ArticlePDF Available

Różnorodność w kratkę. Ewolucja kwiatów w rodzaju szachownica (Fritillaria L., Liliaceaea)

Authors:

Abstract

Flowers of angiosperm show enormous variation in size, shape, colour, scent, or reward content and quality. This diversity is often encountered among closely related species, and ever since Darwin, this has largely been attributed to the selection exerted by pollinating animals. Although the enormous variability in flowers features has often been related to pollinator-mediated selection, the forces driving this divergence remain unclear and contentious to some extent. However, numerous recent studies and the tracing of possible drivers of flowering plants diversification suggest that about a quarter of divergence events may be associated with the shift of the main pollinator. The available studies show that pollinator shifts occur in many directions (for example from fly- to bee-pollination, or from insect- to bird-pollination), however, certain shifts are common, and surprisingly, other possible shifts seem to be rare. One of the most conspicuous pollinator transitions is from insect to bird pollination. This shift may be caused by the higher efficiency of birds in transferring pollen, as well as lower pollen discounting. Adaptation to the preferences of the new pollinator may potentially result in both ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ changes within the flower. Positive adaptations involve features that attract the new pollinator type, while negative adaptations relate to repelling or excluding less efficient floral visitors. In the case of Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae), a genus predominantly pollinated by insects, there are species pollinated by birds. Fritillaries are found in temperate Holarctic regions of both the Old and the New World, and the genus is represented by ca. 140 species of bulbous plants. Fritillaria flowers typically have tulip-like trimerous perianth and a nodding character. The perianth segments of numerous species resemble the chequered pattern on a chessboard, but the flowers of fritillaries come in various sizes, shapes and colours. It seems that at least some of this diversity may be related to pollinator shift - in Fritillaria the pollinator transition occurred in different biogeographical contexts and in different habitats. Ornithophilous F. gentneri and F. recurva are found in North America and F. imperialis in Asia. Moreover, their pollinators belong to different taxonomical groups (hummingbirds vs. passerine birds). Thus, the genus offers a unique possibility to analyse independent differentiation leading to ornithophily in the closely related plant species but induced by taxonomically different groups of pollinators – hummingbirds and passerines. In the case of fritillaries, one may examine the evolution of both the attracting and repelling characters in flowers.
ROCZNIK PRZEMYSKI t. 58
NAUKI PRZYRODNICZE z. 3 (15) 2022
.$7$5=<1$52*8=,0$5&,1=<&+:DUV]DZD
5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ
(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
FRITILLARIA//,/,$&($(
:VWĊS
5RG]DMV]DFKRZQLFD)ULWLOODULD/JDWXQHNW\SRZ\)PHOHDJULV/WRWDNVRQ
QDOHĪąF\GRURG]LQ\OLOLRZDW\FK/LOLDFHDHVNXSLDMąF\RNRáRJDWXQNyZ
Z\VWĊSXMąF\FKQD3yáNXOL3yáQRFQHMV]F]HJyOQLHOLF]QLHUHSUH]HQWRZDQ\FKZUHMR
QLH0RU]DĝUyG]LHPQHJR$]ML0QLHMV]HML%OLVNLHJR:VFKRGX5L[=DKDURI
7DPXUD5¡QVWHGHWDO0DEEHUOH\+LOO7HNVHQL$\WDF
+LOO.LDQLHWDO5RĞOLQ\]WHJRURG]DMXZ\WZDU]DMąZ]QLHVLRQą
áRG\JĊ]Z\NOHRSRMHG\QF]\FKNZLDWDFKQLHNLHG\VNXSLRQ\FKZZLHFKRZDW\P
NZLDWRVWDQLHNWyUH]DNZLWDMąZLRVQą5RJX]HWDO2UJDQHPSRG]LHPQ\P
MHVWZLHOROHWQLDEXOZD=\FKHWDO
.ZLDW\SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLURG]DMX)ULWLOODULD/Vą]Z\NOHNLHOLFKRZDWHSU]HZL
VDMąFHPDMąSURPLHQLVWąV\PHWULĊLNV]WDáWSRGREQ\GRRNZLDWXWXOLSDQD]GZRPD
WUyMNąWQ\PLRNyáNDPL5\F(OHPHQW\RNZLDWXPRJąE\üELDáH]LHORQNDZH
ĪyáWHOXEUyĪRZR¿ROHWRZHU]DGNRF]HUZRQHLF]ĊVWRPDMąFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\GHVHĔ
ÄZNUDWNĊ´=\FKHWDORGNWyUHJRSRFKRG]LSROVNDQD]ZDÄV]DFKRZQLFD´
7DNLHNZLDW\PDQDSU]\NáDGMHG\Q\URG]LP\SU]HGVWDZLFLHOURG]DMXV]DFKRZQLFD
NRVWNRZDWD)PHOHDJULVZ\VWĊSXMąFDQDWXUDOQLHZ\áąF]QLHZRNROLFDFK3U]HP\ĞOD
3LyUHFNL
=SRZRGXDWUDNF\MQRĞFLNZLDWyZV]DFKRZQLFLZDUWRĞFLOHF]QLF]\FKEXOZ
RUD]LQQ\FKF]ĊĞFLURĞOLQV]HUHJJDWXQNyZURG]DMX)ULWLOODULDWRWDNVRQ\JLQąFH
L]DJURĪRQH3U]\NáDGRZRZ\VWĊSXMąFDZNUDMXV]DFKRZQLFDNRVWNRZDWDMHVWQD
Ä3ROVNLHMF]HUZRQHMOLĞFLHURĞOLQ´ZNDWHJRULL&5±NU\W\F]QLH]DJURĪRQ\.DĨ
PLHUF]DNRZDHWDO&RFLHNDZHSUHVMD]ZLą]DQD]NRPHUF\MQ\P]ELRUHP
V]DFKRZQLFPRĪHSURZDG]LüGR]PLDQIHQRW\SRZ\FKRVREQLNyZFRRSLVDQR
GODXĪ\ZDQHMZWUDG\F\MQHMFKLĔVNLHMPHG\F\QLH)GHODYD\L1LXHWDO
:SU]\SDGNXWHJRJDWXQNXRVREQLNLZ\VWĊSXMąFHZSRSXODFMDFKQDUDĪRQ\FKQD
]ELHUDQLHZ\NV]WDáFDMąPDVNXMąFHEUXQDWQRROLZNRZH]DEDUZLHQLHOLĞFLLNZLDWyZ
0LPRGXĪHJR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDNRPHUF\MQHJRMDNLPFLHV]ąVLĊJDWXQNLV]D
FKRZQLFMHV]F]HGRQLHGDZQDVWRVXQNRZRQLHZLHOHZLDGRPRE\áRRELRORJLLW\FK
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
URĞOLQRUD]HZROXFMLLFKFHFKZV]F]HJyOQRĞFLRGHVHQLXV]DFKRZQLF\REHFQHJR
XZLHOXSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLWHJRURG]DMX1LH]Z\NáRĞüV]DFKRZQLFSU]\FLąJDMHGQDN
XZDJĊEDGDF]\1DSU]\NáDGLFKRJURPQ\JHQRPEĊGąF\SUDZGRSRGREQLHMHGQ\P
]ZDĪQ\FKF]\QQLNyZGHF\GXMąF\FKRHNRORJLF]Q\FKZáDĞFLZRĞFLDFKV]DFKRZQLF
PRĪHZ\GDZDüVLĊSHZQHJRURG]DMXREFLąĪHQLHP]DUyZQRZNRQWHNĞFLHHZR
OXF\MQ\PMDNLHNRORJLF]Q\P.QLJKWHWDO/HLWFKHWDO.HOO\HWDO
:UD]]HZ]URVWHPZLHONRĞFLJHQRPXNXUF]ąVLĊERZLHPRSFMHHNRORJLF]QH
GRVWĊSQHGODGDQHJRJDWXQNX/HLWFKL%HQQHWW%HQQHWWZ\ND]DáĪH
JDWXQNLURĞOLQRPQLHMV]\PJHQRPLHPRJąE\üURF]QHGZXOHWQLHOXEZLHOROHWQLH
DOHZUD]]HZ]URVWHPMHJRUR]PLDUX]PLHQQRĞüWDMHVWRJUDQLF]RQD*DWXQNLRGX
Ī\PJHQRPLHQLHPRJąURVQąüZ\VWDUF]DMąFRV]\ENRDE\E\üURĞOLQDPLURF]Q\PL
ZLĊFQDMF]ĊĞFLHMVąZLHOROHWQLH'DQHOLWHUDWXURZHZVND]XMąĪHSRVLDGDQLHGXĪHJR
JHQRPXPRĪHUyZQLHĪRJUDQLF]DüHZROXFMĊZDĪQ\FKHNRORJLF]QLHFHFKURĞOLQQD
SU]\NáDGPDV\QDVLRQ%HDXOLHXHWDO0RĪQDSU]\SXV]F]DüĪHZLHONRĞü
JHQRPXV]DFKRZQLFPRĪHE\üUyZQLHĪ]QDF]ąFDZNRQWHNĞFLHHZROXFMLFHFK
NZLDWyZ=XZDJLQDIDNWĪHZRVWDWQLFKODWDFKELRORJLDLHZROXFMDV]DFKRZQLF
E\á\LQWHQV\ZQLHEDGDQH=\FKL6WSLF]\ĔVND=\FKHWDO5RJX]HWDO
5RJX]HWDO5RJX]HWDOD5RJX]HWDOEZDUWRSU]\EOLĪ\ü
WHQWHPDWSROVNLPF]\WHOQLNRPLF]\WHOQLF]NRP
%LRORJLD]DS\ODQLDV]DFKRZQLF
1LHVSRVyEMHGQDN]UR]XPLHüREVHUZRZDQHMUyĪQRURGQRĞFLNZLDWyZV]D
FKRZQLFEH]]DJáĊELHQLDVLĊZĞZLDWUHODFMLURĞOLQLLFK]DS\ODF]\7DLQWHUDNFMD
ZSU]\SDGNXURĞOLQRNU\WR]DOąĪNRZ\FKLLFKJRĞFLNZLDWRZ\FK]DF]ĊáDVLĊZPH
]R]RLNXNLHG\SRMDZLá\VLĊSLHUZV]HURĞOLQ\NZLWQąFHDZUD]]QLPLLFKZF]HVQH
SU\PLW\ZQH]DS\ODF]HNWyU\PLE\á\FKU]ąV]F]H*UDQW2EHFQLH]DS\ODQLH
MHVW]MDZLVNLHPSRZV]HFKQLHVSRW\NDQ\PQLHPDOZHZV]\VWNLFKOąGRZ\FKHNR
V\VWHPDFK3URFWRUHWDO7DNGXĪ\SU]HG]LDáF]DVRZ\RGPH]R]RLNXDĪ
GRWHUD]GDMHEDUG]RZLHOHF]DVXQDSRMDZLDQLHVLĊFRUD]WRQRZ\FKUR]ZLą]DĔ
±RGRV]XVWZDDĪSRZ\VSHFMDOL]RZDQ\PXWXDOL]P3U]H]PLOLRQ\ODWWDNĪHFHFK\
]DS\ODF]\LNZLDWyZHZROXRZDá\Z]PLHQLDMąF\FKVLĊUHODFMDFKURĞOLQD]ZLHU]Ċ
:LĊNV]RĞüLQWHUDNFMLPLĊG]\URĞOLQDPLD]DS\ODF]DPLPRĪQDX]QDü]DPXWXDOL
VW\F]QH']LĊNL]ZLHU]ĊWRPSHáQLąF\PUROĊZHNWRUyZS\áNXWUD¿DRQQD]QDPLĊ
NZLDW\Vą]DS\ODQHDURĞOLQDPRĪHSURGXNRZDüRZRFHLQDVLRQD=NROHL]ZLHU]ĊWD
RGZLHG]DMąFHNZLDW\]QDMGXMąZQLFKSRĪ\ZLHQLHQSS\áHNF]\QHNWDUPLHMVFD
OĊJRZHPDWHULDá\GREXGRZ\JQLD]GVXEVWDQFMH]DSDFKRZHDWDNĪHPLHMVFDNR
SXODFMLF]\VFKURQLHQLD:LOOPHU1DOHĪ\MHGQDNSRGNUHĞOLüĪHDE\]ZLHU]Ċ
PRJáRE\üX]QDQH]D]DS\ODF]DPXVLSU]HQRVLüS\áHNPLĊG]\F]ĊĞFLDPLPĊVNL
DĪHĔVNLPLZNZLDWDFKGDQHJRJDWXQNX'UXJLHNOXF]RZHNU\WHULXPWRVWDáRĞü
RGZLHG]LQF]\OLZ\VRNLHSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZRĪH]DS\ODF]RGZLHG]LLQQ\NZLDW
WHJRVDPHJRJDWXQNX-HĞOLNWyU\Ğ]W\FKZDUXQNyZQLHMHVWVSHáQLRQ\PRĪHP\

