ArticleLiterature Review

Influence of electromagnetic fields on the circadian rhythm: Implications for human health and disease

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Abstract

Living organisms have evolved within the natural electromagnetic fields of the earth which comprise atmospheric electricity, Schumann resonances and the geomagnetic field. Research suggests that the circadian rhythm, which controls several physiological functions in the human body, can be influenced by light but also by the earth's electromagnetic fields. Cyclic solar disturbances, including sunspots and seasonal weakening of the geomagnetic field, can affect human health, possibly by disrupting the circadian rhythm and downstream physiological functions. Severe disruption of the circadian rhythm increases inflammation which can induce fatigue, fever and flu-like symptoms in a fraction of the population and worsen existing symptoms in old and diseased individuals, leading to periodic spikes of infectious and chronic diseases. Possible mechanisms underlying sensing of the earth's electromagnetic fields involve entrainment, light-dependent radical pair formation in retina cryptochromes, and paramagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Factors such as electromagnetic pollution from wireless devices and antennas, shielding by non-conductive materials used in shoes and buildings, and local geomagnetic anomalies may also affect sensing of the earth's electromagnetic fields by the human body and contribute to circadian rhythm disruption and disease development.

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... In addition to light and diet, the circadian rhythm is also influenced by electromagnetic fields, as shown in various living organisms including insects, rodents, and humans [33,34]. The Earth's electromagnetic fields comprise the geomagnetic field, Schumann resonances, and the global J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f electrical circuit [28,34]. ...
... In addition to light and diet, the circadian rhythm is also influenced by electromagnetic fields, as shown in various living organisms including insects, rodents, and humans [33,34]. The Earth's electromagnetic fields comprise the geomagnetic field, Schumann resonances, and the global J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f electrical circuit [28,34]. The geomagnetic field is created by Earth's rotation and electric currents in the molten iron core, producing a static magnetic field with average intensity of 35 ...
... Schumann resonances are electromagnetic waves of low intensity that reverberate between the While the global electrical circuit is influenced by weather, both the geomagnetic field and Schumann resonances show a constant diurnal variation in intensity that follows sunlight intensity (i.e., peaking at noon and reaching lowest levels at night), in a manner highly similar to the circadian rhythmicity of body functions [35,36] (Fig. 2). This observation led many researchers to suggest that natural electromagnetic fields may also be involved in entrainment of the circadian rhythm [34][35][36]. ...
... Alterations in the Earth's GMF can contribute to sleep disturbances and irregularities, as geomagnetic frequencies are known to influence the physiological processes that regulate circadian rhythms and melatonin production (Martel et al., 2023). Sleep is crucial for maintaining thermodynamic homeostasis, hormone regulation, neurological cognition, anti-inflammatory processes, metabolic functions, and emotional well-being. ...
... Therefore, disturbances in geomagnetic activity can decrease sleep quality, which in turn can negatively affect overall health. Symptoms of decreased health quality due to sleep disturbances include increased anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and fatigue (Martel et al., 2023). Changes in geomagnetic activity also influence cardiovascular processes. ...
... When we view Earth and its species as an interconnected system, much like the parts of a single organism, the importance of GMF stability for human health becomes clear. Similarly, considering the solar system as a unified system reveals how solar activity, such as sunspots, affects the Earth's GMF and, consequently, human health (Martel et al., 2023). Thus, reducing electromagnetic pollution and practicing grounding can help counteract the negative effects of geopathic stress, harmful electromagnetic radiation, and sunspot interference, thereby promoting better health (Martel et al., 2023). ...
... In our own article, we describe a series of studies indicating that grounding may work by enhancing the effects of the earth's electromagnetic fields on the circadian rhythm [11]. The earth's electromagnetic fields can influence and entrain the circadian rhythm which controls our hormones, metabolism, nervous system, and immune system. ...
... Given that sunlight is the main stimulus for the production of electrons in the global electrical circuit, reduced sunlight and geomagnetic field intensity as well as a high level of electromagnetic pollution may affect human health by disrupting the circadian rhythm, possibly by reducing the number of electrons that migrate on geomagnetic field lines, although a series of apparently redundant mechanisms involving resonance, retina cryptochromes, magnetite nanoparticles and formation of exclusion zone (EZ) water may also be involved [11]. Grounding in nature may thus be beneficial by enhancing the effects of the earth's natural electromagnetic fields which can be partially blocked by non-conductive materials and electromagnetic pollution [11]. ...
... Given that sunlight is the main stimulus for the production of electrons in the global electrical circuit, reduced sunlight and geomagnetic field intensity as well as a high level of electromagnetic pollution may affect human health by disrupting the circadian rhythm, possibly by reducing the number of electrons that migrate on geomagnetic field lines, although a series of apparently redundant mechanisms involving resonance, retina cryptochromes, magnetite nanoparticles and formation of exclusion zone (EZ) water may also be involved [11]. Grounding in nature may thus be beneficial by enhancing the effects of the earth's natural electromagnetic fields which can be partially blocked by non-conductive materials and electromagnetic pollution [11]. ...
... Electromagnetic fields interact with fine and coarse black carbon particles and ducts caused by thermal inversions, resulting in superrefractive regions in the troposphere (López-Alvarez et al., 2023;Smirnov, 2023) and coal fly ash and HULIS aerosols overcoming Earth's atmospheric flywheel (radiation buffering mechanism), along with changes in the particle flux impinging the Earth's magnetic field are all potentially harmful for every urbanite around the globe (Whiteside and Herndon, 2024;Herndon, 2024). Magnetophoretic materials' accumulating in tissues and their slow degradation in lysosomal environments (Torresan et al., 2021), alterations in global atmospheric electrical circuit, Schumann resonances (SRs) and the geomagnetic field are likely to impact human circadian rhythm (Martel et al., 2023). Cyclic solar disturbances, i.e., sunspots, seasonal geomagnetic field weakening and ubiquitous electromagnetic pollution (i.e., wireless devices, base antennas and low orbit internet satellites), could affect sensing of the earth's EMFs by the human body according with Martel et al. (2023). ...
... Magnetophoretic materials' accumulating in tissues and their slow degradation in lysosomal environments (Torresan et al., 2021), alterations in global atmospheric electrical circuit, Schumann resonances (SRs) and the geomagnetic field are likely to impact human circadian rhythm (Martel et al., 2023). Cyclic solar disturbances, i.e., sunspots, seasonal geomagnetic field weakening and ubiquitous electromagnetic pollution (i.e., wireless devices, base antennas and low orbit internet satellites), could affect sensing of the earth's EMFs by the human body according with Martel et al. (2023). Interestingly, space weather, i.e., solar storms, impact the Earth by disturbing the geomagnetic field. ...
