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Comparative study of the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveoiens from the four regions of Morocco
Abstract
Pelargonium graveoiens (rose-scented pelargonium) is a plant that belongs to the Geraniaceae family native to South Africa. It is recognized for its aroma and essential oil which is widely used in the cosmetic industry, aromatherapy and as a food flavoring agent. It is also known for its antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. For this, it is interesting to study the chemical composition of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens from the four regions of Morocco (Er-Rachidia, Meknes, Rabat, Tetouan) by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and determine the similarities and dissimilarities of the chemical composition of these four essential oils by carrying out an analysis on the one hand in main composition (ACP) and on the other hand, evaluating their antioxidant activities by two methods DPPH and CAT. The results showed that the essential oil of Pelargonium graveoiens (rose-scented pelargonium) from the four regions mainly contains p-Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, epi-y-eudesmol, geranyl tiglate and linalool. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil by the measured DPPH method showed that the IC50 values of the Meknes region are lower than the IC50 values found in the Er-Rachidia, Tetouan and Rabat regions.
Supplementary resources (2)
Data
November 2023
Data
November 2023
... Salicylic acid-O-hexoside Multivariate data analysis of UPLC-ESI-MS data Several attempts were previously performed to study chemical composition of different Pelargonium species and/or cultivars using multivariate data analyses. [36][37][38] In this study, the UPLC-ESI-MS dataset was further analyzed using PCA and HCA to explain metabolite differences and possible discrimination between the three examined P. graveolens cultivars in an untargeted manner. The PCA score plot (Fig. 2a) for the three examined cvs. in positive ion mode explained 57% of the total variance. ...
BACKGROUND
The present study focuses on the aroma and secondary metabolites profiling of three Pelargonium graveolens cultivars, baladi (GRB), sondos (GRS) and shish (GRSH), grown in Egypt. Utilizing a multiplex approach combining high resolution‐ultraperformance liquid chromatography (HR‐UPLC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography (GC)‐MS coupled with chemometrics, the study aims to identify and profile various secondary metabolites and aroma compounds in these cultivars.
RESULTS
HR‐UPLC/MS/MS analysis led to the annotation of 111 secondary metabolites, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes and fatty acids, with several compounds being reported for the first time in geranium. Multivariate data analysis identified vinylanisole, dimethoxy‐flavonol, and eicosadienoic acid as discriminatory metabolites among the cultivars, particularly distinguishing the GRS cultivar in its phenolics profile. In total, 34 aroma compounds were detected using headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with GC‐MS, including alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers and monoterpene hydrocarbons. The major metabolites contributing to aroma discrimination among the cultivars were β‐citronellol in GRB, α‐farnesene in GRS and isomenthone in GRSH.
CONCLUSION
The study provides a comprehensive profiling of the secondary metabolites and aroma compounds in the three Pelargonium graveolens cultivars. The GRS cultivar was identified as particularly distinct in both its phenolics and aroma profiles, suggesting its potential as a premium variety for cultivation and use. Future studies should focus on isolating and investigating the newly detected metabolites and exploring the biological effects of these compounds in food applications and other uses. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... Overall, the obtained results highlighted the strongest toxicity against S. oryzae for P. graveolens EO. The strong insecticidal action of EO could depend on the presence of some components contained in high amounts such as monoterpenoids [25]. These compounds are severely poisonous to insects and have repellent and antifeedant qualities; for this reason, they have been explored as possible pest control agents [57]. ...
The essential oil and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Pelargonium graveolens cultivated in Morocco were studied for their antioxidant and insecticidal activity against rice weevils (Sitophylus oryzae). The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by a spectrophotometric method and the phenolic compounds were extensively characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS. To evaluate antioxidant potential, three in vitro assays were used. In the DPPH test, the ethanolic extract was the most active, followed by the aqueous extract and the essential oil. In the reducing power assay, excellent activity was highlighted for both extracts, while in the Fe²⁺ chelating activity assay, weak activity was observed for both the essential oil and the ethanolic extract and no activity for the aqueous extract. Concerning insecticide activity, the toxicity of the essential oil and the extracts was tested against rice weevils; the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC99 were determined, as well as the lethal time required for the death of 50% (LT50) and 99% (LT99) of the weevils. The essential oil had the highest activity; 100% mortality of S. oryzae was observed around 5, 9, and 8 days for the essential oil and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively.
