Flora of Horton Plains National Park

Abstract

The flora of Horton plains national park (HPNP), the highest plateau and cloud forest
in Sri Lanka, was investigated and an annonated list of constituent species was compiled. The order of
families, genera and species is alphabetic and the nomenclature follows Redlist, 2020 and Plants of the
World Online. A brief description, distribution, phenology, conservation status and the status in the
Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance (FFPO) are provided for each species. A total of 426 flowering
plant species recorded from the HPNP consisting 370 Native species and 56 Exotics.

Full text

WILDLANKA
Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka
Vol.10 | No.1 | March, 2022

WILDLANKA
Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka
Vol.10 | No.1 | March, 2022
Editorial Board
M.G.C. Sooriyabandara M.S.L.R.P. Marasinghe
M.S.O.M. Amararatne Dr. V.B. Mathur
Prof. Nirmalie Pallewatta Prof. Nimal Gunathilake
Prof. D.S.A. Wijesundara Dr. U.K.G.K. Padmalal
Prof. D.K. Weerakoon Dr. Sumith Pilapitiya
Prof. Sinha Bitapi Chhaya Prof. E.P.S. Chandana
Dr. G.A.T. Prasad Dr. S.P. Goyal
Prof. Terra Kelly Dr. E. S. Santhosh Kumar
Prof. Sevvandi Jayakody Prof. Pradeepa Bandaranayake
Dr. Rohan Pethiyagoda Prof. Terney Pradeep Kumara
Dr. Jagath Gunawardana Dr. D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka
Prof. Charles S. Vairappan Dr. Cedric Ilunga
Chief Editor
R.M.R. Nilanthi Rajapakse
Department of Wildlife Conservation
Sri Lanka

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Reference for citation:
Name/s of Authors (2022). Title of the paper. WILDLANKA. 10(1):Pages 001-104.
WILDLANKA Vol.10, No.1, March, 2022.
© Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.
Cover Page
Eriocaulon atratum (Eriocaulaceae)
Horton Plains National Park
By Nuwan Jawawardana - Wildlife Guard
Department of Wildlife Conservation
ISSN 1800-1777(print) | 2424-6263(online)

WILDLANKA
Vol. 10, No.1, March, 2022
Date of issue : 31st March, 2022
ISSN 1800-1777(print) | 2424-6263(online)
CONTENTS
MONOGRAPH
Flora of Horton Plains National Park 001 - 104
Nuwan C. Jayawardana, P.K.P.M. Predeep Kumara and R.M.R. Nilanthi

WILDLANKA Vol.10, No.1, pp. 001 - 100, 2022.
Copyright 2022 Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.
NUWAN C. JAYAWARDANA*, P.K.P.M. PRADEEP KUMARA and R.M.R.NILANTHI
Department of Wildlife Conservation,
No. 811 /A, Jayanthipura rd., Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
*chathuranga.nuwan.ka@gmail.com
FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK
ABSTRACT : The ora of Horton plains national park (HPNP), the highest plateau and cloud forest
in Sri Lanka, was investigated and an annonated list of constituent species was compiled. The order of
families, genera and species is alphabetic and the nomenclature follows Redlist, 2020 and Plants of the
World Online. A brief description, distribution, phenology, conservation status and the status in the
Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance (FFPO) are provided for each species. A total of 426 owering
plant species recorded from the HPNP consisting 370 Native species and 56 Exotics.
KEY WORDS: Flowering plants, Horton plains National Park, Floristic survey, Cloud forest, Patana
grassland
INTRODUCTION
The Horton Plains National Park (6° 48’ 0”
North, 80° 48’ 0” East) is part of the third and
highest peneplain of Sri Lanka located between
2100m and 2300m above sea level. The second
and third highest mountain peaks in Sri Lanka,
Kirigalpotta (2398m a.s.l.) and Totupola (2359m
a.s.l.), rise up from these plains. Horton Plains
were established on 16th March 1969 as a Nature
Reserve and designated as a National park on
5th December 1988. It occupy an area of 3,160
ha which is contiguous with Peak Wilderness
Sanctuary to the west (DWC, 2007). HPNP has
rich vegetation in which upper montane rain
forests and wet patana grasslands dominate
(Gunatilleke & Gunatilleke 1990; Werner &
Balasubramaniam 1992; Balasubramaniam et
al. 1993).
The vegetation of HPNP has aroused the
interest of many Botanists, beginning with
Trimen in 1887. 14 Volumes of Revised
Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (1980-2000)
by M.D. Dassanayake (Editor) contains the
most complete, objective and veriable records
of the HPNP ora available. Dassanayake
(1980-2006) recorded a total of 353 species
of vascular plants (i.e. owering plants, ferns
and clubmosses) indeginious to Sri Lanka.
In 2007 Protected Areas Management and
Wildlife Conservation Project conducted a
Biodiversity Baseline Survay in HPNP. A total
of 77 species of vascular plants were recorded
from the Biodiversty baseline survey, of which
14 remain unidentied at species level and a
further 19 remain unidentied at genus level.
Present Survey was carried out using both Past
literature and Field Studies.
HPNP was divided into three main habitat
types, cloud forest, cloud forest die-back and
grasslands. The cloud forest was distributed
within 1,236 ha (39.7% of total area) with an
undisturbed old-growth forest which is low in
height (15-20 m) and the canopy trees were
characteristically gnarled and twisted, due to
the lower temperatures and high winds. The
cloud forest die-back was distributed within
956 ha (30.7% of total area). Larger areas of
the canopies in the cloud forest were dead, and
therefore it was known as the cloud forest die-
back. There were three types of habitats which
were totally considered as grasslands. These
habitats were dwarf bamboo, tussock grass and
MONOGRAPH

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1002
carpet grass (DWC, 2007). Grassland habitat
was distributed in 806 ha (25.8% of the total
area) of the national park.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The owering plants were studied
with reference to their occurrence, habitat
characteristics, morphological features and
phenology. The eld work was executed during
dierent seasons of the year between, 2020 to
2021 of which helped in the endeavor to collect
fertile material for accurate determination of
taxa. Observations were made covering three
main habitats in the HPNP (Cloud Forest
habitat, Cloud Forest Die-back habitat and
Grassland habitat). Photographs were taken
using Nikon D850 FX-format Digital SLR
Camera mounted with Nikon AF-S NIKKOR
70-200mm f/2.8E FL ED VR Lens and Canon
EOS 7D Mark II DSLR Camera mounted with
Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM Lens.
FIGURE 01: Major Vegetation Types in Horton Plains National Park-2008 (Source - Abayasinghe
et al, 2014)
No herbarium specimens were collocted for this
survey. Plant descriptions were mostly based on
14 volumes of Revised Handbook to Flora of
Ceylon.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 426 owering plant species
were recorded belonging to 85 families. Most
recorded species were belongs to families,
Asteraceae (42), Poaceae (40), Orchidaceae
(33), Rubiaceae (24), Cyperaceae (21),
Acanthaceae (15), Melastomataceae (13) and
Lauraceae (11). 55 (13%) species recorded were
introduced plant species to the island, while 126
(34.4%) of the total native plants are endemic to
the island and 87 plant species are protected by
the FFPO. Peucedanum ceylanicum (Apiaceae),
Crawfurdia championii (Gentianaceae),
Sonerila gardneri (Melastomataceae), Sanicula
elata (Apiaceae) and Carex lenta (Cyperaceae)
are the Critically Endangered and Possibly

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 003
Extinct species that previously recorded from
HPNP. Another 22 species recorded from HPNP
were considered Critically Endangered species
by the 2020 redlist assessment. 132 (35.8%)
of the total Native species falls in to threatned
categories. Anaphalis thwaitesii, Carex
lenta, Carex rara, Crawfurdia championii,
Macrosolen barlowii, Oberonia mahaeliyensis,
and Digitaria cruciata are so far recorded from
HPNP only.
Following species were recorded
for the rst time in HPNP, Gymnema
cuspidatum (Apocynaceae), Lobelia
walkeri (Campanulaceae), Cuscuta reexa
var. reexa (Convolvulaceae), Trifolium
dubium (Fabaceae), Gladiolus x gandavensis
(Iridaceae), Actinodaphne albifrons (Lauraceae),
Litsea glaberrima (Lauraceae), Cheirostylis
abellate (Orchidaceae), Cylindrolobus lindleyi
(Orchidaceae), Dendrobium jerdonianum
(Orchidaceae), Liparis wightiana (Orchidaceae),
Podochilus falcatus (Orchidaceae),
Trichoglottis tenera (Orchidaceae),
Christisonia legocia (Orobanchaceae), Ixora
calycina (Rubiaceae), Chamabainia cuspidata
(Urticaceae), Dendrocnide sinuata (Urticaceae),
Vasconcellea pubescens (Caricaceae).
Annotated List of Flowering Plants
Family Acanthaceae
1. Barleria arnottiana var. arnotiana Nees
Shrubby herb; stem branched, cylindric,
lightly adpressed-strigose. Leaves oval-elliptic,
shortly acuminate, from an acute base tapering
to petiole, densely fulvous-strigose beneath,
densely marked with cystoliths. Flowers
axillary, solitary; bracteoles oblong-elliptic,
densely hirsute on back with adpressed hairs;
outer calyx-lobes oval-oblong, var. arnottiana
Stem and leaves strigose, leaves shortly
acuminate. Bracteoles densely hirsute on
back. Distribution - Close to watercourses in
the undergrowth of montane forests, variety is
Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP - Gardner in C.P. 682, p.p. (PDA)
Phenology – From September to April with a
peak in October and November. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
2. Barleria involucrata Nees (Plate 01, Figure
A)
Shrubby herb; stem erect, to 1.5 m high,
to 3.75 cm in diam. Towards base, then semi-
scandent, quadrangular, unarmed, glabrous.
Leaves broadly oval, from a tapering base
decurrent on petiole, caudateacuminate,
strigose, lateral nerves curved inwards;
cystoliths irregularly disposed; petiole to 2.6
cm. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymose or
racemose groups of 3; bracts linear-oblong.
Distribution - Under shade beside streams in
disturbed forests of the intermediate country,
moist lowlands and montane regions. Native,
also reported in South India. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP - Gardner in
C.P. 310 (PDA), Embankment Pattipola-Horton
Plains, Cramer 4195 (PDA, US). Phenology –
From August to March and June. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
3. Rostellularia latispica (C.B.Clarke)
Bremek. Syn. Justicia procumbens var. latispica
C.B. Clarke; Justicia latispica (C.B.Clarke)
Gamble
Stem stout with downward turned hairs;
branches diuse to c. 65.5 cm long. Leaves
subsessile, broadly oval or oblong, margins
reexed, somewhat thickened. Spikes dense,
pedunculate, peduncles to 1.2 cm; bracts
linear-lanceolate, distinctly scarious-margined,
strongly long pectinate or hispidly ciliate.
Calyx-lobes 4, linear, corolla mauvish-
pink; lobes shallow. Capsule glabrous; seeds
orbicular, rugose in transversely concentric
rows. Distribution - In the montane region
generally above 2000 m among grass on the
slopes of patana land. Phenology – Flowering
throughout the year. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP - in grassy embankments
along gravel path to World’s, Cramer &
Jeyaratnam 6747 (K, PDA), Cramer, Jayasekera
& Samarasinghe 6937 (K. PDA) Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
4. Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees syn.
Justicia procumbens L. (Plate 01, Figure B)
Annual with a shallow rootstock; stem
procumbent or erect, to 70 cm high, slender,
quadrangular, hirtellous, occasionally branched.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1004
Leaves ovate to orbicular or oval-oblong,
subacute at apex, entire, scabrid above, scabrid
to hirsutulous beneath; Calyx-lobes generally 4,
linear-lanceolate, unequal, narrowly scarious-
margined; corolla rose-pink, whitish; upper lip
of limb ovate-oblong. Distribution - In light
shade among short, generally sparse, grass in the
drier areas of the low and mid-country to about
1800 m. Native, also reported in India. Very
common. Phenology – Flowering throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern
5. Rostellularia royeniana Nees syn. Justicia
royeniana (Nees) C.B. Clarke
Annual with a small woody rootstock; stem
usually erect, to 30 cm high, much branched;
branches diuse, quadrangular, glabrous.
Leaves subsessile, broadly oval-elliptic,
occasionally narrowly oblong, rounded at base,
subacute at apex, entire or faintly crenate,
glabrous, margins often reexed; petiole 4-5
mm. Spikes terminal, simple, fairly lax. Calyx-
lobes 5, linear-lanceolate; corolla rose-pink;
faintly ventricose above, white; upper lip
oval-oblong. Distribution - Scattered about
in patana land among sparse, short grass,
generally above c. 700 m. Endemic. Phenology
– Flowering throughout the year. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – on grassy
embankment along road to World’s End,
Cramer & Jeyaratnam 6747 (K,PDA), Cramer,
Jayasekera & Samarasekera 6867 (K, PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened
6. Rungia longifolia Nees (Plate 01, Figure C)
Stem erect, to 27 cm high, rooting at lower
nodes, quadrangular. Leaves subsessile, linear-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, undulate, glabrous.
Spikes axillary and terminal, pedunculate,
occasionally 2-3 laxly clustered together;
bracts spreading out, 3-nerved, ciliolate;
sterile ones linear-oblong, obtuse, fertile ones
obovate, obtuse; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined; corolla
white; limb with pale blue lines on bullate
palate. Distribution - Under shade in forests
of the sub-montane and mid-country. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Ohiya, beside foot-path to Horton Plains,
Cramer 4421 & 6750 (K, PDA, US). Phenology
– Flowering November to May. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
7. Strobilanthes anceps var. anceps Nees (Plate
01, Figure D)
Weakly aromatic shrub 0.6-1 m high.
Stems weakly quadrangular, swollen just above
the nodes, gland-dotted, glabrescent below,
pubescent above with the hairs deexed on the
angles. Leaves slightly unequal, ovate or elliptic,
long-acuminate or caudate. Inorescence of
dense, elongate, pedunculate heads borne
on simple or 3-forked axillary branchlets,
sometimes compound and forming a large leafy
panicle of heads. Distribution – Gregarious in
undergrowth of montane forest above 1800m.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Nov 1393, Nock s.n. (PDA);
9 Jul 1967, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
67070934 (PDA); Horton Plains-Galagama
road, 20 Oct 1993, Cramer, Jayasekera &
Samarasinghe 6864 (K); Just north of Horton
Plains Rest House, 1970, Theobald & Krahulik
2741 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering October
to December. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern
8. Strobilanthes calycina Nees (Plate 01, Figure
E)
Isophyllous shrub 1-2.5 m high. Stems stout,
rounded, glabrous below, and slightly hispid-
hairy above. Leaves equal, narrowly elliptical,
acute or shortly acuminate Inorescence of
short, dense, drooping spikes borne on axillary
peduncles or on short axillary branchlets;
peduncles 0-1.1 cm long, drooping; spikes 2-6
cm long, 2-3 cm wide. Bracts imbricate, obovate
or suborbicular. Distribution – Gregarious and
locally abundant in both primary and secondary
montane forest, 1850-2500 m. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 7 Oct 1967, Comanor 456 (PDA), 1 Nov
1973, Sohmer et al. 8532, p.p. (BM), 25 Sept
1969, Hladik 961 (PDA); 3 Dec 1970, Theobald
& Krahulik 2743 (PDA); 6 Oct 1973, Waas
125 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering October to
December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 005
9. Strobilanthes hookeri Nees (Plate 01, Figure
F)
Isophyllous undershrub 1-1.5 m high.
Stems stout, rounded, glabrous or slightly
hispid above. Leaves equal, narrowly elliptic,
acuminate at both ends. Inorescence of dense,
drooping, pedunculate heads borne singly on
short axillary branchlets. Corolla 3-3.5 cm
long, glabrous, white with a few purple veins.
Distribution – Near streams in sub montane
and montane forest, 850-2500 m. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Sep 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA); 1 Nov 1973,
Sohmer et al. 8532, p.p. (PDA), 1 Nov 1973,
Sohmer et al. 8537 (PDA), 20 Oct 1993,
Cramer, Jayasekera & Samarasinghe 6861 (K).
Phenology – Flowering August to December.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern
10. Strobilanthes nockii Trimen
An apparently monocarpic undershrub c.
1 m high. Stems stout, quadrangular, rounded
on the angles, glabrescent, sometimes with
scattered pustules. Leaves equal, broadly ovate
or elliptic, shortly acuminate, Inorescence
of long sticky-glandular-pubescent, musk-
smelling spikes borne on axillary branchlets
which are typically trifurcate just above the base.
Corolla 2.6-3.2 cm long, bright violet, glabrous,
the lobes ovate-elliptic, emarginate, Stamens 2.
Distribution – Endemic to Sri lanka. Restricted
to the central highlands in Nuwara Eliya
district, around 1800m. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, de Zoysa s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Not
Known, Sterile specimens were collected in
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
11. Strobilanthes pulcherrima T.Anderson
(Plate 01, Figure G)
Monocarpic undershrub up to 2 m high,
apparently owering in 12- year cycles. Stems
stout, becoming woody, glabrescent or remaining
coarsely hirsute round the nodes. Leaves slightly
unequal, oblong-elliptic, longacuminate, base
cuneate, margin serrulate, above glabrous,
with numerous cystoliths, beneath purplish-
pubescent on the veins. Inoresence a large
open lax ovoid terminal panicle, densely clothed
in purplish glandular hairs. Distribution –
Endemic to Sri lanka. Locally abundant in
open montane forest, secondary scrub and
roadside bushland, 1000-2200 m. Gregarious
in HPNP. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Zoysa s.n. (PDA), Feb 1846,
Thwaites C.P. 301 (K), Nov 1893, Nock s.n.
(PDA), 31 Oct 1976, Jayasuriya 2405 (PDA), 2
Mar 1978, Cramer 5163 (K), 25 Jan 1906, J.S.
s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering September
to December, mass owering occur in 12 year
cycles. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern
12. Strobilanthes sexennis Nees (Plate 01,
Figure H)
Stem glabrous with prominent transverse
ridging between the lower leaf nodes. Leaves
narrowly elliptic, acuminate at both ends, often
falcate, margin serrate, completely glabrous.
Inorescence glandular-pubescent on the
branches, bracts and bracteoles, rather dense,
the lowermost owers only 0.5-1 cm apart, the
upper ones conuent. Bracts ovate or elliptic,
8-13 x 5-8 mm; bracteoles oblanceolate, 10-25
x 2.5 mm, almost equalling the calyx. Corolla
blue. Distribution – Endemic. var. sexennis
is Restricted to Nuwara Eliya district where
it is common between 1800 and 2300 m.
Gregarious in HPNP. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Zoysa s.n. (PDA),
Pattipola-Horton Plains road, 20 Oct 1993,
Cramer, Jayasekera & Samarasinghe 6862
(K). Phenology – Flowering September to
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable
13. Strobilanthes vestita Nees (Plate 01, Figure
I)
Isophyllous shrub 1-2 m high. Stems stout,
branched, quadrangular or rounded, hispid,
but soon glabrescent below. Leaves subequal,
(ovate-)elliptic, shortly acuminate, base cuneate
and slightly rounded, margin serrate, both
surfaces scabrid; petioles 1-3 cm long, hirsute.
Inorescence of dense, bracteate, pedunculate
spikes terminal on the main stem and simple
or forked axillary branchlets. Distribution –
Endemic. Secondary hill forest, especially near

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1006
streams, gregarious, 900-2000 m. Herbarium
specimen Nock s.n. (PDA) was collected
from HPNP in November 1893. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Nov
1893, Nock s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
January to March. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
14. Strobilanthes viscosa var. viscosa (Arn. ex
Nees) T.Anderson (Plate 01, Figure J)
Leaves hispid-hairy, scabrid or glabrous
on both surfaces. Spikes smelling of musk,
typically trifurcate, usually with a pair of leaets
at the branching point, densely glandular-
pubescent, axillary and terminal; bracts usually
exceeding the calyx. Distribution – Native;
locally abundant in the central highlands around
Adam’s Peak and in the Nuwara Eliya district.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Sept 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA), Nov 1893, Nock
s.n. (PDA), 6 Dec 1973, Waas 1271 (PDA); 30
Oct 1976, Jayasuriya 2389 (E, K, PDA); 4 Jan
1906, Willis s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
September to November. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
15. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.
Herbaceous vine, twining, 2-3 m in length.
Stems cylindrical, striate, slender, puberulous.
Leaves opposite; petiole, slender, pubescent,
sulcate, with the base somewhat dilated. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in pairs; pedicels pubescent,
striate; bracts green, membranaceous, ovate,
pubescent. Calyx green, of 15-20 sepals,
lanceolate, 3-5 mm long; corolla white,
infundibuliform, with 5 lobes. Distribution
– Native; Generally occurs along borders of
forests of both the lowlands and highlands.
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
Family Amaranthaceae
16. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin &
Clemants syn. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Strongly aromatic annual or short-lived
perennial herb; stems erect, much branched,
striate. Leaves ellipticlanceolate, shortly
petiolate, irregularly sinuate-dentate upper
leaves small and narrow. Inorescence a much-
branched panicle, with elongated spikelike
clusters of sessile owers. Perianth-segments
3—5, connate at the base. Distribution – Moist
waste ground, roadsides and along drains,
600—2000 m. Exotic, introduced to Tropical
and subtropical regions of the world, native of
America. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 14 March 1971, Balakrishnan
NBK 462 (K, PDA); Phenology – Flowering
September to November. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Family Amaryllidaceae
17. Allium hookeri Thwaites (Plate 01, Figure
K)
Bulb 8-10 mm broad, cylindric, covered with
decayed and brous outer scales; roots many,
brous. Leaves narrowly linear, channelled
above, keeled beneath, rather eshy, glaucous
green, with 9-11 veins, somewhat rough at edges,
tapering distally, more or less blunt at apex,
nely retuse; sheath membranous, cylindrical,
4-25 cm long. Flowers with a strong garlic-like
odour. Distribution – Upper montane zone,
locally common. Wet open places in the patanas.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, marshy place, 21 Feb 1882, s.
coll. s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering June
onwards. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Critically Endangered.
Family Apiaceae
18. Bupleurum ramosissimum Wight & Arn.
Syn. Bupleurum mucronatum Wight & Arn. ,
Bupleurum virgatum Wight & Arn.
Plants herbaceous, caulescent, perennial,
slender; stems 25-50 cm tall. Leaves oblong
to linear, 3-12 cm long, 0.5-1 cm broad, apex
acuminate, mucronate, margins entire, base
amplexicaul, glabrous, glaucous. Involucral
bracts 3-6, lanceolate-linear, about equal to
the owers; pedicels 6-8, 1-1.5 mm long.
Petals yellow. Ovary oblong, terete, glabrous;
styles liform, divaricate. Distribution –
Found between 650-2300 m from Belihul-oya
to Nuwara Eliya and Horton Plains. Native.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 007
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– patana at Small World’s End, Theobald &
Krahulik 2727 (PDA); patana at Big World’s
End, Theobald & Krahulik 2730 (PDA); rocky
edge at Small World’s End, Theobald & Krahulik
2733 (PDA); along trail from Galagama Falls
to Horton Plains, Phenology – Flowering
December to August and probably throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable
19. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Syn Hydrocotyle
asiatica L. (Plate 01, Figure L)
Plants glabrous at maturity; stems one to
several dm long. Leaves 1- 6, clustered on a
short shoot at each node, orbicular to reniform
in outline. Umbels opposite the leaves, mostly
3-owered, dichasial; peduncles 0-2 cm long.
Distribution – This plant grows wild in damp,
shady places up to 2200m. and can be commonly
seen along banks of rivers, streams, ponds, and
irrigated elds. It also grows along stone walls
or other rocky areas in India and Sri Lanka
(Sayasinha, Warnasuriya, & Dissanayake,
1999). Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – along path in cloud forest
between Small World’s End and Big World’s
End, Theobald & Krahulik 2729 (BISH. BM.)
Phenology – Flowering May to October and
probably throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
20. Peucedanum ceylanicum Gardner
Plants glabrous; stems 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves
mostly basal, triternate, ultimate divisions
numerous, linear, 5-40 mm long. Petals white,
obovate. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; styles long,
divaricate; stylopodium thick-conic. Fruit
oblong-elliptic, 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm broad.
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Grows In
Open grassy rocky places. Found above Belihul-
oya on Way to Horton Plains, Galagama. Only
collected once, in 1846 by Gardner. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Gardner,
III-1846, part of C.P. 135 (PDA). Phenology –
Flowering February to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered
(Possibly Extinct). FFPO – Protected.
21. Pimpinella leschenaultii DC.
Plants herbaceous, perennial, with basal
rosette when young, obscurely pubescent; stems
15-60 cm tall, weak, procumbent. Leaves simple,
cordate-ovate in outline. Fruit ovoid, slightly
compressed laterally, tapering upwards, 2-4
mm long, 2-3 mm broad, obscurely pubescent;
ribs obscure; vittae small, three in the intervals,
six on the commissure. Distribution – Native,
at edge of forest along patanas. Found only at
elevations between 650-2300 m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – by the
stream, Trimen s.n., 21-II-1882 (PDA); Horton
Plains, above Nonpareil, Trimen s.n., 24-II-
1882 (PDA); edge of precipice at World’s End,
A.M. Silva s.n., 3-V-1906 (PDA); edge of forest
at Small World’s End, Theobald & Krahulik
2728 (PDA); along trail from Galagama
Falls to Horton Plains, Theobald & Krahulik
2835 (BISH, BM). Phenology – Flowering
October to May and probably throughout the
year Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable
22. Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don.
Plants caulescent, perennial, erect; stems
20-70 cm tall, furrowed, glabrous, dichasially
branched above, with a thick rootstock bearing
brous roots. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette,
cauline ones reduced upwards, simple, very
broadly ovate to orbicular-cordate in outline,
margins crenate-serrate, glabrous on both
surfaces, dark green above, paler beneath;
petioles erect, 5-20 cm long, glabrous.
Distribution – Native, only known from a few
localities between 1000-2300 m in the Nuwara
Eliya District. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, s. coll. s.n; IV-
1854, part of C.P. 2813, (PDA). Phenology –
Flowering April to June. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
23. Tetrataenium ceylanicum (Gardner
ex C.B.Clarke) Manden. Syn. Heracleum
ceylanicum Gardner ex C.B. Clarke (Plate 01,
Figure M)
Plants perennial, nely, pubescent; stems
30-70 cm tall, slightly branched. Leaves mostly
basal, pinnate, leaets 3-7, broadly ovate
in outline. Petals white, obovate, attenuate.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1008
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Found
at levations between 2000-2500 m about
Moon Plains, Horton Plains, Adam’s Peak,
and Pidurutalagala. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Patana at World’s
End, A.M. Silva s.n., 3-V-1906 (PDA); 1/4 mile
below Rest House at Ohiya Road, Comanor &
Mueller-Dombois 67070904 (PDA); patana at
Small World’s End, Theobald & Krahulik 2726
(BISH, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering
February to July. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Family Apocynaceae
24. Ceropegia elegans Wall. Syn. Ceropegia
elegans var. walkeri (Wight) Trimen (Plate 01,
Figure N)
Underground shoot not tuberous, with
numerous brous roots. Petiole 1– 3 cm long.
Leaf-blade 4–9 cm long and 1.5–5 cm wide,
ovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, rounded
or truncate at the base. Corolla pale green or
greenish white, spotted and stained with purple;
the mouth of the tube 1–2 cm in diameter, acutely
angled between the lobes. Distribution – Native
to Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Patana on the way from Horton
Plains to Belihul Oya, over half elevation, 23
Jan. 1910, Rothert s.n. (PDA). Phenology –
Flowering February to July. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.
25. Rauvola verticillata (Lour.) Baill. Syn.
Rauvola densiora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook. f.
(Plate 01, Figure O)
A treelet 0.5-3 m tall. Petiole 0.7-2.5 cm
long. Leaf , broadly lanceolate to obovate-
lanceolate, widest in or above the middle,
tapering to the base, markedly acuminate at
the apex, thinly herbaceous; dried leaf with
the midrib slightly impressed but frequently
provided with a narrow median ridge on the
upper surface, prominent beneath. Distribution
– locally abundant in disturbed and secondary
mist forest and along edge of forests of the
montane zone between 700 and 2200 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Willis s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains, Agrapatana
Road, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 256 (PDA, US);
about 7 miles northeast of Horton Plains,
2000 m, Gould & Cooray 13755 (PDA, US).
Phenology – Flowering probably throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
26. Gymnema cuspidatum (Thunb.) Kuntze
syn. Bidaria celsicola Huber, Gymnema
pergularioides var. gardneri Thwaites ex
Hook.f.; Gymnema pergularioides var.
stenolobum (Hook.f.) Trimen
Petiole 0.7-2 cm long. Leaf-blade 4-15
cm long, 1.8-5 cm wide, rounded or shortly
cumeate at the base, long-acuminate at the apex,
thinly membranous. Inorescence much shorter
than the leaves; the peduncle shorter to longer
than the petiole. Distribution – Endemic to Sri
Lanka. Rare or overlooked in the hill country.
Phenology – Flowering probably throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
27. Vincetoxicum iphisia Meve & Liede syn.
Tylophora multiora (Wight & Arn.) Alston;
Tylophora fasciculata Thwaites (illegitimate)
Stem twining or almost erect, glabrous.
Petiole 0.7-1.5 cm long. Leafblade 4-6 cm
long, 2.5-3.5 cm wide, ovate or ovate-oblong,
rounded or very shallowly cordate at the base,
very acute and apiculate at the apex, glabrous
on both sides. Inorescence an umbel-like
cyme or more commonly composed of two
superposed umbel-like cymes. Distribution
– Native to Sri Lanka. According to Thwaites
(1860) common in the more elevated parts of
the Central Province of Ceylon, but already
referred to as rather rare by Trimen (1895).
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, Agrapatana Road, Nowicke
& Jayasuriya 246 (PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
Family Aponogetonaceae
28. Aponogeton jacobsenii de Wit (Plate 01,
Figure P)
Tuber obovoid or cylindrical. Submerged
leaves leathery, at rst palish green, later on
dark green to reddish-brown; leaf-blade ovate to