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... high-frequency transmission may create health hazards to those live near the base stations [12][13][14][15]. Therefore, new techniques in designing the communication systems are emerging to solve the power/bandwidth problems. ...
... However, setting γ to the optimum value for minimum BER is not an easy task because γ is related to IFFT average output symbol's power IFFT E  which depends on N and Q S E . If γ is much higher than IFFT E  , (13) will also converge to constant ⅜ and BER will not converge to 0. This can be verified by assuming γ → ∞  E  = ∞ in (12). The experimental approach is followed to set optimum γ value using trial and error. ...
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A new upgrade to the SIM-OFDM is suggested to solve a critical problem that crashes the system even over noiseless channel. This problem is the interference of the zeros at the IFFT output with the BOOK's zeros that confuses the receiver during demodulation which leads to BER accumulation. The suggested solution is to use a threshold to differentiate the data carried by the BOOK from the IFFT's symbols. The new system is called Threshold SIM-OFDM (TSIM-OFDM). The mathematical analysis of TSIM-OFDM proves it operates normally and meets the theoretical bounds. The TSIM-OFDM preserves the probability of 1 equal to ½. This preservation comes from the direct connection of the ON/OFF switching bits to the subcarrier which overrides the majority condition. This new switching technique simplifies the system operation resulting in higher transmission speed and increased spectral and power efficiency. A simple approach to derive the BER for the SIM-OFDM is presented which proves that the SIM-OFDM will never reach zero BER level unlike the TSIM-OFDM. The simulation results show that the TSIM-OFDM BER reaches zero level and the output power is almost half of the OFDM. Adding the threshold will increase the transmitted power slightly and tends to decrease with the increase of IFFT length. Index terms-SIM-OFDM, multicarrier OFDM, low transmission power communication, green communication system, high spectral efficiency communication, low complexity SIM-OFDM.
... Asimismo, Wolfe et al. (2024) amplía los beneficios desde el bienestar emocional, integrando técnicas de atención plena para regular la actividad cardiaca. A pesar de estos avances, estudios como los de Martel et al. (2023) y Koniver (2023) identifican limitaciones en la estandarización de intervenciones y la falta de diseños longitudinales robustos, resaltando la necesidad de investigaciones adicionales para consolidar protocolos clínicos basados en evidencia. ...
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... To meet the power supply requirements of loads in different application scenarios, the electromagnetic coupling system structure has three forms: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. Therefore, in complex environments, the coordinated management of multiple loads and multiple transmitters, the automatic charging and discharging of loads, and the mutual influence between loads are issues that need to be solved in the application of wireless power transmission technology [110] . ...
... The use of memristor for neuronal synapses has been more widely studied, but there are fewer studies that consider memristor as applied excitation of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) to stimulate biological neuron [Lin et al., 2021;Martel et al., 2023;Ongel et al., 2009]. With the advent of the electrical age, EMR is closely related to our lives, and humans are exposed to EMR in most cases; cell phones, computers, communication base stations, microwave ovens and so on generate electromagnetic waves. ...
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... In that case, we note a higher frequency in both sexes in the young ages 16-29 (8% in women, 8.4% in males), followed by a decrease in the 30-44 age group (5.8% in women, 4.7% in males), followed by a peak in 45-59 but only in women (14.7% women, 6.5% males), followed by a leveling out of the frequency in young older adults 60-74 (8% women, 9.8% men) and then a rise to the maximum levels in older >75 (18.5% and 20.7% respectively). Hyperactivation around the use of substances [67][68][69], the subversion of the circadian rhythm and the use of smartphones, both factors of light pollution, are probably the cause of the high prevalence [70][71][72] in young people; peri-menstrual hormonal factors are probably related to the peak in women [73]. It is more difficult to explain the high frequency of sleep disorders in old age (>75), which, moreover, does not correspond to a prevalence of depressive episodes in the same age groups. ...
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Background/Objectives: Sleep disturbances often accompany mood disorders and persistent insomnia after mood symptoms have resolved may be a marker of poor outcome. The association between sleep symptoms and mood disorders seems to change with age and sex. This study aims to assess the frequency of depressive episodes and sleep disorders in the general population through an agile screening questionnaire and to evaluate the association of depressive episodes and sleep symptoms by sex and age categories. Methods: 774 women and 728 men from Sardinia aged > 16 years old were enrolled. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was administered through a computer-assisted telephonic interview. Results: The frequency of depressive episodes was double in women (10.6% vs. 4.4%; p < 0.0001), with the highest values in women > 75 yo (17.4%). The frequency of sleep dysregulation was double in women (18.7% vs. 9.6%; p < 0.0001), with the highest values in women > 75 yo (35.9%) and the lowest in the group of men > 75 yo. The group of young males showed the lowest frequency of depressive episodes (1.4%) and a frequency of sleep dysregulation (9.1%) similar to that of the other groups of age and sex. Sleep dysregulation without depressive episodes presented a higher distribution in the elderly, both in males (20.7%) and in females (18.5%). No significative differences were found across sex and age groups in the distribution of depressive episodes without sleep dysregulation. Conclusions: The use of an agile screener such as PHQ9 in the general population and/or in populations at risk can be a valuable tool in finding those individuals in whom sleep dysregulation may represent an early warning signal, one that may be thoroughly evaluated to identify and treat possible sleep disorders early.
... The presence of a peak around 8 Hz aligns with the first Schumann resonance, a natural electromagnetic field phenomenon. While the precise biological implications of this resonance on humans remain under debate, some studies suggest a potential link to physiological rhythms (Martel et al. 2023). Further investigation is needed to explore if chanting can synchronize with or influence these rhythms. ...
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... Such disturbances may increase inflammation, fatigue, and worsen existing health conditions, especially in older and diseased individuals. This disruption can lead to periodic spikes in infectious and chronic diseases, highlighting the importance of maintaining circadian rhythm stability (Martel et al., 2023). ...
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... Devices such as cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, and household appliances are often responsible for electromagnetic fields that can cause sleep disturbances and other health issues [100,101]. Alterations in electromagnetic fields can also affect the circadian rhythm [102]. ...
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... The wide application of high-performance wireless devices, 1 intelligent electronic products, and radar systems has caused extremely serious electromagnetic wave interference pollution, [2][3][4] and electromagnetic wave radiation can lead to the failure of internal interactions of surrounding devices and violate the inherent electromagnetic field of biological systems, adversely affecting the electromagnetic field inside humans. [5][6][7][8] In the military field, especially in stealth technology, the development of structural composites with both radar wave absorption and excellent mechanical properties is an important development trend to improve the viability and penetration ability of military action targets. [9][10][11][12] Single-layer absorbing composites have narrow absorption bandwidth and have some limitations in application, 13,14 combining materials with different properties into multilayer composites can effectively improve absorbing properties in a wider frequency range. ...
