract has maximum inhibition of Lemna minor with (Fl50 6.60 µg/ml) and (0.67 µg/ml).The insecticidal activity
showed that among all the insects studied it was observed that methanolic extract of A. millefoliumand C. villosum
was highly toxic to Sphenoptera dadkhani with (LD50=4.17 µg/ml) and (0.34 µg/ml). From the present study it can
be concluded that different extracts from A. millefolium and C. villosum showed good cytotoxic, phytotoxic and
insecticidal activity in a dose dependent manner.
Keywords: cytotoxic, phytotoxic, insecticidal activity, Achillea millefolium, Chaerophyllum villosum.
Resumo
Neste estudo, os extratos metanólico, clorofórmico e aquoso de Achillea millefolium e Chaerophyllum villosum
foram analisados em relação à citotoxicidade, atividade fitotóxica e inseticida. A citotoxicidade foi analisada
através do ensaio de letalidade de artémia, indicando que o extrato metanólico bruto de A. millefolium e o extrato
clorofórmico de C. villosum revelaram maior mortalidade de artêmias com DL50 de 52,60 µg/ml e 14,81 µg/ml. A
fitotoxicidade foi avaliada utilizando o bioensaio de Lemna minor que revelou que o extrato metanólico bruto de
A. millefolium e extrato de C. villosum têm inibição máxima de Lemna minor com Fl50 6,60 µg/ml e 0,67 µg/ml. A
atividade inseticida mostrou que dentre todos os insetos estudados, o extrato metanólico de A. millefolium e de
C. villosum foi altamente tóxico para Sphenoptera dadkhanicom DL50 = 4,17 µg/ml e 0,34 µg/ml . Por outro lado,
diferentes extratos, como A. millefolium e C. villosum apresentaram boa atividade citotóxica, fitotóxica e inseticida
de forma dose-dependente.
Palavras-chave: citotóxico, fitotóxico, atividade inseticida, Achillea millefolium, Chaerophyllum villosum.
Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Insecticidal Potential of
Achillea
millefolium
L. and
Chaerophyllum villosum
wall. ex dc.
Potencial citotóxico, fitotóxico e insecticida de Achillea Millefolium L. e Chaerophyllum Villosum
M. Adila* , G. Dastagirb, Ambrinb, A. A. Sherc, F. Rahimd, A. Quddoosa, F. Z. Filimbane and Izhar-ul-Haqf
aUniversity of Swat, Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, Swat, Pakistan
bUniversity of Peshawar, Department of Botany, Peshawar, Pakistan
cIslamia College, Department of Botany, Peshawar, Pakistan
dBacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
eKing Abdul Aziz University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
fPeshawar Medical College, Department of Environmental Science, Peshawar, Pakistan
*e-mail: adilpadagogue@gmail.com
Received: March 27, 2022 – Accepted: November 9, 2022
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e2624792/8
Adil, M. et al.
seeds are used for the treatment of stomach pain, cough
and cold (Aziz et al., 2015). It occurs at an altitude of
(5000-6000 ft) (Khan et al., 2014). It grows in moist and
cold environment on the road sides or open areas at height
of (2100-3500 m) and is extensively distributed in East
Asia Himalayas including India to Bhutan, Nepal and China
(Joshi and Mathela, 2013). According to Flora of Pakistan
it is found in the hills from (2500-4000m). The present
study investigates the cytotoxic, phytotoxic and insecticidal
activities of Achellia millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant materials
Both the plants Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum
villosum were collected from Merajani top, Abbottabad
District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan at an altitude
of (2,992 m) during August-September 2013.They were
recognized by a taxonomist named Prof. Dr. Abdur Rashid
at Botany Department, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
Voucher specimen numbers i.e. M. AdilBot.2244 (PUP) and
M. Adil Bot. 2245 (PUP) were given and specimens were
deposited in Herbarium, Botany Department, University
of Peshawar. At room temperature plants were dried and
ground with a mechanical grinder. The powdered plant
materials (500g) were soaked in (1,000 ml), (97% methanol
and chloroform) for two weeks. Both extracts were passed
through (Whatman filter paper No.1823). The resulting
methanolic and chloroformic extracts were subjected to
rotary evaporator at 40ºC to get concentrated crude extracts.