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
PyZLüUDF]HMRQLHSURV]RQ\PJRĞFLXOXEQDZHW]áRG]LHMXNZLDWRZ\P:LOOPHU
:SU]\SDGNX]DS\ODQLDMDNSU]\ZV]\VWNLFKPXWXDOLVW\F]Q\FKLQWHUDNFMDFK
SRMDZLDVLĊU\]\NR³QDGXĪ\ü´:NZLDWDFKPRJąVLĊSRMDZLü]ZLHU]ĊWDNWyUH]ELH
UDMąQHNWDUOXES\áHN]RGZLHG]DQ\FKNZLDWyZEH]]DS\ODQLD7UDYHVHWHWDO
3U]\NáDGRZRZNZLDWDFKRUQLWRJDPLF]Q\FK]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]SWDNL]áRG]LHMDPL
PRJąE\üWU]PLHOHGáXJRMĊ]\F]NRZHNWyUHZ\NUDGDMąQHNWDUSU]HJU\]DMąFQDVDGĊ
JáĊERNLFKRVWUyJNZLDWRZ\FKEH]NRQWDNWX]S\OQLNDPLOXE]QDPLRQDPL/XQDXHW
DO:SU]\SDGNXQLHNWyU\FKNZLDWyZPRĪHP\ZLĊFPyZLüRZ\NV]WDáFHQLX
VLĊVZHJRURG]DMXIHQRW\SRZ\FK¿OWUyZ±FHFKSR]ZDODMąF\FKXQLNQąüRGZLHG]LQ
]áRG]LHLNZLDWRZ\FKOXEPQLHMHIHNW\ZQ\FK]DS\ODF]\DW\PVDP\PRJUDQLF]\ü
PDUQRZDQLHFHQQ\FK]DVREyZGRVWĊSQ\FKZNZLHFLH&DVWHOODQRVHWDO
2MHGDHWDO5RJX]L=\FK
=GUXJLHMVWURQ\UyĪQLFHZZ\GDMQRĞFLLHIHNW\ZQRĞFL]DS\ODF]\VNXWNXMąSUHVMą
VHOHNF\MQąZVWRVXQNXGRSUHIHURZDQ\FKFHFK0RĪQDZLĊF]GXĪ\PSUDZGRSR
GRELHĔVWZHP]DáRĪ\üĪHNZLDW\RG]ZLHUFLHGODMąSUHIHUHQFMHQDMF]ĊVWV]\FKLQDM
EDUG]LHMZ\GDMQ\FK]DS\ODF]\6WHEELQV:UH]XOWDFLHPRĪHWRSURZDG]Lü
GRSRMDZLHQLDVLĊZNZLDWDFKNRPELQDFMLFHFKSUHIHURZDQ\FKSU]H]QDMZDĪQLHMV]H
ZHNWRU\S\áNX:LOOPHU7DNLH]HVWDZ\FHFKNZLDWRZ\FKQSEXGRZDPRU
IRORJLF]QDNRORU]DSDFKZLHONRĞüQDJURG\IHQRORJLDQD]\ZDQHV\QGURPDPL
NZLDWRZ\PLE\ZDMąFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHGODNZLDWyZRGZLHG]DQ\FKSU]H]GDQą
JUXSĊ]DS\ODF]\)DHJULL9DQ'HU3LMO2VWDWQLHEDGDQLDSRND]XMąMHGQDNĪH
GXĪDF]ĊĞüJDWXQNyZURĞOLQWRJHQHUDOLĞFLRGZLHG]DQLSU]H]V]HURNLHVSHNWUXPJRĞFL
NZLDWRZ\FK:DVHUHWDO6\QGURP\NZLDWRZH±RSLV\ZDQHZLHORNURWQLH
MDNR]E\WXSURV]F]RQH ±ZDUWR WUDNWRZDüMDNZVND]yZNĊNWyUHJUXS\]ZLHU]ąW
PRJąE\üF]ĊVW\PLJRĞüPLZNZLDWDFKRGDQ\P]HVWDZLHFHFK
:DUWRVLĊSU]\MU]HüV\QGURPRPNZLDWRZ\PFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PGODPX
FKyZHNSV]F]yáPRW\OLLSWDNyZSRQLHZDĪWHJUXS\]RVWDá\RGQRWRZDQH
ZNZLDWDFKV]DFKRZQLF:KLWH+HGVWU|P%~UTXH]3HWHUV
HWDO%HUQKDUGW0LQDJLHWDO3HQGHUJUDVVL5RELQVRQ
=R[L*ROG=\FKL6WSLF]\ĔVNDOXEVąRNUHĞODQLMDNRLFKSUDZGR
SRGREQL]DS\ODF]H
3RGF]DVREVHUZDFMLV]DFKRZQLFQLHU]DGNRPRĪQD]REDF]\üPXFKyZNLSUyEX
MąFHVLĊGRVWDüGRNZLDWX$NXUDWWDJUXSD]DS\ODF]\MHVW]Z\NOHPQLHMZ\VSHFMD
OL]RZDQDNZLDW\]DS\ODQHSU]H]PXFKyZNLVąF]ĊVWRGUREQHLRWZDUWHZNV]WDá
FLHSáDVNLHMOXESá\WNLHMPLVHF]NL]áDWZRGRVWĊSQ\PQHNWDUHPRUD]áDJRGQ\P
VáRGNLP]DSDFKHP:ĞUyGNRORUyZSáDWNyZSU]HZDĪDELDá\OXENUHPRZ\F]DVHP
]LHORQNDZ\0XFKyZNLRGZLHG]DMąFHNZLDW\]ELHUDMąZQLFKS\áHNLQHNWDUNWyU\
]Z\NOHFKDUDNWHU\]XMHVLĊZ\VRNLPVWĊĪHQLHPFXNUyZLPDáąREMĊWRĞFLą-HGQ\P
]HV]F]HJyOQ\FKURG]DMyZNZLDWyZRGZLHG]DQ\FKSU]H] PXFKyZNL ]ZáDV]F]D
]URG]LQPXFKRZDW\FKSOXMNRZDW\FKF]\UąF]\FRZDW\FKVąWHSU]\SRPLQDMąFH
Z\JOąGHPF]\]DSDFKHPSDGOLQĊOXERGFKRG\:W\PSU]\SDGNXURĞOLQ\]Z\NOH
SU]\FLąJDMąPXFK\SRSU]H]VWRVRZDQLHVWUDWHJLLRV]XVWZD±NZLDW\QLHVąW\PQD
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
FRZ\JOąGDMąDSU]\W\PRIHUXMąQLHZLHONąLORĞüQDJURG\SRNDUPRZHMOXEVąMHM
]XSHáQLHSR]EDZLRQH:LOOPHU
:SU]\SDGNXSV]F]yáPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]]XSHáQLHLQQąV\WXDFMą3RSLHUZV]H
RZDG\WHSROHJDMąFDáNRZLFLHQD]DVREDFKNZLDWRZ\FKVáXĪąF\FKGRĪ\ZLHQLD
ODUZLGRURVá\FKRVREQLNyZ3RGUXJLHZNZLDWDFK]ELHUDMąS\áHNLQHNWDU.ZLDW\
]DS\ODQHSU]H]SV]F]Rá\PRJąPLHüNRURQĊZNV]WDáFLHNUyWNLHMUXUNLF]ĊVWRVą
]ZLVDMąFHDOH]DWR]Z\F]DMRZRSáDWNLOXELQQHF]ĊĞFLNZLDWyZVWDQRZLąGODW\FK
RZDGyZSODWIRUPĊGROąGRZDQLDNWyUDSRPDJDSV]F]RáRPGRVWDüVLĊGRZQĊWU]D
NZLDWX.RURQ\E\ZDMąQLHELHVNLHUyĪRZR¿ROHWRZHOXEELDáHDQDSáDWNDFKF]ĊVWR
]QDMG]LHP\EDUZQH³GURJRZVND]\´GOD]DS\ODF]\DQJQHFWDUJXLGHVSRND]XMą
FHMDNGRVWDüVLĊGRQDJURG\3V]F]HOHNZLDW\PDMą]Z\NOHVáRGNLH]DSDFK\LVą
ERJDWHZQHNWDURĞUHGQLPVWĊĪHQLXFXNUyZF]ĊVWRXNU\W\JáĊERNRZNZLDWDFK
3V]F]Rá\SRZV]HFKQLHNRU]\VWDMą]V]HURNLHMJDP\URĞOLQMDNRĨUyGHáSRNDUPX
VWąGWHĪLQWHUDNFMHNZLDWyZLLFKSV]F]HOLFK]DS\ODF]\VąEDUG]RUyĪQRURGQH
2SLVNZLDWyZ]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]WĊJUXSĊMHVWZLĊF]DZV]HGRSHZQHJRVWRSQLD
XSURV]F]HQLHP:LOOPHU
1LHFRLQDF]HMZ\JOąGDV\WXDFMDZSU]\SDGNXNZLDWyZPRW\ORZ\FK5RĞOL
Q\RGZLHG]DQHSU]H]PRW\OHPDMą]Z\NOHSáDVNLHOXEGHOLNDWQLH]DNU]\ZLRQH
NZLDWRVWDQ\WZRU]RQHSU]H]NZLDW\NWyUHF]ĊVWRPDMąGáXJąRVWURJĊZ\SHáQLRQą
PDáąLORĞFLąQHNWDUXRĞUHGQLPVWĊĪHQLXFXNUyZ0RW\OHPDMąGáXJLHRGQyĪDZLĊF
SUĊFLNLLVáXSNLRGZLHG]DQ\FKSU]H]QLHNZLDWyZPRJąZ\VWDZDüSR]DNRURQĊ
DE\Z\PXVLüNRQWDNW]F]ĊĞFLDPLJHQHUDW\ZQ\PL3áDWNLPRW\ORZ\FKNZLDWyZVą
F]ĊVWRLQWHQV\ZQLHZ\EDUZLRQH±UyĪRZHQLHELHVNLHNUHPRZHSRPDUDĔF]RZH
ĪyáWHOXEF]HUZRQH:LOOPHU
&KRüDNXUDWZQDV]HMVWUH¿HNOLPDW\F]QHMGRĞüWUXGQRWR ]DREVHUZRZDü WR
V]DFKRZQLFHE\ZDMąRGZLHG]DQHSU]H]SWDNLZUyEORZHQDZHWZ1LHPF]HFK7\ONR
SRWZLHUG]DWRIDNWĪH]DS\ODQLHSU]H]SWDNLMHVW]MDZLVNLHPSRZV]HFKQ\PDWDNĪH
]DVNDNXMąFRUR]SRZV]HFKQLRQ\PWDNVRQRPLF]QLH±JDWXQNLRGZLHG]DMąFHNZLDW\
VWZLHUG]RQRZFRQDMPQLHMURG]LQDFK3WDNLRGZLHG]DMąURĞOLQ\SU]HGHZV]\VWNLP
V]XNDMąFQHNWDUXLZZLHOXSU]\SDGNDFKVąW\ONRRND]MRQDOQ\PLJRĞüPL.ZLDW\RU
QLWRJDPLF]QH]Z\NOHZ\WZDU]DMąGXĪHLORĞFLUR]FLHĔF]RQHJRQHNWDUX±SWDNLWUDNWXMą
QHNWDUMDNRĨUyGáRZRG\DGRGDWNRZRQHNWDURQLVNLHMOHSNRĞFLPRĪHE\üV]\ENR
LáDWZRSREUDQ\:LOOPHU-DNZSU]\SDGNXZV]\VWNLFKSU]HGVWDZLRQ\FKJUXS
]DS\ODF]\SRPLPRQLH]Z\NáHJR]UyĪQLFRZDQLDNZLDWyZRUQLWRJDPLF]Q\FKMHVW
SHZLHQ]HVWDZSRZWDU]DMąF\FKVLĊFHFK=Z\NOHPDMąRQHĪ\ZHEDUZ\F]HUZLHĔMHVW
MHGQ\P]QDMF]ĊĞFLHMZ\VWĊSXMąF\FKNRORUyZVąUXUNRZDWHLOXE]ZLVDMąFHQLHNWyUH
]RVWURJDPL.ZLDW\RGZLHG]DQHSU]H]SWDNLE\ZDMąGRGDWNRZRZ]PRFQLRQH±JUXEH
ĞFLDQ\]DOąĪQLFKURQLą]DOąĪNLSU]HGXV]NRG]HQLHPSU]H]ĪHUXMąFHSWDNL3\OQLNL
L]QDPLRQDF]ĊVWRZ\VWDMąSR]DNRURQĊVąWHĪGRĞüRGGDORQHRGQHNWDUQLNyZ±WDNL
XNáDGHOHPHQWyZNZLDWXPD]ZLĊNV]DüSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZR]DS\OHQLD&URQN
L2MHGD:LOOPHU:DUWR]ZUyFLüXZDJĊĪHGDOHNRSRVXQLĊWDDGDSWDFMD
NZLDWyZGRSWDVLFKJRĞFLMHVW]MDZLVNLHPU]DGNLP3WDNLWR]ZLHU]ĊWDGáXJRZLHF]QH

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
RGXĪ\P]DSRWU]HERZDQLXHQHUJHW\F]Q\PRGZLHG]DMąZLĊFUyĪQHJDWXQNLURĞOLQ
&RZLĊFHMLVWQLHMHW\ONRRJUDQLF]RQ\]DNUHVSUHF\]\MQHJRXPLHV]F]HQLDS\áNXQD
FLHOHSWDND6WąGVSHFMDOLVW\F]QHLQWHUDNFMHVąZW\PSU]\SDGNXQLH]Z\NOHU]DGNLH
)DHJULLYDQGHU3LMO:LOOPHU
:DUWRZW\PPLHMVFXUR]ZDĪ\üV\WXDFMĊNLHG\ZXNáDG]LHURĞOLQD]DS\ODF]
SRMDZLDVLĊÄWHQWU]HFL´±QRZ\EDUG]LHMZ\GDMQ\]DS\ODF]2VWDWQLHEDGDQLD
Z\ND]Dá\ĪHQDZHWMHGQDF]ZDUWDXGRNXPHQWRZDQ\FKSU]\SDGNyZG\ZHUJHQFML
PRJáDE\ü]ZLą]DQDZáDĞQLH]H]PLDQą]DS\ODF]D9DQGHU1LHWL-RKQVRQ
1DMF]ĊĞFLHMMHVWWR]ZLą]DQH]UyĪQLFDPLZHIHNW\ZQRĞFLF]HPXWRZDU]\V]\SUHVMD
VHOHNF\MQDLZUH]XOWDFLHGRFKRG]LGRZ\NV]WDáFHQLDNRPELQDFMLFHFKRG]ZLHUFLH
GODMąFHMSUHIHUHQFMHQRZ\FKEDUG]LHMZ\GDMQ\FK]DS\ODF]\0RPRVHHWDO
$UPEUXVWHUHWDO)HQVWHUHWDO5RVDV*XHUUHURHWDO$VKZRUWK
HWDO5ROĊWDNLFKNOXF]RZ\FKFHFKPRJąRGHJUDüQSNRORUSáDWNyZF]\
RVWURJLNZLDWRZH.D\HWDO&RFLHNDZHZLĊNV]RĞü]DUHMHVWURZDQ\FK]PLDQ
]DS\ODF]\NWyUHREHMPXMąSWDNLWRSU]HMĞFLDRGHQWRPRJDPLLGRRUQLWRJDPLL
DOHQLHRGZURWQLH:LOVRQHWDO0RĪHWRZ\QLNDü]Z\VRNLHMZ\GDMQRĞFL
SU]HQRV]HQLDS\áNXSU]H]SWDNL=XQJHWDO:SU]HFLZLHĔVWZLHGRSV]F]yá
]ZLHU]ĊWDWHQLH]ELHUDMąS\áNXGRNDUPLHQLDODUZDSRQDGWRVąEDUG]LHMZ\GDMQH
ZWUDQVSRUFLHS\áNXQDGXĪHRGOHJáRĞFL&DVWHOODQRVHWDO:ąWHN]PLDQ\
JáyZQHJR]DS\ODF]HZNRQWHNĞFLH)ULWLOODULDSRMDZLDVLĊQLHSU]\SDGNRZR±WDNĪH
F]ĊĞü]PLHQQRĞFLV]DFKRZQLFPRĪHE\üWáXPDF]RQDZáDĞQLHWDNLPSU]HMĞFLHP
PLĊG]\UyĪQ\PLJUXSDPL]DS\ODF]\
.ZLDW\V]DFKRZQLFPLPRGXĪHJRSRGRELHĔVWZD±QLHPDOZV]\VWNLHZ\JOąGHP
SU]\SRPLQDMąWXOLSDQ\VąWUyMNURWQHF]ĊVWRVNLHURZDQHRWZRUHPNXGRáRZL]H
Z]RUHPV]DFKRZQLF\QDG]LDáNDFK±FKDUDNWHU\]XMąVLĊ]PLHQQRĞFLąNV]WDáWyZ
NRORUyZF]\RIHURZDQ\FKQDJUyG
1DMQRZV]HEDGDQLDZVND]XMąĪHZLĊNV]RĞüV]DFKRZQLFMHVWRGZLHG]DQDL]D
S\ODQDSU]H]RZDG\±SV]F]Rá\OXEPXFK\RGZLHG]Dá\NZLDW\)NRLG]XPLDQD
.DZDQRHWDO)D\DNRDQD0LQDJLHWDO)FDPWVFKDWFHQVLV=R[
L*ROG)PLFKDLORYVN\L)UDGGHDQD)SHUVLFD)SDOOLGLÀRUDOXE) F D U L F D 
DQLHNWyUHJDWXQNLSRGURG]DMX5KLQRSHWDOXPVąSU]\SXV]F]DOQLH]DS\ODQHSU]H]
PRW\OH-HGQDNZ$PHU\FH3yáQRFQHML$]MLVSRWNDüPRĪQDWDNĪHV]DFKRZQLFH
]DS\ODQHSU]H]SWDNL:SU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLF]PLDQD]DS\ODF]D]DV]áDZLĊF
ZLQQ\PNRQWHNĞFLHELRJHRJUD¿F]Q\PLZUyĪQ\FKVLHGOLVNDFK±)JHQWQHULiF.
UHFXUYDZ\VWĊSXMąZ$PHU\FH3yáQRFQHMLVą]DS\ODQHSU]H]NROLEU\D)LPSHULDOLV
URĞQLHZ$]MLDZMHMNZLDWDFKQRWXMHVLĊSWDNLZUyEORZH:KLWH%~UTXH]
3HWHUVHWDO3HQGHUJUDVVL5RELQVRQ
&LHNDZ\P]DJDGQLHQLHPMHVWNLHUXQNRZRĞü]PLDQ\]DS\ODF]\XV]DFKRZ
QLFRUD]HZHQWXDOQDNRUHODFMDPLĊG]\ZáDĞFLZRĞFLDPLNZLDWyZDWRĪVDPRĞFLą
QRZ\FK]DS\ODF]\$QDOL]\¿ORJHQHW\F]QH)ULWLOODULDVXJHUXMąĪHSU]HMĞFLHRG
HQWRPRJDPLLGRRUQLWRJDPLLQDVWąSLáRXV]DFKRZQLFFRQDMPQLHMGZDUD]\%~UTX
H]3HWHUVHWDO3HQGHUJUDVVL5RELQVRQ8RUQLWRJDPLF]Q\FK
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
V]DFKRZQLFPDP\WDNĪHUyĪQ\NRQWHNVWELRJHRJUD¿F]Q\FRPRĪHVNXWNRZDüRG
PLHQQ\P]HVWDZHPFHFKZNZLDWDFK6]DFKRZQLFHVąZLĊFQLH]Z\NOHFLHNDZ\P
XNáDGHPEDGDZF]\PGDMąF\PPRĪOLZRĞüDQDOL]\QLH]DOHĪQHJR]UyĪQLFRZDQLD
GZyFKOXEZLĊFHMOLQLLSURZDG]ąF\FKGRRUQLWRJDPLL3U]HMĞFLHWR]DV]áRXEOLVNR
VSRNUHZQLRQ\FKJDWXQNyZURĞOLQJG]LH]PLDQD]DS\ODF]\ GRW\F]\GZyFKUyĪ
Q\FKWDNVRQRPLF]QLHJUXS\]DS\ODF]\±NROLEUyZLSWDNyZZUyEORZ\FK3RQDGWR
MHĞOLSWDNLVąU]HF]\ZLĞFLHVNXWHF]QLHMV]\PL]DS\ODF]DPLQLHNWyU\FKJDWXQNyZ
)ULWLOODULDRZDG\PRJąVWDüVLĊ]áRG]LHMDPLNZLDWRZ\PLNWyU\FKRGZLHG]LQ\
ZNZLDWDFKVNXWNXMą]XERĪHQLHP]DVREQRĞFLQDJURG\NZLDWRZHMRUD]]PQLHMV]DMą
GRVWĊSQRĞüS\áNX&DVWHOODQRVHWDO7KRPVRQ
&HFK\NZLDWyZNOXF]RZHZNRQWHNĞFLH]DS\ODQLD
6]XNDMąFRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHRFHFK\NOXF]RZHGOD]DMĞFLD]PLDQ\]DS\
ODF]DQDOHĪ\SU]\MU]HüVLĊFHFKRP]ZLą]DQ\P]ELRORJLą]DS\ODQLDV]DFKRZQLF
±]DF]\QDMąFRGLVWRWQHMZW\PNRQWHNĞFLHPRUIRORJLLSU]H]NRORUNZLDWyZDĪSR
ZáDĞFLZRĞFLQHNWDUX:DĪQ\MHVWWDNĪHNLHUXQHNHZROXFMLW\FKFHFK3U]HEDGDQLH
V]HUHJXZáDĞFLZRĞFLNZLDWyZNOXF]RZ\FKZNRQWHNĞFLH]DS\ODQLDGDMHV]DQVĊ
LFKDQDOL]\ZNRQWHNĞFLH¿ORJHQHW\F]Q\PRUD]RNUHĞOHQLHNLHUXQNX]DFKRG]ąF\FK
]PLDQRUD]VWDQyZDQFHVWUDOQ\FKW\FKFHFK
%DGDQLHHZROXFMLFHFKNZLDWyZZDUWRZLĊF]DF]ąüRGDQDOL]\XNáDGXSUĊFLNyZ
LVáXSNyZZNZLHFLHSRQLHZDĪLFKXáRĪHQLHPRĪHE\ü]ZLą]DQH]EXGRZąF]\]DFKR
ZDQLHPQDMEDUG]LHMHIHNW\ZQ\FK]DS\ODF]\:LOOPHU$UDQĪDFMDHOHPHQWyZ
ZNZLHFLHSRZLQQDÄ]PXV]Dü´JRĞFLNZLDWRZ\FKGRNRQWDNWX]HVáXSNDPLLOXE
SUĊFLNDPL1DSU]\NáDGJDWXQNL]DS\ODQHSU]H]SWDNLPDMąF]ĊVWRGáXĪV]HLZ\VWD
MąFHSR]DNRURQĊHOHPHQW\JHQHUDW\ZQHG]LĊNLWHPXSWDNLNWyUHVąF]ĊVWRGXĪ\PL
]DS\ODF]DPLHNVSORDWXMąF\PLNZLDW\EH]ZFKRG]HQLDGRĞURGNDPDMąNRQWDNW
]SUĊFLNDPLLVáXSNDPL:SU]\SDGNXNZLDWyZRGZLHG]DQ\FKSU]H]RZDG\F]ĊĞFL
UR]URGF]HVąF]ĊVWRNUyWNLHXNU\WHZUHODW\ZQLHPDáHMNRURQLH7DNĪHZLHONRĞü
NZLDWyZLLFKHOHPHQWyZF]ĊVWRRG]ZLHUFLHGODZáDĞFLZRĞFLJáyZQ\FK]DS\ODF]\
3U]\NáDGRZRNZLDW\RUQLWRJDPLF]QHVąF]ĊVWRZLĊNV]HQLĪWH]DS\ODQHSU]H]
RZDG\)HQVWHUHWDO3RGREQLHSR]\FMDNZLDWyZQDSĊG]LHPRĪHGHF\GRZDü
RLQWHUDNFML]SRWHQFMDOQ\PL]DS\ODF]DPL.ROLEU\]áDWZRĞFLąHNVSORDWXMąUXUNR
ZDWHZąVNLHNZLDW\]Z\NOHWHĪQLHSRWU]HEXMąVSHFMDOQ\FKPLHMVFGROąGRZDQLD
=GUXJLHMVWURQ\NZLDW\]DS\ODQHSU]H]SWDNLZUyEORZHVą]D]Z\F]DMZLĊNV]H
]ZLĊNV]ąĞUHGQLFąNZLDWXURVQąWDNĪHQDJUXE\FKáRG\JDFKJG]LHSWDNLPRJą
OąGRZDüSRGF]DVĪHURZDQLD:LOOPHU
5yĪQHJUXS\]DS\ODF]\RGZLHG]DMąFHV]DFKRZQLFHUHSUH]HQWXMąRGPLHQQH
VSRVRE\ĪHURZDQLDPRĪQDZLĊFVSRG]LHZDüVLĊ]PLDQZDUDQĪDFMLHOHPHQWyZ
ZNZLHFLHZLHONRĞFLF]\GRVWĊSQRĞFLNZLDWyZ5\F$3R]DDGDSWDFMąGR
SUHIHUHQFML]DS\ODF]\SU]HSURZDG]RQHEDGDQLDZ\ND]Dá\ĪHZSU]\SDGNXV]D
FKRZQLFZNZLDWDFKXZLGDF]QLDMąVLĊUyZQLHĪWHQGHQFMH¿ORJHQHW\F]QH:LĊNV]RĞü