This study investigated the potential health-promoting properties of new sources of natural food colorants, namely pigmented flower extracts from Geraniaceae (Pelargonium grandiflorum, Pelargonium × hortorum, Pelargonium zonale hybrid) and Lamiaceae (Salvia aurea × dolomitica, Salvia dolomitica and Plectranthus zuluensis). In the Geraniaceae family, the main phenolic acids identified were hydrolysable tannins, while the main flavonoids were rutinosides of kaempferol and quercetin. In the Lamiaceae family, the main phenolic acids were caffeic acid and its derivatives, and the main flavonoids were naringin and neohesperidin. The total polyphenol content (TPC) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were higher for Geraniaceae than for Lamiaceae species. For all extracts, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) was similar, except for P. zonale hybrid. These extracts protected Caco-2 cells against 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) generated oxidative damage. Similarly, all extracts, except P. zonale hybrid, effectively scavenged nitric oxide (NO) and reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO formation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) was significant for P. grandiflorum and P. × hortorum. All pigmented flower extracts, except the P. zonale hybrid, reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment during adipocyte differentiation caused cell death, except for the P. zonale hybrid. In conclusion, related to antioxidant activity, inhibition of AGE formation and lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes, P. grandiflorum was the most active, while the P. zonale hybrid was the least. These differences are potentially related to the concentration, type and stability of the polyphenols found in these pigmented flower extracts. Overall, the pigmented flower extracts of Geraniaceae and Lamiaceae show a range of health-promoting properties that represent an additional benefit to their potential use as natural food colourants.
Purpose: A deficit was identified in the traditional method of making homeopathic dilutions by 1:9 or 1:99 serial dilutions based on the physical units of mass or volume. When the chemical unit mole is considered, the 1:9 mass-based dilution of nitroglycerin in ethyl alcohol has a 1:48.8 molar ratio. In order to provide the 1:9 molar ratio, the mass ratios required for formulations with lithium carbonate: lactose (diluent) and lead phosphate: lactose are 1:41.7 and 1:3.8 respectively. The extreme incongruity between the mass and the volume-based 1:9 ratios and the ratios based on chemical unit mole show the need to adopt the later scheme which is based on sound principles of chemistry. Method: Detailed calculations in determining the 1:9 molar ratio of drug: diluent are explained. Method for the molar ratio calculation of chemically less defined medicines such as plant extracts are proposed. Results: A Molar Ratio Universal Formula for the calculation of the amount of diluent to be used in preparing a given potency of a homeopathic preparation is introduced. Conclusion: The molar ratio dilutions based on principles of chemistry stand for wider acceptance of homeopathic medicines by the scientific community and for the advancement of the homeopathic system of medicine.
Global health and medical practice seek to merge alternative medicine with evidence-based medicine for a better understanding of the metabolic process and its effects in the human body. An example is the use of complementary medicine like phytotherapy. Azadirachta indica (Neem), a tree originally from India and Myanmar, called by many "The village pharmacy" or "Divine tree" because of its many health properties. In recent times, Neem-derived extracts have been shown to work from anywhere from insect repellent, to supplements to lower inflammation, diabetic control, and even to combat cancer. Herein, we state the health benefits found in diverse compounds and extracts derived from Neem, highlighting the mechanisms and pathways in which Neem compounds produce their effects, while warning that the improper and unstandardized conditions to produce extracts can lead to health issues, particularly certain compounds might have damaging effects on the liver and kidneys.