The aqueous extract was prepared by soaking 20 g powdered
plant material in 80ml distilled water for 48 hrs. It was
filtered to get the filtrate (Dastagir and Hussain, 2010).
2.2. Cytotoxic activity
The cytotoxic activity was done using the method of
(Meyer et al., 1982). The stock solution was prepared when
the methanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extracts of plant
(10 mg) were dissolved in 1ml of dimethyl sulphoxide
(DMSO)and then three concentrations i.e., 10µl, 100µl,
1,000µl were taken and were shifted to sterilized vials from
this stock solution. At 85 ºC the vials were sterilized for 2
days. There were three replicates for each concentration.
At low temperatures (4°C) the brine shrimp eggs were
stored to maintain sustainability. The brine shrimp eggs
were hatched in a tray (22x32 cm). It was half-filled with
filtered brine solution (sea salt solution) and 50 mg eggs of
brine shrimp was sprinkled and was subjected to incubation
at 37°C.After 2 days the brine shrimp eggs hatched and
10 larvae/vial was placed. The volume was made to 10 ml
with seawater and it was incubated at 25-27°C for 24 hours
under illumination. In the other vials solvent was added,
which served as negative controls. The (Etoposide) was
used as standard drug and as a positive control.
2.3. Phytotoxic activity
Phytotoxic potential of the plant extracts was investigated
against the Lemna minor by following McLaughlin (1991). In
Several advantages of this assay are rapidness, simplicity and
low requirements. However, for standardized experimental
conditions, several conditions need to be completed,
especially (pH of the medium, temperature, aeration and
light and salinity) (Hamidi et al., 2014). Certain anti-tumor
and cytotoxic agents can be isolated from plants with the
help of this bioassay and can be used against abnormal
division of cells (Urmi et al., 2013). Lemna minor bioassay
is helpful in investigating new plant growth stimulants
(Hussain et al., 2010). With the increase in number of pests,
management of pests becomes more complex and vice versa
(Hyder et al., 2024). Weeds have adverse effects on the
production of crops. For controlling these weeds different
chemical herbicides are used. But these chemical herbicides
cause environmental problems and are very expensive to
use (Shahnoor et al., 2014). Therefore natural herbicides
should be investigated which are safe and eco-friendly.
Interest in the use of therapeutic plants as insecticides
has increased these days due to the environmental
concerns and development of resistance to the synthetic
insecticides in insects. These insects are one of the major
causes of damage to fruits and vegetables throughout
the world (Nazir et al., 2022). The search for attaining
products from plants which may act as effective against
certain plant diseases with less toxicity effect and less
adverse effects on environment as well is being stressed
upon by researchers (Dilkin et al., 2024). Plants contain
the naturally occurring insecticides. Active constituents
of plants are found to be effective against certain insects
causing diseases in biological organisms (Santana et al.,
2021). The mono-terpenoids are the bioactive agents
present in medicinal plant extracts which cause mortality
of insects. Due to their high volatile nature they have
insecticidal activity which is useful for controlling stored-
product insects (Ahmad et al., 2013).