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... It has been established that high-frequency waves of Schumann resonances have a stressful effect on living organisms [22]- [25]. The negative impact of the absence of the Earth's magnetic field on the human body has been proven [26]- [32], etc. The cardioprotective effect of stressful conditions by weak magnetic fields in the Schumann resonance band [33] and subjective and objective improvement in the condition of patients when treating pain and sleep disorders with Schumann resonance frequencies have been established [34,35]. ...
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the interconnections between local Schumann resonances of the Earth’s magnetic field and episodes of kidney disease. Materials and Methods: Study participants included 716 males and 624 females who had episodes of kidney disease during the period of 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2021 and attended the Department of Nephrology at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kauno klinikos. Time varying magnetic field data was collected at the magnetometer site located in Lithuania. Results and Conclusions: The study results support the hypothesis that the Earth’s magnetic field has a relationship between the number of nephrology patient hospitalizations per week and the average weekly local Schumann resonances strength in different frequency ranges. Working hypotheses are proposed for the mechanisms of the influence of the Earth’s electromagnetic field on kidney function: а) quantum mechanical features of the atomic composition of renal tissue molecules determine a kidney-specific reaction; b) cyclotron resonance mechanism; c) resonant response of cells of morphological structures of kidney tissue to external bioactive frequencies in the range of 6-8 Hz; d) mechanism of indirect influence of blood as a magnetically saturated medium.
... The biological effect of EMF depends on the frequency of wave oscillation: as the frequency increases, that is, as the wavelength decreases, the biological effect of EMF becomes more pronounced; under the influence of weak EMF in the body, physiological functions are disturbed (heart rate, blood pressure level, electrical activity of the brain, excitability of nerve cells, metabolic processes, immune activity [2,4,5], etc.), especially strong disturbances are observed in embryos [6]. Electromagnetic smog associated with the ever-increasing use of electromagnetic devices leads to such serious health problems as tumor formation and leukemia [7,8]. ...
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Background: The proliferation of mobile phone usage has given rise to concerns about the potential health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly in relation to heart rate variability (HRV), a key indicator of cardiac health. Previous studies have yielded inconsistent results using lower-order statistical measures, leaving a gap in understanding the nonlinear interactions between EMF exposure and HRV. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of mobile phone EMF on HRV by employing bicoherence analysis of ECG data. It sought to determine whether the position of EMF exposure relative to the heart and the duration of exposure affected HRV parameters. Methods: Twenty subjects were recruited for the study, with ECG and EEG data collected under EMF and non-EMF conditions. ECG data were captured using a 12-lead system, with electrodes placed according to standard guidelines. EEG electrodes were positioned following the 10-20 system. Bicoherence and coherence analyses were conducted to assess nonlinear interactions in HRV activity and the relationship between heart and brain signals. The study also considered the duration of EMF exposure, comparing the effects of 10-minute and 40-minute sessions. Results: The bicoherence values for ECG data during EMF exposure at the left ear showed negligible differences, with values ranging between 0.0 to 0.04. However, chest positions V1 and V2 revealed statistically significant larger bicoherence values during non-EMF trials as opposed to EMF trials. Coherence analysis between ECG and EEG demonstrated significantly higher values across the 16-30Hz frequency band during EMF trials. No significant differences were observed for 10-minute EMF exposure, whereas 40-minute exposure sessions indicated a correlation with changes in HRV. Conclusion: The study's findings suggest that mobile phone EMF can affect HRV parameters, with the effects being more pronounced during longer exposure durations and when the source of EMF is closer to the heart. These results support the need for guidelines on safe mobile phone usage and further research into the effects of EMF on cardiac function.
... Discover Applied Sciences (2024) 6:161 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05800-w compromising the body's immune system [1][2][3][4]. Addressing this concern necessitates the development of a novel electromagnetic microwave absorber with specific attributes, including optimal microwave absorption capabilities, broad absorption across different frequencies, lightweight design, resilience to corrosion, and thermal stability [5][6][7][8]. ...
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... These changes can affect the processes occurring in the human body. The health literature has found that both weak and strong magnetic fields are associated with health effects [32,35,[38][39][40][41][42]. Low-frequency magnetic fields have a positive effect on humans [36], however, high frequencies can cause stress reactions in human regulatory systems [38,43,44]. ...
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Background. The pandemic of noncommunicable chronic diseases and the high prevalence of combined damage to the cardiovascular system and kidneys determine the relevance of continuing scientific research to solve these medical problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the influence of the Earth’s electromagnetic field on the occurrence of episodes of kidney disease and myocardial infarction in order to search for new pathogenetic components of cardiorenal syndrome and deepen fundamental knowledge. According to the Lithuanian magnetometer GCI003, a number of stu­dies in 2014–2018 found that changes in the Earth’s electromagnetic field may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases as well as their incidence. Since the functioning of the cardiovascular system and kidneys are closely connected through the metabolic processes of the cardiorenal metabolic axis, this study tested the hypothesis that changes in the Earth’s electromagnetic field may also affect the pathogenesis of kidney disease as the changes of local magnetic field have been shown to influence the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Materials and methods. This was a search retrospective study on the relationship between the influence of local Schumann resonances and the occurrence of hospitalizations in 1340 patients with kidney disease. It also examined the relationship between local Schumann resonances and heart attacks in patients admitted to the University Hospital of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (703 patients). Mean power of local magnetic field fluctuations in Lithuania was measured in pT2 s2 in five different frequency ranges, which overlaps the Schumann resonance and electroencephalogram’s frequency ranges: SDelta (0–3.5 Hz), STheta (3.5–7 Hz), SAlpha (7–15 Hz), SBeta (15–32 Hz), SGamma (32–66 Hz). The data of hospitalizations to the Nephrology Department of University Hospital and the dynamics of Schumann resonances were analyzed from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. The data of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction to the Cardiology Department of University Hospital and the dynamics of Schumann resonances were studied from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. Results. It was found that changes in the strength of the Earth’s local magnetic field in 2016 and 2021 were comparable and corresponded to the characteristic annual dynamics of the Earth’s local electromagnetic fields. This made it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of annual correlation graphs and establish general trends in the dynamics of indicators and graphical similarities. It confirmed the pre­sence of a general dependence of reactions to the external electromagnetic field of the Earth in female and male patients both with nephrological pathology and myocardial infarction. In nephrological patients of both sexes, all correlation coefficients in all ranges of Schumann resonances were positive. The only negative correlation coefficient P5 (SGamma) [32; 65] Hz (r = –0.069; p = 0.313) was in the female group. This fact as well as the presence of a significant dynamics of the correlation coefficient P5 (SGamma) [32; 65] Hz (r = 0.009; p = 0.475) in the male group indicate that higher magnetic field strength in this frequency range may be associated with a reduced incidence of kidney disease. We obtained data that a higher magnetic field intensity in the gamma range from 32 to 65 Hz as a pathogenetic component can contribute to the destabilization of the cardiovascular system, but at the same time it is associated with a positive effect on the state of nephrological pathology. Based on this, we can tentatively assume the opposite direction of the Earth’s electromagnetic field influence on the pathogenetic mechanisms of renal and cardiovascular diseases. This is clearly demonstrated by comparing the correlation coefficients between the incidence of kidney disease and the occurrence of myocardial infarction in men and women. The Earth’s stronger magnetic field in the gamma range contributes to an increase in the incidence of myocardial infarction, which is confirmed by the large number of patients during this period. Under these same conditions, a decrease in the incidence of kidney disease has been detected. This opposite direction is observed in both sexes. But in women the reaction is stronger, which is confirmed by a larger difference in correlation coefficients. Conclusions. 1. Changes in the Earth’s electromagnetic field are related to the functional state of the cardiovascular system and the condition of the kidneys. 2. It can be assumed that the effect of the Earth’s electromagnetic field on the pathogenetic mechanisms of kidney disease is in the opposite direction of that on the cardiovascular one. 3. Reliable gender differences in correlations between the influence of changes in the local Schumann resonance on the functional state of the cardiovascular system and kidneys were not found. 4. The connection of the Earth’s local geomagnetic field with kidney function may be another new unexplored pathogenetic mechanism in cardiorenal syndrome and noncommunicable chronic diseases.