Les sommités florales d’ Erica arboea L. sont largement utilisées sous forme d’infusion en médecine traditionnelle et sont recommandées dans le Tell sétifien pour traiter et prévenir les infections urinaires aiguës et chroniques principalement. Nous avons soumis les extraits aqueux des feuilles et des fleurs à un dosage des polyphénols, des flavonoïdes et à la détermination des activités antioxydante et antimicrobienne. Les teneurs en composés phénoliques et flavonoïdes totaux ont montré une corrélation avec les activités antioxydantes évaluées. Les tests antioxydants utilisés (DPPH, FRAP, CAT, blanchiment du β-carotène et piégeage du radical hydroxyle) ont montré que le test du DPPH a donné la meilleure activité radicalaire. En outre, l’extrait des feuilles s’est mieux exprimé dans les tests du DPPH, du FRAP et du β- carotène. Les tests de la CAT et le radical hydroxyle ont par contre révélé une activité antioxydante plus importante pour l’extrait de fleurs. Pour l’activité antimicrobienne, on a utilisé la méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé en ayant recours à la méthode des puits. Les deux extraits ont montré une activité antimicrobienne contre les bactéries à Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Bacillus subtilus CLAM20302, Bacillus cereus CLAMH300. L’extrait des feuilles a été plus actif avec une valeur variant de 15 à 23 mm comparé à celui des fleurs (17–18,5 mm). Les valeurs de la concentration minimale inhibitrice ont été trouvées dans une gamme variant de 6,25 à 25 mg/ml pour les extraits des feuilles et des fleurs respectivement. Les résultats de l’étude peuvent enrichir les données existantes et montrent que les feuilles et les fleurs d’ Erica arborea L. constituent une source d’agents antioxydants et antibactériens.
Herbal drugs, on which 80% of the world's population rely, are relatively safe over conventional drugs. Conventional drugs are costly, have serious side effects and hence over the past few decades researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources. The majority of new herbal drugs have been generated from secondary metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds) of plant metabolism. Till date, only a small fraction of the vast diversity of plant metabolism has been explored for the production of new medicines and other products. The emergence of new herbal genomics research, medicinal plant genomics consortium, together with advances in other omics information may help for the speedy discovery of previously unknown metabolic pathways and enzymes. This review highlights the importance of genomics research in the discovery of some previously unknown enzymes/pathways which may make significant contributions in plant metabolic biology and may be used for the future discovery of many new pharmaceutical agents.
The analysis by gas chromatography coupled to the mass spectrometry of essential oil of aerial parts Pelargonium graveolens obtained by hydrodistillation, has identified 96.86% of its constituents. The major components are: citronellol (19.22%), geraniol (14.03%) and citronellyl formate (10.02%). The study of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens on a bacterial population composed of one hundred and thirty strains, isolated from community-acquired infections, shows that the average of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) is 1%. All tested strains were susceptible at concentrations less or equal to 2% of essential oil. There has been a better activity on Gram-positive cocci, with MIC ranging from 0.1% to 0.5%. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the oil (MBC) are much more important and more than 4% for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and equal to 2% for Acinetobacter baumannii and less or equal to 0.7% for Gram-positive cocci tested. Moreover, the difference was not significant between the values of MIC and MBC of antibiotic-resistant strains (producing strains of extended spectrum β-lactamase and Staphylococcus aureus resisting to the methicillin) and those of wild-type strains. The total results show an interesting antibacterial activity on bacteria isolated from community samples especially on Gram-positive cocci. Due to these results, we may propose the use of this natural substance in the pharmaceutical industry for the fight against contamination and biofilms composition.
The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases, many of which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi can address physical, chemical, metabolic and psychological stress through a unique combination of pharmacological actions. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against chemical stress from industrial pollutants and heavy metals, and physical stress from prolonged physical exertion, ischemia, physical restraint and exposure to cold and excessive noise. Tulsi has also been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels, and psychological stress through positive effects on memory and cognitive function and through its anxiolytic and anti-depressant properties. Tulsi's broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which includes activity against a range of human and animal pathogens, suggests it can be used as a hand sanitizer, mouthwash and water purifier as well as in animal rearing, wound healing, the preservation of food stuffs and herbal raw materials and traveler's health. Cultivation of tulsi plants has both spiritual and practical significance that connects the grower to the creative powers of nature, and organic cultivation offers solutions for food security, rural poverty, hunger, environmental degradation and climate change. The use of tulsi in daily rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge offering solutions to modern problems.