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 009
rounded triangular. Inorescence with a single
spike of up to 18 cm, rather laxly owered,
scentless; top at rst curved back. Distribution
– Endemic to Sri Lanka. Locally frequent
in shallow or deep ponds and rivulets with
stagnant or fast owing water between 1650
and 2300 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – from Farr Inn to World’s End,
6 Oct. 1973, Waas 119 (L, PDA, US); 26 Mar.
1956, v. Steenis 19520 (L); River Belihul Oya,
Nature Reserve, Jan. 1985, Kasselmann 25
(M); Katumana, 16 Apr. 1981, de Graaf 290
(L, alcohol); River at Horton Plains, 18 Mar.
1975, Jacobsen 18-20 (L, alcohol). Phenology
– Flowering probably throughout the year
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Family Aquifoliaceae
29. Ilex walkeri Wight & Gardner ex Thwaites
(Plate 01, Figure Q)
Shrub or small tree up to 2 - 6 (-12) m
tall, much branched, bark light brown to grey,
glabrous when young. Leaves numerous, closely
distributed; lamina 1.25 - 3 (- 5) x 0.6 - 1.25
( 2.75) cm, coriaceous, glabrous at maturity,
very variable in shape, rotund or oblong-ovate.
Flowers white, 4 - 6-merous but mostly 4- ,very
small with female in sessile, male in shortly-
stalked, umbellate fascicles shorter than leaves
Distribution – Native, Highest upper montane
zones, to 2500 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – World’s End, Sep
1885, Ferguson s.n. (PDA), World’s End Trail,
2400 m, 3 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan 1044 (K,
PDA), 2200 m, 24 Feb 1972, Balakrishnan 1200
(K, PDA), Dayagama road, 2130 m, 22 Nov
1969, Hladik 1095 (K, PDA), c. 1.6 km towards
Ohiya from Farr Inn, 10 Aug 1970, Meijer et al.
619 (PDA), Farr Inn to World’s End trail, 2200
m, Nooteboom 3348 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
Family Araceae
30. Arisaema leschenaultii Blume syn.
Arisaema licaudatum N.E.Br. (Plate 01, Figure
R)
Corm subglobose. Leaf solitary, radiatisect.
Petiole to 1.25 m, sheathing to 3/4, commonly
mottled. Leaets 5-13, usually 7, entire to
minutely erose, obovate to lanceolate, glossy
above and dull, light green belo. Pistillate
owers crowded, each subglobose with a
papillose stigma on a short style. Staminate
owers scattered, in groups of 2- 8 short-stalked
(or sessile) anthers. Berries with 1-few globose
seeds. Distribution – Native, Found in montane
to sub montane forests. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – foot trail from Ohiya
to Horton Plains, 2400 m, Balakrishnan 420
(PDA, US), ear Farr Inn, 2100 m, 19 Sept. 1969,
Beusekom 1488 (US), between Little World’s
End and World’s End, 2100 m, 28 Mar. 1968,
Fosberg 50058 (PDA, US); between Small
World’s End and Big World’s End, 2300 m, 3
Dec. 1970, Theobald & Krahulik 2762 (PDA,
US); near World’s End. 2 Dec. 1970, Fosberg
& Jayasuriya 53247 (K, PDA, US); trail to
World’s End, 2400 m, 11 May 1970, Gould &
Cooray 13805 (US). Phenology – Flowering
probably throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
31. Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. Syn.
Richardia africana Kunth (Plate 02, Figure A)
Evergreen herbs with hypogaean stem.
Petioles to 60 cm, sheath persistent to 40 cm.
Peduncles equaling petioles, erect and lifting
inorescences above the spreading leaves.
Spathe white, apiculate, funnel-form with
revolute edges, broad-faced (to 15 x 15 cm).
Spadix to 8 cm: female for 1-2 cm with green
pistils intermixed along yellow staminodia,
male for 6 cm, yellow. Fruits sometimes set.
Distribution – Wet places at higher elevations,
Native to South Africa but introduced and
escaping in Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering
probably throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Family Araliaceae
32. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. (Plate 02,
Figure B)
Plants low; stems 10-55 cm long, succulent.
Leaves orbicularreniform in outline, rather
broader than long, 0.5-3 cm long, 0.75-6
cm broad, palmately lobed, lobes triangular,
margins very coarsely crenate, base very deeply
cordate, shiny on both surfaces, especially

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1010
above, strigose; petioles slender, ascending,
1-25 cm long, densely hirsutulous; stipules
large, membranaceous. Distribution – Native.
Between elevations of 650-2300 m in the central
mountains. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – along primate survey transect
in cloud forest just north of Horton Plains Rest
House, Theobald & Krahulik 2742 (BISH, K,
MO, PDA, UC, US). Phenology – Flowering
May to October, and apparently throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatened
33. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Syn.
Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb.
Plants low; stems liform, branching
diuse, glabrous. Leaves small, nearly
orbicular in outline, 0.25-1.25 cm long, 0.5-1.5
cm broad, palmately cleft half-way down into
5-7 broad obtuse lobes, margins crenate, base
cordate, the basal lobes almost in contact, but
not overlapping, glabrous and shining above,
with scattered coarse hairs beneath; petioles
ascending. Distribution – Native, between
elevations of 1400-2300 m in the mountains
of the Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– North entrance, Horton Plains, Dieter’s plot
No. P24, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50023
(BISH, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering
probably throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
Family Asparagaceae
34. Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Plate 02,
Figure C)
Rambling and scandent, much branched
shrub with long stems arising from a thick
rhizome and tuberous roots to one cm broad.
Stems terete; spines numerous, straight or
subrecurved. Cladodes in groups of 2-6, mostly
3, 5-60 x 1-1.5 mm, trigonous, falcate, nely
acuminate at apex, tapering at base. Racemes to
12 cm long, with many owers in fascicles of 2
or 3, or mostly borne singly. owers fragrant,
with a sickly sweet smell. Distribution –
Native, Dry low- and mid-country and montane
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – edge of mossy forest, near Farr Inn,
29 Mar 1968, Fosberg & Mueller - Dombois
50087 (PDA), World’s end, 8 July 1967,
Mueller - Dombois & Comanor 67070844
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering February -
June, November. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern
35. Ophiopogon intermedius D.Don (Plate 02,
Figure D)
Rhizome erect, 3-4 cm long, bearing brous
roots, stolons c. 5 mm thick, and buds producing
new leafy shoots giving a tufted eect. Leaves
6- 20, distichous, with sheathing base, 30-85 cm
x 3-8 mm, linear, acute or acuminate at apex,
scabrid at margin; lamina rough, 5-7- ribbed
on underside, with a prominent midrib, dark
green above, paler or glaucous beneath; sheath
2-5 cm long, scarious, white. Distribution –
Moist region, mid-country and montane region
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains, 26 Jan 1906, Willis
s.n. (PDA), Waas 138 (PDA) Phenology –
Flowering February-September. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
Family Asteraceae
36. Acilepis scariosa (DC.) H.Rob. syn
Vernonia scariosa Arn., Vernonia lankana
Grierson
Erect or sprawling subshrubs, 1–2 m tall.
Stems striate, glabrous or more usually sparsely
or densely brown villous. Leaves ovate, obovate
or oblanceolate, attenuate and subpetiolate at
the base or on petioles up to 1.5 cm long, acute
or shortly acuminate at the apex, ± coarsely and
sharply serrate at the margins, brownish villous
pubescent on both surfaces, often nely bullate
above, Flowers whitish tinged with mauve.
Distribution – Along jungle streams and in
marshy ground around pools, up to 2400m;
quite rare. Endemic. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – below Horton Plains,
Feb. 1857, s. coll. C.P. 2825 (PDA, BM, K);
between Horton Plains and Ohiya, Simpson
9556 (PDA, BM), Grierson 1109 (E, US,
PDA, BR, CANB). Phenology – Flowering
February–April. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 011
PLATE 01: A. Barleria involucrata; B. Rostellularia procumbens; C. Rungia longifolia; D.
Strobilanthes anceps var. anceps; E. Strobilanthes calycina; F. Strobilanthes hookeri; G. Strobilanthes
pulcherrima; H. Strobilanthes sexennis; I. Strobilanthes vestita; J. Strobilanthes viscosa var. viscosa;
K. Allium hookeri; L. Centella asiatica; M. Tetrataenium ceylanicum; N. Ceropegia elegans; O.
Rauvola verticillata; P. Aponogeton jacobsenii; Q. Ilex walkeri; R. Arisaema leschenaultii.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1012
37. Acilepis setigera (Arn.) H.Rob. & Skvarla
syn. Vernonia setigera Arn. (Plate 02, Figure E)
Erect or straggling shrubs or subshrubs,
1–2.5 m tall. Stems densely covered with
appressed brown pubescence intermixed
with stier spreading hairs. Leaves ovate,
petiolate, rounded or cuneate at the base, acute
or acuminate at the apex, margins sharply
serrate, somewhat harshly pubescent on both
surfaces but more densely so beneath, upper
surface becoming blackish green on drying.
Capitula narrowly campanulate, numerous in
dense corymbs. Distribution – Jungle paths
and montane forests, 1800m-2000m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Pattipola–Horton Plains road, 2050
m, Comanor 944 (E, US, PDA). Phenology –
Flowering December to June. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
38. Acilepis thwaitesii (C.B. Clarke) H.Rob. &
Skvarla syn. Vernonia thwaitesii C.B. Clarke;
Vernonia gardneri var. nervosa Thwaites
Erect herbs or subshrubs. Stems terete,
brownish, up to 60 cm tall, appressed
pubescent. Leaves generally more numerous
in the lower parts of the stem,. Flowers 30– 40
per capitulum; corollas c. 1 cm long, sparsely
glandular, bluish-mauve. Achenes c. 3 mm
long, glabrous or puberulous, 10-ribbed. Pappus
dingy white, 7–8 mm long with a ring of short
outer hairs 1 mm long. Distribution – Endemic
to Sri Lanka. On grassy bank and wet rocks,
1500—2200m. recorded from Nuwara eliya
and Badulla Districts. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, W.
Nock s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
February to May. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
39. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King
& H.Rob. syn. Eupatorium adenophorum
Spreng. (Plate 02, Figure F)
A long-lived (perennial) herbaceous plant
or small soft-stemmed shrub usually growing
1-2 m tall, but occasionally reaching 3 m in
height. It produces numerous upright (erect)
stems from a woody rootstock. The branched
stems are densely covered in sticky (glandular)
hairs when young and may be green, reddish
or purplish in color. The leaves are oppositely
arranged along the stems and are borne on
stalks (petioles) 1-6 cm long. Distribution –
Introduced species. Phenology – Flowering
December to February. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
40. Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King
& H.Rob syn. Eupatorium riparium Regel,
Chromolaena riparium (Plate 02, Figure G)
Erect shrub or subshrub with creeping
rootstock. Stems 0.5–1 m tall, pubescent,
becoming glabrous near the base. Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate, petioles 0.5–1.3 cm
long, lamina 3.5–7 (–10) x 1–1.5 cm, attenuate
at the base, acuminate at the apex, margins ±
regularly sharply serrate, subglabrous on the
upper surface, sparsely pubescent beneath.
Distribution – Introduced species. Phenology
– Flowering August to February. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
41. Anaphalis brevifolia DC. (Plate 02, Figure
H)
Much branched annual or biennial herbs.
Stems 10–30 cm tall, bearing numerous small
leaves and covered with closely applied whitish
tomentum. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5–12
x 1.5–3 mm at the base, semiamplexicaul,
acute at the apex, margins entire, revolute,
covered above and beneath with loose araneose
tomentum; 1-nerved. Capitula 7–8 mm diameter.
Distribution – Native, In grassy banks and
patanas, 1700–2300m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, Sept.
1890, W. Nock s.n. (PDA), 2400 m, Grierson
1093 (E,US, PDA, BR, CANB), Gould &
Cooray 13833 (E, US, PDA). Phenology –
Flowering September to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
42. Anaphalis pelliculata Trimen
Small branching shrubs 39–50 cm tall;
foliage peppery scented. Stems covered by
interwoven hairs forming a white pellicle when
young and, in older parts, generally retaining
leaves of previous years. Leaves oblongelliptic.
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Among
rocks, 7000—8000 ft, recorded from Nuwara
eliya and Kandy Districts. Herbarium

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 013
specimens Collected from HPNP – Kirigalpota,
7850 ft, 12 Mar. 1969, Grierson 1102 (E, US,
PDA, BR, CANB). Phenology – Flowering
September to November. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
43. Anaphalis pseudocinnamomea Grierson
Erect perennial herbs. Stems 30–60 cm
tall, covered by tawny coloured appressed
tomentum. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 4–6
cm x 3–12 mm, acute or gradually acuminate
to a ne point at the apex, attenuate and
semiamplexicaul at the base, margin narrowly
revolute, completely glabrous or, more usually,
sparsely occose-araneose and glabrescent.
Distribution – Endemic, Upper montane
region, Above 2000m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, 25 Jan.
1906, Silva s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
September to March. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
44. Anaphalis subdecurrens Gamble (Plate 02,
Figure I)
Annual herbs 15–40 (–70) cm tall, erect.
Stems simple or branched, densely white
tomentose. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or
spathulate, basal ones sometimes almost
rosulate, 3–5 cm x 6–12 mm. Flowers yellow,
female corollas 25–30, 1.5–2 mm long;
hermaphrodite corollas 5–10, 1.75–2.25
mm long. Achenes of both kinds of ower
apparently fertile Distribution – Native, On
grassy banks and in patanas, 1000–2200m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, 2167 m, Grierson 1094 (E,
US, PDA, BR, CANB), Comanor 439 (E, US,
PDA), Gould & Cooray 13863 (E, US, PDA).
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened
45. Anaphalis sulphurea (Trimen) Grierson
(Plate 02, Figure J)
Low-growing sprawling shrub. Stems
decumbent, 20–45 cm long, white tomentose
Leaves oblanceolate or spathulate, 1.3–2.5
cm x 3–6 mm, attenuate at the base, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, margin narrowly
revolute upper surface covered by thin greyish
tomentum, 1-nerved, undersurface more
densely and yellowish tomentose. Phyllaries
4-seriate, outer ones lanceolate, yellowish.
Distribution – Endemic, On grassy banks
and in patanas, 1000–2200m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, 16 Sept. 1890, s. coll. (Nock?) (PDA);
near Horton Plains, 2 May 1906, Willis s.n.
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering September
to May. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatened.
46. Anaphalis thwaitesii C.B.Clarke
Small shrubs 25–50 cm tall. Stems cottony
tomentose, ± obscured by the numerous close
set leaves which persist for several years after
withering. Leaves spathulate, 2–2.5 cm x 5–10
mm, conferted, apex subacute or obtuse. Female
owers c. 17, 2.5–3 mm long; hermaphrodite
owers c. 25, 3–3.5 mm long, lobes glandular.
Achenes 0.75–1.0 mm long, glabrous or with
a few minute eglandular hairs. Pappus 3.5 mm
long. Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka.
In damp ground beside streams at 2000 m and
above, recorded only from Nuwara eliya District.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains. Nock s.n. (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering March to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.
47. Anaphalis zeylanica C.B.Clarke
Small and sometimes slender surutex.
Stems 30–60 cm tall, thinly or densely araneose
when young. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
1.5–2.5 cm x 3–5 mm, acute, apiculate at
the apex, (apiculus sometimes recurved and
then appearing subacute), shortly (c. 2 mm)
and acutely auriculate at the base, margin
recurved, glandular puberulent and araneose
on both surfaces, sometimes almost glabrous,
trinerved. Distribution – Endemic, On marshy
patanas 1800—2200m, common. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains on the way to Kirigalpota, 7000 ft.
Grierson 1105 (E, US, FDA, BR). Phenology
– Flowering June to October. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1014
48. Bidens pilosa L. (Plate 02, Figure K)
Stems 45–50 (–200) cm tall, glabrous.
Leaves 5–15 cm long on petioles 1.5–4 cm
long, lateral leaets ovate, 4–9 x 1.5–3.5 cm,
± abruptly attenuate into a short petiolule,
0.5–1 cm long, acute or shortly acuminate at
the apex; terminal leaets ovate-lanceolate,
6.5–12 cm long, attenuate at the base to a
longer petiolule, 1.5–2.5 cm long, gradually
acuminate at the apex, leaets glabrous on
both surfaces. Distribution – Introduced, Hill
country. Phenology – Flowering November to
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
49. Blumea crinita Arn. (Plate 02, Figure L)
Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 30–100 cm
tall. Stems erect, usually simple, hirsute with
spreading yellowish hairs, especially on the
younger parts. Leaves thick, ovate-elliptic
to obovate-oblong. Flowers yellow; female
corollas 6 mm long, glabrous; hermaphrodite
corollas 6–6.5 mm long, lobes papillate.
Achenes brown, 10-ribbed, glabrous, 1.75 mm
long. Pappus white, 4.5 mm long. Distribution
– Endemic to Sri Lanka. In marshy places
and wet patanas, 1000–2200m, recorded
from Kandy and Nuwara Eliya Districts.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, Sept. 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA).
Phenology – Flowering November to March
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
50. Blumea hieraciifolia var. exuosa
(C.B.Clarke) Randeria (Plate 02, Figure M)
Perennial herbs 0.4–2 m tall. Stems usually
unbranched or sometimes branched at the
base, somewhat exuose, erect or somewhat
decumbent, terete, villous-hirsute, densely so
towards the apex. Leaves ellipticoblanceolate.
Flowers yellow or purple; female corollas 4.5–
5.75 mm long, glabrous; those of hermaphrodite
owers 4.5–6.0 mm long. Distribution –
Native, Growing in dry patana grasslands,
roadsides and at the margins of forests above
1000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, 26 Jan. 1906,
Willis s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
October to May. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
51. Blumea zeylanica Grierson
Erect perennial (?) herbs. Stems terete, c.
1.5 m tall, sometimes purplish, covered with
yellowish, spreading, hirsute hairs, becoming
glabrescent with age. Lower leaves oblanceolate,
sericeous on both surfaces but more densely so
on the lower surface Flowers yellow; female
corollas 7 mm long, glabrous; hermaphrodite
owers c. 15, yellow, corollas c. 7 mm long.
Distribution – Endemic, In moist shady places
at roadsides and margins of forests above 900m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Between Horton Plains and Ohiya, c. 6000 ft,
Grierson 1111 (E, US). Phenology – Flowering
throughout the year. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered
52. Carpesium cernuum L
Perennial herbs. Stems 30–60 cm tall,
hirsute pubescent. Leaves ovate lanceolate,
petiolate, petioles winged, 1–4 cm long, upper
leaves sessile; laminae up to 12 cm long, 5 cm
broad, acute at the apex, attenuate at the base,
margins sinuate-denticulate, hirsute-pubescent
on both surfaces but especially on the veins
beneath. Distribution – Introduced, Generally
occurring in moist areas at roadsides and forest
Clearings. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Patipola below Horton Plains,
17 September 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA); Horton
Plains, c. 7000 ft, September 1890, Trimen
s.n. (K). Phenology – Flowering August to
September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.
53. Cissampelopsis walkeri var. occosa Vanij.
& Kadereit syn. Senecio corymbosus var.
occosus (Plate 02, Figure N)
Scandent shrubs attaining about 8 m in
height. Stems araneose, glabrescent or glandular.
Leaves broadly ovate, petiolate, petioles 2–4
cm long, uncinate and becoming woody at the
base, lamina 3–9 x 2.5–6 cm, cordate at the
base, acute or acuminate at the apex, margins ±
callous, denticulate, araneose on both surfaces
when young, sometimes glabrescent. Capitula
numerous in axillary corymbs, discoid, 7–12
owered. Distribution – Endemic, Margins of

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 015
forests in montane zone. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – North Entrance, 2100
m, Fosberg & Mueller Dombois 50009 (E,
US, PDA). Phenology – Flowering January to
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
54. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.)
S.Moore (Plate 02, Figure O)
Stems usually simple or branched above,
30–50 cm tall, but sometimes as much as 1.5
m, ± densely brown puberulous, especially
when young. Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, 5–18
x 1–6 cm, gradually attenuate at the base into
a petiole up to 3 cm long. Flowers brickred or
dark orange, 0.8–1 cm long. Distribution –
Introduced, Widespread weed of cultivated land.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, 7000 ft, Grierson 1096 (US).
Phenology – Flowering probably throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
55. Emilia speeseae Fosberg (Plate 02, Figure
P)
A somewhat robust plant for this group,
somewhat pilose, rather leafy in basal half, the
middle cauline leaves on well-developed plants
with terminal segment orbicular to ovate, petiole
broadly winged, uppermost leaves sagittate-
cordate, all leaves at least obscurely and bluntly
dentate; inorescences with bracts much
reduced, linear, peduncles 3–5, 2–12 cm long,
irregular and subumbellate in arrangement, each
with a single head. Distribution – Endemic,
Found at fairly high elevations in the mountain
mass. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains, Fosberg & Sachet
53349 (US, E, PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
56. Emilia zeylanica (Hook.f.) Trimen
Erect rm herbs; stems leafy, simple or
sparsely branched at or near base; leaves
sessile, bases auriculate to sagittate, clasping,
inorescence exserted 1–2 cm, irregularly
branched, of few heads; involucres cylindric,
as broad or almost as broad as high, bracts
loosely coherent, owers strongly exserted
from involucre, corolla lobes 2–2.3 mm
long, minutely papillate-puberulent at tips,
pale purple. Distribution – Native, Found in
patanas. 2000–2300 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – about 1½ miles from
Farr‘s Inn at Ohiya Road, Mueller-Dombois
& Cooray 68011310 (PDA, US); north edge
of Horton Plains, 2200 m, Gould 13564 (US,
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
57. Erigeron bonariensis L.
Annual herbs commonly 30–75 cm
tall. Stems bearing a mixed indumentum of
ne appressed hairs and coarser spreading
trichomes. Lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
attenuate at the base, acute at the apex, margins
coarsely serrate-dentate or pinnatid with up
to 5 teeth or lobes on each side, pubescent on
both surfaces with a few hirsute trichomes on
the midrib beneath; upper leaves smaller, linear-
lanceolate, entire-margined. Distribution –
Introduced. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.
58. Erigeron karvinskianus DC. (Plate 02,
Figure Q)
Stems prostrate or decumbent, sparsely
appressed pubescent, or glabrous, often
becoming rooted from the nodes, becoming
much branched and bearing up to 3 capitula
on peduncles from the upper leaf axils. Leaves
narrowly elliptic, entire or oblanceolate.
Distribution – Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
59. Gymnanthemum pectiniforme (DC.)
H.Rob. Syn – Vernonia pectiniformis DC.
Subsp. Puncticulata (DC.) Grierson
Erect shrub 1.5–4 m tall. Stems striate,
pubescent. Leaves numerous on short (1–
1.5 cm) internodes, elliptic-lanceolate or
oblanceolate. Flowers c. 12 per capitulum,
corollas c. 9 mm long, purple. Achenes 2.5–3
mm long, faintly 10-ribbed, nely pubescent
and glandular. Pappus white at rst, becoming
yellow or coppery with storage, 6–7.5 mm
long with an outer ring of shorter hairs c. 2 mm
long. Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. In
montane forests 2000m, recorded from Kandy
and Nuwara Eliya Districts. Herbarium

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1016
specimens Collected from HPNP – on trail
to Little World‘s End, 2100 m, Fosberg 50073
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering October to
April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
60. Gynura hispida Thwaites
Stems 75–100 cm tall, unbranched except
at the inorescence, eshy, purplish, sparsely
or densely villous, hirsute at the base, ± leaess
above. Leaves oblanceolate, crowded into
the lower region of the stem. Flowers orange-
yellow, corollas 8–10 mm long, exserted and
4–5 mm longer than the involucre. Achenes
linear-oblong, 3–4 mm long, glabrous or
puberulent between the ribs. Pappus 8–9.5
mm long, deciduous. Distribution – Endemic
to Sri Lanka. In moist rocky crevices above
1800m, recorded only from Nuwara Eliya
District. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – May 1856, s. coll. C.P. 3507
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering March to May.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
61. Gynura lycopersicifolia subsp.
taprobanensis Grierson
Stems sometimes rather eshy, angular,
often purplish, 0.3–2 m tall, glabrous or
coarsely villous. Leaves lyrate-pinnatisect, 10–
20 cm long with two rounded, dentate auricles
at the base; lateral segments 1–3 pairs (or
sometimes 0 and often with minor intermediate
lobes), elliptic, 1–4 cm long, 0.4–2 cm broad,
irregularly and coarsely dentate; terminal
segments of lower leaves ovate. Distribution
– Native, at margins of forests in moist places
generally above 1500m, common. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Between
Horton Plains and Ohiya, 6000 ft, Grierson 1108
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
62. Gynura zeylanica Trimen (Plate 02, Figure
R)
Stems up to 60 cm long, angular, leafy,
sparsely to densely pubescent. Leaves
oblanceolate, simple or lyrate-pinnatisect.
Flowers yellow, corollas 9–10 mm long,
exserted 4–5 mm above the involucre. Achenes
brown, 4 mm long, sparsely puberulous between
the ribs. Pappus c. 8 mm long, deciduous.
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Rock
crevices and between stones of walls, 1000 to
2000m, recorded from Nuwara Eliya, Badulla
and Kandy Districts. Phenology – Flowering
January to May. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
63. Helichrysum hookerianum Wight & Arn.
ex DC.
Surutex, 1.5–2 m tall, sometimes
scrambling through small trees up to 4 m.
Stems cylindrical densely covered in white
or pale brown cottony tomentum. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, numerous, marcescent and
becoming reexed with age, obscuring the stem;
acute at the apex, sessile and semiamplexicaul
at the base, margins recurved. Flowers yellow;
females 7–9 per capitulum, liform, 2–2.25
mm long; hermaphrodite owers tubular,
16–22 per capitulum. Distribution – Native,
Roadsides, and rocky slopes and in forest
clearings, common above 1500m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, Gardner, Feb. 1857 (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering January to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
64. Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.) Rchb. Syn.
Gnaphalium luteo-album L., Pseudognaphalium
luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt;
Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev (Plate 03,
Figure A)
Annuals, 15–40 cm; taprooted or brous-
rooted. Stems loosely white-tomentose, not
glandular. Leaf blades narrowly obovate to
subspatulate, 1–3(–6) cm × 2–8 mm, bases
subclasping, usually decurrent 1–2 mm,
margins weakly revolute, faces mostly concolor
to weakly bicolor, abaxial gray-tomentose,
adaxial usually gray-tomentose, sometimes
glabrescent, neither glandular. Distribution –
Introduced. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, 7000 ft. Grierson
1106 (PDA); Ohiya road, ¼ mile from Farr Inn,
Mueller-Dombois & Cooray 68011316 (US,
PDA); Gould & Cooray 13864 (E, US, PDA).