Tribolium castaneum (red four beetle) is the main
pest of flour and certain other products and has severely
damaged stored grains like wheat (Suresh et al., 2001),
affecting the quantity and quality of these food grains
(Smith Junior et al., 1971). Trogoderma granarium (Khapra
beetle) has caused major loss of stored grains in certain
regions of Pakistan and is also one of the harmful insect
pests (Bell and Wilson, 1995). Due to stored grains insect
pests about 2- 6% food grains of Pakistan are lost each
year during storage (Avesi, 1983). Sphenoptera dadkhani
(Peach flat-headed borer) caused severe damage to the
plum and peach orchards in Pakistan (Zahid, 2014). In
Pakistan, yield of cotton crop decreases to about 28.13%
due to pests (Javed et al., 2021). Potential negative effect
of pesticides on pollinators has been a cause of concern
too (El Helaly et al., 2021)
Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) is known as Baranjasif,
and its flowers and leaves are used medicinally (Ahmed,
2015). Plant has been used as antioxidant, antimicrobial,
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypersensitive, anti-
diabetic, anticancer and anti-diarrheal (Presena, 2016). It
is useful in hepatitis, jaundice and is a hepato-protective
herb. It occurs in Azad Kashmir, Swat, Hazara and Kaghan
(Fazal et al., 2013).
Chaerophyllum villosum L. (Apiaceae) is known as
Jangali Gajar (Mehta and Bhatt, 2007). The leaves and
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e262479 3/8
Biological potential of A. millefolium and C. Villosum
at 104 ºC for 4 hours and filter papers were shaped as per
the dimensions of Petri plates. After that filter papers were
placed in petri plates and then stock solutions of test samples
were poured into it with micropipettes. The Petri dishes
were left overnight for the evaporation of methanol and
chloroform. On the second day ten small and equal sized
healthy insects of each species were selected and were
shifted to the labeled Petri dishes. In an incubator at 27°C
in growth chamber the Petri dishes were placed for 24hrs
with relative humidity of 50%. After 24 hrs incubation results
were noted by calculating the number of survived insects
in each Petri dish. Mortality percentage was calculated
following the formula as follows (Equation 2).
Number of insects in tests
% 1 00 100
Number of insects in negative control
mortality =−×
(2)
2.4. Phytochemical screening
The phytochemical tests of methanolic, chloroformic and
aqueous extracts of Achillea millefolium and Chaerophyllum
villosum were done to find out tannins, glycosides, saponins,
triterpenoids, phytosterols, phenols,, alkaloids, steroids,
flavonoids and oils following the standard methods of
Sofowora (1993), Trease and Evans (1989), Iyenger (1995),
Kokate (2010), Edeoga et al. (2005).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cytotoxic activity
The results revealed that different extracts from both
plants showed dose dependent toxicity to brine shrimps.
Methanolic extract of Achellia millefolium was most toxic
to brine shrimps (73.4%) with LD
50
value of 52.60 followed
by chloroform extract (66.7%) at higher doses (Table 1).
The result agrees with Naeem Qaisar et al. (2013) who
(1,000 ml) distilled water several constituents were dissolved
and the pH (5.5-6.0) was adjusted through addition of KOH
pellets. The stock solution was prepared by dissolving
extracts (30mg) in methanol and chloroform (1.0 ml). The
three concentration 10 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml and 1,000 µg/ml,
were taken from stock solution/standard solution and were
shifted to Petri dishes (for each concentration 3 replicates
were used). The petri dishes were left for sometime so that
the solvents evaporate from Petri dishes. Then petri dishes
were filled up with 20 ml E-medium and in each petri dish
lemna minor plants with three fronds were added. The
E-medium was added to other Petri dish for control. The
initial reading of the Lemna minor bioassay was taken and
then it was kept for a week. After a week the numbers of
fronds in all petri dishes were counted and the data were
arranged and were analyzed statistically (Steel et al.,1997).
The following formula was used to calculate the percent
inhibition of the Lemna minor (Equation 1).
Number of fronds in tests
% 1 00 100
Number of fronds in negative control
inhibition =−×
(1)
Insecticidal activity: The insecticidal activity was carried
out as described by Bashir et al. (2010). The stock solution
was prepared by mixing 20mg of the plant sample in 3ml
of methanol and chloroform. In order to make the aqueous
extract 20g of powdered plant was soaked in 80 ml of
distilled water for 48 hrs. After 48 hrs it was filtered by
means of standard filter paper. In controlled conditions
of humidity and temperature (25-27ºC) the test insects
such as Tribolium castanium, Trochoderma granarium and
Sphenoptera dadkhani were raised in the plastic bottles. For
insecticidal activity insects of same size and age were used.