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don are two vital medicinal plant species (family: Apocynaceae). In India, the therapeutic use of A. scholaris has been described in both codified and non-codified drug systems for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, gastrointestinal troubles, cancer and in many other ailments. Other species, A. macrophylla has been used in conventional medicines in Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines as a general tonic, aphrodisiac, anticholeric, antidysentery, antipyretic, emmenagogue, and vulnerary agents. In India, A. macrophylla is used as a substitute for A. scholaris in various herbal pharmaceutical preparations. However, one certainly cannot evaluate the truthfulness of a practice (i.e. in scientific terms).
In this article we discuss and summarize comparative data about traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of A. scholaris and A. macrophylla. Moreover, in order to unfold future research opportunities, lacunae in the present knowledge are also highlighted.
Literature about A. scholaris and A. macrophylla was collected by using electronic and library search. Additionally, referred books on traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology were also utilized for receiving traditional records about both plant species.
Both A. scholaris and A. macrophylla are rich in different types of bioactive alkaloids. So far, broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo biological and pharmacological activities have been reported in both the species. Amongst them, antimicrobial and anticancer activities were promising.
The use of A. macrophylla as a substitute for A. scholaris is not at all justifiable as both species are distinct from each other in their phytochemistry and pharmacology. Further detail chemical fingerprinting and metabolic studies of these two species are warranted to prevent their mutual adulteration most importantly in the context of commercial preparations.
Background
Pelargonium graveolens (P. graveolens) L. is an aromatic and medicinal plant belonging to the geraniacea family.
Results
The chemical compositions of the essential oil as well as the in vitro antimicrobial activities were investigated. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed 42 compounds. Linallol L, Citronellol, Geraniol, 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl, formate and Selinene were identified as the major components. The tested oil and organic extracts exhibited a promising antimicrobial effect against a panel of microorganisms with diameter inhibition zones ranging from 12 to 34 mm and MICs values from 0.039 to10 mg/ml. The investigation of the phenolic content showed that EtOAc, MeOH and water extracts had the highest phenolic contents.
Conclusion
Overall, results presented here suggest that the essential oil and organic extracts of P. graveolens possesses antimicrobial and properties, and is therefore a potential source of active ingredients for food and pharmaceutical industry.
Olive oil residues were tested for their composition in simple phenolic compounds as a function of the extraction system, i.e. the three- and two-phase centrifugation systems. Phenolic compound extraction with ethyl acetate was efficient and allowed recovery of 28.8 and 42.2% of total phenols present in dry olive oil residues originating from three-phase and two-phase systems, respectively. The qualitative and quantitative HPLC analyses of the extracts showed that hydroxytyrosol and p-tyrosol were the most abundant phenolic compounds. p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and vanillic acids were also present. The phenolic extract from the two-phase system had the highest concentration in hydroxytyrosol (1.16% (w/w) dry residue) and the strongest antioxidant activity. Olive oil residues were confirmed as a cheap source of large amounts of natural phenolic antioxidants.
In the South Australian wheat belt, cyclic drought is a frequent event represented by intermittent periods of rainfall which can occur around anthesis and post-anthesis in wheat. Three South Australian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Excalibur, Kukri, and RAC875, were evaluated in one greenhouse and two growth-room experiments. In the first growth-room experiment, where plants were subjected to severe cyclic water-limiting conditions, RAC875 and Excalibur (drought-tolerant) showed significantly higher grain yield under cyclic water availability compared to Kukri (drought-susceptible), producing 44% and 18% more grain compared to Kukri, respectively. In the second growth-room experiment, where plants were subjected to a milder drought stress, the differences between cultivars were less pronounced, with only RAC875 showing significantly higher grain yield under the cyclic water treatment. Grain number per spike and the percentage of aborted tillers were the major components that affected yield under cyclic water stress. Excalibur and RAC875 adopted different morpho-physiological traits and mechanisms to reduce water stress. Excalibur was most responsive to cyclic water availability and showed the highest level of osmotic adjustment (OA), high stomatal conductance, lowest ABA content, and rapid recovery from stress under cyclic water stress. RAC875 was more conservative and restrained, with moderate OA, high leaf waxiness, high chlorophyll content, and slower recovery from stress. Within this germplasm, the capacity for osmotic adjustment was the main physiological attribute associated with tolerance under cyclic water stress which enabled plants to recover from water deficit.