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 017
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
65. Hypochaeris radicata L.
Cat’s Ear is a perennial weed from Eurasia
in the aster family. It has naturalized on every
continent except Antarctica. It has a long taproot
and a basal rosette of leaves. The owers are
often mistaken for dandelions as they both form
wind-borne seeds. Distribution – Introduced.
It is found in lawns, elds, roadsides and any
disturbed area. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Not Evaluated.
66. Kleinia walkeri (Wight) M.R.Almeida
Stems erect, c. 2 m tall ―over 1 inch in
diameter at base‖ (de Wight), softly woody,
covered with leaf scars, glabrous. Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate, petioles 2–4 cm
long, lamina 7–13 x 2–4 cm gradually acuminate
at the apex, gradually attenuate at the base,
margins entire or regularly and sharply serrate,
glabrous on both surfaces, venation pinnate,
prominent beneath, not eshy. Distribution –
Native, In forest shade of upper montane zone,
rare. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – s. coll. C.P.533 annotated Nuwara Eliya
and Horton Plains, 1851(PDA). Phenology –
Flowering September to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
67. Moonia heterophylla Arn. (Plate 03, Figure
B)
Stems purplish, 25–50 cm tall, ± glabrous
except at the villous-pubescent nodes. Leaves
ovate, simple, trilobed or ternate with two
oblong-elliptic lobes or leaets and an elliptic or
trilobed terminal segment. Ray owers yellow,
6–8 per capitulum basal tube 0.5–0.75 mm
long, ligules deeply trilobed, 3–5 mm long and
broad. Disc owers 3.5–4.5 mm long, anthers
blackish. Distribution – Native, Forest margins
often in shady situations, common, 1800–
2300m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 25 Jan. 1906, Willis s.n. (PDA);
near World‘s End, c. 7000 ft. Grierson 1087 (E,
US, PDA, BR, CANB); Same locality, 2130 m,
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070850 (US,
PDA), Gould & Cooray 13799 (E, US, PDA).
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened.
68. Myriactis wightii DC. (Plate 03, Figure C)
Stems 25–50 cm tall, sparsely brownish
villous pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate,
petiolate, or the uppermost ones sessile, petioles
1–6 cm long, winged, semiamplexicaul,
subauriculate; lamina 2–4 x 1–2 cm, cuneate
attenuate at the base, acute and apiculate at the
apex, margin coarsely and irregularly serrate,
sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. Disc owers
yellow, 1.5–2 mm long, shortly and weakly
Bpilose at the base of the lobes. Distribution
– Native, In short grass in montane scrub and
forest. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – North Entrance, 2100 m, Fosberg &
Mueller-Dombois 50024 (PDA). Phenology –
Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1018
PLATE 02: A. Zantedeschia aethiopica; B. Hydrocotyle javanica; C. Asparagus racemosus; D.
Ophiopogon intermedius; E. Acilepis setigera; F. Ageratina adenophora; G. Ageratina riparia; H.
Anaphalis brevifolia; I. Anaphalis subdecurrens; J. Anaphalis sulphurea; K. Bidens pilosa; L.
Blumea crinita; M. Blumea hieraciifolia var. exuosa; N. Cissampelopsis walkeri var. occosa; O.
Crassocephalum crepidioides; P. Emilia speeseae; Q. Erigeron karvinskianus; R. Gynura zeylanica.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 019
69. Psiadia ceylanica (Arn.) Grierson syn.
Microglossa zeylanica (Arn.) Benth. - mqmq,
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Stems densely whitish
pubescent when young, dark brown glabrescent
with age. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate,
acuminate at the apex, cuneate-attenuate at the
base, margins distantly denticulate, glandular
and pubescent on both surfaces but more densely
so beneath. Ray owers 8–12 per capitulum,
yellow, basal tube 1.5 mm long, ligule 2 mm
long, 0.4 mm broad. Disc owers 1–3, yellow,
corollas 4 mm long. Distribution – Native,
Common in moist upland areas in grassland
and scrub. Phenology – Flowering throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
70. Senecio ludens C.B.Clarke (Plate 03,
Figure D)
Generally perennial herbs but sometimes
with apparently annual rootstocks, usually
rhizomatous. Stems decumbent or weakly
erect, slender or robust, glabrous or coarsely
villous. Lower leaves ovate-subrotund, dentate,
petiolate or pinnatisect with 1–3 pairs of lateral
segments, upper leaves sessile, oblanceolate,
pinnately lobed or toothed, auriculate or
exauriculate at the base, subglabrous or villous
on both surfaces, sometimes asperate above.
Distribution – Native, Common in moist
situations at roadsides, on patanas and in forest
scrub above 1000m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains on
Ohiya road, Simpson 9551 (BM). Phenology
– Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
71. Senecio zeylanicus DC. Syn. Senecio
gracilis Arn.
Erect or decumbent perennial herbs. Stems
30–70 cm tall, glabrous generally unbranched
except in the inorescence. Leaves linear
or narrowly oblanceolate, 2–11 cm long,
1–5 mm broad, acute at the apex, attenuate,
subpetiolate at the base, margin entire,
revolute; uppermost leaves erect, bract-like;
lowest leaves oblanceolate, 1.3 cm, broad,
denticulate, margins at. Ray owers 12–20,
yellow. Disc owers 5–6 mm long, yellow.
Distribution – Native, in dry patanas above
6000 ft. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, 2100–2175 m,
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070922 (US,
PDA), 67091319 (US, PDA), Comanor 433 (E,
US, PDA) Phenology – Flowering throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
72. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
Annual herbs, 25–100 cm tall, glabrous.
Lower leaves oblanceolate or spathulate,
undivided or lobed, mid-cauline leaves often
runcinate-pinnatid, sometimes entire and
similar to basal leaves, up to 15 cm long, 5
cm broad, usually with 7 triangular acuminate
segments 1–2 cm long, coarsely dentate or more
commonly subspinose dentate, auricles well
developed, rounded at the margin, uppermost
leaves lanceolate, entire, subspinose dentate.
Distribution – Introduced. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – New Farm,
Cooray 68051708R (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
73. Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.
Annual herbs 30–100 cm tall, glabrous.
Basal leaves ovate, mid-cauline leaves usually
runcinate-pinnatid, up to 15 (or sometimes
20) cm long with 1–3 pairs of lateral segments
1–5 cm long and large deltoid or hastate
terminal segments 3–10 cm broad, margins
coarsely (but not subspinously) dentate,
auricles acute, spreading, uppermost leaves
generally undivided, lanceolate. Distribution –
Introduced. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Ohiya road, 2160 m, Mueller
Dombois & Comanor 67070925 (PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
74. Taraxacum javanicum Soest (Plate 03,
Figure E)
Leaves oblanceolate, 5–15 cm long,
tapering at the base into a petiole about a
third as long, simple with irregularly dentate
margins or runcinate pinnatid with 3–4 pairs
of lateral lobes up to 3 cm long, terminal lobe
hastate or deltoid, obtuse or subacute, sparsely
araneose on both surfaces. Scapes 10–15 (–25)

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1020
cm tall, araneose below the capitulum at rst,
glabrescent, involucre c. 6 mm diameter.
Distribution – Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
75. Uniyala wightiana Arn. Syn. Vernonia
wightiana (Arn.) H.Rob. & Skvarla
Erect or straggling shrubs, 0.25–2.5 m tall.
Young branches pale brown tomentose. Leaves
elliptic, oblanceolate or spathulate. Flowers
30–40 per capitulum, corollas 7–9 mm long,
pubescent, lilac or mauve. Achenes squarish,
4–5 ribbed, brown, 2–3 mm long, sparsely
puberulous and glandular. Pappus dingy white,
5–7 mm long, with a ring of short outer scales
0.5 mm long. Distribution – Patanas, grassy
banks and montane forests above 1000m.
Widespread. Native Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Between Horton Plains
resthouse and World‘s End, 2175 m, Comanor
958 (E, PDA), Gould & Cooray 13804 (E, US,
PDA), Fosberg 50072 (E, PDA). Phenology –
Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
76. Youngia fuscipappa Thwaites
Rootstocks rhizomatous. Stems 25–50
(–75) cm tall, glabrous, simple. Basal leaves
oblanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate or
runcinate-pinnatid, acuminate at the apex,
attenuate into a petiole 3–20 cm long at the
base, glabrous or puberulent on both surfaces,
margin narrowly revolute; cauline leaves
smaller and narrower, becoming linear. Capitula
3 or more in racemose corymbs, branches
brownish pubescent bearing up to 10 capitula.
Distribution – On moist patanas 1500–2200m,
quite common. Native Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Pattipola track,
Simpson 9527 (BM), New Farm, Horton Plains,
Cooray 68051724 R (US, PDA); Horton Plains,
1 mile from Farr Inn, 2400 m, Gould & Cooray
13821 (PDA) Phenology – Flowering January
to September. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Near Threatened.
77. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (Plate 03, Figure
F)
Stems up to 60 cm tall, glabrous. Leaves
mostly radical, oblanceolate, simple or lyrate,
pinnatid, up to 18 cm long, 4.5 cm broad,
usually shortly petiolate at the base, lateral
segments somewhat irregular, 0–3 pairs,
glabrous or puberulent on both surfaces;
cauline leaves few, smaller. Flowers 10–20
per capitulum; corollas orange-yellow, 6 mm
long. Distribution – Weed of cultivation and
roadsides at mid elevations. Native Phenology –
Flowering January to September. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
Family Balanophoraceae
78. Balanophora fungosa (Arn.) B.Hansen
(Plate 03, Figure G)
Mature tuber rather large, up to 30 cm in
diameter or possibly more, robust, diusely
branched and repeatedly broadly lobed, with
several lobes more or less jointed; surface rather
rough with numerous “stellate warts”. Tuber
almost white, wax-coloured, yellow-, red- or
almost purple-brown, but mostly paler than the
leaves and inorescences. Distribution – Much-
shaded places with very brief exposure to sun or
none in rain forests or wet montane forests, 150-
3000 m above sea level. Native to Sri Lanka,
In HPNP it was recorded from track to Nagrak
bunglow from Big World’s End. Phenology –
Flowering mainly November-February in Sri
Lanka. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Family Balsaminaceae
79. Impatiens acaulis Arn. (Plate 03, Figure H)
Stemless Balsam is a perennial herb
commonly found gregariously growing on wet
rocks and stream banks or in the spray zone
of waterfalls. Leaves vary in size and shape
- oblong, base rounded, irregularly toothed.
Beautiful pink owers occur in racemes 3-10
cm longThe petals are white near the base. The
usual balsam “spur” is slender, long and curved.
Distribution – Hill country forests (750-2050 m
(a.s.l.). Also found in South India. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
road, 2100m, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer
8608 (PDA) Phenology – Flowering throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 021
80. Impatiens cuspidata Wight & Arn.
Suruticose perennial growing up to 3m tall.
Leaves rather coriaceous , dark green above,
pale green beneath. Distribution – Subspecies
bipartita is Endemic to Sri Lanka. Found on
Upland rain-forest, particularly along the
margins, open scrub and thickets, stream banks
and creeks, always in moist places, 1800—2700
m a.s.l. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – 2300 m, Dec. 1978, Grey- Wilson
& Silva 3070 (K, PDA,US), Horton Plains to
Pattipola, 1950 m, Sept. 1969, van Beusekom
1505 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern. FFPO – Protected.
81. Impatiens henslowiana Arn. (Plate 03,
Figure I)
Suruticose perennial to 1.5 m tall, rarely
more; stems moderately to rather densely
branched below, with prominent leaf scars.
Flowers white, often with a slight pink or mauve
tinge. Distribution – Upland rain-forest, scrub
and rocky places, frequently bordering rivers
and streams or in the spray zone of waterfalls,
900—2000 m alt. In HPNP it was recorded
at the summit of kirigalpotta. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
82. Impatiens leptopoda Arn. (Plate 03, Figure
J)
Glabrous perennial, growing up to 70cm
tall. Leaves spirally arranged, dark green above,
pale green beneath Distribution – Upland rain-
forest and thickets in more open places, often
growing by streams and rivers amongst rocks
or on banks, or sometimes on marshy ground,
generally forming large colonies, 800 -2250
m a.s.l. Endemic to Sri lanka. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2167 m,
Oct. 1967, Comanor 435 (K, US), 2000 m, Apr.
1970, Gould 13547B (US), 2400 m, May 1970,
Gould & Cooray 13798 (PDA, US), 2130 m.
July 1967, Mueller Dombois & Comanor 835
(PDA, US), 2350 m, Apr. 1973, Stone 11271
(PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern. FFPO – Protected.
83. Impatiens macrophylla Gardner ex Hook.
(Plate 03, Figure K)
Robust, suruticose perennial, growing up
to 3 m tall. Leaves spirally arranged, densely
crowded towards the shoot tips, deep green
above, often ushed red beneath. Distribution
– Montane rain-forest, generally in moist shaded
places particularly by streams and rivers, or in
gullies, occasionally on roadside embankments
or rock outcrops, often forming large colonies,
1650-2400 ma.s.l. Endemic to Sri lanka.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 2130 m, Mar. 1977, Bremer 963 (PDA, US),
2400 m, Dec. 1972, Cramer 3954 (PDA), c. 2250
m, Mar. 1971, Koyama & Balakrishnan 14079
(US), 2300 m, Dec. 1978, Grey- Wilson & Silva
3071 (K), June 1975, Sumithraarachchi 952
(PDA), Oct. 1975, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
10046 (PDA, US), 2300 m, Dec. 1970, Theobald
& Krahulik 2758 (PDA, US), Oct. 1973, Waas
155 (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
84. Impatiens truncata Thwaites (Plate 03,
Figure L)
Decumbent to erect perennial, growing up
to 50 cm tall. Leaves spirally arranged, tending
to be crowded towards the stem tops, mid-green
above, pale green beneath. This species is very
variable in height and in the size of the leaves
and this seems to be due to habitat conditions;
Distribution – Montane rain-forest, in damp
shaded places generally, particularly along
tracks or pathways or on banks, 700—2200m
a.s.l. Endemic to Sri lanka. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
to Farr Inn, Horton Plains, Nov. 1973, Sohmer,
Jayasuriya & Eliezer 8523 (PDA, US); Totapola
Mt., 2200 m, Dec. 1975, Bernardi 15895 (US).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
Family Berberidaceae
85. Berberis ceylanica C.K.Schneid.
Shrub 3 m or more tall. Stem minutely
pubescent, angled. Spines 1- 2 (-3.25) cm long,
furrowed, concolorous. Leaves: lamina 1.5-5
x 1-2.5 mm, ovate, elliptic or obovate, margin
subserrulate. Inorescence 5 - 10 (- 15)-yellow-

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1022
owered, c. 3 - 5 cm long, unbellate-racemose,
at times compound below. Pedicel 7 - 16 mm
long; bracts 1 - 2 mm long. Petals 6 x 4.5 mm,
obovate, entire. Berries 12 x 5 mm, ellipsoid to
obovoid excluding very short style. Distribution
– Montane forests and forest borders, up to
about 2200 m. Endemic Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – 27 Apr 1932, Simpson
9524 (PDA), 2000 m, 7 Apr 1969, Kostermans
2300 (K), 2100 m, 1 Jul 1971, Balakrishnan
397 (K), 2400 m, 22 Sep 1974, Cramer 4339
(PDA), road to Agrapatana, 1980 m, 28 Aug
1978, Huber 837 (PDA), near Farr Inn, 2100
m, 29 Mar 1968, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois
50086 (PDA), near Anderson Bungalow, 2100
m, 2 Feb 1996, Philcox et al. 10731 (K, MO,
PDA); Big World=s End, 2160 m, 5 Feb 1971,
Robyns 7139 (K, PDA), 2 Mar 1971, Koyama
et al. 14082 (PDA), 2350 m, Stone 11251
(PDA), Diyagama road, 2160 m, 11 Feb 1968,
Comanor 971 (PDA), trail to Kirigalpotta
Peak, 29 Jun 1973, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 233
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
86. Berberis wightiana C.K.Schneid. (Plate
03, Figure M)
Shrub to 1 m or more tall; stems very
furrowed, minutely pubescent. Spines 1.5 - 3
cm long, 3-d. Leaves: lamina 2 - 4 x 1 - 1.4 cm,
oblongobovate, obtuse, entire, very rarely with
1 - 3 marginal spines, dull above, grey-pruinose
beneath, venation reticulate. Inorescence
7 - 12-owered, racemose or subumbellate-
racemose, 2-4 (-5) cm long. Pedicel 8 - 18 mm
long. Petals 4 x 2.5 mm, obovate. Stamens
3 mm long, shortly apiculate. Berries 9 x 4
mm. Distribution – Montane forests and
forest borders, up to about 2200 m. native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Ohiya/Diyagama road junction, 4 Mar 1973,
Townsend 73/158 (E); Diyagama road, 2160 m,
11 Feb 1968, Comanor 971 (E). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
Family Boraginaceae
87. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Sw. ex Lehm.)
Thunb. ex Brand Syn. Cynoglossum furcatum
Wall. ex Roxb., C. micranthum var. decurrens
Trimen (Plate 03, Figure N)
Herbs, wiry and surutescent, to 2 m tall,
scabrate. Leaves alternate, lanceolate to elliptic,
to 14 cm long and 5 cm wide, entire, acute,
the base obtuse to attenuate, scabrate above,
the trichomes with cystolith-like bases, mostly
strigose below; subsessile to petioles 15 mm
long. Inorescences mostly terminal, onesided
scorpioid racemes, to 26 cm long in fruit, the
bracts with obtuse or attenuate bases, rarely
clasping. Flowers with pedicels 2–5 mm long.
Distribution – Roadsides and waste ground.
Native Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – fork at road to Diyagama west side,
alt. 2181 m. Comanor 447 (US): Horton Plains,
Diyagama Road, alt. 2140 m, Comanor 973
(US); Horton Plains, in grassy slopes by Ohiya
Road, below Farr Inn, alt. 2333 m, Cramer
2872 (US); near ―World‘s End‘‘. Fosberg &
Jayasuriya 53248 (US); Horton Plains. forest
back of Farr Inn. Fosberg & Sachet 53273 (US);
Horton Plains, about 1½, miles S. of Farr Inn,
on Ohiya Road, alt. 2400 m, Gould & Cooray
13857 (US); Horton Plains taril W. of Farr Inn,
so-called ‗‗Primate Study Trail‘‘. alt. 7200 ft,
Koyama at alt 14090 (US); Horton Plains. alt.
2000 m, Larsen 29502 (MO); Horton Plains,
alt 2000 in. Larsen 29624 (MO) Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
Family Brassicaceae
88. Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.
Biennial or perennial herb, 30—90 cm tall.
Stem erect, stout, branching, glabrous. Basal
rosetted leaves petiolate, lyrate-pinnatisect
with a rounded, often cordate terminal lobe,
and 2—4 pairs of lateral lobes; lower cauline
leaves similar but smaller; upper leaves ovate,
simple; all leaves Glabrous. Distribution –
Introduced. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Feb 1857, s. coll. C.P. 1017
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 023
89. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
Annual herb, erect, to 1 m or more tall,
densely long-branched especially above,
glabrous, subglaucous. Leaves: lower and basal
petiolate with lamina up to 20 x 10cm, irregularly
dentate, with 1—3 pairs of lateral lobes, not
auriculate; upper 5—10 x 1.5—3 cm, petiolate
to subpetiolate, lanceolate or oblanceolate and
acute, to obovate and obtuse, coarsely dentate
to subentire, not auriculate. Inorescence
15—30 cm long in fruit. Distribution –
Introduced. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Road from Diyagama Tea Estate
to Horton Plains, 27 May 1975, Sohmer &
Sumithraarachchi 10091 (PDA) Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
90. Cardamine africana L. (Plate 03, Figure O)
Perennial herb, 15—55 cm tall, with single
or clustered shoots arising from a slender
rhizome. Stems erect or ascending, sparsely
branched, especially below, often rooting at
the base, glabrous above, glabrous or at times
pubescent below. Leaves 5—17 cm long,
tripartite, glabrous to sparsely and softly hairy
above, subglabrous beneath. Distribution –
Usually in damp, shady, understorey vegetation
in montane forests, in clearings and forest
roadsides up to 2400 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1857, s. coll.
s.n. (PDA), 21 Feb 1882, Trimen s.n. (PDA),
1830—2440 m, Thwaites C.P. 1017 (BM,
K), north entrance, 2100 m, 28 March 1968,
Fosberg et al. 50041 (PDA), near Farr Inn, c.
2100 m, Beusekom 1475 (PDA) Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Decient.
91. Cardamine hirsuta L.
Annual, or occasionally perennial, herb,
branched from base when annual and more so
above when perennial, 8—20(—35) cm tall.
Stems erect or curving, glabrous or sparsely
hairy. Basal leaves distinctly rosetted, cauline
leaves few; all leaves 2.5—6 cm long, petiolate,
imparipinnatid with up to 6 pairs of lateral
leaets below the terminal leaet, orbicular,
reniform or ovate, cuneate to truncate, entire to
crenate, glabrous or sparsely hairy, Distribution
– Somewhat moist, open ground in forests and
woodlands, gardens and cultivated land; 300—
1220 m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Farr Inn, 3 Dec 1970, Fosberg 53333
(PDA), near Farr Inn, c. 2100 m, Beusekom &
Beusekom 1464 (PDA) Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Data Decient.
92. Erucastrum abyssinicum (A.Rich.)
O.E.Schulz
Annual herb 35—80 cm tall. Stems erect, few
arising from the base, angular, pubescent with
antrorse, subappressed, simple hairs. Leaves
pubescent with simple hairs on both surfaces;
basal leaves rosetted, lyrate-pinnatisect, with up
to 6 pairs of lobes, both terminal and lateral lobes
coarsely and irregularly dentate. Inorescence
becoming elongated to 30 cm or more, and
lax at fruiting. Flowers solitary in the axils of
foliaceous bracts. Distribution – Introduced,
Weed of cultivation and waste places; up to
2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, c. 2100 m, March
1978, Cramer 5158 (K). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Family Buxaceae
93. Sarcococca coriacea (Hook.) Sweet (Plate
03, Figure P)
Small tree or shrub, 1 - 7 m tall; stem
slender, branches virgate, outer bark brownish.
Leaves, alternate, coriaceous, ovate to ovate-
elliptic, shortly and suddenly acuminate at
apex, rounded, narrowing into acute, cuneate
base; petiole 5 - 11 mm long. Inorescence c. 6
-9 mm long. Male owers c. 10, above on spike,
ebracteolate; stamens 4, laments 4 mm long,
glabrous, anthers c. 1 x 0.5 mm. Female owers
2 at base of spike, bracteates. Distribution
– Margins of mist forests and undergrowth
of secondary montane forests, from 2000 –
2500 meters. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1846, Thawaites
C.P. 534 (K), 7 April 1969, Kostermans 23009
(K), 2100 m, 15 March 1971, Balakrishnan
467 (K), 2300 m, 11 July 1978, Meijer 1761
(K), 2400 m, 1 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan 1030
(K), 27 Apr 1932, Simpson 9536 (BM), near
Farr Inn, 2140 m, 16 Nov 1977, Huber 633
(PDA), between Farr Inn and Small World’s
End, 23 Sept 1974, Waas 843 (PDA), beside

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1024
road to World’s End, c. 2400 m, 22 Sept 1974,
Cramer 4338 (K, PDA), near Government
Farm, 2400 m, 7 Dec 1972, Tirvengadum &
Cramer 107 (K, PDA), Horton Plains North
entrance, Dieter’s plot No: P 24, 2100 m, 28
Mar 1968, Fosberg 49997 (PDA); road from
Diyagama Tea Estate to Horton Plains, 27 Oct
1975, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 10006
(K, PDA); Horton Plains, 2.1 miles from Rest
House, 2170 m, 11 Feb 1968, Comanor 968 (K,
PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Calophyllaceae
94. Calophyllum walkeri Wight (Plate 03,
Figure Q) - f;,a lSk" lSk
Tree, up to 7 m high, Bark yellowish,
ssured and cracked rather irregularly, Leaves
very rigidly coriaceous, obovaterotundate.
Petiole stout, 3–8 mm long, at above. Racemes
axillary, the top ones forming a terminal panicle
by abortion of leaves, up to 10 cm long;
peduncle stout. Pedicels thick, up to 2.5 cm
long. Flowers numerous, pinkish white or white,
up to 2.5 cm diam. Sepals 4,concave, Stamens
up to 4 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid. Distribution
- Above 1000 m alt. In some places gregarious.
Endemic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable FFPO – Protected.
Family Campanulaceae
95. Lobelia heyneana Schult. Syn. Lobelia
zeylanica sensu Moon (Plate 03, Figure R)
Annual herb; stem ascending, to 23
cm high, sometimes suberect, trigonous to
subtrigonous, winged, glabrous. Leaves broadly
ovate to suborbicular, 0.9–1.6 x 1.0–1.8 cm,
upper ones occasionally oblonglanceolate, to
1.6 x 0.8 cm; all truncate at base and occurrent
on petiole, obtuse to subacute at apex, crenate-
serrate to serrulate, glabrous; petioles 3–5 mm
long. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. Bracts
linear. Distribution - Usually under shade
among short grass in moist and boggy places
of the uplands from c. 2000 to 3400 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– near Farr Inn, van Beusekom (NVB, PDA,
US), Cooray 68051718 (PDA,US); under shade
in wet embankments beside road to World’s
End, Cramer 4601 (CAL, SING, K, BO).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern
96. Lobelia leschenaultiana (C.Presl) Skottsb.
Biennial or perennial herb; stem
to 2.4 m high, stout. Leaves lanceolate
to oblonglanceolate, narrowed at base,
subacuminate, callousdenticulate, ciliolate,
rugose and glabrous above, densely hirtellous
or pilosehirtellous beneath; petioles to 3 cm
long. Racemes terminal, 86–103 cm long;
owers densely whorled. Bracts foliaceous
below, linear-lanceolate above. Calyx broadly
cupular-campanulate. Corolla to 3 cm long,
rose or pink. Distribution - In open, hilly
slopes in the highlands; alt. 2000-2400 m.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – hilly slope beside Horton Plains-
Ohiya Road, Cramer 4824 (PDA, US), Alwis
March 1922 (PDA), Gardner C. P. 2592 (K,
PDA), s. coll. March 1884 (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering January to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 025
PLATE 03: A. Helichrysum luteoalbum; B. Moonia heterophylla; C. Myriactis wightii; D. Senecio
ludens; E. Taraxacum javanicum; F. Youngia japonica; G. Balanophora fungosa; H. Impatiens
acaulis; I. Impatiens henslowiana; J. Impatiens leptopoda; K. Impatiens macrophylla; L. Impatiens
truncata; M. Berberis wightiana; N. Cynoglossum zeylanicum; O. Cardamine africana; P.
Sarcococca coriacea; Q. Calophyllum walkeri; R. Lobelia heyneana.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1026
97. Lobelia walkeri (C.B.Clarke) W.J.de
Wilde & Duyfjes Syn. Lobelia zeylanica var.
walkeri C.B.Clarke
Annual; stem rooting at lower nodes,
ascending to 20 cm, diusely branched,
subtrigonous, succulent, glabrous. Leaves
broadly ovate, 1.1–3.8 x 1.1–3.2 cm, truncate
to cordate at base, obtuse or subacute,
crenatedenticulate, penninerved, sparsely
scaberulous or scabrid above, more densely
so beneath especially on nerves; petioles
0.4–1.2 cm long. Bracts linear subulate, 1 mm
long. Bracteoles 0. Calyx tube 2–4 mm long.
Distribution - In the wet lowlands and uplands.
Endemic. Phenology – Flowering Throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Data Decient
98. Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A.DC.
syn. Wahlenbergia grasilis DC. (Plate 04,
Figure A)
Perennial herb with a vermiform rootstock;
stems solitary or many, to c. 35 cm high,
sometimes diuse, 5–6 angular, rather slender,
exuose, glabrous, often sparsely pilose below,
sometimes scabrid. Leaves linearoblong to
linear-elliptic, 7–20 x 1–4 mm, the upper ones
narrower, subacute at base, acute at apex,
serrulate to entire, glabrous above, scabrid to
scabridpilose beneath, the lower ones sometimes
spathulate. Flowers solitary or in binate cymes.
Distribution - Among grass of the black
patanas and rocky crevices of the highlands
from c. 1400 to 2400 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – near Farr
Inn, Fosberg & Sachet 53330 (K, PDA, US), van
Beusekom s.n. (L, PDA, US), in patana, Cramer
2952 (PDA, US), Clayton 5475 (K, PDA, US),
Comanor 976 (K, PDA, US), 20 May, 1911,
Silva (PDA). Phenology – Flowering almost
throughout the year. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
Family Caprifoliaceae
99. Dipsacus walkeri Arn.
Stout perennial herb 60-200 cm tall. Stems
erect, sti, branched, hollow, furrowed, with
short scattered prickles along the ridges. Radical
and lower cauline leaves large, pinnatisect,
about 30 x 12 cm; leaf segments elliptic or
narrowly oblong, obtuse or acute, serrate, hairy
on both sides, on lower side particularly along
major veins, ciliate; petiole about 25 cm long.
Heads terminal on main axis and branches.
Distribution - Upper montane zone. Endemic
to Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering March to
September. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – van Beusekom 1473 (PDA),
Dassanayake 329 (PDA), Hoogland 11533
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Critically Endangered
100. Valeriana moonii Arn. ex C.B.Clarke
(Plate 04, Figure B)
Perennial herb, from a thick rootstock, 50-
80 (-100) cm tall. Stems hollow, glabrous save
for tufts of retrorse hairs at the upper nodes.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnately compound,
long petiolate. Flowers in compound cymes,
terminal on the main stem and on short branches
from axils of the uppermost leaf pair, cymes
congested in ower, expanding and becoming
more open in fruit. Distribution - At higher
elevations, in generally moist situations.
Endemic to Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Jayasuriya 1468 (US),
Sumithraarachchi 54 (US), Cramer 2880 (US),
Balakrishnan 440 (US), van Beusekom 1472
(US), and Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53257 (OSH,
US). Phenology – Flowering almost throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Critically Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Family Caricaceae
101. Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC. Syn. C.
candinamarcensis Hook.f., Carica pubescens
Lenné & K.Koch
Small monoecious tree to c. 5 m high. Trunk
stout, pale. Petiole to 50 cm long, to c, densely
hairy at rst, becoming glabrate, terete. Lamina
deeply 5-lobed. ♂ owers in hairy axillary
corymbs or panicles, pale green, fragrant;
calyx lobes c. 1.5 mm long, corolla tube 1.5-
2 cm long, hairy outside, linear and revolute.
♀ owers similar but peduncles short. Fruit,
oblong-obovoid, strongly 5-ribbed, yellow;
esh sweet and aromatic. Seed c. 5 mm long.
Distribution – Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 027
Family Caryophyllaceae
102. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill syn.
Cerastium vulgatum var. glomeratum (Thuill.)
Edgew. & Hook.f.
Annual, 10—35 cm; stem simple or
branched, erect to ascending, with eglandular
to glandular hairs. Leaves (lower) obovate
to spathulate, upper ones elliptic to elliptic-
ovate, 8—20 x 3—10 mm, sessile, with sparse
to dense eglandular and glandular hairs, apex
obtuse to subacute. Bracts herbaceous or green.
Flowers in compact cymose heads or clusters.
Distribution - A weed in the montane wet zone,
1800—2400 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – along Jeep track, 2400
m, 12 Dec 1971, Balakrishnan 409 (K, PDA).
Phenology – Flowering January to March.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated
103. Cerastium lanceolatum (Poir.) Volponi
syn. Cerastium indicum Wight & Arn.
Perennial herbs; stems erect-ascending,
slender, 30—60 cm, accid, viscid, glandular-
pubescent. Leaves ± sessile, narrowly-
lanceolate, 15—50 x 3—10 mm, acute, covered
with viscid pubescence or hairs on both surfaces,
middle leaves more than 4 times longer than
wide. Flowers few in terminal, dichotomous,
glandular pubscent cymes. Distribution - In
shaded situations in open forest or grassy
slopes in upper montane wet zone, 1800-2400
m, common. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – at entrance to Fog
Intercept Station, 2135 m, 16 May 1968, Mueller
Dombois 68051601 (PDA), near Farr Inn, 2135
m, 19 Sept 1969, C.F.& R.J. Van Beusekom
1486 (PDA), 2400 m, 4 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan
1049 (K, PDA) along roadside at Old Farm, c.
2100 m, 14 March 1971, Balakrishnan 469
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowering March to
September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Near Threatened
Family Celastraceae
104. Euonymus revolutus Wight (Plate 04,
Figure C)
Small to moderate-sized trees, up to 6 m
high; branches terete young ones obtusely
4-angled, glabrous; bark soft, brown, ssured.
Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, rotundate
to obovate, 2.0—5.6(7.8) ) x 1 .8— 3.8(—4.6)
cm, apex obtuse or with a short, blunt acumen,
base round or acute, margin entire or obscurely
serrate at apex, strongly revolute; petiole 2—3
mm long. Inorescences axillary 1—3-owered
cymes. Distribution - In montane moist forests,
1500—2000 m. Native. Phenology – Flowering
September to March. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
105. Microtropis zeylanica Merr. & F.
L.Freem. syn. Microtropis ramiora sensu
Thwaites non Wight (Plate 04, Figure D)
Much-branched shrubs or small trees;
branches terete, sometimes angular or sulcate.
Leaves variable, rigidly coriaceous, oblong or
elliptic, 2.0—6.4X 1.5—4.0 cm, apex obtuse,
rounded, sometimes retuse, base rounded to
abruptly obtuse, margin often very strongly
revolute, brown-olivaceous or olive- coloured
above, pale beneath; slightly rugose on upper
surface when dry, laxly reticulate; petioles
short, thick, c. 2 mm long. Inorescence
axillary, sessile, subsessile or very often short-
peduncled capitate fascicles. Distribution - In
forests of wet, montane zone. Endemic to Sri
Lanka. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Feb 1846, Thwaites C.P. 297, (K), s.
coll. C.P. 148 (PDA), 25 May 1911, J.M. Silva
s.n.(PDA), 2 May 1906, A.M. Silva s.n.(PDA),
Trail Farr Inn to Big Worlds End, 2200m,
11 Oct 1977, Noote-boom 3333 (PDA); ―
Totapella‖, 22—24 Feb 1882, s. coll. s.n.(PDA).
Phenology – Flowering February to September.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened
Family Colchicaceae
106. Disporum cantoniense var. cantoniense
(Lour.) Merr. Syn. Disporum leschenaultianum
D.Don. (Plate 04, Figure E)
Creeping rhizome c. 1 cm broad, with thick,
whitish, brous roots. Aerial shoots to c. 1 m
tall, stem unbranched and c. 8 mm thick in lower
half, terete, with broad brown sheathing scales
4-6 cm long at nodes; upper half repeatedly
branched, spreading. Branches sulcate, with 2