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
V]DFKRZQLFPD]ZLVDMąFHNZLDW\]SUĊFLNDPLLVáXSNDPLXNU\W\PLZJáĊELNZLDWX
7DNĪHGXĪHLF]ĊVWRQLF]\PQLHRVáRQLĊWHQHNWDUQLNLVąXV]DFKRZQLF]DZV]HXV\
WXRZDQHXSRGVWDZ\G]LDáHNRNZLDWX%OLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQHJDWXQNLQSUHSUH
]HQWXMąFHWHQVDPSRGURG]DMPDMąQDRJyáSRGREQ\UR]PLDULNV]WDáWFRVXJHUXMH
ZSá\ZF]\QQLNyZ¿ORJHQHW\F]Q\FK3U]\NáDGRZRSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHSRGURG]DM
5KLQRSHWDOXPPDMąNZLDW\RFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PRGPLHQQ\PRGUHV]W\V]D
FKRZQLFNV]WDáFLH±V]HURNRRWZDUWHNZLDW\]G]LDáNDPLRNZLDWXUR]VWDZLRQ\PL
ZSHZQHMRGOHJáRĞFLRGVLHELH3RGREQLHZQDMZLĊNV]\PSRGURG]DMX)ULWLOODULD
JG]LHNZLDW\ZLĊNV]RĞFLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLFKDUDNWHU\]XMąVLĊ]EOLĪRQąZLHONRĞFLą
SU]HZDĪQLHNZLDW\RGáXJRĞFLZSU]HG]LDOH±FP]GRĞüZąVNLPZHMĞFLHP
GRNRURQ\PQLHMQLĪFPĞUHGQLF\:\UDĨQąRGPLHQQRĞüZLHONRĞFLNZLDWyZ
LLFKĞUHGQLF\PRĪQD]DREVHUZRZDüZĞUyGSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLSRGURG]DMX3HWLOLXP
JG]LHGáXJRĞüSáDWNyZRUD]ĞUHGQLFDZHMĞFLDGRNRURQ\]QDF]QLHVLĊ]ZLĊNV]\á\
0LPRSHZQHM]PLHQQRĞFLZLHONRĞFLLNV]WDáWXNZLDWyZV]DFKRZQLFRGOHJáRĞü
PLĊG]\S\OQLNDPLD]QDPLRQDPLMHVW]Z\NOHQLHZLHONDSRQLĪHMPP5RJX]HWDO
8F]ĊĞFLJDWXQNyZPRĪQDQDZHW]DREVHUZRZDüDXWRQRPLF]QąGHSR]\FMĊ
]LDUHQS\áNXQD]QDPLHQLX3U]\NáDGRZRZNZLDWDFK)SHUVLFDGRMU]HZDMąFH
SUĊFLNL]EOLĪDMąVLĊGR]QDPLHQLDVáXSNDĪHE\ZNRĔFX]DNU\üMHS\áNLHP5\F
$:ĞUyGSU]HGVWDZLFLHOL3HWLOLXP]QyZSRMDZLDMąVLĊSHZQHÄQRZRĞFL´*D
WXQNLQDOHĪąFHGRWHJRSRGURG]DMXPDMąZLĊNV]HNZLDW\]GáXĪV]\PL]QDPLRQDPL
LS\OQLNDPLRUD]]ZLĊNV]\PG\VWDQVHPPLĊG]\F]ĊĞFLDPLUR]URGF]\PLLG]LDáNDPL
RNZLDWX:LHONRĞüNZLDWyZW\FKV]DFKRZQLFRUD]DUDQĪDFMDHOHPHQWyZJHQHUDW\Z
Q\FKPRĪHVXJHURZDüSU]\VWRVRZDQLHGR]DS\ODQLDSU]H]SWDNLZUyEORZH5RJX]
HWDOD'RGDWNRZRNZLDW\SRGURG]DMX3HWLOLXPZ\UDVWDMąQDJUXE\PSĊG]LH
±SWDNLZUyEORZHQDMF]ĊĞFLHMVąQLHZSUDZQ\PL]DS\ODF]DPLNWyUHSRWU]HEXMą
PLHMVFDZNWyU\PPRJąXVLąĞüSRGF]DVĪHURZDQLDZNZLHFLH5\F%
0Dá\UR]PLDUNZLDWyZLZąVNLHZHMĞFLHVąFHFKDPLNWyUHREVHUZXMHP\XOLF]
Q\FKJDWXQNyZV]DFKRZQLF]DUyZQR XEOLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQ\FK)UHFXUYDiF.
JHQWQHULLMDNLSRPLĊG]\JDWXQNDPLUHSUH]HQWXMąF\PLUyĪQHSRGURG]DMH) F D -
ULFDYV)VHZHU]RZLL6LOQLH]ZĊĪHQLHNRURQ\NWyUHZ\VWĊSXMHXDPHU\NDĔVNLFK
V]DFKRZQLFRSLVDQ\FKMDNRJDWXQNL]DS\ODQHSU]H]NROLEU\PRJąE\üZáDĞQLH
DGDSWDFMąGRRUQLWRJDPLL:ąVNLHUXUNRZDWHNZLDW\VSU]\MąNRQWDNWRZLPLĊG]\
FLDáDPLSWDNyZDHOHPHQWDPLJHQHUDW\ZQ\PL0DUWpQ5RGUtJXH]HWDO0DU
WpQ5RGUtJXH]HWDO3RQDGWRSUĊFLNL)UHFXUYDZ\VWDMąSR]DUXUNĊNRURQ\
D]DWHP]ZLĊNV]DMąV]DQVĊQDNRQWDNWS\OQLNyZL]QDPLRQ]SWDNDPLNWyUHF]ĊVWR
ĪHUXMąZNZLDWDFKSR]RVWDMąFQD]HZQąWU]&RFLHNDZHX)JHQWQHULGUXJLHJR
JDWXQNX]DS\ODQHJRSU]H]NROLEU\]QDMG]LHP\FHFK\SRĞUHGQLH±ĞZLDGF]ąFH
]DUyZQRR]DS\ODQLXSU]H]SWDNLMDNLRZDG\*DWXQHNWHQMHVWK\EU\GąPLĊG]\
RZDGRS\OQą)D৽QLVLRUQLWRJDPLF]Qą) U H F X U Y D DMHJRNZLDW\PDMąEDUG]R
ZąVNąNRURQĊDOHSUĊFLNLQLHZ\VWDMąSR]DG]LDáNLRNZLDWX
.ZLDW\V]DFKRZQLF]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]NROLEU\URVQąWDNĪHQDFLHQNLFKV]\SXáNDFK
F]ĊVWRSRGNąWHPSURVW\PZ]JOĊGHPáRG\JL5RJX]HWDO5RJX]HWDOD
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
0RĪHPLHüWR]ZLą]HN]IDNWHPĪHNROLEU\QLHSRWU]HEXMąPLHMVFDZNWyU\PPRJá\E\
SU]\VLDGDü±SRGF]DVĪHURZDQLDVZRERGQLH]DZLVDMąZSRZLHWU]X:LOOPHU
0LPRZLHONRĞFLNZLDWyZF]\XNáDGXHOHPHQWyZZNZLHFLHNWyUHPRJá\E\
ZVND]\ZDüQDSU]\VWRVRZDQLHGR]DS\ODQLDSU]H]SWDNLZĞUyGV]DFKRZQLFQLHPD
MHGQR]QDF]Q\FKWHQGHQFMLLUyĪQLFSRPLĊG]\NZLDWDPLRUQLWRLHQWRPRJDPLF]Q\
PL3RGREQLHMDNZEDGDQLDFK'XSRQWHWDOXNáDGHOHPHQWyZJHQHUDW\Z
Q\FKLNV]WDáWNZLDWXVąGRSHZQHJRVWRSQLDQLH]DOHĪQHRGURG]DMX]DS\ODF]\1D
SU]\NáDGNZLDW\)VHZHU]RZLLJDWXQNX]DS\ODQHJRSU]H]RZDG\PDMąSRGREQH
FHFK\GRJDWXQNyZ]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]SWDNLZąVND NRURQD S\OQLNL GáXĪV]HQLĪ
G]LDáNLNLHOLFKD5\F$=QDPLRQDLSUĊFLNLZ\VWDMąFHSR]DNRURQĊNRMDU]RQH
]]DS\ODQLHPSU]H]SWDNLVWZLHUG]RQRUyZQLHĪXNLONXHQWRPRJDPLF]Q\FKJDWXQ
NyZ)D৽QLV)JLEERVD5\F$5RJX]HWDOD
3R]DIXQNFMąSRZDEQLRZąQLHNWyUHZáDVQRĞFLNZLDWyZV]DFKRZQLFPRJąRG
JU\ZDüZVSRPQLDQąZF]HĞQLHMUROĊIHQRW\SRZ\FK¿OWUyZFKURQLąF\FKQDJURG\
NZLDWRZH:L]XDOQLHDWUDNF\MQHNZLDW\ZLGRF]QH]GXĪHMRGOHJáRĞFLPRJąE\ü
áDWZRGRVWU]HĪRQHSU]H]URĞOLQRĪHUFyZF]\]áRG]LHLNZLDWRZ\FK'ODWHJRZLHONRĞü
LNV]WDáWNZLDWyZ)ULWLOODULDNUyWNLHG]LDáNLRNZLDWXPRFQH]ZĊĪHQLHNZLDWyZ
PRJąPLHü]ZLą]HNZáDĞQLH]RFKURQąHOHPHQWyZJHQHUDW\ZQ\FKF]\QDJURG\
NZLDWRZHMSU]HG]ZLHU]ĊWDPLHNVSORDWXMąF\PL]DVRE\URĞOLQQHEH]]DS\ODQLD
:SU]\SDGNXNZLDWyZRUQLWRJDPLF]Q\FKZąVNLHNRURQ\RJUDQLF]DMąGRVWĊSGR
QDJURG\GODPQLHMHIHNW\ZQ\FKZ]DS\ODQLXRZDGyZQDSU]\NáDGWU]PLHOLOXE
SV]F]yáPLRGQ\FK*HJHDUHWDO7DNĪHZLV]ąFHNZLDW\PRJąZ\NOXF]\ü
QLHNWyU\FKJRĞFLNZLDWRZ\FK±GRWDUFLHGRQDJURG\ZWDNLPNZLHFLHMHVWWUXG
QLHMV]HQLĪZSU]\SDGNXV]HURNRRWZDUW\FKSáDVNLFKNZLDWyZ:LOOPHU
3RĞUyGZVSyáF]HĞQLHZ\VWĊSXMąF\FKJDWXQNyZV]DFKRZQLFREVHUZXMHP\GXĪH
]UyĪQLFRZDQLHZLHONRĞFLNZLDWyZFKRüSUDZGRSRGREQLHRVWDWQLZVSyOQ\SU]RGHN
V]DFKRZQLFPLDáG]LDáNLNLHOLFKDSUĊFLNLLVáXSNLĞUHGQLHMGáXJRĞFL&]ĊĞüZVSyá
F]HĞQLHZ\VWĊSXMąF\FKJDWXQNyZPDNZLDW\RSRGREQ\FKZáDĞFLZRĞFLDFKFKRü
QSSU]\SDGNXSRGURG]DMX-DSRQLFDPRĪQD]DREVHUZRZDüWHQGHQFMĊGR]PQLHM
V]DQLDZLHONRĞFLSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKHOHPHQWyZZNZLHFLHQDWRPLDVWZSU]\SDGNX
SRGURG]DMX3HWLOLXPRGZURWQąWMZ\GáXĪHQLHNZLDWyZLLFKSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK
F]ĊĞFL=DUyZQRG]LDáNLNLHOLFKDMDNL]QDPLRQDE\á\SLHUZRWQLHSUDZGRSRGREQLH
XV\WXRZDQHEOLVNRS\OQLNyZFKRü]QyZWHQGHQFMHXZVSyáF]HVQ\FKJDWXQNyZ
)ULWLOODULDVą]PLHQQH1LHZLHONDRGOHJáRĞüPLĊG]\HOHPHQWDPLJHQHUDW\ZQ\PL
XRVWDWQLHJRZVSyOQHJRSU]RGNDPRJáDE\üUyZQLHĪ]ZLą]DQD]HVWRVXQNRZRPDáą
ĞUHGQLFąNZLDWyZ5RJX]HWDOD
.V]WDáWLUR]PLDUNZLDWyZVąMHGQ\PL]NOXF]RZ\FKFHFKNWyUHGHF\GXMąRLFK
ZL]XDOQHMDWUDNF\MQRĞFL-HGQDNWRZáDĞQLHNRORUSáDWNyZF]ĊVWRPRĪQDX]QDü]D
QDMZDĪQLHMV]ą]PLHQQąNV]WDáWXMąFąLQWHUDNFMĊURĞOLQD]DS\ODF]:XMĊFLX¿]MROR
JLF]Q\P]DNRORUSáDWNyZRGSRZLDGDMąEDUZQLNLURĞOLQQHUR]SXV]F]RQHZVRNX
NRPyUNRZ\PÀDZRQRLG\LEHWDODLQ\OXEXORNRZDQHZSODVW\GDFKNDURWHQRLG\
:Z\QLNXREHFQRĞFLW\FKWU]HFKSLJPHQWyZZWNDQFHURĞOLQQHMZLĊNV]RĞüNZLDWyZ