A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of antioxidant capacity. The assay is based on the reduction of Mo(VI) to Mo(V) by the sample analyte and the subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo(V) complex at acidic pH. The method has been optimized and characterized with respect to linearity interval, repetitivity and reproducibility, and molar absorption coefficients for the quantitation of several antioxidants, including vitamin E. The phosphomolybdenum method, in combination with hexane monophasic extraction, has also been adapted for the specific determination of vitamin E in seeds. The results obtained with the proposed method were validated by comparison with a standard HPLC method. The phosphomolybdenum method is routinely applied in our laboratory to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of plant extracts and to determine vitamin E in a variety of grains and seeds, including corn and soybean.
The conventional source of medicinal plants is an important way for daily curative uses in rural area throughout Madhya Pradesh. Folk medicinal specialists or traditional healer (Medicine men), assume an indispensable part in a medicinal services arrangement of both provincial and urban populace of the nation. It is vital to conduct broad meetings of individual medicine men of an area to get the overall status of medicinal plants. A survey was accomplished in the rustic territory of district Umaria, Madhya Pradesh. This investigation has uncovered a sum of 40 plants out of which 33 plants were identified, which belongs to 22 families. Whole plants and/or plant parts, like leaves, stems, barks, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds and wood were usually used by Biga tribe (Medicine men) for the treatment of different illnesses. Leaves (5%) were the most oftentimes used plant parts, trailed by roots (11%), fruits (3%) barks (5%), whole plants (3%), seeds (2%), latex (2%) and flowers (2%). Add up to 33 diverse individual illnesses professed to be restored by plant parts including Breast abscess, Cure carbuncle, Cure rheumatic, Cure scabies, Diabetes, Diarrhoea, Eczema, Haematuria, Headache, Jaundice, Leucorrhoea, Leukoderma, Menstrual disorder, Piles, Rat bites, Scorpion bite, Skin burns, Skin disease, Spermatorrhea, Stomachache, Toothache, Typhoid and fever, used to abortifacient, increase milk after delivery, Whooping cough and Wounds of animals. Several uses of the plants could be validated by available literature review. It is expected that other plants used for treatment of various diseases by the Biga tribes (medicine men) can be subjected for further bio-activity and phytochemical studies, which prompts disclosure of new medications.
The phytochemical composition of Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. essential oils and extracts of flowers and leaves and their anticholinesterase, anti-α-amylase, antioxidant, antibacterial and allelopathic potential were investigated. Forty-two volatile components were identified by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Citronellol (26.98 %-24.3 %), geraniol (20.65 %-21.81 %) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (13.06 %-5.13 %) were the main constituents for leaves and flowers oils. The highest amounts of polyphenols (142.71 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (52.32 mg RE/g DW) and flavonols (20.15 mg RE/g DW) were shown by the polar subfraction of the leaf extracts. Flowers were characterized by high levels of condensed tannins (13.27 mg CE/g DW). Essential oils and extracts were found to possess important capacity to inhibit the α-amylase and acethylcholinesterase activities. The oils' and extracts antioxidant activity was relatively high, determined by DPPH (IC 50 = 711-1280 μg/mL for oils and 12.24-44.24 μg/mL for extracts) and ABTS (15.8-17.95 μg TE/mg DW for oils and 131.54-241.83 μg TE/mg DW for extracts) assays, which was correlated to their phenolic contents. Based on the determination of the diameter of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration, a high antibacterial activity according to oils and extracts was revealed against eleven bacteria strains. Also, the P. graveolens oils and extracts inhibited the shoot and root growth of Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L. and Lactuca sativa L. seedlings. Therefore, P. graveolens can be used as a natural source of bioactive compounds in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Practical Petroleum Geochemistry for Exploration and Production provides readers with a single reference that addresses the principle concepts and applications of petroleum geochemistry used in finding, evaluating, and producing petroleum deposits. Today, there are few reference books available on how petroleum geochemistry is