... A review article by Danho et al. [33] mentions how the SR has been implicated in altering certain neural circuits and cortical regions like the hippocampus and the melatonin/serotonin balance, which can impact sleep and may influence the development of illnesses such as cancer and heart disease. Other experimental studies have further suggested the potential influence of the SR on various cardiac-related features, such as inducing cardioprotection from stress conditions by reducing calcium transients through applying magnetic fields in the SR band (7.6-8 Hz) [34] its influence on heart rate variability and circadian rhythms [35]; and a coincidence between the number of cardiovascular-related hospital admissions and the amplitudes of SR and energy, specifically within the North-South orientation [36]. ...
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Cells are continually exposed to a range of electromagnetic fields (EMFs), including those from the Schumann resonance to radio waves. The effects of EMFs on cells are diverse and vary based on the specific EMF type. Recent research suggests potential therapeutic applications of EMFs for various diseases. In this study, we explored the impact of a physiologically patterned EMF, inspired by the H3 receptor associated with wakefulness, on PC-12 cells in vitro. Our hypothesis posited that the application of this EMF to differentiated PC-12 cells could enhance firing patterns at specific frequencies. Cell electrophysiology was assessed using a novel device, allowing the computation of spectral power density (SPD) scores for frequencies between 1 Hz and 128 Hz. T-tests comparing SPD at certain frequencies (e.g., 29 Hz, 30 Hz, and 79 Hz) between the H3-EMF and control groups showed a significantly higher SPD in the H3 group (p < 0.050). Moreover, at 7.8 Hz and 71 Hz, a significant correlation was observed between predicted and percentages of cells with neurites (R = 0.542). Key findings indicate the efficacy of the new electrophysiology measure for assessing PC-12 cell activity, a significant increase in cellular activity with the H3-receptor-inspired EMF at specific frequencies, and the influence of 7.8 Hz and 71 Hz frequencies on neurite growth. The overall findings support the idea that the electrical frequency profiles of developing cell systems can serve as an indicator of their progression and eventual cellular outcomes.
... Electromagnetic waves (EMW) have become the primary medium for information transmission. However, they have also brought about a new type of pollution, electromagnetic radiation, which can jeopardize human health in addition to causing electromagnetic interference [1,2]. Therefore, the development of high-performance EMW absorbing materials is of paramount importance [3,4]. ...
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Keywords: Secondary aluminum ash Foamed cement-based material Electromagnetic wave absorption Pore structure Mechanical strength Thermal conductivity A B S T R A C T A novel lightweight foamed cement-based electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing material (Density<0.5 g/ cm 3) is prepared using secondary aluminum ash (SAA) as a foaming agent and carbon black (CB) as an efficient EMW absorbent, providing a new way to recycle SAA. The pore structure parameters, reflection loss (RL), mechanical strength and thermal conductivity are systematically investigated. The experimental test results indicate that the pore structure of cement matrix prepared by SAA exhibits better EMW loss performance than those prepared by traditional foaming agent. The analysis of the pore structure images indicates that the average pore size is reduced, and pore size distribution shifts towards smaller sizes due to the addition of CB. Furthermore, the roundness of pores is increased due to the formation of more irregular pores. Increasing CB content and thickness can reduce RL, enhance absorbing performance at low frequencies, and broaden effective absorbing bandwidth (EAB). The absorbing performance was tested using the arch reflection method in the frequency range of 1.1-18 GHz, the excellent absorbing performance and the widest EAB (RL<− 10 dB) reach − 36.34 dB and 14.46 GHz, respectively, at a thickness of 4 cm. Benefiting from excellent pore structure, the foamed cement-based material also exhibits better mechanical strength, and good thermal insulation properties are maintained after adding CB. The compressive and flexural strength can reach 2.18 MPa and 1.02 MPa, respectively, while the thermal conductivity remains below 0.122 W/(m⋅K).
... As the fully functional brain of an adult Homo sapiens expresses a pattern of electromagnetic signals as detected by MEG (reviewed in [67]); (discussed in [68]), there appears to be an intimate relationship between functional brain systems, brain biology (i.e., cell, biochemical and molecular) and magnetic fields. Whether such influences would be constant or possibly vary with the diurnal cycle and circadian rhythms [69] is unknown and will require more study. ...
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Life on Earth evolved to accommodate the biochemical and biophysical boundary conditions of the planet millions of years ago. The former includes nutrients, water, and the ability to synthesize other needed chemicals. The latter includes the 1 g gravity of the planet, radiation, and the geomagnetic field (GMF) of the planet. How complex life forms have accommodated the GMF is not known in detail, considering that Homo sapiens evolved a neurological system, a neuromuscular system, and a cardiovascular system that developed electromagnetic fields as part of their functioning. Therefore, all of these could be impacted by magnetic fields. In addition, many proteins and physiologic processes utilize iron ions, which exhibit magnetic properties. Thus, complex organisms, such as humans, generate magnetic fields, contain significant quantities of iron ions, and respond to exogenous static and electromagnetic fields. Given the current body of literature, it remains somewhat unclear if Homo sapiens use exogenous magnetic fields to regulate function and what can happen if the boundary condition of the GMF no longer exerts an effect. Proposed deep space flights to destinations such as Mars will provide some insights, as space flight could not have been anticipated by evolution. The results of such space flight “experiments” will provide new insights into the role of magnetic fields on human functioning. This review will discuss the literature regarding the involvement of magnetic fields in various normal and disturbed processes in humans while on Earth and then further discuss potential outcomes when the GMF is no longer present to impact host systems, as well as the limitations in the current knowledge. The GMF has been present throughout evolution, but many details of its role in human functioning remain to be elucidated, and how humans have adapted to such fields in order to develop and retain function remains to be elucidated. Why this understudied area has not received the attention required to elucidate the critical information remains a conundrum for both health professionals and those embarking on space flight. However, proposed deep space flights to destinations such as Mars may provide the environments to test and assess the potential roles of magnetic fields in human functioning.