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1028
longitudinal ridges descending from edges of
leaf bases. Leaves 2.5-12 x 2-5.5 cm, orbicular
or narrowly ovate to ovate, acute, broadly
acuminate or cuspidate at apex. Distribution
- Montane region in open places in forests,
paths and forest edges, in moist places. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Willis s.n. (PDA), J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA),
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070836
(PDA), Sumithraarachchi et al. 45 (PDA),
Jayasuriya 79 (PDA), Cramer 2950 (PDA), 10
Feb 1968, Comanor 954 (PDA), van Beusekom
1478 (PDA), Cooray 70051102 (PDA), Fosberg
50047 (PDA), Robyns 7142 (PDA), Gould
13570 (PDA), 14 Apr 1973, Stone 11270 (PDA),
2 Dec 1970, Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53252
(PDA), 11 May 1970, Gould & Cooray 13801
(PDA), 6 Oct 1973, Waas 133 (PDA), 18 Oct
1974, Davidse 7686 (PDA); Dayagama-Horton
Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 10012
(PDA); Hakgala, 20 Jun 1972, Maxwell &
Jayasuriya 681 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
April to October. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
Family Commelinaceae
107. Cyanotis lanceolata Wight syn. Cyanotis
villosa sensu Trimen; Cyanotis racemosa
B.Heyne ex Hassk.
Scrambling or trailing perennial; roots
thin, brous. Shoots much-branched. Leaves
distichous, sheaths to 1.7 cm long, densely
sericeous or pilose, lamina strongly discolorous,
lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate. Inorescences
clustered at the ends of the shoots, composed
of 1-4(-14) stalked and sessile cincinni, each
cincinnus subtended by a bract that is large and
similar to a foliage leaf or reduced and only
slightly exceeding the cincinnus. Distribution
- Forest, near streams and waterfalls, roadsides,
banks and footpaths; usually in shade, 1100-
2400m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – road from Diyagama
Tea Estate to Horton Plains, Sohmer &
Sumithraarachchi 10005 (US). Phenology –
Flowering September to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
108. Cyanotis pilosa Schult. & Schult.f.
Rosette perennial; roots thick, brous to
somewhat tuberous, yellow to orange-yellow.
Flowering shoots axillary, 10-75 cm long,
branched or unbranched, prostrate to decumbent
or ascending, sometimes rooting at the lower
nodes but never forming new plants. Rosette
leaves spirally arranged, sheaths to 3 cm long,
sparsely pilose, ciliate at the apex. Distribution
- Tussocky grassland in moist peaty soil in
montane patanas and moist roadsides, 1720-2400
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – behind Farr Inn, Davidse 7611
(US); Sita-Eliya, Faden & Faden 76/258 (US);
Horton Plains, road to World's End, Faden
& Faden 76/277 (US); Horton Plains, near
Farr Inn, Fosberg 53319 (US); Horton Plains,
World's End, SE of Farr Inn, Gould & Cooray
13795 (US); Horton Plains, Hepper 4445 (US);
Horton Plains, Ohiya road ca. 3 mi. from Rest
House, Koyama 13625 (US). Phenology –
Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
109. Cyanotis villosa (Spreng.) Schult. &
Schult.f.
Scrambling, sprawling or decumbent
perennial (or annual?); roots thin, brous.
Flowering shoots ascending. Leaves distichous,
sheaths to 2 cm long, pilose to arachnoid
pubescent, ciliate at the apex, lamina
lanceolateelliptic to oblong-elliptic or ovate.
Flowers bisexual; sepals lanceolate, linear-
lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate-
oblong, fused basally, 4-7 X 1-1.5 mm, sparsely
to densely pilose; corolla 8.5-11 mm wide, pale
lilac. Distribution - Road sides, rocky roadside
banks, grassy banks, disturbed areas, abandoned
elds, open meadows, edge of degraded forest
1160-2400 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Near Farr Inn, Gould
& Cooray 13843 (US). Phenology – Flowering
September to January. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 029
Family Convolvulaceae
110. Cuscuta reexa var. reexa Roxb.
Stout succulent twiners; stem up to 2.5 mm
in diam., yellowish. Flowers sessile in lateral
racemes. Calyx cupular, lobes herbaceous,
c. 1.5 mm long, suborbicular. Corolla cream
coloured, c. 7 mm across, 6-8 mm long, funnel-
form; lobes ovate-triangular, erect. Stamens
5; laments very short; corolla scale ovate to
oblong, mbriate. Ovary c. 2 mm long, conical,
stigma acute. Capsule succulent, c. 5 mm
across, globose-conical. Seeds 3-3.5 mm long,
black. Distribution - Parasitic on a wide variety
of plants in the upper montane zone from about
3000–5400 feet. Native. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
Family Cucurbitaceae
111. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.)
Makino syn. Gynostemma laxum (Wall.) Cogn.
perennial climbing herb with stem and
branches slender, angular-grooved, hairless
or sparsely velvet-hairy. Leaves are pedately
3-9-foliolate, usually 5-7-foliolate, velvet-hairy
or hairless, base narrowed, margin rounded
toothed, tip pointed or shortly tapering. Male
owers are borne in panicle; ower-cluster-
stalk thread-like, 10-15 cm, many branched,
owers pale green or white. Distribution -
Mountainous areas at altitudes of 1500-2500
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Trail Ohiya to Horton Plains,
c. 2400 m, 12 Dec 1971, Balakrishnan 415
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowering March to
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered
112. Zehneria thwaitesii (Schweinf.) C.Jerey
syn. Melothria thwaitesii Schweinf, Melothria
zeylanica C.B. Clarke (Plate 04, Figure F)
Slender climbing herb with annual stems
arising from a perennial rootstock. It is named
for George Henry Kendrick Thwaites (1812-
1882), English botanist. Leaves are variable,
ovate to triangular in outline, sometimes more
or less 3-lobed, nely rough above and on the
veins below; margin entire or with a few small
teeth. Flowers arise solitary, unisexual on the
same plant, white fading to cream. Female
owers are solitary on slender 7-40 mm.
Distribution - Mountainous areas. Native.
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Cyperaceae
113. Bulbostylis densa subsp. densa (Wall.)
Hand.-Mazz. Syn. Bulbostylis capillaris var.
trida (Nees) C.B. Clarke
Rhizomes absent. Culms tufted, 7-35 cm tall,
slender, smooth. Leaf sheath pale, membranous,
mouth long pilose; leaf blade liform,.
Involucral bracts 2 or 3, setaceous to glumelike.
Inorescence a simple or subcompound anthela,
with 4-7 spikelets; rays 3-5, 2-5 cm. Spikelets
solitary or clustered, oblong-ovoid to ovoid,
3-6 × ca. 1.5 mm, 5-18-owered, base rounded,
apex acute.. Stamens 2; anthers oblong-ovoid.
Distribution - Open, wet, grassy places or on
wet rock outcrops at medium to high altitudes
generally from 1000 to 2300 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Grassland and forest behind the Farr Inn,
7000 ft, Davidse 7614 (MO, NY). Phenology
– Flowering April to December. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatned
114. Isolepis uitans var. uitans (L.) R.Br.
syn. Scirpus uitans L.
Stems liform, weak, creeping or oating,
often many-noded or tufted; leaves very slender,
often capillary, alternate, with their sheaths
pale-green. Spikelet solitary, terminal on a long
peduncle rising from the tuft of leaves, ovoid,
3-5 mm long; glumes 6-10, nearly all containing
bisexual owers; stamens usually 2; style
branches 2. Nut subovoid to orbicular, acute
to obtuse-apiculate. Distribution - Native. In
cool, running water, or forming mats at margin
of mountain streams. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Pattipola exit along
Pattipola Rd., 7100 ft alt., T. Koyama 13303 (NY,
PDA, US); Ohiya Rd., Simpson 9558 (PDA);
Ohiya Rd., c. 1 mile from Rest House, 2175 m
alt., Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 9 July, 1967
(PDA); Horton Plains, without further details,
Clayton 5536 (K, PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1030
115. Rhynchospora rugosa subsp. brownie
syn. Rhynchospora glauca sensu C.B. Clarke
Erect plant, up to 80 cm. high, with elliptical,
brown spikelets about 4 mm. long; marshes or
near streams. Distribution - Wet or marshy
grasslands and boggy places at rather high
altitudes of 1000 to 2800 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Simpson
9540 (PDA), Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
9 July 1967 (PDA, US), Mueller-Dombois 17
May 1968 (PDA, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
116. Scleria terrestris var. terrestris (L.)
Fassett syn. Scleria exaltata Thwaites , Scleria
chinensis var. biauriculata C.B. Clarke - uy
lrdnq
Perennials, stoloniferous. Rhizomes
woody, with dark purple scales. Culms sparse,
0.6-3 m tall, 4-7 mm wide, 3-angled, often
scabrous, glabrous. Leaf sheaths 1-8 cm,
papery; basal 2 or 3 sheaths on culm purplish
red, not winged. Inorescences paniculate,
with 1-3 distant branches. Spikelet 1(or 2) in
a cluster, entirely unisexual, oblong-ovoid to
narrowly ovoid, apex truncate to acuminate.
Distribution - Undergrowth of wet forests and
scrubs in montane zone up to 2300m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, Pattipola, s. coll. Sept. 1890
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern
117. Carex baccans Nees (Plate 04, Figure G)
Clumping and evergreen herb, which
produces dark green leaves, 1-2 cm wide and
2-3 ft long. Its ower spike arches up and out
from the clump, carrying greenish, owering
seed clusters that grow 6-12 inches long and 3
inches wide. As they mature, they turn a bright
orange-red. Distribution - Wet slopes covered
by open forest at tropical high mountain zones
in Sri Lanka, frequent in montane zone above
1700m alt. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – One mile out of the
Plains, on upper slope down to Pattipola, 6900
ft alt. T. Koyama & Mueller-Dombois 13305
(NY) Horton Plains, Ohiya Entrance, T. Koyama
14071 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable
118. Carex indica var. indica L. syn. Carex
indica var. laete-brunnea C.B. Clarke; Carex
indica subsp. laetebrunnea (C.B.Clarke)
T.Koyama
Tall perennial loosely to subdensely tufted
with short woody rhizome. Leaves radical and
subradical, sometimes one upper on the culm;
leaf blades linear, elongated, the longer ones
much surpassing the culms. Inorescence a
compound slender interrupted panicle, 16-30
cm long; partial panicles 3 to 8, all single, erect,
oblong to lance-oblong. Distribution - Wet
forests, both monane and lowlands. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Thwaites C.P. 2628 (K, PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
119. Carex licina Nees syn. Carex ceylanica
var. saturata (C.B.Clarke) Kük.
Rhizome thick, woody. Culms densely
tufted, sharply trigonous, glabrous. Leaves
longer or rarely shorter than culms, at, 5-14
mm wide, scabrid abaxially or glabrous on
both surfaces; persistent sheaths purplish red or
purplish brown, briform.. Panicle compound,
20-50 cm, 4-8-branched; inorescence branches
single, rarely binate, triangular-ovate, 4-15 ×
3-7 cm; peduncles of inorescence branches
tenuous, trigonous. Distribution - Native,
Common in montane forest at high altitude.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– A.M. de Silva 20 May 1911 (PDA); On trail
through forest between Rest HouseBand Little
World's End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama
13512 (NY, PDA, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
120. Carex ceylanica Boeckeler syn. Carex
licina subsp. ceylanica (Boeckeler) T.Koyama,
Carex licina var. ceylanica (Boeck.) T. Koyama
Culms loosely tufted, slender, 15-45 cm tall.
Leaves both radical and few upper on the culm,
all shorter than the culm, the blades linear.
Inorescence with 2 to 3 rather congested partial
panicles, all interrupted, 2.5-6 cm long, 1.5-2.5
cm wide, the upper panicle with branches of
spikes, the lower panicle branched twice, the
secondary branches of spikes. Spikes patulous to
suberect. Distribution - Endemic, Occasional
in wet forest above 2000 m. Conservation

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 031
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
121. Carex lindleyana Nees
Loosely tufted or growing solitary; rhizome
short, ligneous, creeping or erect-ascending, the
annual growth 0.8-4 cm long by 3-5 mm thick.
Culms erect from often obliquely ascending base.
Leaves basal and 1 to 3 upper on the culm; leaf-
blades rather short, linear, subcoriaceous, (15-)
20-35 cm long, 5-7.5 mm wide, attish, fresh
green, gradually narrowed above to subacute
apex. Distribution - Native, Montane wet
grasslands. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 7000 ft, Thwaites C.P. 3161 Feb.
1857 (K, PDA); Horton Plains, jungle path, J. C.
Willis 26 Jan. 1906 (PDA); Horton Plains, 7200
ft alt., c. 2 km from Rest House along Ohiya Rd,
Koyama 14069 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
122. Carex walkeri Arn. ex Boott
Tall perennial growing in loose tuft; rhizome
short-creeping, covered with dark reddish-
brown brous remnants of old leaf sheaths.
Leaves basal and 1 or 2 upper on the lower part
of the culm, equalling or slightly shorter than
the culm; leaf-blades linear, sti, subcoriacous,
lightly green, roughened above, smooth
beneath, attish-plicate, 1-costate, eventually
more or less revolute-margined, gradually
attenuate to a long acute apex. Distribution
- Native, Montane areas from 900 to 2200 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Trail between Rest House and Little World's
End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama 13511B
(NY, PDA, TI, US), T. Koyama & Samarakoon
13511 (NY, PDA, US); Horton Plains, Pattipola
Exit, T. Koyama 14074 (NY); Horton Plains
[without further details] J.C. Willis 21 Jan. 1906
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable
123. Carex spicigera Nees syn. Carex spicigera
subsp. minor (Boott) T.Koyama, Carex
spicigera f. rostrata (Boeckeler) T.Koyama,
Carex spicigera f. rubella (Boott) T.Koyama
Diering from subsp. spicigera in densely
tufted rhizome, slender leaves and culms
and in much reduced inorescences. Leaves
slenderly linear, 5-25 cm long, 1-2 mm wide.
Culms slender and weak, lower than or briey
surpassing the leaves, 1/4-1/2 mm thick.
Lowest bract 5-11 cm long, hardly sheathing
at base. Pistillate glumes 1.3-1.7 mm long.
Distribution - Endemic, Undergrowth of wet
forest in lower montane zone from 800 to 1800
m alt. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Trail between Rest House and Little
World's End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama 13514
(NY, PDA, US); Horton Plains, Ohiya Entrance,
T. Koyarma14072 (NY); Horton Plains Farm
along Pattipola Road, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama
13509 (NY, PDA, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
124. Carex lenta D.Don syn. Carex brunnea
Thunb.
Loosely to densely tufted; rhizome short,
obliquely ascending, branched, covered with
dark brown scales and sheaths and their
brous remnants. Leaves many, radical and
subradical, shorter than to slightly overtopping
culms, narrowly linear, 1.5-4 mm wide, sti,
roughened above, 1-costate, folded, gradually
attenuated to long very acute apex; sheaths 1-10
cm long, light to dark brown. Inorescence a
slender loose interrupted panicle. Distribution -
Endemic, in upper montane zone above 1800m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Thwaites C.P. 2632 in part, Feb. 1859 (PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered (Possibly Extinct)
125. Carex jackiana subsp. jackiana Boott
syn. Carex jackiana var. monor C.B. Clarke
Densely to loosely tufted from very short
rhizome; roots brous. Leaves relatively
few to a culm, radical and subradical, linear.
Lateral spikes pistillate, cylindrical or oblong-
cylindrical, 1-3 cm long, 5-8 mm thick,
subloosely owered, the upper 2 or 3 approximate
or subfastigiate with the staminate spike, short-
peduncled to nearly sessile. Distribution
- Native, upper montane zone above 1700 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Thwaites Feb. 1857, C.P. 3198, in part (K,
PDA); Pattipola Road, "Farm" at 7200 ft, T.
Koyama 13507 (NY) and 13508 (NY); Ohiya
Rd. entrance, 1 mile past "Old Farm", at 7000
ft alt. T. Koyama 13535 (NY); between Little

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1032
World's End and Big World's End, by trail,
7200 ft alt., T. Koyama 13513b (NY); trail to
small World's End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama
14080 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable
126. Carex lobulirostris Drejer
Loosely tufted from short creeping rhizome;
rhizome ligneous, 6-8 mm thick. Leaves many,
basal and 1 or 2 upper on the culm, broadly
linear, equalling or surpassing the culm. Culm
single to a fascicle. Bracts 2 or 3, leaf-like, the
lowest 2 to 3 times as long as the inorescence,
sheathing at base for 2 to 5 cm. Spikes 4 to
7, all subfastigiate or the lowest one much
spaced from the rest. Distribution - Endemic.
Forming large colonies in patana swamps, rare;
in the upper montane zone, 2000 – 2500m
alt. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Without denite locality, J.C. Willis 4
May 1906 (PDA), Thwaites C.P. 2633 in part
(PDA); Pattipola exit, wet roadside, 7100 ft.
Koyama & Mueller Dombois 13301 (NY, US);
Diyagama Rd., Koyama 14086 (NY); Ohiya Rd,
c 1-1/4 miles from Rest House, large clumps at
swampy forest margin, Koyama 13527 (NY,
PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered
127. Carex maculata var. maculata Boott
Perennial usually densely tufted from
short ascending rhizome. Leaves subradical
and 1 to few upper on the lower part of culms
and spaced, linear, 2-5 (-8) mm wide, shorter
than to nearly equalling the culms, 3-costate,
attish-plicate or slightly recurved-margined,
soft, lightly green and white-powdery, acute
at apex; sheaths lightly rusty-brown or pale
and dotted with dark red, occasionally weakly
disintegrating later. Distribution - Wet places
at margins of ponds or wet margins of forests, in
Ceylon limited to high mountain forests. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Ohiya Rd, 1/4 miles from Rest House, 7200
ft alt, T. Koyama 13631 (NY). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
128. Carex arnottiana Nees ex Drejer
Tall perennial, densely tufted. Rhizome
short, obliquely ascending, clothed with dark
brown scales; roots robust, , yellow-hairy. Leaves
many, basal and subbasal; leaf-blades linear,
elongated, slightly shorter than or equalling the
culm; leaf-sheaths 10-30 cm long, brown, not
disintegrated; a few basal sheaths cataphylloid,
3-5 cm long, rusty-brown, withering without
being disintegrated into bres. Distribution -
Endemic. Wet depressions or by narrow streams
in swampy patana grassland at the altitude
of 1500-2000 m, locally relatively abundant
in Horton Plains. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Bogawantalawa Rd,
J.C. Willis 26 Jan. 1906 (PDA); Horton Plains,
Pattipola Exit, 7100 ft alt., T.Koyama & Müller-
Dombois 13304 (NY, PDA, US); road from
Pattipola Entrance, c. 2 miles from Rest House,
7200ft alt., T. Koyama & Samarakoon 13520
(NY, PDA, TI, US); Horton Plains, patana
swamp along Pattipola Rd. c. 1.5 miles from
Rest House, 7100 ft, T. Koyama 13520B (NY,
US), Horton Plains, Diyagama Rd., T. Koyama
14083 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
129. Carex phacota Spreng.
Loosely tufted from short-creeping rhizome;
roots relatively stout. Leaves few to a culm,
radical and sometimes 1 or 2 upper on culms,
narrowly linear, 3-8 mm wide. Culms erect or
erect-patent, 20-90 cm tall, 1-3 mm thick, acutely
3-angled, 1-3 mm thick, 1-leaved, smooth and
occasionally scaberulous immediately below
the inorescence and on rhachis. Distribution
- Wet open grasslands; in Ceylon abundant in
patana swamps. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – s. coll. C.P. 2965 in
part, Feb. 1837 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
130. Carex nubigena var. nubigena D.Don
Densely tufted; rhizome very short and
inconspicuous, roots relatively stout. Leaves
radical and subradical, narrowly linear; sheaths
long, dorsally glaucous-green, ventrally
membranous and pale or straw-coloured with
red-brown spots, truncate at orice; basal
sheaths short bladed to scaly, ferrugineous,
eventually disintegrating into brown bres.
Culms central, erect. Inorescence a terminal
spiciform cluster of spikes. Distribution -

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 033
Forest margins and wet grasslands in tropical
high mountain zone; in Ceylon abundant in
patanas of the upper montane zone, above
2000m. alt. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Trimen Sept. 1890 (PDA); "Old
Farm" on Ohiya Rd, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama
13510 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
131. Carex rara subsp. patanicola T.Koyama
Slender perennial, densely tufted in large
clumps; rhizome very short or rarely erect-
ascending with slightly elongated internodes
1-1.5 cm long. Inorescence a single terminal
spike, without bract. Distribution - Occasional
in wet Patana. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains,
[without further details], Ohiya Creek, 7200
ft, T. Koyama 13517(NY, PDA); Horton Plains
Pattipola exit, c. 2 miles from Rest House,
7100 ft alt., T. Koyama 13646 (NY, PDA, US).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered
132. Fimbristylis consanguinea Kunth syn.
Fimbristylis kraussiana Hochst. ex Krauss
Perennial, densely tufted, often forming
a large clump; rhizome slender, horizontal,
covered with pale brownish scales. Culms
closely disposed in a row along the rhizome,
erect from obliquely ascending base, slender.
Corymbs simple or in part subcompound,
subdensely bearing 3 to 20 spikelets.
Distribution - Wet grasslands at high altitudes.
In Ceylon locally abundant in wet "Patana"
grasslands at altitudes between 1800 and 2500
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, Ohiya entrance, c.
7100 ft alt., T. Koyama 13630 (NY, PDA, US);
Pattipola exit, along Pattipola Rd., 7100 ft, T.
Koyama & Mueller- Dombois 13302 (NY, PDA,
US), T. Koyama & Herat 13643 (NY, PDA, US),
T. Koyama & Fosberg 13525 (NY, US); 1/4 mile
from Farr Inn, 7200 ft, T. Koyama 13626 (NY);
along approach from Pattipola, Jayasuriya &
Wheeler 176 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
133. Fimbristylis salbundia (Nees) Kunth
syn. Fimbristylis pentaptera (Nees) Kunth;
Fimbristylis salbundia subsp. pentaptera (Nees)
T.Koyama (Plate 04, Figure H)
Perennials, rhizomatous. Culms crowded
along rhizome. Leaves bladeless; sheath
dusky or cinnamon brown, 1-17 cm, apex
lanceolate; ligule absent. Involucral bracts 2-5,
setaceous with lanceolate base, longest to 1.5
cm. Inorescence a compound or decompound
anthela. Spikelets ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid.
Glumes many, spirally imbricate, light brown,
ovate, 2-2.3 × ca. 1.5 mm, membranous.
Distribution - Patana grasslands at high
altitudes. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, World's
End Drop, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor July
1967 (PDA, US). 176 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
Family Droseraceae
134. Drosera burmanni Vahl (Plate 04, Figure
I) - jgeiai
Small, compact insectivorous plant,
normally spanning only 2 cm. It is one of the
fastest insect-trapping sundews, and its leaves
can curl around an insect in only a few seconds,
compared to the minutes or hours it takes other
sundews to surround their prey. The leaves all
lie at on the ground in a rosette. The upper
surface is covered with sticky glands which
trap insects and digest them. Tiny owers arise
on a leaess scape. Distribution - Native,
usually in open grassy patches near Patana
Swamps. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable
135. Drosera lunata Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Syn.
Drosera peltata Sm. ex Willd. (Plate 04, Figure
J) - wv y| weiai
Carnivorous plant which grows up to 9-32
cm. Basal leaves are densely whorled. Upper
leaves are the strangest leaves one would get to
see. They are shaped like shields. These shield
shaped leaves have hundreds of tentacles which
hold a glad that produces the dew. The dew is very
thick and sticky. When an insect gets stuck to
some dew, more tentacles move to get there dew
covered glands against the insect to keep it from

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1034
escaping. Distribution - Native, in the upper
montane zone only. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5483 (PDA),
s. coll. C.P 2553 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
Family Elaeagnaceae
136. Elaeagnus latifolia L. syn. Elaeagnus
latifolia var. thwaitesii (Plate 04, Figure K) -
lgq weô,a,
Large woody climber with young stem
leaves below and inorescence densely scaly
with silvery and coppery scales mixed. Leaves
are alternate, elliptic oblong, pointed to slightly
tapering at tip, narrowed at base, densely scaly
below, sparsely so above when young. Flower
racemes are short, in leaf-axils, 5-7-owered.
Flowers 0.6-0.7 cm across. Perianth bell-
shaped; tube 0.8-1 cm long; lobes 4, 0.2-0.3
cm long, triangular. Stamens 4, included.
Distribution - Moist and intermediate regions,
common in the scrub jungle around the patanas
and at the edge of forests in the mid-country.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Totupola, Gardner in C.P. 83 (PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern
Family Elaeocarpaceae
137. Elaeocarpus coriaceus Hook syn.
Elaeocarpus obovatus Arn. - .,a fjr¿
Shrubs or small trees up to about 10—12
m high and bole up to 30 cm diameter; young
branches stout, prominently marked with leaf
scars. Leaves crowded, obovate, acute at base
and rounded at apex, shallowly mucronate-
serrate, very coriaceous, glabrous; lateral nerves
4—5, little raised on lower face, petiole very
stout, short. Racemes 5—6 cm long, from axils
of upper leaves; owers up to 2.5 cm in diameter.
Distribution - tree of the upper montane zone,
most common in and around Horton Plains about
2220—2400 m altitude. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
road, 2200 m, 26 Jan 1977, Cramer 4812 (PDA,
US, MO), 2100 m, mist forest, 17 Nov 1977,
frs, Huber 644 (US, MO), 2200 m, 10 Dec
1976, s, Bernardi 15882 (PDA, US, MO), 25
Jan 1945, s, Worthington 1716 (K), Halfway
on road to World‟s End, 2400 m, 6 Dec 1972,
s, Tirvengadum & Cramer 100 (PDA, US),
s, Cramer 3950 (PDA, US), 28 Mar 1968, frs,
Koyama & Samarakoon s.n. (US), 24 Feb 1972,
s, Balakrishnan 1201 (US, MO), 29 Jan 1974,
s, Jayasuriya, Moldenke & Sumithraarachchi
1467 (US, MO); World‟s End, 2350 m, 19
Apr 1973, s, Stone 11259 (US), 2400 m,
30 June 1975, s, Sumithraarachchi 951
(PDA, US), 6 Oct 1973, frs, Waas 146 (PDA,
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
138. Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook. ex
Wight) Mast. (Plate 04, Figure L) - .,a fjr¿"
u,a fjr¿
A tree up to about 15—20 m, and 90
cm diameter of the bole. Wood white, bark
smooth. Leaves about 6—9 cm long, ovate
(var. ceylanica) or lanceolate, acute or obtuse at
base, apex acuminate, shallowly serrate-crenate
(without spines inside the serrations) or nearly
entire, lateral nerves 5—6 pairs, in general
with glandular pits (domatia) in their axils,
turning red while dropping o, owers 1.5 cm
in diameter, buds ovoid-oblong, about 5 x 2
mm. Distribution - Common tree of the lower
montane zone from 1000— 2000 m. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Along road from Ohiya to Farr Inn, 2060 m, 18
Nov 1977, Huber 659 (US, MO). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
139. Elaeocarpus montanus Thwaites (Plate
04, Figure M) - .,a fjr¿
A moderate-sized tree; young parts
pubescent., margin revolute at base, denticulate,
glabrous above, glandular-pubescent, becoming
glabrous beneath, coriaceous, lateral nerves
sunken at upper face, very prominent beneath.
Distribution – A species of the upper montane
zone, from 1900—3000 m altitude. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 1/3 up the climb to Horton Plains, 1950 m,
7 Oct 1967, Comanor 461 (US); 2300 m, 23
Jan 1945, s, Worthington 1685 (K), World‟s
End Lookout, montane ericaceous forest, 19
Apr 1973, frs, (PDA, US), trail behind Farr Inn,
2130 m, 23 Apr 1961, s, Hladik 737 (PDA,
US); North-south trail, H 350, 2000 m, 27 Jan