applied in exploration and production written specifically for geologists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers. This book fills that void and is based on training courses that the author has developed over his 37-year career in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Specific topical features include the origin of petroleum, deposition of source rock, hydrocarbon generation, and oil and gas migrations that lead to petroleum accumulations. Also included are descriptions on how these concepts are applied to source rock evaluation, oil-to-oil, and oil-to-source rock correlations, and ways of interpreting natural gas data in exploration work. Finally, a thorough description on the ways petroleum geochemistry can assist in development and production work, including reservoir continuity, production allocation, and EOR monitoring is presented. Authored by an expert in petroleum geochemistry, this book is the ideal reference for any geoscientist looking for exploration and production content based on extensive field-based research and expertise. Emphasizes the practical application of geochemistry in solving exploration and production problems Features more than 200 illustrations, tables, and diagrams to underscore key concepts Authored by an expert geochemist that has nearly 40 years of experience in field-based research, applications, and instruction Serves as a refresher reference for geochemistry specialists and non-specialists alike.
The idea of expressing the hydrogen-ion concentration on a log arithmetic scale was presented by S. P. L. Sørensen in 1909. The symbol that he used was the letter p and a smaller H appearing almost as a subscript. Typographical convenience led journals to adopt the current symbol. It has been common to assume that the p represented a word such as power, but in 2000, it was asserted that the p came from the way that Sørensen designated the cells that he used to measure pH. Biological workers quickly adopted the pH symbol to specify buffer conditions, but chemists were slow to adopt it. Today this symbol is widely used, and the little p has assumed a life of its own. We trace some of the history of buffers, indicators, and the pH meter. We also show the slow incorporation of pH into Chemical Abstracts and into Introductory Chemistry in Berkeley. The modern definition of pH is a purely operational one. Buffers that have been carefully calibrated to closely follow the activity of the hydrogen ion are used to standardize pH meters, and these meters are then used to interpolate between these standards. The teaching problems caused by the definition pH in terms of a single-ion activity are also discussed.Keywords (Audience): First-Year Undergraduate/General
Eight new linear peptides, microginins 478 (1), 51-A (2), 51-B (3) and 91-A (4) to 91-E (8), congeners of microginin, were isolated from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. These structures were elucidated to be 1–8 on the basis of 2D NMR data and chemical degradation. These peptides inhibited aminopeptidase M (1, 2 and 6–8) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (1). The structure–activity relationship within a series of degradation and derivative products of microginin was investigated by the chemical studies.
The chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. during the different phases of the plant development, and from different locations, were evaluated. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components of the essential oils were carvacrol (62–83%), p-cymene (5–17%), γ-terpinene (2–14%) and β-caryophyllene (1–4%). The antioxidant activity of the oils (100–1000 mg l−1) was assessed by measurement of metal chelating activity, the reductive potential, the free radical scavenging (DPPH) and by the TBARS assay. The antioxidant activity was compared with that of synthetic antioxidants: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Both the essential oils and BHA and BHT showed no metal chelating activity. Although with the other methodologies, there was a general increase in the antioxidant activity, with increasing oil concentration, maxima being obtained in the range of 500 and 1000 mg l−1 for flowering and post-flowering phase oils. Major differences were obtained according to the methodology of antioxidant capacity evaluation. Antibacterial ability of Th. capitatus essential oils was tested by disc agar diffusion against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella sp., Listeria innocua, four different strains of Staphylococus aureus (C15, ATCC25923, CFSA-2) and a multi-resistant form of S. aureus (MRSA-2). Antibacterial properties were compared to synthetic antibiotics. Higher antibacterial activity was observed with the flowering and the post-flowering phase essential oils.