... Recent research has delved into their lesser-known functions, in particular their potential to absorb electromagnetic radiation (Lișiță y Maravela, 2022). This property of Aloe Vera promises to be a sustainable and natural solution to the growing problems associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation, even electromagnetic pollution from wireless devices can also affect circadian rhythms (Martel et al., 2023), this radiation, which ranges from extremely low frequencies to radio frequencies and microwaves, is emitted by various sources such as cell phones, routers, Wi-Fi, power lines and electronic devices (Islam et al., 2023). ...
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A documentary review was carried out on the production and publication of research papers related to the study of the variables Aloe Vera and Radiation Absorption. The purpose of the bibliometric analysis proposed in this document was to know the main characteristics of the volume of publications registered in the Scopus database during the period 2012-2022, achieving the identification of 18 publications. The information provided by this platform was organized through graphs and figures categorizing the information by Year of Publication, Country of Origin, Area of Knowledge and Type of Publication. Once these characteristics have been described, the position of different authors towards the proposed theme is referenced through a qualitative analysis. Among the main findings made through this research, it is found that India, with 11 publications, was the country with the highest scientific production registered in the name of authors affiliated with institutions of that nation. The Area of Knowledge that made the greatest contribution to the construction of bibliographic material referring to the study of the variables Aloe Vera and the absorption of radiation, was Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical with 6 published documents, the same presented under the theories of Chemistry. The most used Type of Publication during the period indicated above were Journal Articles with 61% of the total scientific production.
... Past hypotheses have suggested that seasonal variations in the Earth's geomagnetic field may influence human health, potentially leading to periodic surges in infectious and chronic diseases [33]. ...
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... The relationship between solar activity and susceptibility to pathogenic diseases is a hypothesis 268 previously proposed, [10] showed the correlation between different outbreaks through time and sta- to the viral genome. As UV radiation is able to inactivate viruses by generating new bonds within 371 paired bases it is possible that by reducing the frequency of specific K-mers such bonds are less likely 372 to be formed [36]. ...
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Since its isolation, SARS-Cov2 showed a high mutation rate hindering the ability to properly characterize it. Also as a consequence of its size, traditional sequence analysis methods are computationally constrained. Nonetheless, machine learning technologies and particularly deep learning offer a viable and scalable solution to the analysis. Applying variational autoencoders (VAEs), a special kind of neural network used for unsupervised learning, to custom genomic sequence representations cluster the genomes by similarity. The resulting learned representation sorts the SARS-Cov2 genomes by the sunshine duration (SD) rate of change (SDRC) and other solar-derived features. The transition between clusters is characterized by changes in viral genome size. Different deletions can be found throughout the SARS-Cov2 genome. Deletions might behave as an internal clock inside the genome. Or as an adaptation mechanism to seasonal variations in solar radiation. As genome adaptation follows SDRC COVID-19 cases could also follow the same pattern. However, the spherical geometry of our planet adds a confounding variable to the analysis. Spherical correction by dynamic fractional differentiation of the SD synchronizes COVID-19 cases into a single period. This analysis results in a general coordinate system that shows the seasonality of the disease and allows us to analyze the impact of other environmental features. Atmospheric changes that also affect solar radiation such as the ozone column and cloudiness gradients also showed a correlation with COVID-19 cases. Analyzing viral genome composition (amount of each specific nucleotide) as time series displays an attractor-like behavior under different solar-derived time scales. Oscillations in genome composition could explain the changes in the efficacy of different antiviral treatments through the pandemic. To further characterize and expand the prediction capability of the model a set of solar and environmental features are added as targets in a supervised learning task. Allowing to correlate environmental changes and genomic composition. Genome sorting is obtained in a two-dimensional learned representation and appears that only one dimension encodes a temporal variable. The learned representation could also show the interaction between the host or a particular tissue of the host and the virus. To further characterize the learned representation the VAE model is modified to also fit a predator-prey model using the learned representation as observations of the model. Retrieved dynamics shows a transitory phase with a duration similar to the SARS-Cov2 incubation time. However, further characterization is needed to accurately interpret those results. Under a general coordinate system, the different mutations or genomic adaptations follow a regular and deterministic pattern. If the adaptations are the result or the means to copy the codon usage bias(CUB) of the host it is likely that SARS-Cov2 follows the expression of compositionally similar genes. Selection of highly compositionally similar transcripts results in the isolation of a series of genes whose dysregulation matches some of the symptoms reported in post-acute COVID-19 sequelae or long Covid. Also, genes that regulate the circadian rhythm and that are highly expressed at periods of high COVID-19 prevalence. Copying or optimizing genomic composition towards the host's CUB will increase the probability of the virus to copy a significant fragment of a host protein leading to autoimmunity. Dysregulation of the solar-based regulation of the circadian rhythm could explain the variability and random-like behavior of the symptoms in the post acute phase. Further development of analysis techniques will help us to better understand the seasonality and adaptation of pathogenic organisms.
... With the rising demand for electronic and telecommunication devices [1], as well as the increasing concern over EMI on human health and safety, the need for effective shielding materials has become paramount [2]. Recent studies have determined the effects of electromagnetic waves on the human body [3][4][5][6]. These negative effects can be avoided by isolating places where people use sensitive electronic devices are located. ...
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The main purpose of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding coatings is the insulation of sensitive devices and protect people from electromagnetic field exposure due to its effects on the human body. This paper investigates the dielectric properties, and electromagnetic shielding performances of graphite and carbon black (CB) filled epoxy matrix composites produced by the mechanical mixing method. The sample compositions were created at rates ranging from 1 to 7 wt%. Samples were analyzed by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) using the coaxial method in the range of 1–14 GHz, including L band, S band, C band, X band and partially Ku band. After determining the scattering parameters with VNA, AC conductivity, absorption, reflection and total shielding efficiency values were calculated. At high frequencies, almost all the samples showed higher AC conductivity. CB-filled samples show higher AC conductivity than graphite-filled samples. The total shielding efficiency (SET) of the graphite-added samples (19–21 dB) is slightly higher than the carbon black-added samples (8–17 dB). Distinct filling ratios in graphite-added samples result in closer shielding behavior in contrast to carbon black-added samples. However, higher shielding efficiency is observed as the CB filler ratio increases. The shielding efficiencies of the samples with both types of filling materials vary little depending on the frequency. Reflection is the main mechanism of the shielding efficiency, which constitutes the majority of total efficiency for all types of samples.