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 035
1970, Hladik 1179 (US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
Family Ericaceae
140. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.
Syn. Gaultheria rudis Stapf., Gaultheria
fragrantissima sensu Trimen, non Wall.;
Gaultheria leschenaultii DC. (Plate 04, Figure
N) - j,a lmqre
Much branched, spreading, caespitose
shrub with sti, erect twigs. Bark furrowed,
orange-brown. Young stems dark purplish pink,
darkly pubescent, somewhat compressed. Buds
covered with scales. Leaves, narrowly elliptic to
broadly elliptic to ovate to obovate, obtuse or
acute and bluntly apiculate at the apex, rounded
to acute at the base; young leaves reddish
beneath. Distribution - Upper montane zone,
rather common. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – 26 Jan 1906, s. coll.
s.n. (PDA), 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi
46 (PDA), 1 July 1967, Mueller- Dombois
67071002 (PDA), 8 July 1967, Mueller-
Dombois 67060841 (PDA), 10 March 1969,
Grierson 1086 (PDA), 19 Sept 1969, van
Beusekom 1465 (PDA), 27 Jan 1970, Clayton
5478 (PDA), 10 March 1969, Hoogland 11532
(PDA), 2 Dec 1970, Theobald 2731 (PDA), 11
May 1970, Gould 13834 (PDA), 6 Oct 1973,
Waas 145 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
141. Rhododendron arboreum subsp.
zeylanicum (Booth) Tagg (Plate 04, Figure O)
- ud r;au,a
Small to moderate-sized tree, to c. 20 m tall.
Trunk stout, usually twisted, thickened at base.
Bark thick, dark grey, deeply furrowed. Root
system shallow, running a few cm below soil
surface. Leaves thick and very sti, crowded
at the ends of twigs. Raceme short, dense and
more or less headlike, with to c. 25 owers.
Peduncle 5-10 mm long. Distribution - Upper
montane zone, common. In the forest and the
high patana grasslands. Sub species is Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi 39 (PDA), 5
Feb 1971, Robyns 7126 (PDA), 12 May 1970,
Gould 13869 (PDA), 5 Feb 1971, Jayasuriya
77 (PDA), 2 March 1971, Koyama 14076
(PDA), 30 April 1968, Theobald 2308 (PDA),
9 March 1969, Robyns 6953 (PDA), 21 June
1972, Hepper 4446 (PDA), 6 Oct 1973, Waas
147 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering February to
about July. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
142. Vaccinium symplocifolium (D.Don ex
G.Don) Alston syn. Vaccinium leschenaultii
Wight (Plate 04, Figure P) - fndr¿
Large much-branched shrub or small tree
c. 5 m tall. Bark dark grey. Twigs pubescent.
Buds covered with scales. Leaf 1.5-9 x 0.8-
4 cm, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate or rotund,
acuminate or rounded at apex, acute, obtuse or
rounded at base, sti, coriaceous, glabrous on
both surfaces, serrate, with prominent veins
beneath. Petiole 1-5 mm long. Racemes axillary
or terminal. Peduncle 2-10 mm long, slightly
pubescent. Pedicel 6- 10 mm long, slender.
Distribution - Forests of the montane zone.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – 10 Mar 1969, Grierson 1090 (PDA), 16
July 1969, Hladik 891 (PDA), 19 Sept 1969, van
Beusekom 1502 (PDA), 25 Sept 1969, Hladik
967 (PDA), 12 Dec 1970, Balakrishnan 422
(PDA), 6 Oct 1973, Waas 144 (PDA); Horton
Plains, Bogowantalawa Road, jungle margin, 27
Apr 1932, "var. salicifolia", s white, tall tree,
Simpson 9541 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
February to September. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
Family Eriocaulaceae
143. Eriocaulon atratum Körn. (Plate 04,
Figure Q)
Perennial forming dense tussocks at
rst, becoming shortly caulescent and looser
with age, stem clothed in old leaf-bases and
sometimes branched once. Leaves in tufts at
the branch ends, ensiform, thick and smooth,
up to 9 cm long, 2—3 mm wide, obtuse,
apiculate. Scapes solitary, much exceeding
the leaves, 5—6-ribbed; sheaths obliquely slit,
acute. Flowers 3-rnerous, c. 3.5 mm long, male
and female intermixed, the peripheral owers
larger. Distribution - Peaty, wet rock outcrops,
exposed sand and rock in rivers, and marshy

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1036
clearings in forest, 1400—2000 m. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Diyagama road on descent from Horton Plains,
Moldenke et al. 28285 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
144. Eriocaulon brownianum Mart. Syn.
Eriocaulon nilagirense Steud.
Perennial forming large tussocks; leaves
erect, linear to ensiform, folded below,
attening out to (3—)6—10 mm wide,
papyraceous with obvious veins (not spongy
or fenestrate), glabrous to densely pubescent,
acuminate. Scapes stout, strongly 5—7-ribbed:
sheath-mouth loose. Flowers 2.6—4 mm
long, female owers concentrated around the
capitulum periphery, sometimes very few,
owers and bracts of equal length. Distribution
- Swampy grassland, 950—2200 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Kostermans 23065 (K), 26 Jan 1906, Willis
s.n. (PDA), 20 May 1911, J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA);
Pattipola entrance, Koyama 13521 & 13642 (K);
opposite Wild Life Dept. dormitory, Clayton
& Wijesundara 21 (K, MO, PDA); Pattipola-
Farr Inn road, Clayton & Wijesundara 18 (K,
MO, PDA); Farr Inn-Ohiya road near Anderson
Bungalow, Clayton & Wijesundara 23 (K, L,
MO, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable
145. Eriocaulon ceylanicum Körn (Plate 04,
Figure R) - fldlafudg
Perennial forming dense tussock; stems
shortly elongating with age, not exceeding 4
cm long; leaves narrowly linear up to 13 cm
long, 0.5—2 mm wide, opaque, thick, smooth,
obtuse and apiculate. Flowers 3-merous,
their arrangement variable but often the large
peripheral owers female. Distribution -
Swampy grassland, ditches and stream margins,
2000— 2400 m. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Simpson
9042 (K), in 1898, Pearson s.n. (K), Thwaites
C.P. 61, pp. (PDA), 19 April 1969, Kostermans
s.n. (K), 25 May 1911, Silva s.n. (PDA), Philcox
et al, 10543 (MO, PDA, US), along Ohiya road,
Koyama 13516 (K), opposite the wildlife Dept.
dormitory, Clayton & Wijesundara 20 (K,
PDA), Pattipola entrance, Koyama & Herat
13640 (K, PDA), trail to World‘s End, Gould
& Cooray 13811 (PDA), Farr Inn to World‘s
End, Waas 117 (PDA), Farr Inn, Davidse 7607
(PDA), along Ohiya road 1/4 ml from resthouse,
Mueller- Dombois & Comanor 67070901
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering October to
May. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
146. Eriocaulon odoratum Dalzell Syn. –
Eriocaulon collinum Hook.f., Eriocaulon
luzulaefolium sensu Thwaites, non Mart.
Densely tufted herb, probably annual,
usually occurring as a cluster of several
rosettes; leaves narrowly linear to subulate,
opaque, spongy or sometimes thinner, obtuse.
Scapes slender, 4— 9 per plant, 15—40 cm
high and much exceeding the leaves, 0.5—0.6
mm in diameter, (5—)6-ribbed; sheaths loose,
equalling the leaves, the mouth obtusely lobed
and shortly slit. Flowers 3-merous, c.2 mm long,
stipitate, stipe up to 0.5 mm long. Distribution
- Streams and marshes in the uplands, (1200—
)1600—2200 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Diyagama tea estate
to Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
10029 (PDA); Horton Plains, 23 Feb 1882,
Thwaites C.P. 796 (PDA), 20 May 1911, J.M.
Silva s.n. (PDA); in 1882, Trimen s.n. (K), in
Oct 1928, Pearson s.n. (K); opposite wildlife
dept. dormitory, Clayton & Wijesundara 22
(K, PDA); by Pattipola-Farr Inn road, Clayton
& Wijesundara 19 (K, MO, PDA). Phenology
– Flowering October to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.
147. Eriocaulon subglaucum Ruhland (Plate
05, Figure A)
Caulescent perennial; stem slender,
elongate, branching, leafy, the older portions
clothed in brous leaf remnants; leaves linear-
lanceolate, pale grey—green, thin, fenestrate,
6—9 cm long, 3-4 mm wide, obtuse and
apiculate. ; scapes 1—3 from each branch-tip,
shortly exceeding the leaves, 10—20 cm high,
0.6 mm in diameter, 4-ribbed; sheaths inated
at the mouth, obliquely slit, acute. Flowers
3-merous, sessile, c.3 mm long. Distribution
- Damp shady banks. Endemic. Herbarium

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 037
specimens Collected from HPNP – Simpson
9560 (K, PDA), Thwaites C.P. 61, pp. (PDA);
Horton Plains—Pattipola road, Simpson 9525
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowering April.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered
Family Euphorbiaceae
148. Euphorbia rothiana Spreng. (Plate 05,
Figure B)
Annual Or perennial herb, erect, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, chartaceous, narrowly elliptic
or oblanceolate, tapering at acute base, apex
acute, entire, glabrous. Inorescence terminal,
much branched. Inorescence leaves sessile,
ovate to oblong-lanceolate. Involucral leaves
broadly triangular-ovate, cordate at base,
apex obtuse, shortly mucronate. Distribution
- Damp shady banks. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2000 m, 7
Apr 1969, Kostermans 23025 (K), Agrapatana
Road, 29 Jun 1973, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 263
(PDA), Horton Plains, by track from Horton
Plains to North Cove, c. 1.6 km SSE of south
shoulder of Kirigalpotta, 4 Mar 1973, Townsend
73/160 (K), trail to World‘s End, c. 730 m, 11
May 1970, Gould & Cooray 13807 (PDA),
road to Farr Inn from World‘s End, 2195 m, 19
Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi et al. 40 (PDA),
road to Ohiya at Old Farm, 2100 m, 29 Mar
1968, Fosberg 50107 (PDA), between Horton
Plains and Pattipola, c. 1950 m, 20 Sept 1969,
Beusekon & Beusekon 1514 (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering almost throughout the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern
149. Homalanthus populifolius Graham - .sks
lekao
Glabrous shrub or small tree up to 5 m high.
Leaves ovate to rhombic, truncate to obtuse
at base, acute to acuminate or rarely obtuse at
apex. Racemes up to 17 cm long, usually with
few solitary long-pedicellate female owers
below or at base, and many clusters of (1)-3-
4 short-pedicellate. Each group of owers
subtended by a bract and 2 prominent glands.
Male owers: stamens 4-10; perianth segments
2. Female owers: ovary 2-celled; styles 2.
Distribution - In primary and secondary forest,
from 1550 to 2000 metres, exotic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Path to
Horton Plains via Ohiya, c. 1800 m, 6 Feb 1971,
Robyns 7160 (K, PDA), 7 Feb 1971, Jayasuriya
& Robyns 89 (K, PDA) Horton Plains, 2 miles
NE of Farr Inn, 2133 m, 3 Mar 1971, Wheeler
12397 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Not Evaluated.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1038
PLATE 04 : A. Wahlenbergia marginata; B. Euonymus revolutus; C. Myriactis wightii; D. Microtropis
zeylanica; E. Disporum cantoniense; F. Zehneria thwaitesii; G. Carex baccans; H. Fimbristylis
salbundia; I. Drosera burmanni; J. Drosera lunata; K. Elaeagnus latifolia; L. Elaeocarpus
glandulifer; M. Elaeocarpus montanus; N. Gaultheria fragrantissima; O. Rhododendron arboreum;
P. Vaccinium symplocifolium; Q. Eriocaulon atratum; R. Eriocaulon ceylanicum.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 039
Family Fabaceae
150. Cajanus trinervius (DC.) Maesen syn.
Atylosia candollii Wight & Arn., Atylosia
trinervia (DC.) Gamble (Plate 05, Figure C) -
j,afld,a¨" we;af;dar
Erect, branching shrubs, to about 2.5 m tall;
stems terete, slightly ridged, fulvous-villous
when young, glabrescent at maturity. Leaves
digitately trifoliolate, the petioles to 1 cm long;
stipules acute, about 2.5 mm long, caducous;
stipels absent; leaets oblanceolate. Flowers
yellowish, about 2 cm long, the pedicels about 9
mm long; calyx tube about 6 mm long, fulvous
villous, the upper lobes connate, all lobes
long, acuminate. Distribution - Native. Very
common, sometimes gregarious plant on the
open patanas of the montane zone from 900—
1800 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Open ridge top, patana, Mueller-
Dombois & Comanor 67070848 (PDA, US).
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern
151. Crotalaria albida B.Heyne ex Roth
Perennial herb, to about 60 cm tall,
surutescent from a short woody base; stems
usually numerous; leaves simple, oblanceolate
to linear spathulate, obtuse, mucronulate, or
subtruncate at the apex, cuneate at the base,
glabrous or subglabrous above, inorescences
terminal, racemose, 6– 20-owered; bracts and
bracteoles linear, setaceous, 1–2.5 mm long;
bracteoles inserted at base of calyx; calyx 8–10(–
16) mm long, with lobes much longer than the
tube. Distribution - Native. Open hillsides at
elevations from 400 - 2,200 metres. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, Dassanayake 214A (K). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
152. Crotalaria walkeri Arn. (Plate 05, Figure
D)
Surutescent herb, to about 2.5–3 m tall;
stems erect to semiscandent, striate, pubescent
with minute appressed-hairs; stipules linear to
falcate, attenuate, 1.5–3 mm long, 1 mm wide
or less: leaves simple, elliptic to ovate, acute
to obtuse. inorescences terminal, racemose,
few-owered; bracts and bracteoles linear-
attenuate; owers 1.5–2 cm long on pedicels,
calyx 10–12 mm long with attenuate lobes
slightly longer than the tube, sericeous or
subsericeous. Distribution - Native. montane
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Feb. 1846, Thwaites C.P. 280 (K),
Rudd & Balakrishnan 3178 (K, PDA, US),
3183 (K, PDA, US); Horton Plains, Gardner,
and Maturata, Sept. 18?8 (unclear), Thwaites,
C.P. 12 (280) (PDA); without data, C.P. 12
(BM, GH, K, P): Totupola. Horton Plains, Sept.
1890, Trimen ? s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains,
Diyagama Road, Cormanor 970 (GH, K, UC,
US); at main road to Horton Plains Rest House,
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070949 (PDA,
US); Horton Plains; Gould 13562 (UC), Hepper
4444 (K, US), Tirvengadum & Cramer 279 (K,
US); Little World‘s End, Grey-Wilson & Silva
3075 (K, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
153. Crotalaria wightiana Graham ex Wight
& Arn. Syn. Crotalaria rubiginosa sensu
Trimen, p.p.
Shrubby herb to about 1 m tall; stems
densely pubescent with shining rusty or golden
subappressed hairs. leaves simple, elliptic-
ovate, usually obtuse, mucronate at the apex,
rounded at the base, to about 5–6 cm long, 4–5
cm wide. Distribution - Native. Hill country.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered.
154. Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don (Plate 05, Figure E)
Stems slender, creeping, rooted at the
nodes, sometimes twining, glabrous or nearly
so; stipules scarious, deltoid-ovate, acute, 4–10
mm long, glabrous, free or somewhat adnate
to the petiole. inorescences 1–4-owered,
axillary; bracts stipule-like but smaller, 2–4
mm long, somewhat laciniate with liform
tips; owers about 13–23 mm long; calyx
moderately puberulent, 6–7 mm long, 2.5 mm
in diameter. Distribution - Native. common
in high, moist areas of the Central and Ova
Provinces. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – At entrance from Petiole,
tussock, Muller-Dombois & Cooray 68011319

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1040
(PDA); Horton Plains, near Farr Inn, open
patina grassland, Fosberg 53328 (PDA, US);
Horton Plains, edge of woods in wet hummocks,
Rudd & Balakrishnan 3179 (PDA, US), at base
of dirt bank, Rudd & Balakishnan 3182 (PDA,
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
155. Smithia blanda Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
Syn. Smithia racemosa Wight & Arn. (Plate 05,
Figure F)
Perennial or, sometimes, annual herb;
stems erect or spreading, hispid or glabrous, to
about 6 dm tall; leaves 4–12-foliolate; leaets
oval-oblong to obovate or cuneate. owers
about 10–14 mm long in terminal panicles;
calyx membranous with anastomosing veins,
4–7 mm long, the lips lobed, hispidulous;
petals bright yellow marked with red; fruit
1–4(–7)- articulate, the articles sub orbiculate,
2–2.5 mm in diameter, reticulate, glabrous.
Distribution - Native, in moist areas of
forest and patana, up to about 2000 metres.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Pattipola, Horton Plains, Sept. 1890, Trimen ?
s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.
156. Smithia sensitiva Aiton
Herbaceous annual; stems erect or
spreading, to about 1.5 m long, glabrous; leaves
6–24-foliolate; leaets linear-oblong, bristly-
ciliate along the margins and midrib on lower
surface, otherwise glabrous; owers in short,
simple, axillary racemes at the ends of peduncles
usually longer than the leaves; calyx scarious,
rigid, about 6–9 mm long with close, parallel
veins, the lips entire, acute, with a few scattered
bristles; petals yellow. Distribution – Native?
In moist areas, pastures, etc. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
157. Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f.
Surutescent herb, to about 4 m tall;
stems erect, stipules lanceolate, caducous;
leaves imparipinnate. 11–29-foliolate; leaets
elliptic to oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse,
apiculate at the apex, rounded to acute at the
base, moderately subappressed-pubescent
above, densely pubescent beneath, somewhat
concolorous; inorescences terminal or
leafopposed, pseudoracemose, many-owered;
bracts ovate, to about 12 mm. Distribution
- Planted in tea and coee as shade, as an
ornamental and cultivated as a sh-poison
plant. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated
158. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Syn. Trifolium
minus Smith.
Annual or biennial; stems slender, to about 4
dm long, usually procumbent, sometimes erect;
stipules obliquely ovate, acuminate; leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate, the margin denticulate
toward the apex, the terminal petiolule 1–3 mm
long. Inorescences spherical or semispherical,
relatively small, axillary; bracts minute, deltoid;
owers 2.5–4 mm long; calyx glabrous, the
upper teeth longer than the tube, the lower
teeths horter; petals yellow. Distribution –
Exotic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated
159. Ulex europaeus L. (Plate 05, Figure G)
A native of Western Europe introduced
elsewhere as an ornamental and barrier hedge,
and as a soil binder. In Ceylon it has become
naturalized and in some areas a noxious
weed. Distribution – Montane areas, exotic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP –
Comanor 446 (PDA, GH, K, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Family Gentianaceae
160. Crawfurdia championii (Gardner) Alston
syn. Tripterospermum championii Gardner
Stem very slender, terete; internodes to 9 cm
long. Leaves ovate, 2- 3.4 x 1.2-1.8 cm, rounded
or truncate and slightly tapering at base, very
shortly acuminate, glabrous. Flowers often in
opposite pairs; pedicels to 4 mm long. Calyx
tube to 7 mm long, with broad sinuses at mouth;
lobes linear, to 6 mm long, curving outwards
at apex. Corolla tube much exserted, to 2.3 cm
long; lobes broadly ovate, 3 mm long, shortly
acuminate. Distribution - Endemic. In the
highlands, chiey at Horton Plains; Alt. more or
less 2250 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Gardner C.P. 137 (PDA), turn o
to Totapola, Jowitt s.n. (PDA), s. coll. s.n. (K).

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 041
Phenology – Flowering February and August.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered (Possibly Extinct). FFPO –
Protected.
161. Exacum macranthum Arn. ex Griseb. Syn.
Exacum macranthum Arn., Exacum trinervium
subsp. macranthum (Arn.) L.H.Cramer (Plate
05, Figure H) - ìkr" .sksysßh
Stem more or less 50-100 cm high,
cylindrical at base, sub-4- angular in the upper
half, often simple. Leaves sessile, occasionally
subpetiolate, obliquely erect, ovate-oblong,
ovate-lanceolate or suborbicular, subcuneate or
slightly rounded and 3-5- nerved at base, acute
to obtuse, rather thick, the nerves prominent
beneath. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla
lobes spreading, ovate-lanceolate, violet to
purplish-blue. Distribution - Endemic. In the
wet, black patanas of the highlands chiey in
the southeast sector of the Central Province.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Trail to Kirigalpotta, in wet patana, Nowicke
& Jayasuriya 232 (K, PDA, US), Reection
Lake, in patana grassland, Clayton 5484 (K,
PDA, US); Road to Ohiya, in grassy area,
Comanor 419 (K, PDA, US), in patana close
to Baker's Falls, Cramer 4450 (PDA, US); near
Farr Inn, Fosberg 53320 (PDA, US). Phenology
– Flowering January-June and September-
December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered
162. Exacum walkeri Arn. ex Griseb. (Plate
05, Figure I) - iqÿ ìkr
Annual with a short rootstock; stem
to 60 cm high, dichotomously branched,
subquadrangular at base, 4-angular in upper half.
Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, rounded
or truncate at base. Flowers solitary in forks
of branches and leaf-axils, very occasionally
in terminal, dichasial cymes. Pedicels slightly
nodding. Distribution - Endemic. In partial
shade by moist embankments of country
paths, by rocky stream borders and edges of
disturbed forests in the uplands and highlands;
chiey in the southeast sector of the Central
Province; common. Alt. more or less 900-
2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Along road to Small World's
End, Robyns 6961 (BR, PDA, US), Fosberg
50063 (PDA, US), Cramer 5162 (PDA, US).
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
163. Gentiana pedicellata subsp. zeylanica
(Griseb.) Halda syn. Gentiana quadrifaria var.
zeylanica (Griseb.) Kusn. (Plate 05, Figure J)
Glabrous annual with a shallow rootstock;
stem decumbent, to 25 cm long, sub-4-angular,
laxly branched from base, the upper branches
subfastigiate. Leaves numerous, opposite
decussate, broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded
at base, recurved at apex, shortly aristate,
1-nerved. Flowers terminating branches, giving
appearance of a corymb. Bracts 0. Pedicels
1-1.5 mm long. Calyx tube to 5 mm long; lobes
lanceolate, 2 mm long, shortly aristate. Corolla
indigo-blue. Distribution - Endemic. In boggy
patana in the highlands. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Willis s.n. (PDA),
patanas, Simpson s.n. (K), van Beusekom 1468
(PDA, US), Jayasuriya 2399 (PDA, US); in
soggy patana behind Farr Inn, Cramer 4818
(PDA, US), Gould & Cooray 13861 (PDA,
US), beside Ohiya Rd., Cramer 5159 (K, PDA,
US). Phenology – Flowering throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
164. Swertia zeylanica (Griseb.) Walker ex
C.B.Clarke (Plate 05, Figure K) - lsrd;
Annual with a shallow rootstock; stem
to 36 cm high, cylindrical to sub-4-angular,
grooved on opposite sides, branched above,
glabrous. Leaves numerous, thick; lower ones
oval-oblong to lanceolate, obtuse; upper ones
linear-oblong, 0.9-1.4 x 0.2-0.4 cm, subacute,
becoming bracteates above. Cymes terminal,
trichotomous, at-topped. Bracts linear-oblong.
Pedicels to 8 mm long. Calyx lobes suberect,
linear lanceolate. Corolla ashy-blue or lavender.
Distribution - Endemic. In the wet patanas of
the highlands; common. Alt. more or less 1500-
2200 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – s. coll. s.n. (PDA), along slopes of
patana near Farr Inn, Cramer 3138 (PDA, US),
Fosberg & Sachet 53326 (PDA, US), Theobald
& Krahulik 2735 (PDA, US), Sohmer et al.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1042
8622 (PDA, US); near World's End, Fosberg
& Jayasuriya 5326 (PDA, US). Phenology
– Flowering August to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
Family Geraniaceae
165. Geranium nepalense Sweet
Creeping, spreading herb, which varies from
being velvety to hairy. Stems are 1-3, slender,
1-2.5 feet long, sometimes rooting at the nodes.
Leaves are palmately cut into 5-7 lobes, which
are further cut, 1-3.5 x 1.5-6 cm. Flowers are
small, white with 5 spreading petals which are
at or shallowly notched at the tip. Petals have
violet lines towards the base. At the center is
a pinkish red stigma, surrounded by charming
violet colored anthers. Distribution - Upper
montane zone. Between Nuwara Eliya and
Maturata, Hakgala. In moist places generally,
in shade. Native to Sri Lanka. Phenology –
Flowering April to September. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.
Family Gesneriaceae
166. Henckelia walkerae (Gardner)
D.J.Middleton & Mich.Möller
Large, caulescent, irregularly branching
shrubs, woody at base. Stems 6-10 dm long,
slightly thickened at nodes, silky-pubescent
when young, becoming glabrate with age
below; leaf scars conspicuous. Leaves bright,
light green, numerous at ends of branches,
usually whorled, rarely opposite, Inorescence
axillary, owers 1-2 in the leaf axils, or a simple
dichasium, rarely compound. Distribution -
known only from elevations above 1400 m in the
Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts. Endemic to
Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering throughout
the year. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains in 1903, s. coll.
s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
167. Henckelia zeylanica (R.Br.) A.Weber
& B.L.Burtt Syn. – Didymocarpus zeylanicus
R.Br.
Caulescent, often branching, herbs, silky-
pubescent, 10-35 cm high. Leaves opposite,
bright green, paler beneath, eshy (drying
thin), ovate, Inorescence a paniculate,
compound dichasium; peduncles glabrous to
sparsely pubescent, 7-13 cm long; bracts ovate,
caduceus. Distribution - Rather common in
undisturbed montane forests of the moist and
intermediate zones at elevations above c. 750.
Endemic to Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering
possibly throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
168. Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.)
B.L.Burtt syn. Klugia notonia A.DC. , Klugia
notonia var. glabra C.B. Clarke (Plate 05,
Figure L) - Èh ks,a,
Erect, branching herbs, sometimes reduced
to a single leaf, 10-80 cm high, glabrous, or with
a villous line down one side of stem. Leaves
bright green above, paler beneath, ovate-oblong
in general outline, base on one side obtuse to
acute, other rounded-cordate, margin entire
or minutely dentate, somewhat sinuate, apex
acuminate. Corolla tube white, glabrous without,
pubescent within; upper lip white; lower lip
deep rich purplish-blue. Distribution - Native.
Known primarily from the montane forests of
the moist and intermediate zones. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Thwaites
s.n., part of C.P. 3369 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
Family Haloragaceae
169. Laurembergia coccinea (Blume) Kanitz.
Syn. Serpicula hirsuta Wight & Arn. (Plate 05,
Figure M)
Stems 4 - 60 cm long, pilose or pilose-
hispid when young, glabrescent with age.
Leaves opposite below, becoming irregularly
alternate above, subsessile or short-petiolate;
lamina 5 - 15 x 3 -10 mm, obovate to obovate-
elliptic in outline, apex obtuse, acute base, (1-)
2 (-3) large teeth on each side above midway,
glabrous on both surfaces. Inorescence

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 043
clusters of 1 male plus several female owers.
Distribution - Native. Moist, sunny and often
stony places, also streamsides, lakesides and
swamps in montane districts from about 1500 -
3000 meters. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Ohiya Road, 2175 m, 2 Jul
1967, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070953
(PDA), 2400 m, 3 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan
1039 (K, PDA); Horton Plains, S of Farr Inn,
on Ohiya road, 2400 m, Gould & Cooray 13856
(PDA); c. midway from Farr Inn to World's
End, 2100 m, 23 May 1969, Read 2008 (PDA);
Horton Plains to Pattipola road, 3 Nov 1973,
Sohmer et al. 8614 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
Family Hypericaceae
170. Hypericum humifusum L.
Herb with many slender, procumbent,
glabrous, compressed branches to c. 25 cm
long. Leaves decussate. Ovate, with a few
pellucid glands and black glands at the margin.
6-15 x 4-9 mm. Flowers to c. 12 mm across,
in lax cymes. Sepals oblong, blunt, mucronate,
with black glands at margin. Petals same size as
sepals; pale yellow. Styles 3, short. Distribution
– Exotic, found in Forests edges, near river
banks and waste places. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Balakrishnan 1031
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
171. Hypericum japonicum Thunb (Plate 05,
Figure N)
Herb with erect or procumbent branched
stems 15-45 cm long. Stems c. 3 mm wide at
base. Branches with 4 ribs, glabrous. Leaves
decussate, ovate to lanceolate, rounded or obtuse
at apex, cordate-amplexicaul at base, 6-10 x
2-6 mm. Flowers in terminal, cymose, mostly
elongated, inorescences, sometimes solitary,
6-10 mm across. Sepals elliptic or oblong.
Distribution - Common in montane zone.
Wet places among grass in exposed situations.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – 25 May 1911, A.M.S. s.n. (PDA),
23 May 1969, Read 2021 (PDA), Nov 1971,
Balakrishnan 1028 (PDA); end of Pattipola
Road to Horton Plains, 9 Jul 1967, Mueller-
Dombois & Commanor 67070942 (PDA);
New Farm, forest edge, 17 May 1968, Cooray
68051715R (PDA), trail to Worlds End, edge of
wood, 11 May 1970, Gould & Cooray 13817
(PDA), north entrance, 28 May 1968, Fosberg
& Mueller-Dombois 50038 (PDA), road to
Bogowantalawa, 26 Jan 1906, A.M. Silva s.n.
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering November to
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatened
172. Hypericum mysurense Wall. ex Wight &
Arn. (Plate 05, Figure O)
Much-branched shrub 1 – 2 (-3) m tall. Bark
yellowish. Young branches thin, glabrescent,
ascending. Leaves sti, gland-dotted, very
closely arranged in 4 ranks, elliptic, lanceolate
or oblanceolate, acute at apex, attenuate towards
base, amplexicaul, pinnately veined, midrib
prominent beneath, chanelled above, 2.8 – 3.8
x 0.3 – 1.5 cm. Flowers 4 – 5 cm across, in few-
owered terminal cymes. Distribution - Upper
montane zone, open bushy places and grassland.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – 25 Jan 1973, Cramer & Tirvengadum
4027 (PDA), 20 Oct 1976, Jayasuriya 2387
(PDA), Near Worlds End, in patana, 6 Oct
1973, Waas 150 (PDA), 5 Oct 1971, Robyns
7137 (PDA), 3 Dec 1970, Theobald & Krahulik
2753 (PDA), 8 Jul 1967, Mueller-Dombois &
Commanor 67070854 (PDA), 25 Jan 1973,
Tirvengadum & Cramer 277 (PDA), Pattipola
Road, 3 Nov 1973, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer
8617 (PDA), forest edge, 2 Dec 1970, Fosberg &
Jayasuriya 53256 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers
most of the year. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered.
Family Icacinaceae
173. Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn syn.
Apodytes gardneriana Miers - uymdk
Shrub or spreading tree, mostly (2) 15—
30 m tall, the largest specimens with uted
trunks (6—) 20—70 cm diam.; crown high
and lax; bark smooth or rough, dark grey to
brown; live bark straw-coloured. Leaves very
variable, ovate, elliptic, narrowly oblong or
obovateoblanceolate. Flowers numerous,
sweet-scented, shortly pedicellate or sessile in