The phenolic component of freeze-dried olive fruit was fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet, atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) and electrospray ionisation (ESI) detection. The fractions together with several standards were tested for antioxidant activity in an aqueous and a lipid system. The negative ion mode of APCI and ESI showed less fragmentation than positive ion mode. The latter was generally more useful in obtaining fragmentation data and hence structural information. Some olive phenolics notably tyrosol exhibited a low ionisation efficiency in both APCI and ESI. There was no simple relationship between antioxidant activity and chemical structure. The ranking of antioxidant activity was strongly dependent on both the test system and on the substrate demonstrating the need to examine activity in both aqueous and lipid systems. Significant antioxidant activity was seen in most olive fractions and this was related to phenolic content. The kinetics of the oxidation process are complex and suggest that multiple pathways may be involved at different antioxidant concentrations.
Anaemia affects a quarter of the global population, including 293 million (47%) children younger than 5 years and 468 million (30%) non-pregnant women. In addition to anaemia's adverse health consequences, the economic effect of anaemia on human capital results in the loss of billions of dollars annually. In this paper, we review the epidemiology, clinical assessment, pathophysiology, and consequences of anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Our analysis shows that anaemia is disproportionately concentrated in low socioeconomic groups, and that maternal anaemia is strongly associated with child anaemia. Anaemia has multifactorial causes involving complex interaction between nutrition, infectious diseases, and other factors, and this complexity presents a challenge to effectively address the population determinants of anaemia. Reduction of knowledge gaps in research and policy and improvement of the implementation of effective population-level strategies will help to alleviate the anaemia burden in low-resource settings.
Thirty-four kinds of citrus essential oils and their components were investigated for radical-scavenging activities by the HPLC method using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). To examine the oils' relative radical-scavenging activities compared with that of a standard antioxidant, Trolox was employed. All of the essential oils were found to have scavenging effects on DPPH in the range of 17. 7-64.0%. The radical-scavenging activities of 31 kinds of citrus essential oils were comparable with or stronger than that of Trolox (p < 0.05). The oils of Ichang lemon (64.0%, 172.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), Tahiti lime (63.2%, 170.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), and Eureka lemon (61.8%, 166.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL) were stronger radical scavengers than other citrus oils. Citrus volatile components such as geraniol (87.7%, 235.9 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), terpinolene (87.4%, 235.2 mg of Trolox equiv/mL), and gamma-terpinene (84.7%, 227.9 mg of Trolox equiv/mL) showed marked scavenging activities on DPPH (p < 0.05).
In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella dysenteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at levels between 0.2 and 10 microl ml(-1). Gram-negative organisms are slightly less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria. A number of EO components has been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05-5 microl ml(-1) in vitro. A higher concentration is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Studies with fresh meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and cooked rice have shown that the concentration needed to achieve a significant antibacterial effect is around 0.5-20 microl g(-1) in foods and about 0.1-10 microl ml(-1) in solutions for washing fruit and vegetables. EOs comprise a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The hydrophobicity of EOs enables them to partition in the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria, rendering them permeable and leading to leakage of cell contents. Physical conditions that improve the action of EOs are low pH, low temperature and low oxygen levels. Synergism has been observed between carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene and between cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Synergy between EO components and mild preservation methods has also been observed. Some EO components are legally registered flavourings in the EU and the USA. Undesirable organoleptic effects can be limited by careful selection of EOs according to the type of food.
Non-structural phenolic compounds perform a variety of functions in plants, including acting as antioxidants. We describe a microplate-adapted colorimetric total phenolics assay that utilizes Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent. The F-C assay relies on the transfer of electrons in alkaline medium from phenolic compounds to phosphomolybdic/phosphotungstic acid complexes, which are determined spectroscopically at 765 nm. Although the electron transfer reaction is not specific for phenolic compounds, the extraction procedure eliminates approximately 85% of ascorbic acid and other potentially interfering compounds. This assay is performed in microcentrifuge tubes and assessed in a 96-well plate reader. At least 64 samples can be processed in 1 d.
- S Naghiloo
- A Delazar
- H Nazemiyeh
- S Asnaashari
- M R Dadpour
Naghiloo S, M ovafeghi A, Delazar A, Nazemiyeh H,
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