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
RGELMDĞZLDWáRRGEOLVNLHJR89QPGRJáĊERNLHMF]HUZLHQLQP:LOO
PHU:DĪQąFHFKąZNRQWHNĞFLHNRORUXNZLDWyZMHVWMHJRQDV\FHQLHNWyUH
PRĪH]PLHQLDüVLĊQSZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGRGELFLDSURPLHQL7DFHFKDMHVWNOXF]RZD
ZSU]\SDGNXELDá\FKNZLDWyZLFKEDUZDMHVWERZLHPZ\QLNLHPEUDNXSLJPHQWX
DOHWDNĪH]DáDPDQLDLRGELFLDĞZLDWáDQDSRZLHU]FKQLNRPyUNLRUD]ZSU]HVWU]H
QLDFKSRZLHWU]Q\FKZREUĊELHSáDWNyZ%LDá\NRORUPRĪHE\üUyZQLHĪ]ZLą]DQ\
]REHFQRĞFLąZVWUXNWXUDFKPLĊG]\NRPyUNRZ\FKVSHFMDOQ\FKVXEVWDQFMLQS]LDUHQ
VNUREL.HYDQHWDOYDQGHU.RRLHWDO7DNĪHVWUXNWXUDSáDWNyZPRĪH
ZSá\ZDüQDZáDĞFLZRĞFLNRORUXQDSU]\NáDGMHJRLQWHQV\ZQRĞü8SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL
$QWLUUKLQXP/NZLDW\NWyU\FKNRPyUNLHSLGHUP\ZSáDWNDFKPLDá\VWRĪNRZDW\
NV]WDáWZ\NV]WDáFDá\SáDWNLREDUG]LHMQDV\FRQ\PNRORU]HDW\PVDP\PEDUG]LHM
DWUDNF\MQHGODSRWHQFMDOQ\FKRZDG]LFK]DS\ODF]\*ORYHUL0DUWLQ
/LF]QHEDGDQLDZ\ND]Dá\ĪHNRORUNZLDWyZF]ĊVWRRG]ZLHUFLHGODSUHIHUHQ
FMH]DS\ODF]\DURĞOLQ\]DS\ODQHSU]H]SRGREQHJUXS\]ZLHU]ąWPDMąNZLDW\
R]EOLĪRQHMEDUZLH$OWVKXOHU%UDGVKDZL6FKHPVNH5RGUtJXH]*L
URQpVL6DQWDPDULD:KLEOH\HWDO3DSLRUHNHWDO1DSU]\NáDG
Z3yáQRFQRDPHU\NDĔVNLPURG]DMX3HQVWHPRQ6FKPLGHONRORUMHVWQDMOHSV]\P
SUHG\NWRUHPRGZLHG]LQNZLDWyZSU]H]NROLEU\±QLHPDOZV]\VF\SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH
URG]DMXRF]HUZRQ\FKNZLDWDFKVąRUQLWRJDPLF]QL:LOVRQHWDO:LOVRQHW
DO7\PEDUG]LHM]DVNDNXMąZ\QLNLRVWDWQLFKEDGDĔSRND]XMąFHĪHNROL
EU\QLHPDMąZURG]RQHMSUHIHUHQFMLZ]JOĊGHPF]HUZRQHJR+HDO\L+XUO\
LF]ĊVWRRGZLHG]DMąURĞOLQ\RELDá\FKNZLDWDFK:W\PNRQWHNĞFLHF]HUZRQDEDU
ZDMDZLVLĊMDNRIHQRW\SRZ\¿OWU]QLHFKĊFDMąF\QLHHIHNW\ZQ\FKRZDG]LFKJRĞFL
ZRUQLWRJDPLF]Q\FKNZLDWDFK&DVWHOODQRVHWJOLQ/XQDXHWDO'HO
&DUPHQ6DODV$UFRVHWDO$QDOL]\UHÀHNWDQFMLF]HUZRQ\FKSáDWNyZXMDZQLá\
ERZLHPĪHNRORUSRVWU]HJDQ\SU]H]OXG]LMDNRF]HUZRQ\ZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLPRĪH
E\üRGELHUDQ\SU]H]RZDG\QDWU]\VSRVRE\3LHUZV]DJUXSDF]HUZRQ\FKNZLD
WyZRGELMDIDOĊRGáXJRĞFLRGSRZLDGDMąFHMQLHELHVNLHMEDUZLH±NZLDW\WHVąSU]H]
RZDG\SRVWU]HJDQHMDNRQLHELHVNLH'UXJLW\SF]HUZRQ\FKNZLDWyZPDQDMZ\ĪV]ą
UHÀHNWDQFMĊSRQLĪHMQPLMHVWZLGRF]Q\GODSV]F]yáZ897U]HFLW\SQDWR
PLDVWMHVWSRVWU]HJDQ\SU]H]SV]F]Rá\MDNR]LHORQ\7DNLHNZLDW\VąGODRZDGyZ
QLHPDOQLHZLGRF]QH±VáDERNRQWUDVWXMą]]LHORQ\PWáHP&URQNL2MHGD
3RGREQLHMDNZSU]\SDGNXQSDUDQĪDFMLHOHPHQWyZZNZLHFLHGRVWRVRZDQLH
NRORUXNZLDWyZGRSUHIHUHQFMLQDMZDĪQLHMV]\FK]DS\ODF]\QLHMHVWV\WXDFMąRF]\
ZLVWą0RĪQDZ\PLHQLüV]HUHJJDWXQNyZZSU]\SDGNXNWyU\FKNRORUSáDWNyZ
QLHZ\ND]XMH]ZLą]NX]SUHIHUHQFMDPL]DS\ODF]DPL$UPEUXVWHU.RORU\
W\FKNZLDWyZPRĪQD]DWRZ\MDĞQLüRJUDQLF]HQLDPL¿ORJHQHW\F]Q\PLHIHNWDPL
SOHMRWURSRZ\PLOXEZáDĞQLHXQLNDQLHPURĞOLQRĪHUFyZSDWRJHQyZF]\]ZLą]NLHP
]ORNDOQ\PLXZDUXQNRZDQLDPLVLHGOLVNRZ\PL&KLWWNDL6FKUNHQV
:V]\VWNLHWHSU]HQLNDMąFHVLĊZSá\Z\PRĪQD]DXZDĪ\üWDNĪHREVHUZXMąFNROR
U\V]DFKRZQLF.ZLDW\SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLURG]DMX)ULWLOODULDPRJąE\üPLQUyĪRZH
ELDáH]LHORQHĪyáWHSRPDUDĔF]RZHF]HUZRQHOXE¿ROHWRZH5\F$$NXUDW
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
ZSU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLFNRORUZ\GDMHVLĊGREU\PZVNDĨQLNLHPVSRVREX]DS\ODQLD
±]JRGQLH]WHRULąV\QGURPyZNZLDWRZ\FKZV]\VWNLHF]HUZRQHLSRPDUDĔF]RZH
NZLDW\VąRSLV\ZDQHMDNR]DS\ODQHSU]H]SWDNL1DMSUDZGRSRGREQLHMZV]\VWNLH
ĪyáWH]LHORQHELDáH¿ROHWRZHLUyĪRZHNZLDW\VąZSU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLF]DS\
ODQHSU]H]RZDG\5RJX]HWDOD
3R]DNRORUHPWDNĪHGRPLHV]NDUHÀHNWDQFMLZ89MHVW]PLHQQDPLĊG]\JDWXQND
PLV]DFKRZQLF±EUDNMHGQHJRZVSyOQHJRQDZHWGODZLĊNV]RĞFLJDWXQNyZWUHQGX
5\F$-HVWWRGRĞü]DVNDNXMąFHV]F]HJyOQLHZSU]\SDGNXJDWXQNyZ]DS\ODQ\FK
SU]H]RZDG\JG]LH]Z\F]DMRZRZL]XDOQHFHFK\NZLDWyZ]ZLą]DQH]89RGJU\
ZDMąLVWRWQąUROĊ3U]\NáDGRZRSRGURG]DM)ULWLOODULDMHVWUHSUH]HQWRZDQ\]DUyZQR
SU]H]JDWXQNLSRFKáDQLDMąFH)PLFKDLORYVNLMDNLRGELMDMąFHSURPLHQLRZDQLH89
)WKXQEHUJLL.ZLDW\EOLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQ\FK)HGXDUGLLi)LPSHULDOLVVąVáDER
ZLGRF]QHZĞZLHWOH89]Z\áąF]HQLHPF]ĊĞFLJHQHUDW\ZQ\FKNWyUHZ\UDĨQLHRG
ELMDMąSURPLHQLRZDQLH893RĞUyGRZDGRS\OQ\FKJDWXQNyZURĞOLQRNU\WRQDVLHQQ\
RĪyáW\FKNZLDWDFKGRĞüF]ĊVWRVSRW\NDQ\MHVWWHĪXNáDGZNWyU\PĞURGHNNZLDWX
SRFKáDQLDSURPLHQLRZDQLH89DMHJREU]HJLZ\UDĨQLHWRSURPLHQLRZDQLHRGELMDMą
7DNLHNZLDW\PRJąE\üSU]H]RZDG\SRVWU]HJDQHQLHPDOMDNWDUF]DQDNWyUHMVDP
ĞURGHN]DMPXMąF]ĊĞFLJHQHUDW\ZQH7DNLXNáDGF]ĊĞFLRGELMDMąF\FKLSRFKáDQLDMąF\FK
89ZNZLHFLHRNUHĞODP\MDNREXOO¶VH\HHৼHFW:SU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLFQLHVWZLHU
G]LOLĞP\WHJRZ]RUXZJDWXQNDFKRĪyáW\FKNZLDWDFKDMHG\QLHZV]DFKRZQLFDFK
RMDVQRUyĪRZ\FKNZLDWDFKDPLDQRZLFLH)DULDQD)JLEERVDi)VWHQDQWKHUD
7HEOLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQHJDWXQNLPDMąV]HURNRRWZDUWHNZLDW\RVDG]RQHQDSĊG]LH
QLHPDOSRGNąWHPSURVW\P0RĪQDZLĊF]DáRĪ\üĪHVWRSLHĔSUH]HQWDFMLZQĊWU]D
NZLDWXRUD]MDNRRVDG]HQLHQDSĊG]LHPRĪHNRUHORZDü]REHFQRĞFLąEXOO¶VH\HHৼHFW
±Z]ZLVDMąF\FKG]ZRQNRZDW\FKNZLDWDFK]ZUyFRQ\FKRWZRUHPNXGRáRZLWDNL
ÄDWUDNF\MQ\´FHOQLHE\áE\GODRZDGyZZLGRF]Q\5RJX]HWDOE
3RPLPRPLĊG]\JDWXQNRZ\FKUyĪQLFNU]\ZHUHÀHNWDQFML]DUyZQRG]LDáHNNLH
OLFKDMDNLQHNWDUQLNyZX V]DFKRZQLF Z\ND]XMąSRGREQHWHQGHQFMH5\F$
&R]DVNDNXMąFHPLPRGXĪHJR]QDF]HQLDZL]XDOQ\FKF]\QQLNyZZNV]WDáWRZDQLX
LQWHUDNFMLURĞOLQD]DS\ODF]NZLDW\V]DFKRZQLFQLHPDMąW\SRZ\FKZL]XDOQ\FK
V\JQDáyZ]ZLĊNV]DMąF\FKLFKDWUDNF\MQRĞüGODRZDGyZ6]DFKRZQLFHPDMąQLVNą
UHÀHNWDQFMĊZ]DNUHVLHGáXJRĞFLIDOL89LQLHELHVNLHM]ZLĊNV]DVLĊRQDGRSLHUR
SRZ\ĪHMQP:\MąWNLHPRGWHMUHJXá\VąMDVQHNZLDW\ELDáHOXEUyĪRZH
JG]LHUHÀHNWDQFMDMHVWZ\VRNDMXĪSRZ\ĪHMQP
0LPR]QDMRPRĞFLUHÀHNWDQFMLSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKHOHPHQWyZZNZLDWDFKZFLąĪ
WUXGQRRSLVDüWRMDNNZLDW\VąSRVWU]HJDQHSU]H]]DS\ODF]\QSSV]F]Rá\:LHOH
V]F]HJyáyZZEXGRZLHNZLDWyZWDNLFKMDNZ]RU\NRORU\VW\F]QHQDSáDWNDFK
SU]\NáDGRZRV]DFKRZQLFDXSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLRSLV\ZDQHJRURG]DMXQHNWDUQLNL
F]\SUĊFLNLVąF]ĊVWR]E\WPDáHĪHE\PyF]PLHU]\üLFKUHÀHNWDQFMĊ&HQQ\P
QDU]ĊG]LHPMHVWZWHMV\WXDFMLWHFKQLNDW]ZIDáV]\ZHJRREUD]XDQJIDOVHFRORXU
SLFWXUHVNWyUDG]LĊNLQDáRĪHQLXQDVLHELH]GMĊüNZLDWyZ]URELRQ\FK]XĪ\FLHP
RGSRZLHGQLFK¿OWUyZSR]ZDODX]\VNDüREUD]RGGDMąF\SRVWU]HJDQLHNZLDWyZSU]H]

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
SV]F]Rá\=GMĊFLD]URELRQH]XĪ\FLHPIDOVHFRORXUSLFWXUHVXMDZQLá\EUDNÄZVND]y
ZHN´ZLGRF]Q\FKGODSV]F]yáZNZLDWDFKV]DFKRZQLF5\F%1DSU]\NáDG]LH
V]DFKRZQLFSRUD]SLHUZV]\Z\ND]DQRĪHNUDFLDVW\Z]yUQDG]LDáNDFKNLHOLFKD
MHVWZLGRF]Q\GODSV]F]yá7DNĪHS\OQLNLL]LDUQDS\áNXVąZLGRF]QHGODRZDGyZ
]DUyZQRZNZLDWDFK]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]RZDG\MDNLSWDNL)DOVHFRORXUSLFWXUHV
GRZLRGá\ĪHG]LDáNLNLHOLFKDJDWXQNyZ]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]SWDNLLLFKQDJURG\Vą
ZLGRF]QHGODSV]F]yá5RJX]HWDOE3RWZLHUG]DWRUyZQLHĪREVHUZDFMH
]QDWXUDOQ\FKVWDQRZLVN$PHU\ND3yáQRFQDJG]LHV]DFKRZQLFHRF]HUZRQ\FK
NZLDWDFKVąRGZLHG]DQHL]DS\ODQHSU]H]SV]F]Rá\
%UDNVLOQHJRV\JQDáXZL]XDOQHJRSRZV]HFKQ\ZĞUyGV]DFKRZQLFPRĪHE\ü
]ZLą]DQ\]JUXEąZDUVWZąZRVNXV]F]HOQLHSRNU\ZDMąFąG]LDáNLNLHOLFKDQLHPDO
ZV]\VWNLFKJDWXQNyZ5\F&'RGDWNRZR]EOLĪRQHZDUWRĞFLUHÀHNWDQFML]DQR
WRZDQHGODSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKJDWXQNyZV]DFKRZQLFPRJąZ\QLNDü]SRGRELHĔVWZD
XOWUDVWUXNWXU\G]LDáHNRNZLDWX5RJX]HWDOE1LHPDOZV]\VWNLHSU]HEDGDQH
GRWHMSRU\JDWXQNLV]DFKRZQLFPLDá\EDUG]R]EOLĪRQąXOWUDVWUXNWXUĊG]LDáHNLGRĞü
SRGREQ\NV]WDáWNRPyUHNHSLGHUP\'RĞüZ\UDĨQą]PLDQĊ]DQRWRZDQRMHGQDN
ZSU]\SDGNXSU]HGVWDZLFLHOL3HWLOLXP±JDWXQNLQDOHĪąFHGRWHJRSRGURG]DMX
PDMą]QDF]QH]DSDV\VNUREL]JURPDG]RQHZREV]DU]HQHNWDUQLNyZ5\F '
1LHVWZLHUG]RQRWDNĪHGRGDWNRZ\FKZ]PRFQLHĔHOHPHQWyZNZLDWXXJDWXQNyZ
]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]SWDNL5RJX]HWDO
.ROHMQ\PZL]XDOQ\PSRGRELHĔVWZHPMHVWZ]yUV]DFKRZQLF\ZLGRF]Q\QD
G]LDáNDFKNLHOLFKDZLHOXJDWXQNyZ)ULWLOODULD .UDFLDVW\ GHVHĔ U]DGNL ZĞUyG
LQQ\FKJDWXQNyZURĞOLQPRĪH]ZLĊNV]\üDWUDNF\MQRĞüNZLDWyZNWyUHZ\GDMąVLĊ
EDUG]LHMNRQWUDVWRZDü]WáHP:]yUQDG]LDáNDFKRNZLDWXV]DFKRZQLFGDMHUyZQLHĪ
HIHNWSRGREQ\GRSRá\VNLZDQLDNLHG\NZLDW\SRUXV]DMąVLĊNRá\VDQHZLDWUHP
3RQDGWRWDNLHQDNUDSLDQHG]LDáNLNLHOLFKDSRZV]HFKQHZĞUyGV]DFKRZQLFXSR
GDEQLDMąMHGRUR]NáDGDMąFHMVLĊPDWHULLF]\PSRWHQFMDOQLH]ZLĊNV]DMąDWUDNF\MQRĞü
LFKNZLDWyZGODPXFKNWyUHE\ZDá\REVHUZRZDQHZNZLDWDFKV]DFKRZQLFQS
)FDPWVFKDWFHQVLV5\F$
-HGQ\P]ZDĪQ\FKVSRVREyZNRPXQLNDFMLURĞOLQLLFK]DS\ODF]\MHVWSUH]HQWR
ZDQLHVDPHMQDJURG\:ĞUyGV]DFKRZQLFWDNLVSRVyE]DFKĊFDQLDJRĞFLNZLDWRZ\FK
MHVWUyZQLHĪVSRW\NDQ\1LHNWyUHJDWXQNLQS)D৽QLVPDMąGXĪHSRá\VNXMąFH
NURSOHQHNWDUXZLGRF]QHZV]HURNRRWZDUW\FKNZLDWDFK5\F$8F]ĊĞFLV]D
FKRZQLFUROĊWDNLHMZLGRF]QHMQDJURG\PRJąVSHáQLDüNRQWUDVWXMąFH]LDUQDS\áNX
-HĞOLVSRMU]HüQDNZLDW\]MDZLVNRZHM)FDPWVFKDWFHQVLVWR]DSHZQHSLHUZV]\P
FRSU]\NXMHQDV]ąXZDJĊEĊGąMDVNUDZRĪyáWH]LDUQDS\áNXZ\ELMDMąFHVLĊQDWOH
QLHPDOF]DUQ\FKG]LDáHNRNZLDWX
&KRFLDĪ]DS\ODF]HVąMHGQ\PL]QDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKF]\QQLNyZZSá\ZDMąF\FKQD
NRORUNZLDWyZWR]PLHQQRĞüWHMFHFK\PRĪHE\üWDNĪHZ\QLNLHPVHOHNFML]ZLą
]DQHM]SU]\VWRVRZDQLHPGRĞURGRZLVND'ZD]QDMF]ĊVWV]\FKNRORUyZNZLDWyZ
ZSU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLFWR]LHORQ\L¿ROHWRZ\RUD]NRPELQDFMDW\FKNRORUyZ
&]ĊVWRĞüZ\VWĊSRZDQLDDNXUDWW\FKGZyFKEDUZSUDZGRSRGREQLHRRJUDQLF]RQHM
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
DWUDNF\MQRĞFLGOD]DS\ODF]\PRĪHE\ü]ZLą]DQD]LFKHNRORJLF]QąUROą%DGDQLD
%D]]D]DL&DUOVRQDXMDZQLá\ĪH]LHORQHNZLDW\PRJąVDPHQDVLHELHÄ]DSUD
FRZDü´±LFKDNW\ZQRĞüIRWRV\QWHW\F]QDZ\VWDUF]DGRXWU]\PDQLDLFK¿]MRORJLF]
Q\FKIXQNFML=GUXJLHMVWURQ\DQWRF\MDQ\]ZLą]DQH]¿ROHWRZ\P]DEDUZLHQLHP
RGJU\ZDMąLVWRWQąUROĊZRFKURQLHURĞOLQSU]HGVWUHVHPVSRZRGRZDQ\QSVXV]ą
QLVNąWHPSHUDWXUąOXEQLHGRERUHPD]RWX
2VWDWQLZVSyOQ\SU]RGHNV]DFKRZQLFPLDáSUDZGRSRGREQLH¿ROHWRZHOXEUy
ĪRZHNZLDW\5\F&3RV]F]HJyOQHZĊ]á\ZGU]HZLH¿ORJHQHW\F]Q\PV]D
FKRZQLFE\á\SUDZGRSRGREQLHJDWXQNDPLZĞUyGNWyU\FK¿ROHWRZDEDUZDE\áD
UR]SRZV]HFKQLRQD:\QLNLDQDOL]\ZVND]XMąĪH]PLDQ\NRORUyZV]F]HJyOQLH
SU]HMĞFLHRG]LHORQHJRGR¿ROHWRZHJRLRGZURWQLHE\á\SRZV]HFKQH%DUZD
F]HUZRQDLSRPDUDĔF]RZDZ\NV]WDáFLáDVLĊXV]DFKRZQLFW\ONRUD]
:\GDMHVLĊMHGQDNĪHF]HUZRQRSRPDUDĔF]RZHRGFLHQLHG]LDáHNRNZLDWXPRJą
E\üSR]RVWDáRĞFLąSRZVSyOQ\PSU]RGND)ULWLOODULD / i/LOLXP / 5yĪQRURGQRĞü
NRORUyZ]DUyZQRSRĞUyGZVSyáF]HVQ\FKJDWXQNyZMDNLLFKSU]RGNyZMHVW]DSHZQH
Z\QLNLHPV]HUHJX]PLDQZHNRORJLLLHZROXFMLEDGDQHJRURG]DMX5RJX]HWDOD
Nektarniki i nektar
1HNWDUQLNLWRGRĞü]PLHQQHVWUXNWXU\DQDWRPLF]QHRZDĪQHMUROLHNRORJLF]QHM
VąERZLHPPLHMVFHPZNWyU\PQHNWDUMHVWSURGXNRZDQ\LRIHURZDQ\GODSRWHQ
FMDOQ\FK]DS\ODF]\3DFLQLHWDO1HNWDUQLNL]Z\NOHSRMDZLDMąVLĊMDNRĪyá
WDZR]LHORQDSRZLHU]FKQLDZREUĊELHNZLDWXF]ĊVWRRSRá\VNXMąFHMSRZLHU]FKQL
QLHNLHG\]ZLGRF]Q\PLNURSODPLQHNWDUX:LOOPHU5\F()1HNWDUQLNL
VąUyĪQLHXV\WXRZDQHMHGQDNF]ĊVWR]QDMG]LHP\MHJáĊERNRZNZLHFLH±XQDVDG\
SáDWNyZ7DNLHXáRĪHQLHQHNWDUQLNyZPLQ]PXV]DJRĞFLNZLDWRZ\FKGRV]XND
QLDQDJURG\ZNZLHFLHOXEZHMĞFLDGRNZLDWX]ZLĊNV]DMąFSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZR
NRQWDNWX]HOHPHQWDPLJHQHUDW\ZQ\PL:LOOPHU
3URGXNRZDQ\ZQHNWDUQLNDFKQHNWDUMHVWJáyZQ\PSRZRGHPGODNWyUHJRVą
RQHWDNZDĪQHZNRQWHNĞFLH]DS\ODQLD1HNWDUMHVWJáyZQąLMHGQRF]HĞQLHQDMZDĪ
QLHMV]ąQDJURGąSRNDUPRZąZNZLHFLHDGRWHJRSRĞUHGQLR]DEH]SLHF]DF]ĊĞFL
JHQHUDW\ZQHRGZUDFDMąFXZDJĊ]DS\ODF]\QSRGERJDW\FKZELDáND]LDUHQS\áNX
:LOOPHU6NáDGQHNWDUXMHVW]UyĪQLFRZDQ\LORĞFLRZRLMDNRĞFLRZR±MHVW
Z\WZDU]DQ\SU]H]UyĪQHJDWXQNLURĞOLQLGODUyĪQ\FK]DS\ODF]\MHGQDN]DVDGQLF]R
MHVWPLHV]DQNąFXNUyZLZRG\:LOOPHU&XNU\NWyUHVąSRGVWDZRZ\P
VNáDGQLNLHPZQHNWDU]HWRJáyZQLHVDFKDUR]DJOXNR]DLIUXNWR]DZ]PLHQQ\FK
SURSRUFMDFK.LONDF]\QQLNyZZSá\ZDQD]DZDUWRĞüUyĪQ\FKFXNUyZZQHNWDU]H
NZLDWRZ\PSU]\F]\PMHGQ\P]QLFKVąZáDĞQLHSUHIHUHQFMH]DS\ODF]\3U]\NáD
GRZRWUDG\F\MQLHQHNWDU]NZLDWyZRGZLHG]DQ\FKSU]H]NROLEU\MHVWRSLV\ZDQ\
MDNRERJDW\ZVDFKDUR]ĊFRRGSRZLDGDSUHIHUHQFMRPW\FKSWDNyZ%DNHU
&KRüNROLEU\RGZLHG]DMąWDNĪHNZLDW\]QHWNDUHPERJDW\PZKHNVR]ĊJG\LQQH
ĨUyGáDVąQLHGRVWĊSQHGHO5LRL.DUDVRY/RW]L1LFROVRQ.ZLDW\