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Currently, over 60% of the world's population lives in cities. Urban living has many advantages but there are also challenges regarding the need for smart urbanization. The next generation of tunable 2D nanomaterials, called MXenes, is the critical enabling technology that can bring the current urban thinking to the next level, called a smart city. The smart city is a novel concept based on a framework of self‐sufficient technologies that are interactive and responsive to citizens’ needs. In this perspective, MXene‐enabled technologies for sustainable urban development are discussed. They can advance self‐sufficient, adaptive, and responsive buildings that can minimize resource consumption, solving the deficiency of essential resources such as clean energy, water, and air. MXenes are at the cutting edge of technological limitations associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) and telemedicine, combining diverse properties and offering multitasking. It is foreseen that MXenes can have a bright future in contributing to the smart city concept. Therefore, the roadmap is presented for demonstrating the practical feasibility of MXenes in the smart city. Altogether, this study promotes the role of MXenes in advancing the well‐being of citizens by raising the quality of urban living to the next level.
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This work successfully fabricated a novel CNWs/Ni 2 Si/SiOC nanocomposite ceramic material using a single‐source‐precursor derived ceramic approach. The material exhibits in‐situ formation of carbon nanowires (CNWs) and multiple core‐shell nanoparticles such as Ni 2 Si@C and SiC@C. The reaction mechanism of the precursor, the microstructure and phase composition, and the ceramics′ electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing properties were thoroughly investigated and discussed. The obtained CNWs/Ni 2 Si/SiOC nanocomposite ceramics possesses a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −43.5 dB, indicating excellent EMW absorbing performance. The in‐situ formation of CNWs and multi‐core‐shell nanoparticles (Ni 2 Si@C and SiC@C) in the ceramics play a crucial role in enhancing their EMW absorbing properties compared to pure SiOC ceramics.
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Correlation between electrical, structural properties and electromagnetic shielding efficiency (EMI SE) of carbon nanotube sheets (CNTSs) was investigated. Solvent densification of CNTSs led to enhancements of carbon nanotube bundling behavior and densification in the thickness direction while maintaining the areal density of the CNTSs. These structural modifications resulted in enhanced electrical properties and reduced sheet thickness by modifying the microstructure and bundling characteristics. Remarkably, contrary to conventional EMI shielding materials, the sheet resistance which reflects bundling behavior and microstructure of CNTSs, is the critical factor affecting the EMI SE of the CNTSs rather than electrical conductivity. The findings provide fundamental insights essential for the design of EMI shielding films incorporating carbon nanotubes
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Wi-Fi technology is widely used to facilitate wireless connectivity, however, several studies have shown that prolonged exposure to its electromagnetic waves can pose risks to human health, interfere with medical devices, and involve security and data privacy issues.Their use in hospitals is therefore inappropriate. The high-frequency waves emitted by Wi-Fi cause vibration of water molecules in the human body, raising questions about their impact on health. Some studies link Wi-Fi to health problems such as cancer, infertilityand immune disorders. In response, Li-Fi has emerged as a safe alternative for wireless data transmission in hospitals. Li-Fi mitigates electromagnetic interference from Wi-Fi and improves connectivity within hospitals. Its implementation in Colombian hospitals is stilllimited, so it is necessary to understand the factors that influence its adoption. A future application of Li-Fi is data transmission in hospitals to mitigate Wi-Fi interference in biomedical equipment and protect patients' health. According to the literature, technical,economic, regulatory and governance factors can influence the adoption of Li-Fi in hospitals. This study explores such factors in Colombia to guide the implementation of Li-Fi and improve secure wireless connectivity in healthcare facilities. The results suggestthat migrating from Wi-Fi to Li-Fi in hospitals in Medellin - Colombia would improve safety, efficiency and quality of service.
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Functional materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding are a consistently hot topic in the booming communication engineering, proceeding the development that tends to the multifunctional EMI shielding materials. Herein, a series of carbonized syndiotactic polystyrene/carbon nanotube/MXene (CsPS/CNT/MXene) hybrid aerogels were fabricated for EMI shielding and solar thermal energy conversion purposes. To fabricate the hybrid aerogels, a porous CNT/MXene framework was initially prepared using freeze-casting. Subsequently, sPS was infused into the porous structure, followed by hyper-cross-linking and carbonization of sPS under an inert atmosphere. The resulting aerogels exhibited a distinctive egg-box structure, comprising numerous nanofibrous carbon microspheres embedded within the lamellar framework. The mass ratio between CNT and MXene was regulated to identify an optimum aerogel, that is, the CCM-4-6, which exhibited impressive properties including Young's compression modulus of 0.67 MPa, a water contact angle of 137.6 ± 4.1°, a specific surface area of 110 m2 g-1, an electrical conductivity of 43.0 S m-1, and an EMI SE value of 40 dB. Meanwhile, phase-change composites were fabricated through encapsulating paraffin wax within the hybrid aerogels. For the CCM-4-6 aerogel, a noteworthy encapsulation ratio was achieved at about 76.7%, along with remarkable latent heat, good thermal reliability, and commendable solar thermal energy conversion capacity. This study presents a facile route to prepare multifunctional EMI shielding materials.
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In the current issue of the Biomedical Journal a special section introduces the influence earthing (or lack thereof) has on the human body. A variety of enlightening articles elaborate how electromagnetic hygiene involving earthing may lower the occurrence of various diseases, reduce inflammation, improve sleep and help maintain a well-functioning circadian rhythm. Another article has a closer look at the connection between sunspot extrema and pandemics, and the relief grounding may exert on the main complications encountered in COVID-19 infection. This issue furthermore contains articles about the principles and safety of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, the use of lidocaine against the cytokine storm triggered by SARS-CoV-2, and hypocalcemia as predictive marker in COVID-19. The reader learns about two miRNAs playing a role in colorectal cancer, diffusion characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid, and an approach of rotational radiography leading to a lower radiation exposure. The final articles present the use of dynamic arthroscopy to refine diagnosis of the origin of shoulder pain, the application of traditional Chinese medicine in analysis of chronic kidney disease, and an exchange concerning neuroimaging abnormalities in pediatric COVID-19 cases.