The insecticidal activity was done following (Bashir et al.,
2010). On first day the petri dishes (90mm) were sterilized
Table 1. Cytotoxic activity of Achellia millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC.
Plant Extracts Dose
(μg/ml)
Total no. of
larvae
No. of survival
larvae
No. of death of
larvae % mortality LD50
(μg/ml)
Achillea
millefolium
Control 30 30 0 0 -
Methanol 10 30 19 11 36.7 52.60
100 30 13 17 56.7
1,000 30 08 22 73.4
Chloroform
10 30 21 09 30.0 142.13
100 30 16 14 46.7
1,000 30 10 20 66.7
Aqueous 10 30 25 05 16.7 385.39
100 30 19 11 36.7
1,000 30 12 18 60.0
Chaerophyllum
villosum
Methanol 10 30 23 07 23.4 103.28
100 30 15 15 50.0
1,000 30 07 23 76.7
Chloroform
10 30 16 14 46.7 14.81
100 30 08 22 73.4
1,000 30 05 29 96.67
Aqueous 10 30 24 06 20.0 65.56
100 30 11 19 63.33
1,000 30 01 29 83.4
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e2624794/8
Adil, M. et al.
dasycarpum. Hameed et al. (2013) reported high toxicity
of Lemna minor to methanolic extract of Datura innoxia.
Different extracts of both the plants exhibited that %
inhibition of the fronds of Lemna minor was dose dependent.
Romero-Romero et al. (2002) reported that the phyto-toxins
hamper the enzymatic activity, permeability of membrane,
respiratory chains, division of cell and electron transport
chain in photosynthesis. The herbicidal potential of both
the plants might be due to the presence of phytotoxins.
3.3. Insecticidal activity
Results regarding insecticidal activity of different
extracts of Achellia millefolium and Chaerophyllum
villosum are shown in Table 3. The results indicated that
chloroform extract of Achellia millefolium was most toxic
(66.7%) to Triboliumcastaneum with LD50 value of 31.41
followed by methanolic extract (56.7%) at higher doses.
Minimum toxicity (46.7%) was exhibited by aqueous
extract at higher doses (Table 3). The methanolic extract of
Achellia millefolium was most toxic (60.0%) to Trochoderma
granarium with LD
50
value of 242.22 followed by chloroform
extract (50.0%) at higher doses. The low (40.0%) toxicity
was measured by aqueous extract at higher doses. The
study further revealed that methanolic extract of Achillea
millefolium showed greater toxicity (90.0%) to Sphenoptera
dadkhani (LD
50
value of 4.17) followed by chloroform
extract (80.0%) at high doses. Aqueous extracts of the
same plant noted low (66.7%) toxicity to Sphenoptera
dadkhani at high doses (Table 3). The methanolic extract
also reported lower LD50 value for methanolic extract of
Croton bonplandianum. Similarly, chloroform extract of
Chaerophyllum villosum measured maximum toxicity to
brine shrimps (96.67%) with LD50 value of 14.81 followed
by aqueous extract (83.4%) at higher doses (Table 1). These
results are in accordance with Misonge et al. (2015) who
also revealed highest toxicity of brine shrimps to the
chloroformic extract of Launaea cornuta. This indicates
that the toxicological activity shown by A. millefolium and
C. villosum was due to the presence of cytotoxic agents.
Earlier studies showed that saponins, alkaloids, tannins
and flavonoids are some of the cytotoxic agents present in
different plants (Huang et al., 2012; Mungenge et al., 2014).