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
RGZLHG]DQHSU]H]SWDNLZUyEORZHVą]Z\NOHERJDWHZQHNWDURQLVNLPVWĊĪHQLX
VDFKDUR]\SRQLHZDĪQLHNWyU]\SU]HGVWDZLFLHOHWHJRU]ĊGXMHMQLHWUDZLą/RW]
L6FKRQGXEH3V]F]Rá\SUHIHUXMąQHNWDUERJDW\ZVDFKDUR]ĊFRPDSUDZ
GRSRGREQLH]ZLą]HN]OHSNRĞFLąLáDWZRĞFLąMHJRSRELHUDQLD:HOOVHWDO
&]ĊĞüGRVWĊSQ\FKEDGDĔZ\ND]DáDMHGQDNĪHZáDĞFLZRĞFLQHNWDUXQLH]DZV]H
RG]ZLHUFLHGODMąSUHIHUHQFMH]DS\ODF]\3U]\NáDGRZREDGDQLD*DOHWWRL%HUQDU
GHOORZ\ND]Dá\ZSá\ZF]\QQLNyZ¿ORJHQHW\F]Q\FK±SURSRUFMHFXNUyZ
ZQHNWDU]HVąZQLHNWyU\FKURG]DMDFKNRQVHUZDW\ZQH
2SUyF]FXNUyZQHNWDUPRĪH]DZLHUDüZLHOHLQQ\FKVXEVWDQFMLFKHPLF]Q\FK
ZW\PDPLQRNZDV\$$1LFROVRQL7KRUQEXUJ+HLO5R\HWDO
3DUDFKQRZLWVFKHWDO7UDG\F\MQLHVWĊĪHQLH$$ZQHNWDU]HE\áR UyZQLHĪ
SRVWU]HJDQHMDNRSU]\VWRVRZDQLHGRUyĪQ\FKW\SyZ]DS\ODF]\1DSU]\NáDGURĞOLQ\
]DS\ODQHSU]H]SV]F]Rá\LNROLEU\PDMą]Z\F]DMRZRQLĪV]HVWĊĪHQLD$$ZQHNWDU]H
SRGF]DVJG\NZLDW\]DS\ODQHSU]H]PRW\OHOXESWDNLZUyEORZHZ\WZDU]DMąQHNWDU
ERJDW\Z$$%DNHUL%DNHU%DNHUL%DNHU5ROD$$ZQHNWDU]HZUD]
]Z\QLNDPLNROHMQ\FKEDGDĔ]\VNXMHQD]QDF]HQLX2EHFQLHZLHP\MXĪĪHZĞUyG
UyĪQ\FKFHFKNZLDWyZVWĊĪHQLH$$ZQHNWDU]HMHVWMHGQ\P]QDMZDĪQLHMV]\FK
F]\QQLNyZNV]WDáWXMąF\FKLQWHUDNFMĊURĞOLQD]DS\ODF])RUQR൵HWDO0RĪH
WRE\ü]ZLą]DQH]IDNWHPĪH$$ZQHNWDU]HE\ZDMąSRGVWDZRZ\PĨUyGáHPD]RWX
GODJRĞFLNZLDWRZ\FK5R\HWDO:SU]\SDGNXQLHNWyU\FKRZDGyZQHNWDU
MHVWWHĪĨUyGáHPQLH]EĊGQ\FKDPLQRNZDVyZ$$NOXF]RZ\FKGRZ]URVWXUR]ZRMX
LUR]PQDĪDQLD0HYL6FKW]L(UKDUGW3DROLHWDO3RQDGWR]ZLą]NL
WDNLHMDNSUROLQDRGJU\ZDMąZDĪQąUROĊZSLHUZV]HMID]LHORWXRZDGyZ&DUWHUHWDO
,QQHMDNQS*$%$NZDVȖDPLQRPDVáRZ\WDXU\QDLȕDODQLQDZ\GDMąVLĊ
ZSá\ZDüQD]DFKRZDQLHRZDGyZRJUDQLF]DMąFVWDQ\QDGPLHUQHJRSREXG]HQLDZZD
UXQNDFKVWUHVRZ\FK6WHYHQVRQ5ROD$$ZQHNWDU]HZ\NUDF]DUyZQLHĪSR]D
LQWHUDNFMHPLĊG]\URĞOLQDPLD]DS\ODF]DPL1LHNWyUHDPLQRNZDV\$$QLHELDáNRZH
PRJąFKURQLüQHNWDUSU]HGNRORQL]DFMąRUJDQL]PyZFKRURERWZyUF]\FK1HSL
:F]HĞQLHMV]HEDGDQLDZ\ND]Dá\WDNĪHĪHVWĊĪHQLHLVNáDG$$PRJąZ\ND]\
ZDüRJUDQLF]HQLD¿ORJHQHW\F]QH1LHNWyUHURG]LQ\FKDUDNWHU\]XMąVLĊ]EOLĪRQ\P
VNáDGHP$$ZQHNWDU]HSU]\PDáHMNRUHODFML]W\SHP]DS\ODF]D%DNHUL%DNHU
%DNHUL%DNHU'RVWĊSQHEDGDQLDVXJHUXMąĪHVWĊĪHQLHLVNáDGQHNWDUX
PRĪHE\üZ\QLNLHPZSá\ZXNRPELQDFMLF]\QQLNyZLOXERJUDQLF]HĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK
]ELRORJLąGDQHJRJDWXQNXWMFKDUDNWHU\VW\NąVLHGOLVNDW\SHP]DS\ODF]\ F]\
RJUDQLF]HQLDPL¿ORJHQHW\F]Q\PL
:V]\VWNLHRSLVDQHJDWXQNLV]DFKRZQLFPDMąQHNWDUQLNLXSRGVWDZ\NDĪGHM
]V]HĞFLXG]LDáHNRNZLDWX5\F$=D]Z\F]DMQHNWDUQLNLVąXV\WXRZDQHEOLVNR
SRGVWDZ\G]LDáHNRNZLDWX±ZRGOHJáRĞFLRNPPRGSRGVWDZ\RNZLDWX.KDQLNL
L3HUVVRQ1LHNWyUHJDWXQNLQS)DUPHQDOXE)VHZHU]RZLLPDMąQHNWDUQLNL
EH]SRĞUHGQLRXSRGVWDZ\RNZLDWX
:V]\VWNLHV]HĞüQHNWDUQLNyZMHVWMHVWMHGQDNRZRGRVWĊSQHGODRGZLHG]DMąF\FK
NZLDW\]ZLHU]ąW:\MąWNLHPVąWXNZLDW\)SHUVLFDJG]LHQHNWDUQLNL]G]LDáHN
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
]HZQĊWU]Q\FKVąSU]\NU\WHG]LDáNDPLZHZQĊWU]Q\PLLQLHVąZLGRF]QHGOD]DS\
ODF]\5\F$
1HNWDUQLNLV]DFKRZQLFUyĪQLąVLĊWDNĪHZNRQWHNĞFLHNRORUX=QDMG]LHP\WX
JDWXQNLNWyUHPDMąQLHNRQWUDVWXMąFHQHNWDUQLNLRRGFLHQLX]EOLĪRQ\PGRNROR
UXRWDF]DMąFHMWNDQNL1DSU]\NáDG)DPDQDPDRNUąJáHQHNWDUQLNL]D]Z\F]DM
RMHGQROLW\PQLHZ\UyĪQLDMąF\PVLĊNRORU]H3RGREQLHSUH]HQWXMąVLĊMHGQROLFLH
]LHORQHRNUąJáHQHNWDUQLNL)VLEWKRUSLDQDczy )DXUHD-HGQDN]QDF]QLHZLĊFHM
SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL)ULWLOODULDPDNRQWUDVWXMąFHQHNWDUQLNLQS)DFPRSHWDOD5\F
$)JUDHFDczy )SRQWLFDWRJDWXQNLRQLHFRZ\GáXĪRQ\FKFLHPQ\FKQHNWDUQL
NDFKVLOQLHNRQWUDVWXMąF\FK]MDĞQLHMV]\PLG]LDáNDPLRNZLDWX5RJX]HWDO
8]QDF]ąFHMZLĊNV]RĞFLV]DFKRZQLFQHNWDUQLNLVąGOD]DS\ODF]\áDWZRGRVWĊSQH
EH]GRGDWNRZ\FKDQDWRPLF]Q\FKRJUDQLF]HĔQLHMHVWWRMHGQDNUHJXáą:\GáXĪRQH
QHNWDUQLNL)VHZHU]RZLLVąXáRĪRQHZHZJáĊELRQ\PURZNXRWRF]RQ\PZ\QLHVLRQą
WNDQNą]JU]HELHQLDVWRXáRĪRQ\PLMHGQRNRPyUNRZ\PLZáRVNDPL5\F)%DUG]R
ZąVNLHODQFHWRZDWHQHNWDUQLNL)FDPWVFKDWFHQVLV Vą XNU\WH ZH Z]QLHVLRQ\FK
IUDJPHQWDFKWNDQNLWZRU]ąF\FKVZHJRURG]DMXJU]ELHW\5\F$3RGREQLH
XJDWXQNyZQDOHĪąF\FKGRSRGURG]DMX5KLQRSHWDOXPJG]LHQHNWDUQLNLVąXNU\WH
ZZRUNRZDW\FKRVWURJDFKRVáRQLĊW\FKU]ĊGHP]DFKRG]ąF\FKQDVLHELHZDOFR
ZDW\FKZáRVNyZ8SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLWHJRSRGURG]DMXQHNWDUQLNLE\á\ZLGRF]QH
]]HZQąWU]MDNRFLHPQHÄURJL´5\F$%DUG]RFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHQHNWDUQLNL
UyZQLHĪRGELHJDMąFHZ\JOąGHPRGUHV]W\JDWXQNyZ]QDMG]LHP\XF]áRQNyZPe-
WLOLXP±LFKHOLSW\F]QH]DJáĊELRQHQHNWDUQLNLPDMąELDá\NRORU5\F(
$QDOL]DSRZLHU]FKQLQHNWDUQLNyZ]XĪ\FLHPVNDQLQJRZHMPLNURVNRSLLHOHNWUR
QRZHMZ\ND]DáDĪHXZLĊNV]RĞFLJDWXQNyZHSLGHUPDZW\PPLHMVFXMHVWSáDVND
SRGF]DVJG\ZSR]RVWDáHMF]ĊĞFLG]LDáHNRNZLDWXMHVWOHNNRSRIDáGRZDQD5\F%
8)DUPHQDREV]DUQHNWDUQLNDMHVWRWRF]RQ\U]ĊGHPSRGZ\ĪV]RQ\FK]DRNUąJORQ\FK
Z]QLHVLRQ\FKNRPyUHNREHFQ\FKUyZQLHĪQDSRZLHU]FKQLG]LDáHNRNZLDWXJG]LH
WZRU]ąNUyWNLHU]ĊG\5\F&7DNĪHX)XYDYXOSLVi)PLFKDLORYVNLEH]SRĞUHGQLR
QDGQHNWDUQLNDPL]QDMG]LHP\NLONDU]ĊGyZZ\QLHVLRQ\FKNRPyUHN5\F'8F.
S\UHQDLFDWDNĪHREV]DUQHNWDUQLNDMHVWXVáDQ\EURGDZNRZDW\PLNRPyUNDPL5\F
()%OLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQH)OLOLDFHDi)FDPWVFKDWFHQVLVUyZQLHĪPDMąQHNWDUQLNL
RWRF]RQHSU]H]U]ąGZ]QLHVLRQ\FKNRPyUHNRURZNRZDQHMSRZLHU]FKQL6WUXNWXUD
HSLGHUP\XW\FKGZyFKJDWXQNyZMHVWWDNĪHRGPLHQQDRGWHMVSRW\NDQHMXSR]RVWD
á\FKJDWXQNyZ±]GMĊFLDZ\NRQDQH]XĪ\FLHPPLNURVNRSLLVNDQLQJRZHMSRND]Dá\
VLOQLHSRPDUV]F]RQąSRNU\WąIDáGDPLSRZLHU]FKQLĊ5\F*+
6]DFKRZQLFHVąURĞOLQDPLXF]FLZLHQDJUDG]DMąF\PL]DS\ODF]\3RGF]DVNZLW
QLHQLDFDá\REV]DUQHNWDUQLNDMHVWSRNU\W\QHNWDUHPSUDZGRSRGREQLHX]XSHáQLD
Q\PXZLĊNV]RĞFLJDWXQNyZ)ULWLOODULD,ORĞüZ\SURGXNRZDQHJRQHNWDUX]DOHĪ\
ZGXĪHMPLHU]HRGJDWXQNX.ZLDW\)ULWLOODULDZ\WZDU]DMąĞUHGQLRRNRáRȝO
QHNWDUXZ]DNUHVLHRGGRȝOSU]\VWĊĪHQLXFXNUyZZ\QRV]ąF\PRNRáR
Z]DNUHVLHRGGR1DMQLĪV]HVWĊĪHQLHRGQRWRZDQRGOD)HGXDUGLL
SU]\GXĪHM ĞUHGQLHMREMĊWRĞFLRNȝODQDMZ\ĪV]ąĞUHGQLąZDUWRĞü