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Hydrophilic materials immersed in aqueous solutions show near-surface zones that exclude suspended colloids and dissolved molecules. These exclusion zones (EZs) can extend for tens to hundreds of micrometers from hydrophilic surfaces and show physicochemical properties that differ from bulk water. Here we report that exposure of standard aqueous microsphere suspensions to static magnetic fields creates similar microsphere-free zones adjacent to magnetic poles. The EZs build next to both north and south poles; and they build whether the microspheres are of polystyrene or carboxylate composition. EZ formation is accompanied by ordered motions of microspheres, creating dense zones some distance from the magnetic poles and leaving microsphere-free zones adjacent to the magnet. EZ size was larger next to the north pole than the south pole. The difference was statistically significant when polystyrene microspheres were used, although not when carboxylate microspheres were used. In many ways, including both size and dynamics, these exclusion zones resemble those found earlier next to various hydrophilic surfaces. The ability to create EZs represents a feature of magnets not previously revealed.
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In the 1960s, it was hypothesized that slow magnetic fluctuations could be a secondary zeitgeber for biological circadian rhythms. However, no comprehensive experimental research has been carried out to test the entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by this zeitgeber. We studied the circadian patterns of the locomotor activity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under different combinations of light regimes and slow magnetic fluctuations, based on a record of natural geomagnetic variation. A rapid synchronization of activity rhythms to an unusual 24:12 light/dark cycle was found under magnetic fluctuations with a period of 36 h. Under constant illumination, significant locomotor activity rhythms with 26.17 h and 33.07 h periods were registered in zebrafish exposed to magnetic fluctuations of 26.8 h and 33.76 h, respectively. The results reveal the potential of magnetic fluc-tuations for entrainment of circadian rhythms in zebrafish and genuine prospects to manipulate circadian oscillators via magnetic fields. The putative mechanisms responsible for the entrainment are discussed, including the possible role of cryptochromes.
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Electromagnetic field oscillations produced by the brain are increasingly being viewed as causal drivers of consciousness. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the body’s various endogenous rhythms in organizing these brain-generated fields through various types of entrainment. We expand this approach by examining evidence of extracerebral shared oscillations between the brain and other parts of the body, in both humans and animals. We then examine the degree to which these data support one of General Resonance Theory’s (GRT) principles: the Slowest Shared Resonance (SSR) principle, which states that the combination of micro- to macro-consciousness in coupled field systems is a function of the slowest common denominator frequency or resonance. This principle may be utilized to develop a spatiotemporal hierarchy of brain-body shared resonance systems. It is predicted that a system’s SSR decreases with distance between the brain and various resonating structures in the body. The various resonance relationships examined, including between the brain and gastric neurons, brain and sensory organs, and brain and spinal cord, generally match the predicted SSR relationships, empirically supporting this principle of GRT.
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Electromagnetic field exposure to the nervous system can cause neurological changes. The effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields, such as second-generation and third-generation radiation, have been studied in most studies. The current study aimed to explore fourth-generation cellular phone radiation on hippocampal morphology and behavior in mice. Swiss albino male mice (n = 30) were randomly categorized into 3 groups; control, 40 min, and 60 min exposure to 2400 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) daily for 60 days. The control mice were housed in the same environments but were not exposed to anything. Anxiety-like behaviors were tested using the elevated plus-maze. For histological and stereological examination, the brain was dissected from the cranial cavity. On Cresyl violet stained brain slices, the number of pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis of the hippocampus were counted. In exposed mice compared to control mice, a significant increase in anxiety-like behavior has been observed. Histological observations have shown many black and dark blue cytoplasmic cells with shrunken morphology degenerative alterations in the neuronal hippocampus in the radiation exposed mice. In the RF-EMR mouse hippocampus, stereological analyses revealed a significant decrease in pyramidal and granule neurons compared to controls. Our findings suggest that 2400-MHz RF-EMR cell phone radiation affects the structural integrity of the hippocampus, which would lead to behavioral changes such as anxiety. However, it alerts us to the possible long-term detrimental effects of exposure to RF-EMR.
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Earth is one of the inner planets of the Solar System, but – unlike the others – it has an oxidising atmosphere, relatively stable temperature, and a constant geomagnetic field (GMF). The GMF does not only protect life on Earth against the solar wind and cosmic rays, but it also shields the atmosphere itself, thus creating relatively stable environmental conditions. What is more, the GMF could have influenced the origins of life: organisms from archaea to plants and animals may have been using the GMF as a source of spatial information since the very beginning. Although the GMF is constant, it does undergo various changes, some of which, e.g. a reversal of the poles, weaken the field significantly or even lead to its short-term disappearance. This may result in considerable climatic changes and an increased frequency of mutations caused by the solar wind and cosmic radiation. This review analyses data on the influence of the GMF on different aspects of life and it also presents current knowledge in the area. In conclusion, the GMF has a positive impact on living organisms, whereas a diminishing or disappearing GMF negatively affects living organisms. The influence of the GMF may also be an important factor determining both survival of terrestrial organisms outside Earth and the emergence of life on other planets.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has affected nearly 28 million people in the United States and has caused more than five hundred thousand deaths as of February 21, 2021. As the novel coronavirus continues to take its toll in the United States and all across the globe, particularly among the elderly (>65 years), clinicians and translational researchers are taking a closer look at the nexus of sleep, circadian rhythms and immunity that may contribute toward a more severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2-induced multi-organ failure affects both central and peripheral organs, causing increased mortality in the elderly. However, whether differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and immunity between older and younger individuals contribute to the age-related differences in systemic dysregulation of target organs observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely unknown. Current literature demonstrates the emerging role of sleep, circadian rhythms, and immunity in the development of chronic pulmonary diseases and respiratory infections in human and mouse models. The exact mechanism underlying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients in combination with associated comorbidities remain unclear. Nevertheless, understanding the critical role of sleep, circadian clock dysfunction in target organs, and immune status of patients with SARS-CoV-2 may provide novel insights into possible therapies. Chronotherapy is an emerging concept that is gaining attention in sleep medicine. Accumulating evidence suggests that nearly half of all physiological functions follow a strict daily rhythm. However, healthcare professionals rarely take implementing timed-administration of drugs into consideration. In this review, we summarize recent findings directly relating to the contributing roles of sleep, circadian rhythms and immune response in modulating infectious disease processes, and integrate chronotherapy in the discussion of the potential drugs that can be repurposed to improve the treatment and management of COVID-19.
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The geomagnetic field provides directional information for birds. The avian magnetic compass is an inclination compass that uses not the polarity of the magnetic field but the axial course of the field lines and their inclination in space. It works in a flexible functional window, and it requires short-wavelength light. These characteristics result from the underlying sensory mechanism based on radical pair processes in the eyes, with cryptochrome suggested as the receptor molecule. The chromophore of cryptochrome, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), undergoes a photocycle, where radical pairs are formed during photo-reduction as well as during re-oxidation; behavioral data indicate that the latter is crucial for detecting magnetic directions. Five types of cryptochromes are found in the retina of birds: cryptochrome 1a (Cry1a), cryptochrome 1b, cryptochrome 2, cryptochrome 4a, and cryptochrome 4b. Because of its location in the outer segments of the ultraviolet cones with their clear oil droplets, Cry1a appears to be the most likely receptor molecule for magnetic compass information.