3.2. Phytotoxic activity
The results revealed that methanolic extract of Achellia
millefolium had showed profound growth inhibition
(90.0%) of growth of Lemna minor with FI50 value of 6.60
µg/ml followed by chloroform (73.4%) and aqueous extract
(63.4%) at higher doses (Table 2). The data also showed that
methanolic extracts of Chaerophyllum villosum reduced the
growth of Lemna minor by 76.7% with FI
50
value of 0.67 µg/
ml followed by chloroform (73.4%) and aqueous extract
(70.0%).The methanolic extracts of A. millefolium and C.
villosum caused greater growth inhibition of Lemna minor
as compared to the chloroform and aqueous extract. The
results are strengthened by the findings of Ghaffari et al.
(2013) who also revealed maximum toxicity of Lemna
minor plants due to methanolic extract of Heliotropium
Table 2. Phytotoxic activity of Achellia millefolium and Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC.
Plants Extracts Dose
(μg/ml)
No. of fronds
in test
No. of fronds
in control % inhibition FI50
(μg/ml)
Achellia
millefolium
Methanol 10 13 30.00 56.7 6.60
100 09 70.0
1,000 03 90.0
Chloroform 10 18 40.0 33.69
100 12 60.0
1,000 08 73.4
Aqueous 10 20 33.4 105.75
100 14 53.4
1,000 11 63.4
Chaerophyllum
villosum
Methanol 10 12 30.00 60.0 0.67
100 09 70.0
1,000 07 76.7
Chloroform 10 15 50.0 7.80
100 10 66.7
1,000 08 73.4
Aqueous 10 18 40.0 59.08
100 15 50.0
1,000 09 70.0
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e262479 5/8
Biological potential of A. millefolium and C. Villosum
Table 3. Insecticidal activity of Achillea millefolium L.
Test Insects Extracts Dose
(μg/ml)
Total No. of
insects
No. of insects
survival
No. of dead
insects
Percent
mortality
LD50
(μg/ml)
Triboliumcastaneum Control 30 0 0 0 -
Methanol 10 30 19 11 36.7 252.88
100 30 16 14 46.7
1,000 30 13 17 56.7
Chloroform 10 30 16 14 46.7 31.41
100 30 14 16 53.4
1,000 30 10 20 66.7
Aqueous 10 30 24 06 20.0 1228.97
100 30 18 12 40.0
1,000 30 16 14 46.7
Trochodermagranarium Methanol 10 30 21 09 30.0 242.22
100 30 17 13 43.4
1,000 30 12 18 60.0
Chloroform 10 30 25 05 17. 7 838.68
100 30 19 11 36.7
1,000 30 15 15 50.0
Aqueous 10 30 27 03 10.0 2397.07
100 30 21 09 30.0
1,000 30 18 12 40.0
Sphenopteradadkhani Methanol 10 30 12 18 60.0 4.17
100 30 09 21 70.0
1,000 30 03 27 90.0
Chloroform 10 30 15 15 50.0 10 .14
100 30 10 20 66.7
1,000 30 06 24 80.0
Aqueous 10 30 19 11 36.7 65.98
100 30 13 17 56.7
1,000 30 10 20 66.7
of Chaerophyllum villosum was most active (93.4%) against
Tribolium castaneum with LD50 value of 8.90 followed by
chloroform extract (90.0%) at high doses. The low (46.7%)
mortality was exhibited by aqueous extract at high doses
(Table 4). Methanolic extract of Chaerophyllum villosum was
most toxic (83.4%) to Trochoderma granarium (LD50 value
of 0.76) followed by chloroform extract (60.0%). The low
(53.4%) toxicity was shown by aqueous extract at high doses
(Table 4). Methanolic extract of Chaerophyllum villosum
showed greater toxicity (83.4%) to Sphenoptera dadkhani
with LD50 value of 0.34 followed by chloroform extract
(80.0%) at high doses (Table 4).The methanolic extracts of
A. millefolium and C. villosum showed maximum toxicity to
Sphenopteradadkhani. In the present study the LD50 values
for Tribolium castaneum and Trochoderma granarium were
high and hence these insects showed resistance to the
A. millefolium extracts. These results are supported by
Hussain et al. (2010) who reported that T. castaneumand
T. granarium were resistant to methanolic extract of Rumex
hastatus. The growth inhibition of Lemna minor might be
due to the occurrence of triterpenoids, glycosides, amino
acids and saponins in these plants (Table 5). Similar results
are also reported by Fazal et al. (2013) and Saleem et al.