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
]DREVHUZRZDQRGOD)XVVXULHQVLVSU]\EDUG]RPDáHMLORĞFLSURGXNRZDQHJR
QHNWDUXȝO1HNWDUXZLĊNV]RĞFLJDWXQNyZMHVWERJDW\ZKHNVR]\±GRPLQXMą
VDFKDUR]DLJOXNR]DNWyUHVąWDNĪHREHFQHZQHNWDU]H ZV]\VWNLFK JDWXQNyZ
)UXNWR]DMHVWUyZQLHĪLVWRWQ\PVNáDGQLNLHP QHNWDUX SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL)ULWLOODULD
FKRüQLH]QDMG]LHP\MHMZQHNWDU]HZV]\VWNLFKJDWXQNyZ
:DUWR]ZUyFLüXZDJĊQDZáDĞFLZRĞFLLSUH]HQWDFMĊQHNWDUXX)FDPWVFKDWFHQ-
sisJDWXQNX]DS\ODQHJRSU]H]PXFK\=R[L*ROGLFKDUDNWHU\]XMąFHJRVLĊ
Z\UDĨQLHRGPLHQQ\PLFHFKDPL 1HNWDUQLNLWHJRJDWXQNXRFLHPQR¿ROHWRZ\FK
NZLDWDFKSRNU\WHVąJU]ELHWDPLZNWyU\FKXNU\WHVąĞODGRZHLORĞFLWUXGQRGR
VWĊSQHJROHSNLHJRLSUDZLHVWDáHJRQHNWDUX5\F$$1DJURGDSRNDUPRZDF.
FDPWVFKDWFHQVLVMHVWRIHURZDQDZSRVWDFLFLHQNLHMZDUVWZ\SRNU\ZDMąFHMQLHUyZQą
SRZLHU]FKQLĊQHNWDUQLND5\F*+7HQVSRVyESUH]HQWDFMLQHNWDUXSUDZGR
SRGREQLHZ\NOXF]DRZDG\LQQHQLĪPXFK\NWyUHVąZVWDQLH]OL]DüQLHPDOVWDá\
QHNWDU5RJX]HWDODE
1HNWDUZV]\VWNLFKSU]HEDGDQ\FKV]DFKRZQLF]DZLHUDDPLQRNZDV\$$1DMRE¿FLHM
Z\VWĊSXMąF\PDPLQRNZDVHP$$E\áDJOXWDPLQD7DNĪHQLH]EĊGQHDPLQRNZDV\$$
DVSDUDJLQDJOXWDPLQDVHU\QDJOLF\QDDODQLQDLZDOLQDRNUHĞODQHMDNRNOXF]RZHGOD
RZDG]LFK]DS\ODF]\E\á\REHFQHZQHNWDU]HSU]HEDGDQ\FKJDWXQNyZ1DMU]DGV]\P
$$MHVW]NROHLNZDVȕDPLQRPDVáRZ\%$%$±REHFQ\ZQHNWDU]HQLHOLF]Q\FK
JDWXQNyZ]DZV]HZEDUG]RQLVNLFKVWĊĪHQLDFK:QHNWDU]HV]DFKRZQLF]QDMGXMąVLĊ
]DUyZQR$$ELDáNDQLHELDáNRZHMDNLELDáNRZHSU]\]QDF]QLHZ\ĪV]\PXG]LDOHW\FK
GUXJLFKZ\VWĊSXMąF\FKQDZHWGRSLĊFLXUD]\F]ĊĞFLHM&R]DVNDNXMąFHZSU]\SDGNX
V]DFKRZQLFSUROLQD]ZLą]HNNOXF]RZ\ZSLHUZV]HMID]LHORWXRZDGyZE\áDQDMOLF]
QLHMV]\P$$W\ONRZMHGQ\PRZDGRS\OQ\PJDWXQNXDPLDQRZLFLH)DFPRSHWDOD
8G]LDáWHJR$$ZQHNWDU]HLQQ\FKJDWXQNyZE\áVWRVXQNRZRQLVNLFKRüMHVWWR$$
NWyU\JURPDG]LVLĊZZ\VRNLPVWĊĪHQLXZQHNWDU]HZLHOXJDWXQNyZRNU\WR]DOąĪNR
Z\FK8V]DFKRZQLFLORĞüSUROLQ\ZQHNWDU]HJDWXQNyZRZDGRS\OQ\FKE\áD]PLHQQD
LZDKDáDVLĊRGGRSPROO7DNQLVNLHVWĊĪHQLHWHJR$$PRĪHZ\QLNDü]IDNWX
ĪHMHVWWR]ZLą]HNPHWDEROLF]QLHÄGURJL´:SU]\SDGNXQLHNWyU\FKSRGURG]DMyZSHZQą
UROĊPRJąUyZQLHĪRGJU\ZDüRJUDQLF]HQLD¿ORJHQHW\F]QHSRQLHZDĪQLHNWyUHEOLVNR
VSRNUHZQLRQHJDWXQNLPDMąSRGREQHVWĊĪHQLHSUROLQ\5RJX]HWDO
*DWXQNLHP]QDMZ\ĪV]\PVWĊĪHQLHP$$MHVW)HGXDUGLL:SU]\SDGNXWHJR
JDWXQNXVWĊĪHQLH$$PRĪHE\üQDZHWUD]\Z\ĪV]HQLĪZSU]\SDGNXLQQ\FK
V]DFKRZQLF7DNGXĪD]DZDUWRĞü$$ZQHNWDU]HMHVW]JRGQD]SUHIHUHQFMDPLSWDVLFK
]DS\ODF]\±SDWNLZUyEORZHFKĊWQLHRGZLHG]DMąNZLDW\]Z\VRNLPVWĊĪHQLHP$$
5RJX]HWDO
&RFLHNDZHZSU]\SDGNXMHGQHJR]JDWXQNyZ]DZDUWRĞü$$RUD]LQQHZáD
ĞFLZRĞFLQHNWDUXPRJąVXJHURZDüSRZUyWRGRUQLWRGRHQWRPRJDPLL.ZLDW\F.
UDGGHDQDSU]HGVWDZLFLHODSRGURG]DMX3HWLOLXPJDWXQHNXEOLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQ\
]]DS\ODQ\PSU]H]SWDNL)LPSHULDOLVSU]\SRPLQDMąZ\JOąGHPRUQLWRJDPLF]QH
FKRüVąRSRáRZĊPQLHMV]H5yĪQLąVLĊWDNĪHNRORUHP±Vą]LHORQNDZRĪyáWHRUD]
ZáDĞFLZRĞFLDPLQHNWDUXNWyUHVXJHUXMąDGDSWDFMĊGRRZDGRS\OQRĞFL:NZLDWDFK
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
)UDGGHDQDRIHURZDQDMHVWPDáDLORĞüQHNWDUXRZ\VRNLPVWĊĪHQLX]GRPLQDFMą
IUXNWR]\RUD]]PDáąLORĞFLą$$
5HNRQVWUXNFMDZáDĞFLZRĞFLQHNWDUXV]DFKRZQLFZ\ND]DáDĪHZVSyOQ\SU]R
GHNSUDZGRSRGREQLHSURGXNRZDáVWRVXQNRZRQLHZLHONąLORĞüQHNWDUXERJDWHJR
ERJDW\ZFXNU\FKRüXERJLHJRZ$$ 1DMEDUG]LHMZ\UDĨQH]PLDQ\Vą]DXZD
ĪDOQHZQHNWDU]HSU]HGVWDZLFLHOL3HWLOLXP*DWXQNLUHSUH]HQWXMąFHWHQSRGURG]DM
]DS\ODQHSU]H]SWDNLSURGXNXMąGXĪHLORĞFLQHNWDUXRQLVNLPVWĊĪHQLXFXNUXDOH
Z\VRNLPVWĊĪHQLX$$
3RGVXPRZDQLH
:SU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLFSUHVMDVHOHNF\MQD]HVWURQ\]DS\ODF]\]DRZRFRZDáD
NLONXNURWQ\PL]PLDQDPLFHFKNZLDWyZ:UH]XOWDFLHZSHZQ\P]DNUHVLHLFK
FKDUDNWHU\VW\NDMHVW]JRGQD]WHRULąV\QGURPyZNZLDWRZ\FK1LHPQLHMMHGQDN
HZROXFMDZLHOXFHFKZ\GDMHVLĊQLH]DOHĪQDRGZSá\ZX]DSDODF]\3U]\NáDGRZR
EDUZDRNZLDWXEĊGąFDZ\QLNLHPSUHVMLVHOHNF\MQHMG]LDáDMąFHMZUyĪQ\FKNLHUXQ
NDFK]MHGQHMVWURQ\]ZLĊNV]DDWUDNF\MQRĞüGOD]DS\ODF]\]GUXJLHM]DĞSR]ZDODQD
XQLNQLĊFLHURĞOLQRĪHUFyZ$QWRF\MDQ\EĊGąFHMHGQ\PL]QDMSRZV]HFKQLHMZ\VWĊSX
MąF\FKEDUZQLNyZZNZLDWDFKV]DFKRZQLFVąDWUDNF\MQHGODF]ĊĞFLSRWHQFMDOQ\FK
]DS\ODF]\DOHWDNĪHG]LDáDMąRGVWUDV]DMąFRQDQLHNWyUHJDWXQNLURĞOLQRĪHUFyZ
=PLDQD]DS\ODF]DZSU]\SDGNXV]DFKRZQLFMHVWQDMSUDZGRSRGREQLHM]ZLą]D
QD]V]HUHJLHP]PLDQZHZáDĞFLZRĞFLDFKLPRUIRORJLLNZLDWyZ±F]ĊĞüQRZ\FK
FHFK]ZLą]DQDMHVW]SUHVMąVHOHNF\MQą]HVWURQ\SWDVLFK]DS\ODF]\-HGQDNWDNĪH
ÄGUXJRU]ĊGRZL]DS\ODF]H´SRMDZLDMąF\VLĊZNZLDWDFK)ULWLOODULD ZSá\ZDMą
QDLFKZ\JOąG3U]\NáDGRZRDQDOL]DSRVWU]HJDQLDRUQLWRJDPLF]Q\FKNZLD
WyZV]DFKRZQLFSU]H]SV]F]Rá\ Z\ND]DáDĪHVąRQHGODQLFKGREU]HZLGRF]
QHDQHNWDUDPHU\NDĔVNLFKJDWXQNyZV]DFKRZQLF]DS\ODQ\FKSU]H]NROLEU\
]DZLHUDDPLQRNZDV\DWUDNF\MQHGODRZDG]LFK]DS\ODF]\&RFLHNDZHPLPR
ZVSRPQLDQHMGRPLQDFMLSU]HMĞüRG]DS\ODQLDSU]H]RZDG\GR]DS\ODQLDSU]H]
SWDNLXV]DFKRZQLFPRJąSRMDZLüVLĊÄSRZURW\´±RG]DS\ODQLDSU]H]SWDNLGR
]DS\ODQLDSU]H]RZDG\-HGQ\P]EDUG]RFLHNDZ\FKJDWXQNyZXNWyUHJRWDNL
SRZUyW]DFKRG]L]GXĪ\PSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZHPMHVW)UDGGHDQDJDWXQHN
EOLVNRVSRNUHZQLRQ\]]DS\ODQąSU]H]SWDNL)LPSHULDOLV =LHORQNDZRĪyáWH
NZLDW\)UDGGHDQDSU]\SRPLQDMąZ\JOąGHPRUQLWRJDPLF]QHFKRüVąRSRáRZĊ
PQLHMV]HLRIHUXMą]QDF]QLHPQLHMQHNWDUXRZáDĞFLZRĞFLDFKZVND]XMąF\FKQD
]DS\ODQLHSU]H]RZDG\
&KRü]QDF]QDF]ĊĞüJDWXQNyZV]DFKRZQLFURĞQLHZRGOHJá\FKLWUXGQRGRVWĊS
Q\FKPLHMVFDFKEDGDQLDZQDWXUDOQ\FKSRSXODFMDFKPRJá\E\]QDNRPLFLHX]XSHáQLü
QDV]ąZLHG]ĊQDWHPDWWHJRQLH]Z\NáHJRURG]DMX:FLąĪZLHOHS\WDĔ]ZLą]DQ\FK
]UHSURGXNFMąV]DFKRZQLFSR]RVWDMHEH]RGSRZLHG]LFKRüE\HZHQWXDOQ\]ZLą]HN
PLĊG]\ZLHONRĞFLąJHQRPXDF]ĊVWRĞFLą]PLDQFHFKNZLDWyZ

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
5\F
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
5\F

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
5\F
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
5\FLQ\SRGSLV\
5\F
5\F$:\EUDQLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHURG]DMX)ULWLOODULD]GMĊFLD/DXUHQFH+LOOĨUyGáRZZZIULWLOOD
ULDLFRQHVFRP
%3RNUyM)ULWLOODULDLPSHULDOLV]GMĊFLD/DXUHQFH+LOOĨUyGáRZZZIULWLOODULDLFRQHVFRP
&'U]HZR¿ORJHQHW\F]QHURG]DMX)ULWLOODULDXND]XMąFHVWDQ\DQFHVWUDOQHNRORUXNZLDWyZZ\PDUá\FK
SU]RGNyZRUD]NRORU\NZLDWyZZVSyáF]HĞQLHZ\VWĊSXMąF\FKJDWXQNyZ
5\F
5\F$5HÀHNWDQFMD]HZQĊWU]QHMVWURQ\G]LDáHNRNZLDWXSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLURG]DMX)ULWLOODULD
%7]ZIDáV]\Z\REUD]\SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLURG]DMX)ULWLOODULDDQJIDOVHFRORXUSLFWXUHVXND]XMąFH
SUDZGRSRGREQ\VSRVyESRVWU]HJDQLDNZLDWyZSU]H]SV]F]Rá\
&:RVNSRNU\ZDMąF\SRZLHU]FKQLĊ G]LDáHNRNZLDWXSRZV]HFKQ\ZĞUyG SU]HGVWDZLFLHOLURG]DMX
)ULWLOODULDWXQDSU]\NáDG]LHG]LDáHN)ULWLOODULDXVVXULHQVLV
'=LDUQDVNURELZQHNWDUQLNDFK)ULWLOODULDLPSHULDOLV
(1HNWDUQLNL)ULWLOODULDVHZHU]RZLL±FKRüZLĊNV]RĞüSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLV]DFKRZQLFPDáDWZRGRVWĊS
QHQLF]\PQLHRVáRQLĊWHQHNWDUQLNLXQLHNWyU\FKJDWXQNyZZRNyáQHNWDUQLNyZSRMDZLDMą
VLĊMHGQRNRPyUNRZHZáRVNL
)1HNWDUQLNL)ULWLOODULDHGXDUGL±Z\JOąGW\SRZ\GODSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLSRGURG]DMX3HWLOLXPELDá\
NRORU]ZLą]DQ\]REHFQRĞFLąVNUREL
5\F
$:\GáXĪRQHQHNWDUQLNL)ULWLOODULDFDPWVFKDWFHQVLVXNU\WHZHZ]QLHVLRQ\FKIUDJPHQWDFKWNDQNL
WZRU]ąF\FKVZHJRURG]DMXJU]ELHW\
%3RZLHU]FKQLDG]LDáNLRNZLDWX)ULWLOODULDSHUVLFD8ZLĊNV]RĞFLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLURG]DMX)ULWLOODULD
HSLGHUPDZREUĊELHQHNWDUQLNyZMHVWSáDVNDSRGF]DVJG\ZSR]RVWDáHMF]ĊĞFLG]LDáHN
RNZLDWXMHVWOHNNRSRIDáGRZDQD
&8)ULWLOODULDDUPHQDREV]DUQHNWDUQLNDMHVWRWRF]RQ\U]ĊGHPSRGZ\ĪV]RQ\FK]DRNUąJORQ\FK
Z]QLHVLRQ\FKNRPyUHNREHFQ\FKUyZQLHĪQDSRZLHU]FKQLG]LDáHNRNZLDWXJG]LHWZRU]ą
NUyWNLHU]ĊG\
'8)ULWLOODULDXYDYXOSLVEH]SRĞUHGQLRQDGQHNWDUQLNDPL]QDMG]LHP\NLONDU]ĊGyZZ\QLHVLRQ\FK
NRPyUHN
()8)ULWLOODULDS\UHQDLFDREV]DUQHNWDUQLNDMHVWXVáDQ\EURGDZNRZDW\PLNRPyUNDPL
*+1HNWDUQLNL)ULWLOODULDFDPWVFKDWFHQVLVVąRWRF]RQHSU]H]U]ąGZ]QLHVLRQ\FKNRPyUHNRVLOQLH
SRPDUV]F]RQHMSRZLHU]FKQL