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1044
terminal or less often axillary, buds ellipsoid-
oblong; bracts minute or absent. Distribution -
Montane forest including primary and disturbed
jungle, windswept dense low forest and scrub,
sometimes in valleys and by streams, often on
rocky slopes; 200—2100 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola,
approach to Horton Plains, Tirvengadum &
Cramer 97 (PDA); Pattipola, Horton Plains, s.
coll. s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
174. Mappia nimmoniana (J.Graham) Byng
& Stull syn. Nothapodytes foetida (Wight)
Sleumer, Mappia ovata Miers, Mappia
ovata var. championiana (Miers) Trimen,
Nothapodytes gardenirana. (Plate 05, Figure P)
- f.dkavmdk
Small tree or shrub 1.5—5 m tall; d.b.h.
3—12.5 cm; bark whitish or grey, smooth; inner
bark yellowish, soft; twigs drying yellowish,
wrinkled, lenticellate; buds yellowish,
pubescent. Leaves with ± foetid smell, ovate
or ovate-oblong, 3.5—28 cm long, 1.5—19
cm wide. Petals yellow or occasionally white,
lanceolate, 5 mm long, acute, pubescent on both
sides. Distribution - primary and secondary
lowland wet forest, intermediate and montane
forest. scrub forest by small rocky streams;
100—1800 m. native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Totupola, Horton
Plains, ? Trimen s.n. (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened.
Family Iridaceae
175. Aristea ecklonii Baker (Plate 05, Figure
Q)
Perennial with sti, upright, grasslike
leaves that grow 40-45 cm tall in a tight clump.
Flowering stalks covered with dozens of small
blue saucer shaped owers stand above the
leaves. Each ower lasts for only one day
and is open only in bright light, but the whole
inorescence makes a spectacular display above
the grassy foliage. Leaves are broad, sword-
shaped, mostly 8-12 mm wide and soft. Flowers
are deep blue, tepals 6, mostly 8-10 mm long,
style three-lobed. Distribution – Exotic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Jayasuriya & Robyns 78 (PDA), Theobald
& Krahulik 2734 (PDA), Stone 11288 (PDA),
Davidse 7615 (PDA), Gould & Cooray 13734
(PDA), Clayton 5470 (PDA), Robyns 7129
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
176. Crocosmia x crocosmiiora (Lemoine)
N.E.Br. syn. Tritonia x crocosmiiora
(Lemoine) G.Nicholson (Plate 05, Figure R)
dense clumps of upright iris-like foliage;
in midsummer this makes a good background
for the freesia-shaped sprays of owers that are
carried just above it. Plant belonging to the iris
family, native to South Africa, with orange or
reddish owers on long stems. They are grown
as ornamental pot plants. Plants 50–100 cm; 15–
25 mm diameter. Stems usually 2–4-branched,
often curving distally. Leaves 5–8, mostly
basal, basal much larger than cauline; blade
lanceolate, 8–20 mm wide. Distribution –
Exotic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
177. Gladiolus x gandavensis Van Houtte
Gladiolus hybrids and cultivars are often
grown as garden plants and for cut owers.
Distribution – Exotic. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
178. Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. Syn.
Sisyrinchium iridifolium Kunth (Plate 12,
Figure M)
Herbs 10-30 cm tall, with brous roots and
no underground rhizomes. Stems semi-erect and
prostrate, compressed, 2-3 mm broad, branched,
forming rosettes. Leaves few, 5-12 cm x 3-5 mm,
linear-ensiform, acute, glaucous green, erect
or spreading. Floral sheaths terminal at apices
of peduncles, 1.5-3 cm long, linear, with 2-6
owers. Distribution – Exotic. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Family Juncaceae
179. Juncus bufonius L.
Tufted annuals 4–30 cm tall, leaves very
narrow, at or involute,barely 0.5 mm wide.
Inorescences half to two-thirds or more the
height of the plant, usually elongated and the
owers well separated and the owers secund

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 045
on the branches, or somewhat congested and
the owers then in small clusters of 2–6, but the
individual owers readily apparent nonetheless;
owers sessile or nearly so. Distribution –
Exotic. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Clayton 5499 (US), Balakrishnan 408
(OSH, US), Wheeler 12894 (US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
180. Juncus eusus L.
Densely tufted hard-stemmed perennial
from tough, short, scaly rhizomes, commonly
up to a metre tall. Stems terete, indistinctly
striate. Inorescences many owered,
appearing to arise from the side of the stem, the
erect involucral leaf simulating a continuation
of the stem and overtopping the inorescence
by 14–25 cm. Flowers on pedicels up to 2 mm
long, from sheathing bracts on the inorescence
branches. Distribution - Native, Continually
moist or wet situations in the highlands of the
island. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Read 2137 (OSH, US), Koyama
13524. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern
181. Juncus prismatocarpus subsp.
leschenaultii (Gay ex Laharpe) Kirschner
syn. Juncus leschenaultii Gay ex Laharpe
Tufted rhizomatous perennial, readily
falling over and rooting from the nodes and
also emitting leafy outgrowths from the
ower clusters which may then bend over and
give rise to new plants 15–70 cm tall. Leaves
basal and cauline, longsheathing, the sheaths
auriculate at the summit, compressed, the edge
of the leaf toward the stem, blade septate-
nodulose, Inorescence lax and widespreading.
Distribution - Native, in continually wet places,
often in a few inches of standing water, at higher
elevations. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Behind Farr Inn, Davidse 7605
(OSH, US); ascent to Horton Plains, Jayasuriya
184(US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Lamiaceae
182. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.)
Kuntze syn. Calamintha umbrosa Benth. (Plate
06, Figure A)
Stem diusely branched from a perennial
rootstock, the branches to 68 cm long, rooting
at lower nodes or ascending, slender, acutely
4-angular, densely pubescent on angles with
retrorse hairs, purplish in lower parts. Leaves
ovate, 1.5-2.8 x 0.9-1.7 cm, rounded at base,
acute, coarsely crenateserrate, sparsely scabrid
above, densely so beneath on prominent nerves;
petioles 3-6 mm long. Racemes to 15 cm long;
verticils globose, 6-15- owered. Distribution
- Native, In soggy patanas, along borders of
marshy land and slopes of tea estates close to
watercourses of the wet uplands. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Willis s.n.
(PDA); half mile below Rest House at Ohiya
Road, Mueller-Dombois 67070914 (PDA, US);
on oor of mossy forest, Fosberg and Mueller-
Dombois 50032 (PDA, US); beside stream by
Ohiya Road, Cramer 4190 (BO, E, NBV, PDA,
US). Phenology – Flowering almost throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1046
PLATE 05 : A. Eriocaulon subglaucum; B. Euphorbia rothiana; C. Cajanus trinervius; D.
Crotalaria walkeri; E. Parochetus communis; F. Smithia blanda; G. Ulex europaeus; H. Exacum
macranthum; I. Exacum walkeri; J. Gentiana pedicellata; K. Swertia zeylanica; L. Rhynchoglossum
notonianum; M. Laurembergia coccinea; N. Hypericum japonicum; O. Hypericum mysurense; P.
Mappia nimmoniana; Q. Aristea ecklonii; R. Crocosmia x crocosmiiora.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 047
183. Coleus inatus Benth. Syn. Plectranthus
inatus (Benth.) R.H.Willemse (Plate 06,
Figure B)
Perennial herb; stem to 1.85 m high, much
branched, acutely quadrangular, tumid above
the nodes, winged at angles, Leaves spreading,
oval-elliptic, 4-23.5 x 2.4-10 cm, cuneate,
narrowed or tapering at base, acuminate, serrate,
sparsely scabrid above. Panicles terminal, 14-
23 cm long; cymes compressed, lax; peduncles
subglabrous or hirsutulous, dull maroon.
Flowering almost through the year. Distribution
- Endemic, A gregarious species in partial shade
close to streams in secondary montane forests
from c. 1200-2600 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Towards Rest House
from fork to Diyagama, Comanor 449 (PDA),
s. coll. C.P. 2065(PDA), Simpson 9535 (PDA).
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern. FFPO – Protected.
184. Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
Kudô syn. Plectranthus coesta Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don, Plectranthus coetsa var. macraei
(Benth.) Hook.f. ex Gamble, Plectranthus
menthoides Benth.
Large perennial herb to 2.6 m high; stem
much branched above, somewhat woody and
thickened below, to 1.5 cm in diameter towards
base, acutely 4-angular, grooved on opposite
sides, with a hollowed pith, densely hirsute-
tomentose. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate,
rounded at base. Panicles axillary and terminal;
verticils dense; peduncles to 24 cm long. Floral
leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, persistent,
becoming foliaceous below. Distribution -
Native, in open places in the submontane and
montane region above c. 1300-2400 m. fairly
common. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Along borders of secondary
montane forest beside road, Cramer 3953 (PDA,
US), ibid., in undergrowth of forest beside
road, Cramer 2949 (PDA, US). Phenology –
Flowering November to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened.
185. Isodon nigrescens (Benth.) H.Hara syn.
Plectranthus nigrescens Benth. Var. nigrecens,
Isodon hians (Benth.) H.W.Li; Isodon nigrescens
var. pilosus (L.H.Cramer) V.S.Kumar (Plate 06,
Figure C)
Perennial herb; stem to 98 cm high, slender,
acutely 4-angular, glabrescent-puberulous,
or pubescent with retrorse hairs, often dull
purplishblack. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-
oval or oval-oblong, 1.8-9.5 x 1.2-5 cm,
truncate or rounded at base, acute and straight
at apex. Distribution - Native, in shaded
roadside ditches in the midlands and in damp
undergrowth of submontane and montane
forests. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Haldumulla road, Willis s.n. (PDA,
US), under shade on slopes of ravine, Cramer
3482 (PDA, US), between Little World's End
and Great World's End, Fosberg 50054 (PDA,
US). Phenology – Flowering almost throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Data Decient
186. Leucas biora (Vahl) Sm (Plate 06, Figure
D) - .eg ;=U" ú<|jekak
Herb with a perennial rootstock; stem
often procumbent, much branched, with the
branches to 1.2 m long, acutely 4-angular,
nely or densely pubescent with retrorse hairs;
internodes to 10 cm long. Leaves broadly ovate,
ovate-lanceolate or ovate-deltoid. Floral leaves
subulate, to 2 mm long. Corolla to 16 mm long,
white. Distribution - Native, Widespread on
road embankments, waste places, patanas and
forests of the lowlands and uplands, from sea
level to c. 2700 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains,
Haldumulla Road, Willis s.n. (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
187. Plectranthus gardneri Thwaites (Plate 06,
Figure E)
Annual with a shallow rootstock; stem to 60
cm high, much branched from below, obtusely
4-angular, succulent, occasionally tumid at
internodes, hirtellous with purplish hairs (fresh).
Leaves broadly-ovate to rhomboid-ovate, 1.5-
7.5 x 1.4-6 cm, truncate at base, obtuse. Corolla
to 7.75 mm long, pink or sometimes white; tube
linear, 3-4 mm long, subventricose dorsally
about the middle; upper lip erect, 4-4.5 mm
long. Distribution - Endemic, under dense

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1048
shade in montane forests above c. 1450 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– At entrance to fog intercept station, Mueller-
Dombois 68051602 (PDA, US), between Little
World's End and Greater World's End, in mossy
forest, Fosberg 50054 (PDA, US), Thomson
C.P. 84 (K, PDA), Harris s.n. (E), forest back of
Farr Inn, Fosberg & Sachet 53296 (PDA, US),
in forest shade, Balakrishnan 1036 (PDA, US).
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
188. Pogostemon hirsutus Benth. (Plate 06,
Figure F)
Annual; stem prostrate, to 72 cm long,
rooting at lower nodes, frequently ascending,
obtusely 4-angular, slightly tumid above nodes,
glabrous below, hirsute with long, deexed
hairs in upper parts, dull purple. Leaves ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, 1-5 x 1-3 cm, truncate to
cuneate at base. Corolla bluish-white or lilac;
tube linear, to 7 mm long, glabrous; upper
lip 4-5 mm across. Distribution - Endemic,
under shade in damp oor of submontane and
montane forests, to c. 2400 m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Gardner
C.P. 283 (CAL, MH, PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA),
in forest shade, Balakrishnan 1034 (PDA, US),
in undergrowth of secondary forest mid-way
to Peak, Cramer 3451 (PDA, US). Phenology
– Flowering October to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
189. Pogostemon reexus Benth (Plate 06,
Figure G)
Semi-shrubby herb; stem to 1.90 m high,
stout and woody below, much branched,
obtusely 4-angular, densely pilose-hirsute, dark
purplish in upper parts. Leaves ovate to ovate-
rhomboid, 2.2-19x1.6-8.8 cm, Corolla tube 7
mm long, narrowed below, expanded above,
villulose. Distribution – Endemic, In exposed
or partly shaded rocky areas of submontane
and montane regions from c. 1700-2400 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Under shade among rocks along border of
forest, Grower 3955 (PDA, US). Phenology
– Flowering October to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
190. Scutellaria violacea B.Heyne (Plate 06,
Figure H)
Annual; stem erect, to 27 cm high, slender,
sometimes rooting at lower nodes, densely
hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs. Leaves
broadly ovate to rotundate, 1.2-2.6 x 1-2.4 cm,
truncate at base, subacute, very hirsute on both
surfaces; petioles to 2.4 cm long. Racemes to
7 cm long. Calyx tube hirsute without. Corolla
to 8 mm long; tube hirtellous without, white;
lower lip to 7 mm across, pale blue. Filaments
glabrous. Distribution - Native, on oor of
secondary montane forest, often growing among
moss, at c. 2400 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Under shade along
border of jungle on way to World's End,
Cramer 4023 (BO, K, PDA, US). Phenology –
Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
Family Lauraceae
191. Actinodaphne albifrons Kosterm. (Plate
12, Figure N) - rdiai ojq¨
Tree, 6—8 m tall; bole l0—l2 cm diameter.
Bark smooth, hard, light- brown, 0.5 mm thick;
live bark 5 mm thick, light yellow-brown; wood
straw- coloured. Flush completely covered with
long, appressed, white, silky hairs.. Branchlets
minutely, densely, rusty-tomentellous. Leaves
7—23 x 3—7 cm. Petioles 1.5—2 cm long,
glabrous. Inorescences inserted at internodes
on very short, pilose branches. Distribution
- Endemic, Southern Montane zone.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern. FFPO – Protected.
192. Actinodaphne ambigua Hook.f. syn.
Actinodaphne pisifera Hook.f. (Plate 06, Figure
I)
Tree, 5—6 m tall; bole 5—10 cm diameter;
bark light-brown, smooth, 1 mm thick; live
bark 2 mm thick, light yellow-brown, dry, soft,
odourless. Branchlets slender, glabrous, drying
black; terminal bud small, scales glabrous.
Leaves 5—13 x 2.5—5.5 cm, more or less
whorled. Flower clusters 4—6 mm diameter,
globose, sessile, scattered along internodes,
outer scales glabrous, inner subsericeous.
Distribution - Endemic, Montane zone, 1300—

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 049
2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 2000 m, April, Kostermans
23012 (BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
193. Actinodaphne glauca var. glauca Nees
(Plate 06, Figure J)
Tree, up to 15 m tall, young parts densely,
minutely, dark rustypilose, soon glabrous.
Leaves 5—10 x 1.5—3 cm, verticillate, elliptic-
oblong or rarely subobovate-oblong, rounded at
both ends or somewhat tapered at base, lateral
veins 6—8 pairs, very slender, slightly raised on
both surfaces, glaucous beneath, almost white.
Petiole stout, channelled above, soon glabrous.
Flower clusters extra-axillary, bracts pilose.
Distribution - Endemic, Upper montane zone.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Road behind Farr Inn, April, Hladik 734 (BO,
PDA), road to World‟s End, Kostermans 23068
(BO, PDA), 23069 (BO, K, L, PDA, US) and
23129 (BO, K, L, PDA, US), behind Farr Inn,
April, Kostermans 23061 (BO, K, L, PDA,
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
194. Actinodaphne molochina Nees - ojq,
Small tree; branchlets stout, densely rusty
sublanuginosetomentellous; bark pale. Leaves
3.5—8 x 2—4 cm, verticillate, cuneateobovate,
obtuse, base cuneate; stiy coriaceous,
pinnately, rarely ternately, veined, upper surface
smooth, glossy, glabrous above, lateral veins
4—6 pairs, prominent in groove; underneath
densely sublanuginose-tomentose, glabrescent,
glaucescent beneath. Distribution - Endemic,
Upper montane zone. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Feb, s. coll. s.n.
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
195. Actinodaphne moonii Thwaites
Very small tree, 1—2.5 m high; trunk 2
cm in diameter; bark smooth, dark brown,
very thin; live bark 2 mm thick, green without,
strawcoloured within, odourless. Branchlets
sti, densely, minutely, dark rustypilose;
terminal bud tomentose. Flush leaves pale
yellowish-brown with grey hairs above; ush
branchlets rusty-tomentellous. Leaves 1.5—9
x 1—3.5 cm, verticillate, elliptic or oblong,
base acute, apex shortly, broadly acuminate.
Distribution - Endemic, Forests of the upper
montane zone, especially at the highest
elevations. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 2000 m, April, Kostermans 23053
(BO, K, L, PDA, US), April, Kostermans 23071
(BO, K, L, PDA, US), Kostermans 23071-
A (BO, PDA, US), Gardner C.P. 74 p.p. (BO,
PDA), near World‟s End, April, Kostermans
s.n. (BO, PDA. US), April, Kostermans 23072
(BO, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable
196. Actinodaphne speciosa Nees (Plate 06,
Figure K) - fmdl=gq .ia" w,s lka" fmd,a lgq
Tree, up to 20 m tall; trunk 20 cm diameter,
with few branches; bark smooth, grey, hard,
0.5 mm thick; live bark pale brown, greenish
without, hard, brittle, 2 mm thick; wood rather
heavy, yellowish, nely grained. Branchlets sti,
stout, densely rufous, sublanuginose-tomentose;
terminal bud very large, conical; bud scales up
to 1.5 cm long, concave, pale-silky. Leaves
broadly ovate to sub obovate or rotundate,
concave, obtuse or apiculate. Distribution -
Endemic, Upper montane zone, 1500—2500
m, common. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, April, Kostermans
23015 (A, BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
197. Actinodaphne stenophylla Thwaites - ksl
ojq,
Tree, 1.5—10 m tall; bark smooth, hard,
very thin, light greenishbrown to yellowish-
grey (exposed); live bark 5 mm thick, straw-
coloured, slightly slimy, odourless. Leaves,
verticillate, linearoblong, linear or linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, base acute, slightly decurrent,
, liform, lateral veins level with surface above,
prominent beneath, lower surface glaucous.
Flowers clustered, extra-axillary, scales partly
aureosericeous, broadly ovate; peduncles very
short. Distribution - Endemic, Moist low
country up to 1200 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – May, Kostermans
23435 (BO, K, L, PDA, US), Kostermans
23441 (BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1050
198. Cinnamomum citriodorum Thwaites -
me`.sß l=re÷
Tree, up to 10 m tall; bole 40 cm in diameter;
lacking buttresses or with thin buttresses up
to 40 cm high. Leaves 3—12 x 1.5—4 cm,
lanceolate or oval to subovate-lanceolate,
gradually tapered, obtuse or shortly acuminate,
base cuneate, Panicles 3—10 cm long, axillary
on long peduncle; branchlets short, densely
sericeous near apex. Flowers greenish white,
sericeous; tube short; tepals 3 mm long,
narrowly ovate. Distribution - Endemic, Moist
low country. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, slope of valley,
300—500 m, Kostermans 23433 (BO, K, L,
PDA, US), May, Kostermans 23683 (BO, K,
PDA, US), Kostermans 23455, 23440 (BO, K,
L, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
199. Cinnamomum ovalifolium Wight. (Plate
06, Figure L) - ìcqm;a l=re÷
Small tree, 4—12 m tall; bole up to 20 cm
diameter; bark dark brown, smooth or roughish;
live bark light brown, pinkish without, sticky,
odourless. Leaves, opposite or subopposite,
broadly ovate to subrotund, obtuse, base acute,
rounded or subcordate, rigidly coriaceous.
Panicles, axillary near apex of branchlets,
densely silvery-sericeous, consisting of long
peduncle and few, very short branchlets.
Flowers few, densely silvery-sericeous; tube
1 mm long. Distribution - Endemic, Wet
montane zone above 1500 m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, 2000 m, April, Kostermans 23106 (BO,
K, L, PDA, US), Kostermans 23684 (BO, K, L,
PDA, US), April, Kostermans 23011 (BO, K, L,
PDA, US), March, J.M.S. s.n. (PDA), s. coll.
C.P. 263 (BO, PDA), April-May, s. coll. C.P.
263 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable.
200. Litsea fosbergii Kosterm.
Tree 3—4 m tall, poorly branched; bole
5—6 cm diameter, smooth, light brownish-
green. Branchlets slender, minutely, densely
rustytomentellous, terminal buds similar.
Leaves, spirally arranged, narrowly-elliptic or
lanceolate to subobovate-elliptic or subobovate-
lanceolate, acuminate with sharp tip, base acute,
chartaceous, both surfaces microscopically
areolate, glabrous above, paler beneath, not
glaucous, soon glabrous, midrib prominent.
Distribution - Submontane, moist regions,
endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – May 1856, s. coll. C.P. 79
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
201. Litsea glaberrima (Thwaites) Trimen
Tree, up to 20 m tall; bole 30 cm in
diameter; bark smooth, pale to reddish brown,
brittle, slightly aromatic, smelling of lemon
and resin. Branchlets somewhat slender, rather
laxly, adpressed puberulous towards apex, soon
glabrous. Leaves, spirally arranged. Flower
tube 1—1.5 mm long, funnel-shaped, densely
sericeous, merging into very short pedicel;
tepals 1 mm long, ovate, sericeous without;
ovary of female ower ovoid; style 1 mm long.
Distribution - Montane zone, 1300—2300 m,
endemic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatened
202. Litsea ovalifolia (Wight.) Trimen (Plate
06, Figure M) - ìcqm;a lE,sh
Tree up to 13 m tall with dense crown; bole
to 20 cm diameter; bark thin, 1—2 mm thick,
brown, smooth or tough; live bark pale brown,
dry, brittle, odourless. Branchlets stout, glabrous
with minute lenticels; terminal buds somewhat
silvery-sericeous, Leaves 3.5—12 x 2—6.5 cm,
spirally arranged, broadly oblong, orbicular or
elliptic, tapered towards apex. Distribution -
Montane zone, 1000—2300 m; very common,
endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 2000 m, April, Kostermans
23013 (BO, K, L, PDA, US), April, Kostermans
23048 (BO, PDA, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
203. Neolitsea fuscata (Thwaites) Alston
(Plate 06, Figure N) - uy l=vq ojq,
Tree, up to 20 m tall; bole 60 cm in
diameter, usually smaller, buttressed; bark
smooth, dark or pale brown, thin; live bark
3—5 mm thick, straw-coloured, odourless.
Branchlets densely rufous-tomentose, bark
odourless; terminal bud rufous-silky. Leaves,

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 051
subobovate-oblong to elliptic, rarely lanceolate-
elliptic, shortly broadly acuminate. Flowers
pale greenish, densely somewhat adpressed
long-pilose. Distribution - Upper montane
zone; 1500—2500 m, Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2000 m,
April, Kostermans 23064 (BO, PDA, US), road
to World‟s End, 2000 m, April, Kostermans
23127 (BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
Family Lentibulariaceae
204. Utricularia caerulea L syn. U. nivea Vahl,
U. nivea var. rosea (Edgew.) Trimen (Plate 06,
Figure O) - ks,a fudK/iai
Terrestrial herb; stolons capillary, a few
cm long. Leaves few, narrowly obovate, up to
1 cm long. Traps usually numerous, dimorphic,
1— 1.5 or 0.25—0.5 mm long. Inorescence
erect, solitary, 5—50 cm long; peduncle terete,
glabrous. Scales numerous, similar to the bracts.
Distribution - Wet grassland, shallow soil
overlying rocks, streamsides and damp open
vegetation generally, from sea level to 2300
m., Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Bogawantalawa track, in rocky
streambed, Simpson 9579 (BM, PDA); trail to
Kirigalpota, A. Robyns 7154 (BR, PDA, US), s.
coll. s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern
205. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl (Plate 06,
Figure P)
Terrestrial or lithophytic herb; stolons
capillary, a few cm long. Leaves linear, up to 4
cm long and 6 mm wide, 3—many-nerved. Traps
numerous, 0.5—2 mm long. Inorescence erect
or sometimes twining, solitary, 4—30 cm long;
peduncle terete, glabrous. Scales few to many,
similar to the bracts. Bracts ovate-deltoid, c. 1
mm long. Distribution - found most frequently
on wet rocks, usually between 1000 and 2400 m,
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – 1 miles south of Farr Inn to Ohiya,
Gould & Cooray 13866 (US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
206. Utricularia moniliformis P. Taylor (Plate
06, Figure Q)
Lithophytic or epiphytic herb; stolons mostly
capillary, a few cm long, but a few on each plant
modied to form moniliform tubers 1—1.5 mm
long. Leaves numerous, obovate to transversely
elliptic, up to 10 mm long. Traps numerous, c.
1 mm long. Inorescence erect, solitary, 8—15
cm long; peduncle terete, glabrous. Scales 1 or
2 or more, rarely absent, similar to the bracts.
Bracts narrowly ovate, attached just below the
middle, c. 1.5 mm long. Distribution - Wet
rocks and sometimes tree trunks at 750—2300
m, Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains path, Pattipola, on
north facing vertical bank of stream, Newman
34 (K), on stream bank, 260 m alt., Simpson
9583 (BM, PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
207. Utricularia uliginosa Vahl syn. Utricularia
anis Wight (Plate 06, Figure R)
Terrestrial or axed aquatic herb; stolons
capillary, many cm long. Leaves few to many,
linear, 3—many-nerved, up to 5 cm long and 6
mm wide. Traps usually numerous, 1—1.5 mm
long. Inorescence erect, solitary, 3—30 cm long;
peduncle liform, slightly angular, glabrous.
Scales few, similar to the bracts. Bracts ovate-
deltoid, c. 2 mm long. Distribution - Wet sandy
or muddy soil in grassland and at the margins
of streams, often vegetating in shallow water,
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Simpson 9580 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
Family Loranthaceae
208. Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis (Wight
& Arn.) Tiegh syn. Loranthus neelgherrensis
Wight & Arn. (Plate 07, Figure A)
Plants often with well-developed haustoria-
bearing surface runners, older plants sometimes
covering large portions of trees and supercially
resembling lianas; branches usually greyish,
terete; leaves usually opposite, subsessile; blades
highly variable, venation usually inconspicuous
except for the purplish prominent midrib;
inorescence racemose in crowded axillary
clusters, owers congested toward the apex and