(2014). Mostafa et al. (2012), Gonzalez et al. (2013) and
Jide-Ojo et al. (2013) reported that steroids, phenolics and
flavonoids have shown toxicity against pathogens, pests
and tested insects. Similar compounds were also present
in the tested plants (Table 5). These results showed that
different extracts from A. millefolium and C. villosum are
potential sources of insecticides against the three tested
insects. This also indicated that toxic phytochemicals
are methanolic soluble that might be responsible for
insecticidal activity.
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e2624796/8
Adil, M. et al.
the plants revealed that these plants are rich sources of
phytotoxic compounds and might serve as a good source
of natural herbicide for the control and management of
weeds in agriculture in order to improve crops yield. The
insecticidal activity of both plants indicated that plant
extracts which are eco and user friendly, play vital role
in protection of storage commodities. Therefore, these
extracts may be potential candidates for their use in the
4. Conclusion
The results concluded that different extracts from
A. millefolium and C. villosum showed good cytotoxic,
phytotoxic and insecticidal activity in a dose dependent
manner. The cytotoxicity exhibited by the present
plants clearly indicates the presence of potent bioactive
compounds and they might be helpful in future for the
treatment of cancer. The phytotoxic effect as shown by both
Table 4. Insecticidal activity of Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC.
Test Insects Extract Dose
(μg/ml)
Total No. of
insects
No. of insects
survival
No. of dead
insects
Percent
mortality
LD50
(μg/ml)
Triboliumcastaneum Control 30 0 0 0 -
Methanol 10 30 14 16 53.4 8.90
100 30 08 22 73.4
1,000 30 02 28 93.4
Chloroform 10 30 20 10 33.3 86.61
100 30 14 16 53.3
1,000 30 07 27 90.0
Aqueous 10 30 26 04 13.4 1407.7758
100 30 21 09 30.0
1,000 30 16 14 46.7
Trochodermagranarium Methanol 10 30 11 19 63.4 0.76
100 30 07 23 76.7
1,000 30 05 25 83.4
Chloroform 10 30 22 08 26.7 263.47
100 30 17 13 43.4
1,000 30 12 18 60.0
Aqueous 10 30 23 07 23.4 685.38
100 30 19 11 36.7
1,000 30 14 16 53.4
Sphenopteradadkhani Methanol 10 30 10 20 66.7 0.34
100 30 08 22 73.4
1,000 30 05 25 83.4
Chloroform 10 30 17 13 43.4 25.02
100 30 12 18 60.0
1,000 30 06 24 80.0
Aqueous 10 30 19 11 36.7 59.64
100 30 14 16 53.4
1,000 30 08 22 73.4
Table 5. Qualitative phytochemical screening of Achillea millefolium L. and Chaerophyllum villosumWall. ex DC.
Chemical constituents
Achillea millefolium
L.
Chaerophyllum villosum
Wall. ex DC.
Methanolic
extract
Chloroform
extract
Aqueous
extract
Methanolic
extract
Chloroform
extract
Aqueous
extract
Alkaloids - + ++++
Flavonoids + + + + + -
Phenols + + - + + +
Saponins + - + - + -
Glycosides - + + - - +
Tannin + + - + - +
Triterpenoids - + + - - -
Steroids - - + + + +
Note: (+) indicates the presence of phytochemical while (-) indicates absence of phytochemical.
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024, vol. 84, e262479 7/8
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Acknowledgements
The research was supported by The Deanship of
Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdul Aziz University,
Jeddah, Grant No. [IFPRC-187-130-2020]. The authors are
highly grateful for this support.
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