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
/LWHUDWXUD
$OWVKXOHU'/  )ORZHU FRORXU KXPPLQJELUGSROOLQDWLRQ DQG KDELWDW LUUDGLDQFHLQIRXU
QHRWURSLFDOIRUHVWV%LRWURSLFDGRL
$UPEUXVWHU:(YROXWLRQ RIÀRUDOPRUSKRORJ\ DQG IXQFWLRQ$QLQWHJUDWLYH DSSURDFKWR
DGDSWDWLRQFRQVWUDLQW DQG FRPSURPLVHLQ'DOHFKDPSLD (XSKRUELDFHDH,Q/OR\G
'*6SHQFHU6&+HG)ORUDOELRORJ\6WXGLHVRQÀRUDOHYROXWLRQLQDQLPDOSROOLQDWHG
SODQWV&KDSPDQ+DOO1HZ<RUNSS
$UPEUXVWHU:)HQVWHU&'XGDVK03ROOLQDWLRQÄSULQFLSOHV´UHYLVLWHGVSHFLDOL]DWLRQSROOL-
QDWLRQV\QGURPHVDQGWKHHYROXWLRQRIÀRZHUV,Q7RWODQG2HG7KH6FDQGLQDYLDQ
$VVRFLDWLRQIRU 3ROOLQDWLRQ(FRORJ\KRQRXUV.QXW )DHJUL2VOR'HW 1RUVNH
9LGHQVNDSV$NDGHPL
$VKZRUWK/$JXLODU50DUWpQ5RGUtJXH]6/RSH]DUDL]D0LNHO0$YLOD6DNDU*5RVDV*X
HUUHUR94XHVDGD0 3ROOLQDWLRQV\QGURPHV$JOREDOSDWWHUQ RIFRQYHUJHQW
HYROXWLRQ'ULYHQ E\ WKH PRVWHৼHFWLYHSROOLQDWRU,Q3RQWDURWWL3HG(YROXWLRQDU\
ELRORJ\%LRGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQIURPJHQRW\SHWRSKHQRW\SH6SULQJHU,QWHUQDWLRQDO3XEOLVKLQJ
&KDPSSGRLGRLB
%DNHU+*6XJDUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQQHFWDUVIURPKXPPLQJELUGÀRZHUV%LRWURSLFD
%DNHU+* %DNHU ,$PLQRDFLGVLQQHFWDUDQGWKHLU HYROXWLRQDU\ VLJQL¿FDQFH1DWXUH
GRLE
%DNHU+*%DNHU,&KHPLFDOFRQVWLWXHQWVRIQHFWDULQUHODWLRQWRSROOLQDWLRQPHFKDQLVPV
DQGSK\ORJHQ\,Q1LWHFNL0HG%LRFKHPLFDODVSHFWVRIHYROXWLRQDU\ELRORJ\8QL
YHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV&KLFDJRSS
%DNHU+* %DNHU ,)ORUDOQHFWDUVXJDU FRQVWLWXHQWV LQUHODWLRQWR SROOLQDWRU W\SH,Q
-RQHV&/LWWOH5HG+DGERRNRIH[SHULPHQWDOSROOLQDWLRQHFRORJ\YRO9DQ
1RVWUDQG5HLQKROG1HZ<RUNSS
%DNHU+*%DNHU,7KHRFFXUUHQFHDQGVLJQL¿FDQFHRIDPLQRDFLGVLQÀRUDOQHFWDU3ODQW
6\VWHPDWLFVDQG(YROXWLRQGRL%)
%D]]D])$&DUOVRQ5:3KRWRV\QWKHWLFFRQWULEXWLRQRIÀRZHUVDQGVHHGVWRUHSURGXFWLYHHৼRUWRI
DQDQQXDOFRORQL]HU1HZ3K\WRORJLVWGRLMWE[
%HDXOLHX-00ROHV$7/HLWFK,-%HQQHWW0''LFNLH-%.QLJKW&$&RUUHODWHGHYR
OXWLRQRIJHQRPHVL]HDQGVHHGPDVV1HZ3K\WRORJLVWGRLM
[
%HQQHWW0'  9DULDWLRQLQJHQRPLFIRUP LQ SODQWV DQGLWVHFRORJLFDO LPSOLFDWLRQV 1HZ
3K\WRORJLVWGRLMWE[
%HUQKDUGW37KHURVH¶VNLVV$QDWXUDOKLVWRU\RIÀRZHUV,VODQG3UHVV:DVKLQJWRQ'&
%UDGVKDZ+' 6FKHPVNH ':$OOHOHVXEVWLWXWLRQDWDÀRZHU FRORXUORFXVSURGX
FHVDSROOLQDWRUVKLIWLQPRQNH\ÀRZHUV&XUUHQW*HQHWLFVGRL
V
%~UTXH]$%OXHWLWV 3DUXV FDHUXOHXVDVSROOLQDWRUVRI WKHFURZQLPSHULDO)ULWLOODULD
LPSHULDOLVLQ%ULWDLQ2LNRV
&DVWHOODQRV0&:LOVRQ37KRPVRQ-'3ROOHQWUDQVIHUE\KXPPLQJELUGVDQGEXPEOH-
EHHVDQGWKHGLYHUJHQFHRISROOLQDWLRQPRGHVLQ3HQVWHPRQ(YROXWLRQ
GRLMWE[
&DVWHOODQRV0&:LOVRQ37KRPVRQ-' µ$QWLEHH¶DQGµSURELUG¶ FKDQJHVGXULQJWKH
HYROXWLRQRI KXPPLQJELUGSROOLQDWLRQLQ3HQVWHPRQ ÀRZHUV-RXUQDORI(YROXWLRQDU\
%LRORJ\GRLM[
&KLWWND/6FKUNHQV66XFFHVVIXO LQYDVLRQ RI D ÀRUDO PDUNHW 1DWXUH 
GRL
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
&URQN42MHGD,%LUGSROOLQDWHGÀRZHUVLQDQHYROXWLRQDU\DQGPROHFXODUFRQWH[W-RXUQDO
RI([SHULPHQWDO%RWDQ\GRLM[EHUQ
'HO&DUPHQ6DODV$UFRV//DUD&&DVWLOOR*XHYDUD&&XDXWOH02UQHODV-)³3URELUG´
ÀRUDOWUDLWV GLVFRXUDJH EXPEOHEHH YLVLWVWR3HQVWHPRQJHQWLDQRLGHV 3ODQWDJLQDFHDH
DPL[HGSROOLQDWHGKHUE7KH6FLHQFHRI1DWXUHGRLV
'HO5LR0&.DUDVRY:.'LJHVWLRQVWUDWHJLHVLQQHFWDUDQGIUXLWHDWLQJELUGVDQGWKH
VXJDUFRPSRVLWLRQRISODQWUHZDUGV7KH$PHULFDQ1DWXUDOLVW
'XSRQW</+DQVHQ'05DVPXVVHQ-72OHVHQ-0(YROXWLRQDU\FKDQJHVLQQHFWDUVXJDUFRP-
SRVLWLRQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVZLWFKHVEHWZHHQELUGDQGLQVHFWSROOLQDWLRQ7KH&DQDULDQELUGÀRZHU
HOHPHQWUHYLVLWHG)XQFWLRQDO(FRORJ\GRLM[
)DHJUL.YDQGHU3LMO/ 7KHSULQFLSOHVRI SROOLQDWLRQHFRORJ\3HUJDPRQ3UHVV2[IRUG
)DKQ$6HFUHWRU\WLVVXHVLQSODQWV$FDGHPLF3UHVV/RQGRQ
)HQVWHU&%$UPEUXVWHU:6:LOVRQ3'XGDVK057KRPVRQ-'3ROOLQDWLRQV\QGUR-
PHVDQGÀRUDO VSHFLDOL]DWLRQ$QQXDO5HYLHZRI(FRORJ\(YROXWLRQDQG6\VWHPDWLFV
GRLDQQXUHYHFROV\V
)RUQR൵).OHLQ$0+DUWLJ)%HQDGL *9HQMDNRE &6FKDHIHU+0(EHOLQJ$
)XQFWLRQDOÀRZHUWUDLWVDQGWKHLUGLYHUVLW\GULYHSROOLQDWRUYLVLWDWLRQ2LNRV
GRLRLN
*DOHWWR/ %HUQDUGHOOR *1HFWDUVXJDU FRPSRVLWLRQ LQ DQJLRVSHUPVIURP&KDFR DQG
3DWDJRQLD$UJHQWLQD DQDQLPDOYLVLWRU¶V PDWWHU"3ODQW6\VWHPDWLFVDQG (YROXWLRQ
GRLV\
*HJHDU5-%XUQV56ZRERGD%KDWWDUDL.$+XPPLQJELUGÀRUDOWUDLWVLQWHUDFWV\QHUJLVWLFDOO\
WRGLVFRXUDJHYLVLWDWLRQE\EXPEOHEHHIRUDJHUV(FRORJ\GRLHF\
*ORYHU%-0DUWLQ&7KHUROHRISHWDOFHOOVKDSHDQGSLJPHQWDWLRQLQSROOLQDWLRQVXFFHVV
LQ$QWLUUKLQXPPDMXV+HUHGLW\
*UDQW97KHSROOLQDWLRQRI&DO\FDQWKXVRFFLGHQWDOLV$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI%RWDQ\
+HDO\6'+XUO\7$&RJQLWLYHHFRORJ\)RUDJLQJLQKXPPLQJELUGVDVDPRGHOV\VWHP
$GYDQFHVLQWKH6WXG\RI%HKDYLRUGRL6
+HGVWU|P,.XQJVlQJVOLOMDQVSROOLQDWLRQVHNRORJL6YHQVN%RWDQLVN7LGVNULIW
+HLO01HFWDU*HQHUDWLRQUHJXODWLRQDQGHFRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQV7UHQGVLQ3ODQW6FLHQFH
GRLMWSODQWV
+LOO/ $WD[RQRPLF KLVWRU\ RI-DSDQHVHHQGHPLF )ULWLOODULD /LOLDFHDH.HZ%XOOHWLQ
GRLGRL)V
+LOO/)ULWLOODULDNLXVLDQD&XUWLV¶V%RWDQLFDO0DJD]LQHGRLGRL)
FXUW
.DZDQR60DVXGD-+D\DVKL./LIHKLVWRU\PRQRJUDSKVRI-DSDQHVHSODQWV)ULWLOODULD
NRLG]XPLDQD2KZL /LOLDFHDH 3ODQW6SHFLHV%LRORJ\ GRLM
[
.DĨPLHUF]DNRZD5=DU]\FNL.HGV3ROVNDF]HUZRQDNVLĊJDURĞOLQ.UDNyZ,QVW\WXW%RWDQLNL
LP:6]DIHUDL,QVW\WXW2FKURQ\3U]\URG\3$1
.D\.9RHOFNHO&<DQJ-+X൵RUG..DVND'+RGJHV6)ORUDOFKDUDFWHUVDQGVSH-
FLHVGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQ,Q+DUGHU/%DUUHWW6&+HG(FRORJ\DQGHYROXWLRQRIÀRZHUV
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG8.SS±
.HOO\/- 5HQQ\%\¿HOG 63HOOLFHU-0DFDV- 1RYiN3 1HXPDQQ3 /\VDN0$ 'D\3'
%HUJHU0)D\0)1LFKROV5$/HLWFK$5/HLWFK,-$QDO\VLVRIWKHJLDQW
JHQRPHVRI )ULWLOODULD /LOLDFHDH LQGLFDWHVWKDWDODFN RI '1$UHPRYDOFKDUDFWHUL]HV
H[WUHPHH[SDQVLRQVLQJHQRPHVL]H1HZ3K\WRORJLVWGRLQSK
.HYDQ3**LXUID0&KLWWND/:K\DUHWKHUHVRPDQ\DQGVRIHZZKLWHÀRZHUV"7UHQGV
LQ3ODQW6FLHQFHGRL

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
.KDQLNL*%3HUVVRQ.1HFWDU\PRUSKRORJ\LQ6RXWK:HVW$VLDQ)ULWLOODULD/LOLDFHDH
1RUGLF-RXUQDORI%RWDQ\GRLMWE[
.LDQL00RKDPPDGL6%DEDHL$6H¿GNRQ)1DJKDYL055DQMEDU05D]DYL6$6DHLGL
.-DIDUL+$VJDUL'3RWWHU',UDQVXSSRUWVDJUHDWVKDUHRIELRGLYHUVLW\DQG
ÀRULVWLFHQGHPLVPIRU)ULWLOODULDVSS/LOLDFHDH$5HYLHZ3ODQW'LYHUVLW\
GRLMSOG
.QLJKW&$0ROLQDUL1$3HWURY'$7KHODUJHJHQRPHFRQVWUDLQWK\SRWKHVLV(YROXWLRQ
HFRORJ\DQGSKHQRW\SH$QQDOVRI%RWDQ\GRLDREPFL
/HLWFK,- %HDXOLHX -0&KHXQJ.+DQVRQ/ /\VDN0D )D\ 0)3XQFWXDWHGJH-
QRPH VL]H HYROXWLRQ LQ /LOLDFHDH-RXUQDO RI (YROXWLRQDU\ %LRORJ\
GRLM[
/HLWFK,-%HQQHWW0'*HQRPHVL]HDQGLWVXVHV7KH,PSDFWRI)ORZ&\WRPHWU\,Q'ROHåHO
-*UHLOKXEHU-6XGD-HG)ORZF\WRPHWU\ZLWKSODQWFHOOV$QDO\VLVRIJHQHVFKURPR-
VRPHVDQGJHQRPHV:LOH\
9&+9HUODJ*PE+&R.*D$:HLQKHLP*HUPDQ\SS
±GRLFK
/RW]&1 1LFROVRQ 6:6XJDUSUHIHUHQFHVRIDQHFWDULYRUXV SDVVHULQH ELUGWKHOHVVHU
GRXEOHFROODUHGVXQELUG1HFWDULQLDFKDO\EHD)XQFWLRQDO(FRORJ\GRLKWWS
ZZZMVWRURUJVWDEOH
/RW]&16FKRQGXEH-(6XJDUSUHIHUHQFHVLQ QHFWDUDQG IUXLWHDWLQJELUGV%HKDY-
LRUDO SDWWHUQVDQG SK\VLRORJLFDO FDXVHV %LRWURSLFD  GRLM
[
/XQDX.3DSLRUHN6(OW]76D]LPD0$YRLGDQFHRIDFKURPDWLFFRORXUVE\EHHVSURYLGHV
DSULYDWH QLFKH IRU KXPPLQJELUGV-RXUQDO RI([SHULPHQWDO%LRORJ\
GRLMHE
0DEEHUOH\'-0DEEHUOH\¶V3ODQW%RRN$3RUWDEOH'LFWLRQDU\RI3ODQWVWKHLU&ODVVL¿FD-
WLRQDQG8VHV8WLOL]LQJ.XELW]NL¶V7KHIDPLOLHVDQG*HQHUDRI9DVFXODU3ODQWV
DQG&XUUHQW%RWDQLFDO/LWHUDWXUH$UUDQJHG$FFRUGLQJWRWKH3ULQFLSOHVRI0ROHFXODU
6\VWHPDWLFV&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0DUWpQ5RGUtJXH]6$OPDUDOHV&DVWUR$)HQVWHU&%(YDOXDWLRQRISROOLQDWLRQV\QGUR-
PHVLQ$QWLOOHDQ*HVQHULDFHDHHYLGHQFHIRUEDWKXPPLQJELUGDQGJHQHUDOL]HGÀRZHUV
-RXUQDORI(FRORJ\GRLM[
0DUWpQ5RGUtJXH]6 )HQVWHU &%$JQDUVVRQ ,6NRJ/(=LPPHU ($(YROXWLRQDU\
EUHDNGRZQRISROOLQDWLRQVSHFLDOL]DWLRQLQD&DULEEHDQSODQWUDGLDWLRQ1HZ3K\WRORJLVW
GRLM[
0HYL
6FKW]-(UKDUGW$$PLQRDFLGVLQQHFWDUHQKDQFHEXWWHUÀ\IHFXQGLW\$ORQ
Jఆ
DZDLWHG
link7KH$PHULFDQ1DWXUDOLVWGRL
0LQDJL.<RVKL\D7 +DUDPP71RWHVRQ ÀRZHU YLVLWRUVDQGIUXLWVHW LQ )ULWLOODULD
D\DNRDQD1DUXKDVKL 0RQRFRW\OHGRQHDH/LOLDFHDH%XOOHWLQRIWKH6KLPDQH1DWXUH
0XVHXPRI0W6DQEH
0RPRVH.<XPRWR71DJDPLWVX7.DWR01DJDPDVX +6DNDL6+DUULVRQ5' ,WLRND
7+DPLG$$,QRXH73ROOLQDWLRQELRORJ\ LQ DORZODQGGLSWHURFDUSIRUHVW
LQ6DUDZDN 0DOD\VLD , &KDUDFWHUVRIWKHSODQWSROOLQDWRU FRPPXQLW\ LQDORZODQG
GLSWHURFDUSIRUHVW$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI%RWDQ\GRL
1HSL0%H\RQGQHFWDUVZHHWQHVV7KHKLGGHQHFRORJLFDOUROHRIQRQSURWHLQDPLQRDFLGV
LQQHFWDU-RXUQDORI(FRORJ\GRL
1LFROVRQ6:7KRUQEXUJ5:1HFWDUFKHPLVWU\,Q1LFROVRQ6:1HSL0HG1HFWDULHV
DQGQHFWDU6SULQJHU'RUGUHFKWSS
1LX<6WHYHQV06XQ+&RPPHUFLDO+DUYHVWLQJ+DV'ULYHQWKH(YROXWLRQRI&DPRXÀDJH
LQDQ$OSLQH3ODQW&XUUHQW%LRORJ\KWWSVGRLRUJMFXEOO
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
2MHGD,6DQWRV*XHUUD$&DXMDSp&DVWHOOV--DpQ0ROLQD50DUUHURÈ&%&URQN4
&RPSDUDWLYHPLFURPRUSKRORJ\RISHWDOVLQPDFDURQHVLDQ/RWXV/HJXPLQRVDHUHYHDOV
DORVVRISDSLOORVHFRQLFDOFHOOVGXULQJWKHHYROXWLRQRIELUGSROOLQDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDORI3ODQW6FLHQFHVGRL
3DFLQL(1HSL09HVSULQL-/1HFWDUELRGLYHUVLW\DVKRUWUHYLHZ3ODQW6\VWHPDWLFVDQG
(YROXWLRQGRLV\
3DROL33'RQOH\' 6WDEOHU'6DVHHQGUDQDWK$1LFROVRQ6: 6LPSVRQ6-:ULJKW
*$1XWULWLRQDOEDODQFHRIHVVHQWLDODPLQRDFLGVDQGFDUERK\GUDWHVRIWKH
DGXOWZRUNHUKRQH\EHHGHSHQGVRQDJH$PLQR$FLGVGRL
V
3DSLRUHN6-XQNHU55$OYHVGRV6DQWRV,0HOR*$5$PDUDO1HWR/36D]LPD0:RORZVNL
0)UHLWDV//XQDX.%HHVELUGVDQG\HOORZÀRZHUV3ROOLQDWRUGHSHQGHQW
FRQYHUJHQWHYROXWLRQRI89SDWWHUQV3ODQW%LRORJ\GRLSOE
3DUDFKQRZLWVFK$/0DQVRQ-66OHWYROG1(YROXWLRQDU\HFRORJ\RIQHFWDU$QQDOVRI
%RWDQ\GRLDREPF\
3HQGHUJUDVV. 5RELQVRQ$ 5HFRYHU\ SODQIRU)ULWLOODULD JHQWQHUL *HQWQHU¶VIULWLOODU\
:DVKLQJWRQ'&86)LVKDQG:LOGOLIH6HUYLFHYRO
3HWHUV:63LUO0*RWWVEHUJHU*3HWHUV'63ROOLQDWLRQRIWKHFURZQLPSHULDO)ULWLOODULD
LPSHULDOLVE\JUHDWWLWV3DUXVPDMRU-RXUQDORI2UQLWKRORJ\
3LyUHFNL-)ULWLOODULDPHOHDJULV/SS,Q5.DĨPLHUF]DNRZDDQG.=DU]\FNL
HGV3ROVNDF]HUZRQDNVLĊJDURĞOLQ,QVW\WXW%RWDQLNLLP:6]DIHUDL,QVW\WXW2FKURQ\
3U]\URG\3$1.UDNyZ
3URFWRU0<HR3/DFN$7KHQDWXUDOKLVWRU\RISROOLQDWLRQ+DUSHU&ROOLQV/RQGRQ8.
5L[(0)ULWOODULD/,Q'DYLV30LOO5HG)ORUDRI7XUNH\DQGWKH(DVW$HJHDQ,VODQGV
YRO(GLQEXUJK8QLYHULVW\3UHVV(GLQEXUJKSS
5RGUtJXH]*LURQpV0$6DQWDPDUtD/:K\DUHVRPDQ\ELUGÀRZHUVUHG"3/R6%LRORJ\
GRLMRXUQDOSELR
5RJX].=\FK02ND]MDF]\QL]áRG]LHMDF]\OLRNZLDWRZ\FKG\OHPDWDFKURĞOLQ.RVPRV