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1052
appearing supercially umbellate. Distribution
- Common throughout most of Ceylon, Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Wiens 4227 (PDA, US, UT), 4232 (MO, PDA,
UC, US, UT), Trimen in 1882 (PDA), de Silva
in 1911 (PDA). Phenology – Some individuals
owering at least sporadically throughout much
of the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern.
209. Dendrophthoe suborbicularis (Thwaites)
Danser. Syn. Loranthus suborbicularis
Thwaites
Branches greyish brown, roughened,
lenticellate; leaves alternate; petiole c. 8 mm
long; blades glabrate, brownish tomentose when
young; obovateorbicular; inorescence straight,
racemose, in axillary clusters, rachis c. 3-4 cm
long, c. 1 mm wide, with up to c. 20 owers,
peduncles c. 4 mm long; bracts ovate-acute,
c. 1 mm long, entire inorescence and owers
in bud brownish tomentose. Distribution -
Endemic, known only from the high Montane
Zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Trimen in 1890 (PDA), Wiens 4208
(PDA, US, UT). Phenology – Flowering from
April to August and probably also in other
months. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
210. Macrosolen barlowii Wiens
Branches greyish-brown, terete or slightly
angled apically; internodes usually twisted 90
degrees, nodes often conspicuously enlarged
and rounded; petiole 8-10 mm long; blades dark
green with purplish veins, elliptical oblong,
tube with a single split c. 10 mm deep, with a
conspicuous angular swelling at its base; corolla
lobes red when reexed, oblong, acute, slightly
curved; laments greenish-yellow, slightly
attened. Distribution - Endemic, Known
from Horton Plains in the high Montane Zone.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 2.4 miles E. of Farr Inn on road to Ohiya.
Wiens 4231 (AD, FPF, GH, K, KLU, MO, PDA,
NY, UC, US, UT). Phenology – Flowering
in July and August, perhaps also in other
months. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
211. Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser
syn. Loranthus loniceroides L., Elytranthe
parasitica (L.) Danser
Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base; nerves
obscure; petiole 1.5 cm long. Peduncle 1
cm long, 1-6-owered; bracteoles orbicular;
calyx 5 mm long, tubular, glabrous; corolla
scarlet below, white or green at apex, curved;
lobes deexed, divided to above the middle;
laments green; stigma hemispherical. Berry
ovoid, smooth, crowned with tubular calyx.
Distribution - Common in the high Montane
Zone, particularly around Nuwara Eliya.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – On road to Diyagama, 2 1/2 miles NW.
of Farr Inn, Wiens 4229 (MO, PDA, US, UT);
Farr lnn, Horton Plains, Wiens 4230 (MO, PDA,
US,UT). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
212. Taxillus incanus (Trimen) Wiens syn.
Loranthus tomentosus var. incanus Trimen
(Plate 07, Figure B)
Branches reddish-brown, terete,
lenticellate; petiole up to c. 10 mm long,
tomentose to subglabrous below, glabrous to
sparsely and highly stellate-pub escent above,
the pubescence sometimes extending a short
distance down the midrib; blades glabrous
or sometimes lightly and sparsely stellate-
pubescent above; mature oral buds dull pink
on the basal half, then greenish, rusty tomentose
at the tip, corolla tube at anthesis pinkish to the
base of the split. Distribution - in the Moist
Zone up to elevations of 2300m., Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– New Farm on Pattipola Road, Wiens 4209
(GH, K, MO, PDA, RSA, US, UT); NW. of
Nuwara Eliya on highway A5 near mile marker
46, Wiens 4225 (NY, PDA, RSA, UC, US, UT);
Horton Plains, 21/2 miles NW. of Farr Inn on
road to Diyagama, Wiens 4228 (GH, MO, PDA,
US, UT). Phenology – Flowering throughout
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 053
213. Taxillus sclerophyllus Danser syn.
Loranthus sclerophyllus Thwaites
Branches greyish-brown, lenticellate;
petiole c. 5 mm long to subsessile; blades dark
green, highly coriaceous, mostly obovate, base
sometimes cuneate, apex rounded, margin often
orangish when living, usually with 3 conspicuous
curvinervous veins, glabrous; inorescence
brownish tomentose, apparently becoming
glabrous at fruiting time; bracts almost equalling
the calyx, c. 2 mm long, acute-obtuse; calyx
and ovary brownish tomentose. Distribution -
Endemic, Scattered in the High Montane Zone,
from 1000 to 2500 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Junction of Ohiya and
Horton Plains Road, Wiens 4233 (AD, FPF, K,
PDA, US, UT). Phenology – Flowering with
denite periodicity, probably from about March
to June. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
Family Magnoliaceae
214. Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar
syn. M. nilagirica var. ovlifolia Thwaites , M.
nilagirica var. walkeri Thwaites, Michelia
nilagirica var. walkeri (Wight) Hook.f. &
Thomson (Plate 07, Figure C) - j,a imq" jk imq
Small tree, 8-12 m. Twigs dark brown
to black in innovations and there glabrous
to slightly pubescent or rather densely silky
pubescent. Stipules densely silky appressedly
hairy, adnate to the petiole for 2-6 mm. Leaves
often somewhat glaucous beneath, densely
shortly appressed-pubescent when young,
glabrescent, (narrowly) elliptic to slightly
obovate, 5-8 by 2-4.5 cm; apex usually slightly
acuminate with blunt or acute tip, acumen 0-8
mm. Distribution - Native, in the mountains
from 1200-2350 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Balakrishnan 454
(PDA), Hoogland R.D. 11553 (L, PDA),
Kostermans 23007 (L, PDA), Worthington
1678, 1694 (K); NW. slope of Totupola,
Hoogland R.D. 11547 (L, PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
Family Malvaceae
215. Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight
& Arn. Hibiscus angulosus var. grandiorus
(Thwaites) Masters, Hibiscus angulosus var.
purpureus (Thwaites) Masters - lmq lsksiai
Herb, perennial or undershrub, erect to 2 m
tall; stems stout, hollow, up to 10 mm diameter,
hispid with simple, patent to antrorse, yellowish
hairs intermixed with stellate hairs, at times
subglabrous. Leaves 3.5—22 cm diameter,
orbicular to broadly elliptic in outline, cordate
at base. Corolla yellow or white, becoming
purplish to mauve, with deep purple centre;
petals to 9 x 5.5 cm. Distribution - Native,
Waste places and in secondary vegetation forest
borders usually at medium to higher altitudes
up to 2500 meters. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains to
Ohiya, c. 2040 m, 6 Feb 1971, Robyns 7144 (K,
US): Horton Plains, 2300 m, 8 Dec 1978, Grey-
Wilson & Silva 3068 (PDA), 3069 (K); Horton
Plains, Sita Eliya, s.coll. in C.P. 1117, p.p.
(PDA); Ohiya Stream, below Horton Plains, c.
1830 m, September 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA);
trail from Ohiya to Horton Plains, c. 2400 m,
12 Dec 1970, Balakrishnan 424 (K, PDA, US);
between Horton Plains and Udaveriya Estate,
c. 2000 m, 14 Mar 1971, Balakrishnan 466 (K,
PDA); along Farr Inn to Diyagama road c. 2135
m, 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi et al. 57 (K,
PDA, US): along road to Diyagama, Horton
Plains, c. 2000 m, 5 Feb 1971, Robyns 7128 (K,
PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable
216. Sida acuta Burm.f. - .ia neì,
Annual or perennial undershrub, erect or
ascending, 0.2—1.5 m tall; stems minutely
stellate-hairy. often with few short, simple hairs,
or glabrous. Leaves: lamina 1.5—7.5(— 15) x
0.5—2.5(—6.5) cm, lanceolate to linear, acute
or obtuse at base, at times unequal-sided at
base, apex acute. Corolla 12—20 mm diameter;
petals 9—10(— 14) mm long, obovate.
Staminal column short, 1.5—2 mm tall,
glabrous. Distribution - Native, Waste places
and roadsides in the lowlands. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – World‘s
End, Horton Plains, 3 Dec 1970, Fosberg &
Sachet 53347 (K, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1054
217. Sida rhombifolia L. - fldálka neì,
Annual or perennial erect undershrub,
0.2-1.5(-3.5) m tall; stems rough with minute,
stellate hairs. Leaves, rhombic-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, obtuse at base, apex acute or
obtuse, dentate-serrate above, entire towards
base, glabrous or sparsely hairy above with
hairs appressed, stellate-hairy beneath, 3(-5)
veined from base, otherwise pinnately veined.
Flowers yellow to pale orange, usually solitary-
axillary. Distribution - Native, Beside rivers
and streams, roadsides and waste places,
from sea-level up to 2000 meters or more.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– World‘s End, Horton Plains, 2135 m, 22 Jun
1983, Radclie Smith 5636 (K). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
218. Triumfetta pilosa Roth syn. Triumfetta
tomentosa Bojer
Herb, perennial, erect, branched, the
branches more or less denselyVand softly
hirsute. Leaves with the petioles to 5 cm long,
gradually shorter towards the apex of the
branches, more or less densely and softly hirsute.
Flowers yellow or orange, in oppositifolious
and axillary clustered cymules, the cymules
usually 3-owered, the peduncles to 10 mm
long. Distribution - Native, Roadside weed in
mid- and up-country. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains to
Ohiya, 2070 m, 6 Feb. 1971, , Robyns 7146
(PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern
Family Melastomataceae
219. Medinilla fuchsioides Gardner (Plate 07,
Figure D)
A generally epiphytic shrub, often
pseudodichotomously branched. Branchlets
terete or subquadrangular, stout; bark greyish,
smooth. Leaves elliptic, sessile or with a very
short stout petiole, basally acute in outline but
rounded to subcordate at the very base, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, entire or shallowly
crenate, 5-nerved; the marginal pair faint.
Flowers solitary or few together, more or less
pendent on a 5-10 mm long. Distribution -
Native, Southern montane zone, rather common.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Bremer, Kers & Thoran 29 (S), Comanor 438
(PDA), s. coll. C.P. 138 (K, PDA), Jayasuriya
& Robyns 83 (L, PDA), Kostermans 23070 (L),
Robyns 7311 (K, L, PDA), van Beusekom 1495
(L, PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains,
Baker's Falls, Cramer 4458 (PDA); ascent to
Horton Plains, mile post 2/5 SW. of Pattipola,
Davidse 7684 (L, PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
220. Memecylon ovoideum Thwaites
A shrub or small tree. Branchlets stout,
subterete. Leaves widely elliptic, sessile or
with a very short petiole, rounded to cordate at
the base, rounded to notched at the apex, with
revolute margins and indistinct intramarginal
and lateral veins. Inorescences condensed;
owers congested in tufts at the nodes on lower
colours possibly blue to pinkish red. Fruit ovoid
to ellipsoid.the branches below the leaves.
Distribution - Endemic, Southern montane
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Trail Farr Inn to Big World's End,
Nooteboom 3336 (L). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 055
PLATE 06 : A. Clinopodium umbrosum; B. Coleus inatus; C. Isodon nigrescens; D. Leucas biora;
E. Plectranthus gardneri; F. Pogostemon hirsutus; G. Pogostemon reexus; H. Scutellaria violacea;
I. Actinodaphne ambigua; J. Actinodaphne glauca; K. Actinodaphne speciosa; L. Cinnamomum
ovalifolium; M. Litsea ovalifolia; N. Neolitsea fuscata; O. Utricularia caerulea; P. Utricularia
graminifolia; Q. Utricularia moniliformis; R. Utricularia uliginosa.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1056
221. Memecylon parvifolium Thwaites (Plate
07, Figure E) - uy l+ráh
A small tree, up to c. 10 m high, with many
branches and greyish bark. Branchlets stout,
subquadrangular. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-
obovate, cuneate at the base and narrowed
into a short but distinct petiole. Inorescences
condensed; owers congested in tufts, 5-10 mm
diam., in the leaf axils and at the nodes on the
branches just below the leaves. Pedicels shorter
than or about the same length as the calyx.
Buds acute, with exposed petals. Distribution
- Endemic, montane zone. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Maturata
and Horton Plains, s. coll. C.P. 2955 (BM,
BO, BR, G, K, P, PDA, SING). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
222. Osbeckia buxifolia Arn.
A much-branched shrub, up to 3 m.
Branchlets densely villous with long, curly,
brownish hairs. Leaves widely elliptic to ovate,
coriaceous, rounded or notched at the apex,
with revolute margins. Flowers solitary or few
closely together, subtended by the uppermost
leaves, almost sessile, pentamerous. Sepals
triangular, 6-10 mm long, dorsally pubescent,
deciduous or in young fruit persistent. Petals
22-30 mm long, pink to mauve. Distribution
- Endemic, Grassland and open montane forest,
forest edges. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered.
223. Osbeckia lanata Alston syn. Osbeckia
buxifolia var. minor Thwaites (Plate 07, Figure
H) - l=vdm;a fndaúáhd
Much-branched shrub, up to 3 m. Branchlets
densely villous with long, curly, brownish hairs.
Leaves widely elliptic, coriaceous, basally
rounded or subcordate with a short petiole,
rounded or notched at the apex. Hypanthium
6-8 mm wide, densely covered with rather
long, brownish, more or less appressed hairs;
intersepalar emergences short, covered with
many hairs as on the hypanthium. Petals 20-
28 mm long, pink to mauve. Anthers narrowly
ovate. Distribution - Endemic, Grassland and
open montane forest, forest edges. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Totapola,
Bernardi 15906 (K, PDA), Cramer 4814 (K,
PDA), Trimen s.n. (PDA), Wärme 7, 8, 9, 10,
11 B (S); between Horton Plains resthouse
and World's End, Comanor 962 (K, PDA),
Jayasuriya & Robyns 81 (PDA), Mueller-
Dombois & Comanor 67070831 (PDA), Robyns
7130, 7309 (K, PDA); Kirigalpota, Grierson
1104 (PDA); Horton Plains, Kostermans 23079
(K), Willis s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains, on ridge
at little World's End, Read 2035 (PDA); Horton
Plains, along old path to Ohiya, Robyns 7155
(K, PDA); Horton Plains, World's End, Stone
11253 (PDA), Waas 149 PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
224. Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. Syn. Osbeckia
erythrocephala Naud. (Plate 07, Figure F)
A prostrate to ascending herb or surutex.
Stems laxly villous with purplish or brownish
to yellowish spreading hairs. Leaves elliptic,
1-6 x 0.8- 3 cm, basally rounded to obtuse
with a 1-6 mm long petiole, acute at the apex,
generally 3- or sometimes 5-nerved, rather
densely pubescent with long hairs on both
sides. Flowers few or several in rather loose
clusters, pedicelled, tetramerous or occasionally
pentamerous. Distribution - Native, Grassland
and open places, also along roads and among
rocks. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Totapola, Bernardi 15903 (PDA);
Horton Plains, Bremer, Kers & Thoran 205, 206
(S), Clayton 5479 (K, PDA), Comanor 434, 965
(K, PDA), Fagerlind 454, 455, 456 (S), Gould
13557 (PDA), Jayasuriya 2391 (PDA), Mueller-
Dombois & Comanor 67070921, 67091320
(PDA), Rudd & Balakrishnan 3180 (K,
PDA), Silva s.n. (PDA), Simpson 9545 (BM),
Sumithraarachchi, Moldenke & Jayasuriya
DBS 55 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable
225. Osbeckia rubicunda Arn (Plate 07, Figure
G)
A much-branched shrub, up to 3 m.
Branchlets rather densely pubescent with
spreading hairs. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate,
2-6.5 x 1.5-4 cm, basally rounded or subcordate
with a 2-9 mm long petiole, obtuse to rounded
at the apex, 5-nerved, rather densely pubescent
with appressed short hairs on both sides.
Flowers few or occasionally up to 10 in dense

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 057
clusters, pedicelled, pentamerous. Distribution
- Native, Grassland and open montane forest,
forest edges, also along roads. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
5541 (K, PDA), Comanor 448 (K), Fosberg
& Mueller-Dombois 50106 (PDA), Gould
13571 (PDA), Robyns 7125, 7151 (K, PDA),
Sumithraarachchi, Moldenke & Jayasuriya
DBS 67 (PDA), Theobald & Krahulik 2744
(PDA), Wärme 16 (S). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
226. Osbeckia walkeri Arn. Syn. Osbeckia
walkeri var. becketii Cogn. In DC.
A much-branched shrub, up to 3 m. Leaves
elliptic, 0.8-2.5 x 0.5-1.5 cm, basally acute and
with a 1-3 mm long petiole, acute or obtuse at
the apex, with more or less revolute margins,
3- or occasionally 5-nerved, densely pubescent
with appressed hairs above and appressed to
spreading hairs beneath. Flowers solitary or few
closely together, subtended by the uppermost
leaves, pedicelled, pentamerous. Distribution
- Endemic. Montane zone. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Trail to
Kirigalpotta Peak, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 240
(PDA); Pidurutalagala, Robyns 7298, 7301
(PDA); Horton Plains, along Small World's End
trail, Robyns 7312 (K, PDA); Horton Plains,
near Farr Inn, van Beusekom 1498 (PDA); top
of Pedro, Willis s.n. (PDA); Totapola, Wärme
11 (S). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
227. Sonerila arnottiana Thwaites (Plate 07,
Figure I)
Erect herb, 30-80 cm; stems and branches
glabrous or glandular to pilose in a young state.
Leaves with lamina 2.5-6 x 1-2.5 cm, ovate to
broadly lanceolate, nely serrate, petiole 1-3
cm, half as long as the lamina, glandular to
pilose. Flowers in many-owered, terminal,
scorpioid, sessile inorescences. Petals red, 5-7
mm long. Distribution - Endemic, Montane
forest. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – On the track between Big World's End
and Non Pareil bungalow, Bremer 961 (PDA,
S, US); Horton Plains, Bremer, Kers & Thoran
208 (S), Fagerlind 3786 (S), Gould & Cooray
13812 (PDA), Lundin 23, 24, 25 (S), Robyns
7310 (L, PDA), Silva s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains,
Baker's Falls, Cramer 4455 (E, PDA); along
path from Horton Plains to Ohiya, Robyns 7158
(C, G, K, L, PDA); jungle above Ohiya, Silva
s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered
228. Sonerila gardneri Thwaites
Erect herb, 30-45 cm, nearly unbranched;
stems and branches terete, dark reddish,
pubescent and somewhat woody. Leaves with
lamina, nely serrate, broadly ovate, symmetric
and cordate to rounded at the base, subacute at
the apex, with hairs on both sides, with fewer
hairs and paler beneath, 5-7-nerved, rigid;
petiole 2-3 mm, glandular. Flowers many in
scorpioid, subsessile inorescences. Petals
red, c. 13 mm long. Anthers narrowly ovate.
Distribution - Endemic, Southern montane
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains, s. coll. C.P. 63 (PDA);
below Horton Plains towards Galagama, s. coll.
C.P. 63 (P). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).
FFPO – Protected.
229. Sonerila hirsutula Arn.
Erect herb, 60-100 cm; stems woody and
much-branched, densely pubescent to hirsute,
especially the nodes covered with long, sti,
spreading hairs. Leaves, broadly ovate, serrate,
symmetric, subcordate and rounded at the
base, rounded at the apex, very hairy on both
sides, especially on the veins beneath. Flowers
in few- to manyowered scorpioid, subsessile
inorescences. Petals pink, 9-12 mm long.
Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Fagerlind 475, 1228 (S). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
230. Sonerila pumila Thwaites syn. Sonerila
zeylanica var. pumila (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke
(Plate 07, Figure J)
Erect small herb, 4-15 cm, often much-
branched from the base; stems and branches
subquadrangular and glabrous. Leaves, ovate,
nely serrate, almost symmetric and obtuse
at the base, acute at the apex, above, quite
glabrous and often purple beneath. Flowers

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1058
in few-owered, umbelshaped, sessile
inorescences or solitary. Petals white, 4-5 mm
long. Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Balakrishnan NBK 401 (PDA), Bremer, Kers
& Thoran 209 (S), s. coll. s.n. (PDA), s. coll.
C.P. 2617 (K, PDA), Gould & Cooray 13806
(PDA), Kostermans 23111 (L), Robyns 7127
(K, L, PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
231. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn. Syn.
Tibouchina semidecandra (Plate 07, Figure K)
A large shrub, up to 6 m. Branchlets densely
pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves elliptic
or elliptic-ovate, 4-11 x 1.5-5.5 cm, basally
rounded and with a 6-18 mm long petiole,
shortly acuminate at the apex, 5-7-nerved,
densely pubescent with appressed to patent
hairs on both sides. Flowers several in branched,
pubescent inorescences with elliptic, 1.5-3 cm
long, dorsally pubescent and ventrally glabrous
bracts. Distribution – Exotic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains near Farr Inn, Robyns 7161 (K, PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
Family Myrtaceae
232. Eugenia mabaeoides Wight (Plate 07,
Figure M)
A shrub or small tree. Young shoots and
calyx fugaceous pubescent. Twigs slender,
terete, much branched. Lamina 12–40x 6– 25
mm, spatulate (if small) to elliptic (if large),
coriaceous, drying dull rust to purplish brown
Flowers pale green (Trimen), 1-3 axillary;
pedicels -8 mm long, very slender; calyx -2
mm long, -3 mm diam. including the 4 deltoid
acute segments, shallowly cup- shaped; petals
-3 x 2 mm, elliptic, concave; stamens c. 3 mm
long. Distribution - Endemic; common in the
mountains of the main massif between 1300
and 2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Fosberg 50115 (PDA, US, K).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern. FFPO – Protected.
233. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa var. parviora
(Alston) A.J.Scott (Plate 07, Figure L) - iS;d
fmar
Young parts densely greyish ocherous
velutinate, ± caducous on lamina upper surface,
elsewhere persistent; petals sparsely so within,
densely outside: stamens glabrous. Twig stout,
terete, much branched, becoming orange-
brown, thinly aky. Lamina 2-8 cm x 1.4-4
cm, elliptic or sometimes obovate, coriaceous,
drying dark purple above, ocherous beneath
with dark grey-brown nervation. Distribution
- Native, open places in the mountains above
1500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – N.M.S. s.n., 20.5.1911 (PDA),
I.C.W. s.n., 25.1.1906 (PDA), Mueller-Dombois
& Comanor 67070852 (PDA, US), Mueller-
Dombois & Cooray 68011309 (PDA, US),
Ashton 2296 (PDA,US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
234. Syzygium revolutum (Alston) P.S.Ashton
syn. Eugenia revoluta Wight (Plate 07, Figure
O) - lrõ oU
A canopy tree, -10 m tall, -2m girth, with
greyish brown cracked, shallowly aky and
scroll-marked bark, crooked and twisted bole
and branches, and diuse rather at crown.
Flowers many, pale pink, in slender but dense
erect terminal or -3-axillary cymes; Fruit -7 x
6 mm, ellipsoid, with a 3 mm diam. terminal
crown; ripening purplish red. Distribution -
Endemic. Common between 1600 and 2400
m on the main mountain massif from the
northern slopes of Pidurutalagala to Horton
Plains. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Kostermans 23010 (PDA, US, K),
Worthington 1709 (K), J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA),
Comanor 957 (PDA, US), Cooray 13530 (PDA,
US), Ashton 2293 (PDA, US), 2295 (PDA, US),
2298 (PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
235. Syzygium rotundifolium Arn. Syn.
Eugenia rotundifolia (non Cav.) Wight - jgm;a
oU
Canopy tree,-10 m tall, -1 m girth, with
patchily aky scroll-marked pale pink-brown
bark, crooked twisted bole and branches, and
dense rather at crown. All parts glabrous.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 059
Twigs sharply quadrangular, slender, much
branched. Lamina, small, coriaceous, broadly
obovate to orbicular. Flowers in short densely
branched terminal racemes, white or pale pink;
petals small, concave, fugaceous; stamens c.
4 mm long. Distribution - Endemic; one of
the commonest canopy trees in the montane
forest above 2000 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Ashton 2292 (PDA,
US), 2294 (PDA, US), 2297 (PDA, US); Horton
Plains, road to Ohiya, Fosberg 50115 (K.)
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern
236. Syzygium sclerophyllum Thwaites (Plate
07, Figure N)
Canopy tree -10 m tall, -1 m girth, with
pale grey-brown cracked and patchily aky
bark, twisted bole and branches and dense dark
shallowly hemispherical crown with upturned
leaves. Lamina, broadly elliptic to suborbicular;
base obtuse to subcordate; margin subrevolute;
apex obtuse or subacute. Flowers white, densely
clustered in short terminal cymes; calyx -4 mm
long 3 mm diam. Petals c. 3 x 2 mm, elliptic,
concave. Distribution - Endemic. Locally
abundant in montane forest above 2000 m in the
main mountain massif. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Totupola, Worthington
1735 (K); Horton Plains, Kostermans 23092A
(K), 23126 (K). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
237. Syzygium spathulatum Thwaites syn.
Eugenia olivifolia Duth. (Plate 07, Figure P)
A small tree, -10 m tall, with compact
rounded crown with many twisted branches,
and rough hard deeply cracked densely
narrowly aky pink to orange-brown bark.
Lamina up-pointing, bright copper when young,
obovate to oblanceolate, thinly coriaceous,
rufous to golden matt beneath. Cyme, slender,
terminal or subterminal axillary. Flowers pale
pink. Distribution - Endemic. Abundant in
primary and more particularly secondary forest,
often remaining and apparently regenerating
in grasslands after degradation; at 700-1500
m in the hills bordering the drier eastern
margins of the wet zone and the intermediate
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Kostermans 23438 (K). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern. FFPO –
Protected.
238. Syzygium umbrosum Thwaites syn.
Eugenia subavenis (non Berg.) Duth. - je,s
fodU" ySka fodU
A medium sized tree with pale pink-brown
smooth or shallowly aky bark and dense much-
branched crown. All parts glabrous. lamina 2-4.5
x 1.2-3.2 cm, spatulate or sometimes obovate
or broadly elliptic, drying chocolate-brown;
margin narrowly revolute; base cuneate; apex
narrowly retuse, obtuse, Flowers white with
crimson calyx (Trimen), in-7 cm long dense
but slender many owered terminal or axillary
cymes; pedicel c. 2 mm long. Distribution -
Endemic. common between 1000 and 2000 m
in the wet zone hills from Rakwana to Knuckles
and including Namunukula. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – World's
end, Horton Plains, Kostermans 23131(PDA,
US, K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Family Nymphaeaceae
239. Nymphaea mexicana Zucc.
Stout erect rhizome with creeping stolons,
often ending with distinctive ‘brood-bodies’
which look like miniature hands of bananas.
Leaves are almost round to elliptical in shape,
with a deep narrow basal sinus. Leaves are up
to 20 cm across, green or pink on the lower
surface, and with brown blotches on the upper
surface. Flower is yellow and up to 15 cm across.
Distribution - Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Family Oleaceae
240. Chrysojasminum bignoniaceum subsp.
zeylanicum (P.S.Green)Ban syn. Jasminum
bignoniaceum subsp. zeylanicum P.S.Green
Shrub, sometimes more or less climbing,
to 2 m high. Stems glabrous, shallowly angled
from the bases of the two leaves above. Leaves
alternate, glabrous, imparipinnate, rachis
slightly grooved. Inorescence axillary, terminal
or subterminal on side shoots,. Calyx tube 2

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1060
mm long, lobes 5, triangular subulate, 1-1.5 mm
long. Corolla yellow, infundibuliform, tube 14
mm long, lobes 5, rounded, overlapping at base,
3 mm long. Distribution - Upper montane
zone, rare or very local. Forest edges, 1850 to
2400 m alt. Endemic. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – World's End, Horton
Plains, Balakrishnan 1047 (US), Nowicke &
Jayasuriya 229 (US) & Radclie-Smith 5624
(K, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
241. Olea polygama Wight
Small tree up to 15 m high. Bark smooth
or eventually cracked vertically light brown or
grey, young stems glabrous. Leaves opposite,
simple, entire coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 3-8
mm long. Inorescence axillary subumbellate,
glabrous, 9-11-owered; pedicels 1-2 mm long;
owers andromonoecious, white or creamy
white. Distribution - Evergreen montane
forest, including secondary forest. 1000-
2400 m alt. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Silva s.n. (PDA),
Cramer 4414 (E, K, US) & Worthington 1718
(BM, K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Onagraceae
242. Fuchsia regia (Vand. ex Vell.) Munz
(Plate 07, Figure Q)
Scandent or climbing shrubs, 0.5—5 m, or
lianas up to 15 m, glabrous to puberulent, rarely
densely pilose. Leaves opposite or in whorls
or 3—4(—5) per node, rmly membranous
or coriaceous, elliptic. Flowers solitary or
in pairs in the upper leaf axils, pendulous,
perfect; pedicels 10—55 mm long. Floral tube
cylindrical-fusiform. Distribution – exotic.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated
243. Oenothera stricta Ledeb. ex Link
Erect annual or perhaps sometimes biennial
herb, rarely decumbent or nearly prostrate,
stems 3.5—15 dm long, unbranched or with a
few side branches, usually strigillose, especially
in the lower parts, and sparsely to densely villous
and glandular pubescent. Basal leaves narrowly
elliptic to oblanceolate 10—25 cm long, 0.8—
2.5 cm wide, at or slightly undulate, margins
serrate; cauline leaves very narrowly elliptic to
lanceolate. Distribution- exotic. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Family Orchidaceae
244. Adrorhizon purpurascens (Thwaites)
Hook.f. (Plate 08, Figure A)
A mini-miniature sized, warm to cool
growing epiphyte or lithophyte with narrowly
cylindrical non-pseduobulbpus stems carrying
a single apical, erect, coriaceous, rigid, linear-
oblong to lanceolate, recurved margins, purple
tinted leaf that blooms in the late summer
and fall on a slender, peduncle with 3 sterile
sheathing bracts. 1 to 3 owered inorescence
with broadly triangular-ovate, annular,
sheathing the rachis, acute, single veined oral
bracts. Distribution - Endemic, in submontane
to tropical, wet, evergreen forests on trunks of
trees and on rocks along streams at elevations
of 500 to 1900 meters. Phenology – Flowering
September – November. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
245. Bulbophyllum elliae Rchb.f. syn.
Cirrhopetalum wightii Thwaites, Bulbophyllum
jayaweerae S.S.Fernando & Ormerod (Plate 08,
Figure B)
Miniature sized, cool growing epiphyte
with 2" [5 cm] between each cylindrical-ovoid,
canted at an angle pseudobulb carrying a single,
apical, erect, narrowly elliptic, rounded apically,
narrowing below into the petiolalte base leaf that
blooms in the winter and spring on basal, erect,
peduncle, 2.4" [6 cm] long, several owered
inorescence with the owers held in an apical
umbel. Distribution - Endemic, growing on
trees in the subtropical montane forests as well
as in the submontane or mid-country tropical
wet evergreen forests above 854 m alt. Hakgala,
Hantana, Horton Plains, Rangala, Nuwara
Eliya, Veddagala etc. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Sept. 1890, s. coll. s.n.
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering January-May
and September. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 061
246. Bulbophyllum trimenii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm.
syn. Cirrhopetalum trimenii Hook.f. (Plate 08,
Figure C)
A mini-miniature sized, warm to cool
growing epiphyte, brownish green, globose-
ovoid pseudobulb carrying a single to rarely 2,
apical, sessile, sharply angled to the pseudobulb,
lanceolate, oblong to oblong-ovate, notched to
emarginate, thick, 6 to 8 owered inorescence
with subulate-ovate, acute to subacute, 3
veined oral bracts and carrying the pale straw
colored owers. Distribution - Endemic,
on trees above 762 m alt. in the subtropical
montane and the mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests. Phenology – Flowering
September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
247. Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl. Syn.
Calanthe purpurea Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure D)
A large sized, hot to cool growing terrestrial
orchid with small, narrowly conical pseudobulbs
and several, plicate, broadly elliptic, acute,
narrowing below into the petiolate or sessile
base leaves that blooms in the late summer and
early fall on an erect, 5 to 6" [12.5 to 15 cm]
long, successively several to many [10 to 15]
owered inorescence. Distribution - Native,
Rather common under the shade of trees in
higher elevations in the submontane or mid-
country tropical wet evergreen forests up to
1829 m alt. Rangala, Maturata, Mahacoodagala,
Nuwara Eliya, Ambagamuwa, Hunnasgiriya,
etc. Phenology – Flowering February, July,
August. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
248. Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames. Syn.
Calanthe veratrifolia R.Br. (Plate 08, Figure E)
Ovoid pseudobulbs carrying 3 to 6, ovate-
lanceolate, to elliptic-lanceolate, plicate,
prominently ribbed, long petiolate leaves that
are pubescent beneath and blooms from a
mature pseudobulb as a new one arises in the
spring through fall on a minutely pubescent,
7' [210 cm] long, racemose inorescence with
successive opening owers that are congested
at the apex and much longer than the leaves.
Distribution - Native, in the shade of trees in
the subtropical montane forests up to 2134 m alt.
Mahacoodagala, Hakgala, Mt. Pedro, Maturata,
etc. Phenology – Flowering February-April,
July. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
249. Cheirostylis abellata (A.Rich.) Wight
(Plate 08, Figure F)
A small sized, cool to cold growing
terrestrial with ovate, acute, petiolate base
leaves that blooms in the winter on a terminal,
erect, 6 to 8" [15 to 20 cm] long, 2 to 10
owered inorescence with ovate, acuminate,
acute, single veined oral bracts and carrying
white owers. Distribution - Native, on
roadside hill cuttings under the shade of trees
in the subtropical montane forests between
915 and 1829 m alt. Mt. Pedro, Hakgala,
Ambagamuwa, etc. Phenology – Flowering
February, March. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
250. Coelogyne odoratissima Lindl. (Plate 08,
Figure G)
A small sized, cool to cold growing
epiphyte with clustered, ovoid to almost round
pseudobulbs enveloped basally by basal sheaths
and carrying 2, apical, membraneous, shape
variable, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, plicate, 5
nerved, gradually narrowing below into the
petiolate base leaves that blooms in the late
summer and fall on a synanthous, slender, basal.
2 to 5 owered inorescence with persistent
oral bracts and carrying waxy, fragrant owers.
Distribution - Native, Common, on trees in the
subtropical montane forests above 1829 m alt.
Nuwam Eliya, Horton Plains, Pidurutalagala,
etc. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains, Jan. 1906, Willis s.n.
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering December,
January. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
251. Crepidium versicolor (Lindl.) Sushil
K.Singh, Agrawala & Jalal syn. Microstylis
rheedii Wight; Malaxis versicolor (Lindl.)
Abeyw.
A small sized, as either a hot to cool or a cool
to cold growing terrestrial orchid depending on
its origin with a stem carrying 3 to 5, purplish
green, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate base leaves