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The Global Coherence Initiative (GCI) is a science-based, international effort that conducts research on interactions between humans and the Earth's magnetic field environment as well as collective intention on promoting peace, and harmony. In order to carry out one aspect of the interconnectedness research, GCI has created a Global Coherence Monitoring System (GCMS), which is comprised of a network of six magnetometers specifically designed to measure geomagnetic and resonant frequencies in Earth's magnetic fields, such as Schumann resonances, Alven waves and other field-line resonances. The finding from this line of research suggests that global collective behaviors and numerous human physiological rhythms are affected by and in some cases synchronized with solar and geomagnetic activity. Additionally, we discuss why the majority of research conducted thus far has focused on how disruptions in the earth's magnetic fields are associated with adverse effects on health and behaviors. However, it is important to note, that solar and geomagnetic activity can also have a positive impact on human physiology and health. Furthermore, we believe there is an even more fundamental and important aspect of the earth's magnetic fields that can be utilized to help lift human consciousness. We propose that the earth's magnetic fields provide a plausible mechanism that interconnects and non-locally distributes information to all living systems on our planet. We review several independent lines of research that support the hypothesis that the earth's magnetic fields can act as a carrier of and encoded by physiologically patterned and relevant information. The four primary hypotheses of the GCI are articulated and the existing theoretical and experimental support for each hypothesis is discussed.
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The number of sunspots shows the solar activity level. During the high solar activity, emissions of matter and electromagnetic fields from the Sun make it difficult for cosmic rays to penetrate the Earth. When solar energy is high, cosmic ray intensity is lower, so that the solar magnetic field and solar winds affect the Earth externally and originate new viruses. In this paper, we assess the possible effects of sunspot numbers on the world virus appearance. The literature has no sufficient results about these phenomena. Therefore, we try to relate solar ray extremum to virus generation and the history of pandemics. First, wavelet decomposition is used for smoothing the sunspot cycle to predict past pandemics and forecast the future time of possible virus generation. Finally, we investigate the geographical appearance of the virus in the world to show vulnerable places in the world. The result of the analysis of pandemics that occurred from 1750 to 2020 shows that world’s great viral pandemics like COVID-19 coincide with the relative extrema of sunspot number. Based on our result, 27 pandemic (from 36) incidences are on sunspot extrema. Then, we forecast future pandemics in the world for about 110 years or 10 cycles using presented multi-step autoregression (MSAR). To confirm these phenomena and the generation of new viruses because of solar activity, researchers should carry out experimental studies.
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A systematic review of heliobiological studies of the last 25 years devoted to the study of the potential influence of space weather factors on human health and well-being was carried out. We proposed three criteria (coordinates), according to which the work on solar–biospheric relations was systematized: the time scale of data sampling (years, days, hours, minutes); the level of organization of the biological system under study (population, group, individual, body system); and the degree of system response (norm, adaptation, failure of adaptation (illness), disaster (death)). This systematic review demonstrates that three parameters mentioned above are closely related in the existing heliobiological studies: the larger the selected time scale, the higher the level of estimated biological system organization and the stronger the potential response degree is. The long-term studies are devoted to the possible influence of solar activity on population disasters, i.e., significant increases in morbidity and mortality. On a daily scale, a probable effect of geomagnetic storms and other space weather events on short-term local outbreaks of morbidity is shown as well as on cases of deterioration in people functional state. On an intraday scale, in the regular functioning mode, the heart and brain rhythms of healthy people turn to be synchronized with geomagnetic field variations in some frequency ranges, which apparently is the necessary organism’s existence element. The applicability of different space weather indices at different data sampling rates, the need to take into account the contribution of meteorological factors, and the prospects for an individual approach in heliobiology are discussed. The modern important results of experiments on modeling the action of magnetic storms in laboratory conditions and the substantiation of possible theoreical mechanisms are described. These results provide an experimental and theoretical basis for studies of possible connections of space weather and human health.
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The radical-pair mechanism has been put forward as the basis of the magnetic compass sense of migratory birds. Some of the strongest supporting evidence has come from behavioral experiments in which birds exposed to weak time-dependent magnetic fields lose their ability to orient in the geomagnetic field. However, conflicting results and skepticism about the requirement for abnormally long quantum coherence lifetimes have cast a shroud of uncertainty over these potentially pivotal studies. Using a recently developed computational approach, we explore the effects of various radiofrequency magnetic fields on biologically plausible radicals within the theoretical framework of radical-pair magnetoreception. We conclude that the current model of radical-pair magnetoreception is unable to explain the findings of the reported behavioral experiments. Assuming that an unknown mechanism amplifies the predicted effects, we suggest experimental conditions that have the potential to distinguish convincingly between the two distinct families of radical pairs currently postulated as magnetic compass sensors. We end by making recommendations for experimental protocols that we hope will increase the chance that future experiments can be independently replicated.
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A majority of mammalian genes exhibit daily fluctuations in expression levels, making circadian expression rhythms the largest known regulatory network in normal physiology. Cell-autonomous circadian clocks interact with daily light-dark and feeding-fasting cycles to generate approximately 24-hour oscillations in the function of thousands of genes. Circadian expression of secreted molecules and signaling components transmits timing information between cells and tissues. Such intra- and intercellular daily rhythms optimize physiology both by managing energy use and by temporally segregating incompatible processes. Experimental animal models and epidemiological data indicate that chronic circadian rhythm disruption increases the risk of metabolic diseases. Conversely, time-restricted feeding, which imposes daily cycles of feeding and fasting without caloric reduction, sustains robust diurnal rhythms and can alleviate metabolic diseases. These findings highlight an integrative role of circadian rhythms in physiology and offer a new perspective for treating chronic diseases in which metabolic disruption is a hallmark.
Chapter
Detailed experiments dealing with the biological effects of electromagnetic fields in the ELF and VLF regions had their beginnings after the last war. The starting point consisted of basic research of an electrophysical nature, which dealt with the manifestation and origins of the fields which arise from natural sources. At that time Reiter (1951) first reported bioclimatic research dealing with the biological effects of VLF fields in the frequency range of 4 kHz to 50 kHz, in which he also mentioned noticeable correlations between certain weather conditions and the activity of atmospherics. Among other peculiarities, Reiter mentioned certain days during which especially low signal activity occurred. A series of different experiments was completed which dealt with the biological meaning of these types of fields. These experiments were based on observations of similar occurrences in the ELF region (see Part 1: Physical Characteristics, ELF and VLF Properties) in which natural ELF signals of a certain type occurred noticeably more often during certain weather conditions.
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