5RJX].%DMJX]$*RáĊELHZVND$&KPXU0+LOO/.DOLQRZVNL36FK|QHQEHUJHU-6WSLF]\ĔVND
0=\FK0)XQFWLRQDOGLYHUVLW\RIQHFWDU\VWUXFWXUHDQGQHFWDUFRPSRVLWLRQLQWKH
JHQXV)ULWLOODULD/LOLDFHDH)URQWLHUVLQ3ODQW6FLHQFHGRLISOV
5RJX].%DMJX]$&KPXU0*RáĊELHZVND$5RJX]$=\FK0'LYHUVLW\RIQHFWDU
DPLQRDFLGVLQWKH)ULWLOODULD/LOLDFHDHJHQXVHFRORJLFDODQGHYROXWLRQDU\LPSOLFD-
tions6FL5HS
5RJX].+LOO/5RJX]$=\FK0D(YROXWLRQRIELUGDQGLQVHFWÀRZHUWUDLWVLQ)ULWLOODULD
//LOLDFHDH)URQW3ODQW6FLGRLISOV
5RJX]..RHWKH6+LOO//XQDX.5RJX]$=\FK0E9LVLELOLW\DQGDWWUDFWLYHQHVV
RI)ULWLOODULD/LOLDFHDHÀRZHUV WRSRWHQWLDO SROOLQDWRUV6FL5HSKWWSVGRL
RUJV
5¡QVWHG1/DZ67KRUQWRQ+)D\0)&KDVH0:0ROHFXODUSK\ORJHQHWLFHYLGHQFH
IRUWKH PRQRSK\O\RI)ULWLOODULD DQG /LOLXP/LOLDFHDH/LOLDOHV DQGWKHLQIUDJHQHULF
FODVVL¿FDWLRQRI )ULWLOODULD 0ROHFXODU3K\ORJHQHWLFVDQG(YROXWLRQ  GR
LM\PSHY
5RVDV*XHUUHUR9$JXLODU50DUWpQ5RGUtJXH]6$VKZRUWK//RSH]DUDL]D0LNHO0%DVWLGD
-04XHVDGD 0 $TXDQWLWDWLYH UHYLHZRISROOLQDWLRQV\QGURPHV 'RÀRUDO
WUDLWVSUHGLFWHৼHFWLYHSROOLQDWRUV"(FRORJ\/HWWHUVGRLHOH
5R\56FKPLWW$-7KRPDV-%&DUWHU&-5HYLHZ1HFWDUELRORJ\)URPPROHFXOHVWR
HFRV\VWHPV3ODQW6FLHQFHGRLMSODQWVFL

5Ïĩ1252'12ĝû:.5$7.ĉ(:2/8&-$.:,$7Ï::52'=$-86=$&+2:1,&$
6WHEELQV*/$GDSWLYHUDGLDWLRQRIUHSURGXFWLYHFKDUDFWHUVLQDQJLRVSHUPV,3ROOLQDWLRQ
PHFKDQLVPV$QQXDO5HYLHZRI(FRORJ\DQG6\VWHPDWLFVGRLDQQXUHY
HV
6WHYHQVRQ3$&RORFDOLVDWLRQRIWDXULQHZLWKWUDQVPLWWHULPPXQRUHDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHQHUYRXV
V\VWHPRIWKHPLJUDWRU\ORFXVW-RXUQDORI&RPSDUDWLYH1HXURORJ\
7DPXUD0³/LOLDFHDH´LQ7KHIDPLOLHVDQGJHQHUDRIYDVFXODUSODQWVYRO,,,)ORZHULQJ
3ODQWV0RQRFRW\OHGRQV/LOLDQDHH[FHSW2UFKLGDFHDH6SULQJHU%HUOLQ
7HNúHQ0$\WDo=7KHUHYLVLRQRIWKHJHQXV)ULWLOODULD//LOLDFHDHLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ
UHJLRQ7XUNH\7XUNLVK-RXUQDORI%RWDQ\GRLERW
7KRPVRQ-':KHQLVLWPXWXDOLVP"7KH$PHULFDQ1DWXUDOLVWGRL
7UDYHVHW$:LOOVRQ0) 6DEDJ&(ৼHFW RI QHFWDUUREELQJELUGVRQIUXLWVHW RI )XFK-
VLDPDJHOODQLFDLQ 7LHUUD'HO)XHJR$GLVUXSWHG PXWXDOLVP )XQFWLRQDO(FRORJ\
GRLM[
9DQGHU.RRL&-(O]HQJD-76WDDO06WDYHQJD'*+RZWRFRORXUDÀRZHURQWKH
RSWLFDOSULQFLSOHVRIÀRZHUFRORXUDWLRQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH5R\DO6RFLHW\%%LRORJLFDO
6FLHQFHVGRLUVSE
9DQGHU1LHW7-RKQVRQ6'3K\ORJHQHWLFHYLGHQFHIRUSROOLQDWRUGULYHQGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQRIDQ-
JLRVSHUPV7UHQGVLQ(FRORJ\DQG(YROXWLRQGRLMWUHH
:DVHU10&KLWWND/3ULFH09:LOOLDPV102OOHUWRQ-*HQHUDOL]DWLRQLQSROOLQDWLRQ
V\VWHPVDQGZK\LWPDWWHUV(FRORJ\
:HOOV++LOO36:HOOV3+ 1HFWDULYRUHIRUDJLQJ HFRORJ\ UHZDUGVGLৼHULQJLQVXJDU
W\SHV(FRORJLFDO(QWRPRORJ\
:KLEOH\$&/DQJODGH1%$QGDOR&+DQQD$,%DQJKDP$7KHEDXG&&RHQ(
(YROXWLRQDU\ SDWKV XQGHUO\LQJ ÀRZHU FRORXU YDULDWLRQ LQ $QWLUUKLQXP 6FLHQFH
GRLVFLHQFH
:KLWH*7KHQDWXUDOKLVWRU\DQWLTXLWLHVRI6HOERUQH-0'HQW6RQV/WG1HZ<RUN
:LOOPHU33ROOLQDWLRQDQGÀRUDOHFRORJ\3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3ULQFHWRQ
:LOVRQ3&DVWHOODQRV0&:ROIH$'7KRPVRQ-'6KLIWVEHWZHHQEHHDQGELUGSROOLQD-
WLRQLQ3HQVWHPRQV,Q&KLWWND/7KRPVRQ-HGV3ODQWSROOLQDWRULQWHUDFWLRQVIURP
VSHFLDOL]DWLRQWRJHQHUDOL]DWLRQ&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHSS±
:LOVRQ 3 &DVWHOODQRV 0& +RJXH -1 7KRPVRQ -'$UPEUXVWHU :6  $ PXOWL-
YDULDWH VHDUFK IRU SROOLQDWLRQ V\QGURPHVDPRQJ SHQVWHPRQV 2LNRV 
GRLM[
=DKDURI(9DULDWLRQDQGWD[RQRP\RI)ULWLOODULDJUDHFD/LOLDFHDHLQ*UHHFH3ODQW6\VW
(YRO±GRLEI
=R[+ *ROG:(FRORJ\RIEODFN OLOL\ )ULWLOODULDFDPVFKDWFHQVLVD:DVKLQJWRQ6WDWH
VHQVLWLYHVSHFLHV'RXJODVLD)DOO
=XQJ-/)RUUHVW-5.&DVWHOODQRV0&7KRPVRQ-'%HH WRELUGSROOLQDWLRQVKLIWV LQ
3HQVWHPRQHৼHFWVRIÀRUDOOLSUHPRYDODQGFRUROODFRQVWULFWLRQRQWKHSUHIHUHQFHVRIIUHH
IRUDJLQJEXPEOHEHHV(YROXWLRQDU\(FRORJ\GRLV
=\FK06WSLF]\ĔVND01HLWKHUSURWRJ\QRXVQRUREOLJDWRU\RXWFURVVHGSROOLQDWLRQELRORJ\
DQGEUHHGLQJV\VWHPRIWKH(XURSHDQ5HG/LVW)ULWLOODULDPHOHDJULV//LOLDFHDH3ODQW
%LRORJ\6WXWWJDUWGRLM[
=\FK0*ROGVWHLQ-5RJX].6WSLF]\ĔVND0 7KHPRVWHৼHFWLYHSROOLQDWRUUHYLVLWHG
SROOHQG\QDPLFV LQ D VSULQJÀRZHULQJKHUE$UWKURSRG3ODQW,QWHUDFW±
KWWSG[GRLRUJV
=\FK0 6WSLF]\ĔVND05RJX]. 3ROOLQDWLRQELRORJ\DQGEUHHGLQJV\VWHPRI (XURSHDQ
)ULWLOODULDPHOHDJULV//LOLDFHDH,Q0pULOORQ-05DPDZDW.*6KLYDQQD.5HG5H
SURGXFWLYH%LRORJ\RI3ODQWV&5&3UHVV%RFD5DWRQSSGRLE
 KATARZYNA ROGUZ, MARCIN ZYCH
.$7$5=<1$52*8=
0$5&,1=<&+
&+(48(5('',9(56,7<
)/25$/(92/87,21,17+(*(186FRITILLARIA//,/,$&($(
6XPPDU\
)ORZHUVRIDQJLRVSHUPVKRZHQRUPRXVYDULDWLRQLQVL]HVKDSHFRORXUVFHQWRUUHZDUGFRQWHQW
DQGTXDOLW\7KLVGLYHUVLW\LVRIWHQHQFRXQWHUHGDPRQJFORVHO\UHODWHGVSHFLHVDQGHYHUVLQFH'DU
ZLQWKLVKDVODUJHO\EHHQDWWULEXWHGWRWKHVHOHFWLRQH[HUWHGE\SROOLQDWLQJDQLPDOV$OWKRXJKWKH
HQRUPRXVYDULDELOLW\LQÀRZHUVIHDWXUHVKDVRIWHQEHHQUHODWHGWRSROOLQDWRUPHGLDWHGVHOHFWLRQWKH
IRUFHVGULYLQJWKLVGLYHUJHQFHUHPDLQXQFOHDUDQGFRQWHQWLRXVWRVRPHH[WHQW+RZHYHUQXPHURXV
UHFHQWVWXGLHVDQGWKHWUDFLQJRISRVVLEOHGULYHUVRIÀRZHULQJSODQWVGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQVXJJHVWWKDWDERXW
DTXDUWHURIGLYHUJHQFHHYHQWVPD\EHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVKLIWRIWKHPDLQSROOLQDWRU7KHDYDLODEOH
VWXGLHVVKRZWKDWSROOLQDWRUVKLIWVRFFXULQPDQ\GLUHFWLRQVIRUH[DPSOHIURPÀ\WREHHSROOLQDWLRQ
RUIURP LQVHFW WRELUGSROOLQDWLRQKRZHYHUFHUWDLQVKLIWVDUHFRPPRQDQG VXUSULVLQJO\RWKHU
SRVVLEOHVKLIWVVHHPWREHUDUH2QHRIWKHPRVWFRQVSLFXRXVSROOLQDWRUWUDQVLWLRQVLVIURPLQVHFWWR
ELUGSROOLQDWLRQ7KLVVKLIWPD\EHFDXVHGE\WKHKLJKHUH൶FLHQF\RIELUGVLQWUDQVIHUULQJSROOHQDV
ZHOODVORZHUSROOHQGLVFRXQWLQJ$GDSWDWLRQWRWKHSUHIHUHQFHVRIWKHQHZSROOLQDWRUPD\SRWHQWLDOO\
UHVXOWLQERWKµSRVLWLYH¶DQGµQHJDWLYH¶FKDQJHVZLWKLQWKHÀRZHU3RVLWLYHDGDSWDWLRQVLQYROYHIHDWXUHV
WKDWDWWUDFWWKHQHZSROOLQDWRUW\SHZKLOHQHJDWLYHDGDSWDWLRQVUHODWHWRUHSHOOLQJRUH[FOXGLQJOHVV
H൶FLHQWÀRUDOYLVLWRUV,QWKHFDVHRI)ULWLOODULD//LOLDFHDHDJHQXVSUHGRPLQDQWO\SROOLQDWHGE\
LQVHFWVWKHUHDUHVSHFLHVSROOLQDWHGE\ELUGV)ULWLOODULHVDUHIRXQGLQWHPSHUDWH+RODUFWLFUHJLRQVRI
ERWKWKH2OGDQGWKH1HZ:RUOGDQGWKHJHQXVLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\FDVSHFLHVRIEXOERXVSODQWV
)ULWLOODULDÀRZHUVW\SLFDOO\KDYHWXOLSOLNHWULPHURXVSHULDQWKDQGDQRGGLQJFKDUDFWHU7KHSHULDQWK
VHJPHQWVRIQXPHURXVVSHFLHVUHVHPEOHWKHFKHTXHUHGSDWWHUQRQDFKHVVERDUGEXWWKHÀRZHUVRI
IULWLOODULHVFRPHLQYDULRXVVL]HVVKDSHVDQGFRORXUV,WVHHPVWKDWDWOHDVWVRPHRIWKLVGLYHUVLW\PD\
EHUHODWHG WRSROOLQDWRUVKLIW LQ)ULWLOODULDWKHSROOLQDWRUWUDQVLWLRQRFFXUUHGLQGL൵HUHQWELRJHR
JUDSKLFDOFRQWH[WVDQGLQGL൵HUHQWKDELWDWV2UQLWKRSKLORXV)JHQWQHULDQG) UH F X U Y D DUHIRXQGLQ
1RUWK$PHULFDDQG)LPSHULDOLVLQ$VLD0RUHRYHUWKHLUSROOLQDWRUVEHORQJWRGL൵HUHQWWD[RQRPLFDO
JURXSVKXPPLQJELUGVYVSDVVHULQHELUGV7KXVWKHJHQXVR൵HUVDXQLTXHSRVVLELOLW\WRDQDO\VH
LQGHSHQGHQWGL൵HUHQWLDWLRQOHDGLQJWRRUQLWKRSKLO\LQWKHFORVHO\UHODWHGSODQWVSHFLHVEXWLQGXFHG
E\WD[RQRPLFDOO\ GL൵HUHQW JURXSVRISROOLQDWRUV±KXPPLQJELUGV DQGSDVVHULQHV,QWKHFDVH RI
IULWLOODULHVRQHPD\H[DPLQHWKHHYROXWLRQRIERWKWKHDWWUDFWLQJDQGUHSHOOLQJFKDUDFWHUVLQÀRZHUV
7UDQVODWHGE\.DWDU]\QD5RJX]
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.