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1062
that blooms in the summer on a terminal, erect,
10 to 35 cm long, rather dense, many owered
inorescence with lanceolate, acuminate oral
bracts and carrying yellow tinted purple owers.
Distribution - Native, Rather common, in
shady places in the submontane or midcountry
tropical wet evergreen forests extending to the
subtropical montane forests between 396 and
1829 m alt. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Dec. 1971, Balakrishnan 412
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering May-July.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern. FFPO – Protected.
252. Cylindrolobus lindleyi (Thwaites)
Ormerod & C.S.Kumar syn. Eria lindleyi
Thwaites (Plate 08, Figure K)
A small to medium sized, cool to cold
growing epiphyte with clavate at the top
and tuberous at the base, many noded, terete
pseudobuilbs enveloped by short, acute sheaths
and carrying apical, sessile, oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, many veined, prominent midvein
leaves taht blooms in the spring and again in
the fall on erect, peduncle short, to .8 to 2 to
3.5 cm long. Distribution - Endemic, Rather
common, on trees towards the higher altitudes
in the submontane or mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests extending to the subtropical
montane forests up to 2134 m alt. Rangala,
Laggala, Hunnasgiriya, Ritigala, etc. Phenology
– Flowering May-July. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO –
Protected.
253. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. Ex
Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure I)
A small to giant sized, hot to cool growing
epiphyte at elevations of 100 to 1800 meters
with fusiform or subcylindrical, erect or
pendulous, many noded, yellow with age stems
with tubular basal sheaths carrying deciduous,
ligulate or oblong-lanceolate, acute to obtuse
leaves, fragrant honeysucle to primrose scented
or not, owered inorescence that arises
from the nodes on 2 to 3 year old leaess
canes. Distribution - Native, on trees from
the submontane or mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests to subtropical montane forests
above 1220 m alt. Rangala, Nuwara Eliya, Mt.
Pedro, Hakgala, etc. Phenology – Flowering
January-April. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
254. Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight syn.
Dendrobium nutans Lindl., Dendrobium
nutantiorum A.D.Hawkes & A.H.Heller (Plate
08, Figure J)
A miniature sized, warm to cool growing
epiphyte with grooved, swollen towards
the apex, zigzag with few to many angles,
yellowish, black hairy stems carrying 3 to
6, distichous, succulent, , apically bilobed
leaves that blooms in the later spring, summer
and earlier fall on 2 to 3, short, from opposite
and above the leaf axils 2 to 4 owered.
Distribution - Native, common, adapted to
grow in a variety of climatic conditions ranging
from the tropical wet evergreen forests to the
subtropical montane forests from 1220 to 1829
m alt. Phenology – Flowering April, November-
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 063
PLATE 07: A. Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis; B. Taxillus incanus; C. Magnolia nilagirica; D.
Medinilla fuchsioides; E. Memecylon parvifolium; F. Osbeckia parvifolia; G. Osbeckia rubicunda;
H. Osbeckia lanata; I. Sonerila arnottiana; J. Sonerila pumila; K. Tibouchina urvilleana; L.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa; M. Eugenia mabaeoides; N. Syzygium sclerophyllum; O. Syzygium
revolutum; P. Syzygium spathulatum; Q. Fuchsia regia; R. Biophytum nudum.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1064
255. Ipsea speciosa Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure L)
- k.d uerE w,
Medium sized terrestrial with subterranean
tubers giving rise to 1 to 2, deciduous, narrowly
lanceolate, plicate leaves that blooms in the
spring on an erect, to 18" [45 cm] long, 1 to
3 owered, racemose inorescence carrying
fragrant owers. Distribution - Endemic,
in open patana lands in the montane zone in
association with grasses. Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala,
Bandarawela, Hantane, Maturata, Teldeniya,
Galagama, Namunukula, etc. between 915 and
1829 m alt. Phenology – Flowering September-
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
256. Liparis brachyglottis Rchb.f. ex Trimen.
Slender herb with stem swollen at the base.
Leaves 1 or 2, alternate, sessile or the lower
petioled, 3.8–6.4 cm long, cordate, acuminate,
membranous, 5-veined, base equal-sided,
margin crisped. Flowers small, purple, in lax-
owered, short-peduncled, slender racemes;
peduncle together with the rachis 5–7.5 cm
long; oral bracts ovate, acute. Distribution -
Endemic, under shade of trees in the submontane
or mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
between 1220 and 1829 m alt. Knuckles,
Wattekelle, Horton Plains, etc. Phenology –
Flowering September, January. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.
257. Liparis elliptica Wight
Small sized, cool growing epiphyte with
clustered, compressed, attened, rugose, ribbed,
elliptic, subrhomboid to globose pseudobulbs
carrying 2 apical, oblong to oblanceolate, acute,
tapering below into the shortly, channeled,
petiolate base leaves that blooms in the fall
and early winter on a compressed, 2 winged,
zigzag, bracteate, 6 to 13 cm long, laxly to
subdensely many owered inorescence with
narrowly lanceolat, acute to acuminate bracts.
Distribution - Native, on trees in the submontane
or mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
between 915 and 1829 m alt. Rangala, Adam's
Peak, Ambagamuwa, Ramboda, Hantane,
etc. Phenology – Flowering September,
January. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
258. Liparis walkeriae Graham (Plate 08,
Figure M)
Small sized, cool to cold growing terrestrial
with an elongate, stalklike, cylindrical
pseudobulb carrying 2 to 3, elliptic, succulent,
acute, plicate leaves that blooms in the summer
through fall on an erect, 6" [15 cm] long, several
to many owered, racemose inorescence with
erect, lancolate oral bracts and carrying pale
purple owers. Distribution - Endemic, under
the shade of trees in the subtropical montane
forests up to 2000 m alt. Ramboda, Nuwara
Eliya, Adam's Peak, Pidurutalagala, Hakgala
etc. Phenology – Flowering June, October,
December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
259. Liparis wightiana Thwaites syn. Liparis
trimenii Rindley (Plate 08, Figure N)
Miniature sized, warm to cool growing
terrestrial with close set, ovoid pseudobulbs
enveloped partially by a few smaller sheaths
and carrying 2, ovate, acuminate, plicate, nely
undulate margins, gradually narrowing below
into the petiolate base leaves that blooms in
the winter on a 10 cm long, 10 to 16 owered
inorescence with narrowly triangular, acute
oral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, under
the shade of trees and shrubs in the submontane
or mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
between 915 and 1829 m alt. Nuwara Eliya,
Hantane, Wattekelle, Maturata, Madulkelle,
Hunnasgiriya, Knuckles, etc. Phenology –
Flowering July-November. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO –
Protected.
260. Oberonia mahaeliyensis C. Bandara,
Lakkana, Ediriweera
Herbaceous epiphyte. Roots vermiform.
Leaves jointed, 5–7, distichous, equitant,
laterally compressed. Inorescence many-
owered, drooping; peduncle 4–5 cm long,
terete with few sterile bracts towards the apex.
Flowers 1.2 × 2.1 mm across, widely opening,
laxly placed in spiral, yellowish-white, opening
progressively upwards. Pedicel and ovary
1.2 mm long. Mature fruit clavate, green in

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 065
color, 1.7 × 2.4 mm. (Bandara et al, 2022)
Distribution - Endemic, so far, known only
from two localities in Horton Plains National
Park. Phenology – Flowering and fruiting
were recorded in November and December.
Proposed Conservation status – Critically
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
261. Oberonia wightiana Lindl. (Plate 08,
Figure O)
Miniature sized, warm to cool growing
epiphyte with 3 to 5, ensiform, often subfalcate,
acute-acuminate leaves that blooms in the fall
on an erect, terminal, 3.2 to 4" [8 to 10 cm]
long, somewhat curved, laxly many owered
inorescence with oblong to lanceolate, erose
oral bracts and carrying pale yellowish green
owers. Distribution - Endemic, on trees in
the submontane or midcountry tropical wet
evergreen forests from 548 to 2134 m alt.
Rangala, Ambagamuwa, Hakgala, Hatton
(Duke's Nose, abundant), Hantane, Ramboda,
Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains, Namunukula and
Pidurutalagala. Phenology – Flowering July-
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
262. Octarrhena parvula Thwaites
Miniature sized, warm to cold growing
epiphyte with many close set, non-branching
stems carrying many, laterally attened, linear,
acute, light green leaves that blooms in the
spring on more than one per stem, 1.4" [3.5 cm]
long, to 14 owered, two ranked inorescence
with shortly triangular, acute oral bracts.
Distribution - Endemic, on the upper branches
of trees in the submontane or mid country
tropical wet evergreen forests extending to the
subtropical montane forests up to 2134 m alt.
Rangala, Hakgala, Hantane, Matale, Maturata,
Dimbula, Horton Plains, etc. Phenology –
Flowering July-November. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.
263. Peristylus gardneri (Hoook. f.) Kraenzl.
Syn. Habenaria gardneri Hook.f.
Small to medium sized, cool growing
terrestrial with an erect, slender stem carrying
several in the upper 2/3's, ash green, distant
on the stem, linear to linear-lanceolate, acute
to acuminate, somewhat undulate, basally
clasping leaves that blooms in the winter
through later spring and again in the fall on
an erect, terminal, 24 cm long, densely many
owered inorescence with ovate-lanceolate, 3
veined oral bracts and carrying green owers.
Distribution - Endemic, under dense shade
of trees by streams or on moist ground in the
subtropical montane forests above 1220 m alt.
Nuwara Eliya, Adam's Peak, Horton Plains, etc.
Phenology – Flowering February, May, June,
September-November. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
264. Peristylus spiralis A. Rich. Syn.
Habenaria torta Hook.f. (Plate 08, Figure P)
Medium sized terrestrial that blooms in
the late winter and early spring on an erect,
terminal, 6" [15 cm] long, 2.5" [6.25 cm] long
rachis, laxly several owered inorescence.
Distribution - Native, under the shade of trees
in open slopes of the montane temperate forests
above 1220 m alt. Galagama, Dolosbage,
Pidurutalagala, Dimbulla, Hakgala, Sita Eliya,
etc. Phenology – Flowering September-
November, February. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
265. Phaius wallichii Lindl. as Phaius
tankervilleae (Banks) Blume in Dass. (Plate 08,
Figure Q)
Large sized, warm to cool growing
terrestrial with fusiform to cylindric-ovoid
pseudobulbs carrying about 4, green, oblong-
elliptic, plicate, glabrous, acuminate leaves that
blooms in the later spring on an erect, glabrous,
to 40" [100 cm] long, to more than 10 owered
inorescence arising from the lower nodes
on the pseudobulb and has caducous, ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous oral bracts and carrying
widely opening owers. Distribution - Native,
under the shade of trees in the submontane or
mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
extending on to the subtropical montane forests
between 915 and 2134 m alt. Phenology –
Flowers February, April-June, September-
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered. FFPO – Protected.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1066
266. Pinalia bicolor (Lindl.) Kuntze syn. Eria
bicolor Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure R)
Small to medium sized, cool growing
epiphyte with thick, eshy, purplish-brown,
fusiform, many noded, smooth in youth,
longitudinally wrinkled with age, , many
veined leaves that blooms in the later winter
and early spring and early fall on an axillary,
erect, puberulous, peduncle .8 mm long, deep
purple, 3 to 5 cm long rachis, many owered
inorescence with ovate, acuminate, acute, 5 or
more veined oral bracts bell shaped, sweetly
scented owers. Distribution - Native, on trees
above 1067 m alt. in the submontane or mid-
country tropical wet evergreen forests extending
to the subtropical montane forests. Phenology
– Flowers February, April-June, September-
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
267. Podochilus falcatus Lindl. (Plate 12,
Figure O) - uy moauhd
Miniature to small sized, warm to cool
growing epiphyte or terrestrial with a slender,
nonpseudobulbous stem carrying distichous,
equitant, , few owered inorescence with
ovate, acuminate, acute, basally cordate,
persistent, minutely and sparsely spiny, 3 veined
oral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, common,
on trunks of trees or on rocks in the submontane
or mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
extending to the subtropical montane forests,
610-1829 m alt. Phenology – Flowers June-
September, October. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
268. Porpax braccata (Lindl.) Schuit.,
Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen syn. Eria braccata
(Lindl.) Lindl., Conchidium braccatum (Lindl.)
Ormerod (Plate 08, Figure H)
Miniature sized, cool growing epiphyte
with a branched rhizome giving rise to small,
crowded, attened, , minutely serrulate apically,
15 to 19 veined, pale bright green leaves that
blooms in the mid spring, summer and mid fall
on a single to 3 owered inorescence carrying
fragrant owers. Distribution - Native, on
trunks of trees in the jungles extending from
the submontane or mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests to the subtropical montane
forests up to about 1829 m alt. Phenology –
Flowers October, April-August. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO
– Protected.
269. Robiquetia brevifolia (Lindl.) Garay
syn. Saccolobium brevifolium Lindl. (Plate 09,
Figure A)
A large sized, cool growing, monopodial,
scandent epiphyte with an elongate, non-
pseudobulbous, slender stem carrying alternate,
short, sessile, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic,
channeled along the middle, unequally bilobed
apically leaves that blooms in the mid winter
through mid spring on an axillary, arching, to 8"
[to 20 cm] long, many owered inorescence
with small, triangula-ovate, acute to subacute
oral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, on
branches of trees in the submontane or
mid country tropical wet evergreen forests
extending to the subtropical montane forests
up to 1829 m alt. Rangala, Hakgala, Ramboda,
Maturata, Mahacoodagala, Hunnasgiriya, Sita
Eliya, Namunukula, etc. Phenology – Flowers
February-April, September. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO –
Protected.
270. Robiquetia gracilis (Lindl.) Garay syn.
Saccolobium gracile Lindl.
A small sized, warm to cool growing,
monopodial, pendent growing epiphyte with
a nonpseudobulbous, zig-zag to exuous stem
carrying alternate, narrowly linear, unequally
bilobed apcially, narrowing below into the
clasping base leaves that blooms in the later
spring and summer on an axillary, 4.8" [12 cm]
long, pendulous, many owered inorescence
with minute, subulate,oral bracts. Distribution
- Native, on trees in the submontane or mid-
country tropical wet evergreen forests up to
about 1220 m alt. Hantane, Horton Plains, etc.
Phenology – Flowers May, July. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
Protected.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 067
PLATE 08 : A. Adrorhizon purpurascens; B. Bulbophyllum elliae; C. Bulbophyllum trimenii; D.
Calanthe masuca; E. Calanthe triplicata; F. Cheirostylis abellata; G. Coelogyne odoratissima;
H. Porpax braccata; I. Dendrobium heterocarpum; J. Dendrobium jerdonianum; K. Cylindrolobus
lindleyi; L. Ipsea speciosa; M. Liparis walkeriae; N. Liparis wightiana; O. Oberonia wightiana; P.
Peristylus spiralis; Q. Phaius wallichii; R. Pinalia bicolor.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1068
271. Robiquetia virescens Ormerod &
S.S.Fernando (Plate 09, Figure B)
A medium sized, warm to cool growing
epiphyte with an elongate, nonpseudobulbous
stem carrying linear-oblong, shortly petiolate
base leaves that blooms in the mid winter
through early spring on an axillary, short, 2 to
2.5 cm long, several owered inorescence
with triangular, acute, spiny margined oral
bracts and carrying green or white owers.
Distribution - Endemic, on branches of trees
in the submontane or mid-country tropical
wet evergreen forests. Rangala at 1296 m
alt. Phenology – Flowers February-March.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
272. Satyrium nepalense D. Don (Plate 09,
Figure C)
A miniature to large sized, cool to cold
growing terrestrial with 1 ro 2, ovoid-
cylindric tubers giving rise to a sout, bracteate
above stem carrying 2 to 3, oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, sub-basal, eshy, basally clasping
leaves that blooms in the summer and fall on
an erect, densely many owered inorescence
with oblong-lanceolate, leaf-like oral bracts
that exceed the ovary in length and carrying
fragrant owers. Distribution - Native, in the
wet patana lands among grass above 1220 m
alt. Adam's Peak, Hakgala, Nuwara Eliya, etc.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Sept. 1890, s. coll. s.n. (PDA), Oct. 1974,
Davidse 7608 (PDA), Aug. 1970, Cramer 3137
(PDA), Sept. 1969, van Beusekom 1458 (PDA),
Dec. 1970, Theobold and Krahulie 2749 (PDA).
Phenology – Flowers, September, October,
November, December, January. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO
– Protected.
273. Seidenfadeniella liformis (Rchb.f.)
Christenson & Ormerod syn. Saccolobium
liforme Trimen, Schoenorchis chrysantha
(Alston) Garay (Plate 09, Figure D)
A small sized, cool to cold growing
epiphyte with a spreading, terete, exuous, non-
pseudobulbous, purple spotted stem carrying
green, terete, ventrally grooved, acute, basally
clasping leaves that blooms in the spring on
axillary, erect, stout, 1.2' [3 cm] long, densely
many owered inorescence with ovate-
acuminate oral bracts and carrying yellow
owers with orange veins. Distribution -
Native, common on trees in the subtropical
montane forests up to 2134 m alt. Nuwara
Eliya, Pidurutalagala. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, May
1960, Jayaweera 2051 (PDA), May 1906, A.M.
Silva s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowers March
to May. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
274. Spiranthes australis (R.Br.) Lindl. Syn.
Spiranthes sinensis in Dass. (Plate 09, Figure E)
A small to medium sized sized, cool to cold
growing terrestrial with 3 to 5, obliquely erect,
narrowly lanceolate, dark green, somewhat
shiny leaves held in a basal rosette that blooms
in the spring and summer on an erect, 10 to 60
owered inorescence with spirally arranged,
fragrant owers. Distribution - Native, in the
wet patana grasslands. Phenology – Flowers
almost throughout the year. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO
– Protected.
275. Stichorkis gibbosa (Finet) J.J.Wood syn.
Liparis gibbosa Finet
a small sized, hot to cool growing epiphyte
on trees on cli faces or lithophyte on rocks with
small compressed, ovoid pseudobulbs carrying
a single apical, linear, acute leaf blooming in
the summer and fall on a 6" long, attened,
imbricating inorescence with 2 ranked
bracts and carrying many successive owers
with mostly one or 2 at a time. Distribution
- Endemic, on trees in the submontane or
mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
extending up to the subtropical montane forests
from 1220 to 1829 m alt. Rangala, Maturata,
Hantane, Hakgala, Haputale, Horton Plains,
etc. Phenology – Flowers January, March-
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
276. Taeniophyllum alwisii Lindl.
A mini-miniature sized, hot to cool growing
leaess epiphtye without pseudobulbs, stems
or leaves that has green, eshy, tortuous,

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 069
vertical toand then at on the basrk roots that
blooms at anty time of the year on an erect,
slender, peduncle. 4.5 mm long, few owered
inorescence with triangular-ovate, rounded,
persistent oral bracts and carrying whitish green
owers. Distribution - Native, on branches of
trees and shrubs both in the submontane or mid-
country tropical wet evergreen forests and the
subtropical montane forests from 457 to 1829
m alt. Nuwara Eliya, Mahacoodagala, Hantane,
Hunnasgiriya, Botanic Gardens Peradeniya,
Hakgala, etc. Phenology – Flowers all the year
round. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
277. Trichoglottis tenera (Lindl.) Rchb.f. syn.
Cleisostoma tenerum Hook.f. (Plate 12, Figure
P)
A miniature to small sized [each plantlet]
as a warm to cool growing epiphyte with thin,
nonpseudobulbous, green, ecked with red
stems carrying alternate, distichous, oblong
to linear-oblong, recurved, notched apically,
midrib goes beyond forming a pointed apically
spine that blooms in the mid winter and
spring on a stout, peduncle [.5 to 1 cm] long,
2 owered inorescence with broadly ovate,
speckled pink inside, obtuse, single veined
oral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, on trees
in the submontane or mid country tropical wet
evergreen forests up to 1829 m alt. Nuwara Eliya,
Laggala, Rangala, Hunnasgiriya, Maturata,
Namunukula, etc. Phenology – Flowering
February, March, April. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
Family Orobanchaceae
278. Christisonia calcarata Wight syn.
Christisonia lawii Wight
Scape 2.5—5 cm long, erect, or appearing
absent as scarcely distinct from rhizome,
glabrous except for corolla, squamous; scales
9—11 mm long, broad, subrectangular,
obtuse, imbricate. Flowers subsessile; pedicel
when present, very short, stout, ebracteolate.
Corolla 5 cm long; tube white, obscurely,
nely hirsute-pubescent; limb c. 2 cm across,
subglabrous, subbilabiate; lobes dark blue-
purple, throat white with yellowspotted lower
lip. Distribution - Native, Parasitic on roots of
Strobilanthes spp. Montane zone. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
279. Christisonia legocia Beck Syn. Legocia
aurantiaca Livera
Scape 1—2.5 cm long, suberect, densely
squamous above, less so below, with bracts
broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse; whole plant
yellow to almost white. Flowers usually paler
than rest of plant, racemose on short, stout
pedicels bearing 2 sparsely hairy bracteoles
arising about midway. Corolla 1.5—2.25
cm long, lobes short, rounded, incurved,
lowest smaller than others, long, lax, viscid-
hirsute without. Capsule 0.8 cm in diameter.
Distribution - Native, Parasitic on roots of
Strobilanthes spp. Montane zone. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
280. Christisonia subacaulis (Benth.) Gardner
Scape very short, stout, glabrous, densely
squamous. Scales 9—12 x 4—4.5 mm, oblong-
ovate, imbricate, apex rounded to subtruncate,
slightly eshy, white to pinkish-white. Flowers
crowded, erect, sessile to subsessile on very
short, stout pedicels, ebracteolate below calyx,
reportedly copiously mucilaginous. Corolla
tube c. 5 (—7) cm long. Distribution - Native,
Grasslands and among leaf-litter on forest oor;
parasitic mostly on roots of grasses. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Behind
Farr Inn, 2135 m, 17 Oct 1974, Davidse 7625
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
281. Pedicularis zeylanica subsp. zeylanica
Benth. (Plate 09, Figure F)
Annual with tuberous roots. Stem erect, up
to 52 cm high, generally simple, occasionally
branched, terete, hoary hirsute. Leaves usually
crowded near base of stem, fewer and distant
above, uppermost ones bracteiform. Corolla
bright pink, 2-2.5 cm long; upper lip erect, 8-
9 mm long; lower lip 10-16 mm across, deeply
lobed, lobes reexed with age, midlobe slightly
smaller than lateral ones. Distribution - Native,
In patana slopes of the upper hill country above

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1070
2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Ohiya rd., below Rest House,
Comanor 418 (PDA), Cramer 3140 (NBV,
PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering August-
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered
Family Oxalidaceae
282. Biophytum nudum (Arn.) Wight (Plate
07, Figure R)
Erect undershrub to c. 80 cm tall. Stems to c.
4 mm broad, branching once or a few times, with
branches often in whorls; older parts furrowed,
glabrescent, younger parts purplish red, pilose
with appressed brown hairs, and a zone of
retrorse hairs beneath the crown of leaves.
Leaves crowded at stem apices. Inorescence
at rst subcapitate, later elongating, with 6 -
10 owers and buds at one time. Petals 5 - 6
mm long, spathulate, yellow. Distribution -
Native, Montane region, 1300 - 2000 m. In open
places. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Koyama 14078 (PDA). Phenology –
Flowering March - September. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
283. Biophytum proliferum (Arn.) Wight
Low undershrub with numerous prostrate
and ascending stems, forking and profusely
branching, the branches sometimes in whorls.
Leaves to c. 2.5 cm long, with 8 - 14 pairs of
pinnae, crowded at stem apices and in rosettes
spaced along stems below. Inorescence
subcapitate. Pedicel 4 - 8 mm long, afterwards
elongating to c.1 cm, glandular pubescent Sepals
3.5 - 4 mm long, lanceolate, sparsely pubescent.
Petals 6 - 8 mm long. Distribution - Native,
Common, in open sunny places. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, in 1882, s. coll. s.n. (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering all the year. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
284. Oxalis corniculata L. (Plate 09, Figure G)
- ySka weUq,a weô,sh
Prostrate herbs, with brous, often somewhat
tuberous, roots. Stems much branched, to c.
2 mm thick, pubescent, green or purplish,
ascending at the tips, rooting at nodes. Leaves
scattered along the stems at irregular intervals.
Inorescence axillary, pseudoumbellate, with
usually 1-6 owers. Peduncle 2 - 12 cm long,
erect, pilose, slightly thicker and more rm than
the petioles. Bracts 1 - 4 mm long, liform,
pubescent, ciliate. Distribution – exotic.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated
Family Passioraceae
285. Passiora mollissima (Kunth) L.H.Bailey
(Plate 09, Figure H)
Climber to 20 m; perennial, densely and
softly villous; stem terete, striate. Leaves
3-lobed, 5—10 x 6—12 cm, divided to about
two-thirds, subcordate, membranous to thinly
coriaceous, Flowers axillary, solitary; peduncles
2—6 cm long, inserted beside a simple, 5—18
cm long tendril. Bracts and bracteoles 2.5—4
cm, acute-acuminate, connate for about half
length, softly tomentose, margin entire, forming
a tubiform involucre. Distribution – exotic.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated
286. Passiora subpeltata Ortega
Climber or herbaceous creeper, glabrous;
stem terete, striate. Leaves 3- lobed to about
half-way, suborbicular, 4—9 x 5—12 cm; base
rounded or cordate, often subpeltate, glabrous
or slightly puberulous above. Inorescences 1
- owered; peduncles 3—6 cm long, inserted
beside a simple, 4—12 cm long tendril.
Distribution – exotic. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Family Pentaphylacaceae
287. Adinandra lasiopetala (Wight) Chosy -
r;= ñysßh
Small, slender trees, 12—15 m tall;
young parts minutely hairy; branches terete,
greyish-brown, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous,
oblonglanceolate or oblanceolate. Flowers
axillary, solitary, c. 2 cm across, white; pedicels
somewhat recurved, up to 1.5 cm long, very
stout, appressed pubescent thickened above.
Bracteoles 2, unequal, opposite, immediately
beneath the owers, persistent, triangular or
subrotund, 3—5 mm long, nely appressed-
pubescent. Distribution - In montane forests of

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 071
wet zone, 1220—2300 m. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – World‘s
End trail, Horton Plains, 2400 m, 3 Nov 1971,
Balakrishnan 1041, 1043 (PDA); Pattipola,
± 2000 m, 5 Dec 1972, Cramer 3943 (PDA);
Horton Plains, forest beside Pattipola road,
± 2200 m, 26 Jan 1977, Cramer 4811 (PDA);
Road up to Farr Inn from Pattipola, 1 Nov 1973,
Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eleizer 8535 (PDA);
Trail from Small World‘s End to Big World‘s
End, Horton Plains, c. 2300 m, 28 Dec 1970,
Theobald & Krahulik 2838 (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering February to June. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
288. Eurya ceylanica Wight syn. Eurya
japonica var. ceylanica (Wight) Trimen
Shrubs, 4—5 m high; branches terete;
extreme branches and leaf—buds hairy.
Leaves coriaceous, thick, broadly elliptic or
oval-oblong. Flowers axillary, small, 2—4 in
clusters, 3—4 mm across; pedicels about 2 mm
long, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Bracteoles
2, ovate, nearly half as long as the sepals, hairy.
Distribution - In montane forests in wet region.
Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Kirgalpotha Summit, 2375 m, 26
Jan 1940, Worthington 1728 (K). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
289. Eurya chinensis R.Br. syn. Eurya japonica
var. chinensis (R.Br.) Trimen
Small shrubs, 1—4 m high branchlets
terete, sometimes 2-edged, covered with black,
patent hairs, leaf-buds hairy. Leaves coriaceous,
obovateelliptic or oval-elliptic. Flowers small,
axillary, bracteolate, sub sessile, 3—5 in clusters,
2.5—3 mm across, white; pedicels c. 1.5 long,
glabrous. Bracteoles 2, ovate, obtuse, usually
glabrous sometimes slightly hairy without.
Distribution - Along edges of montane forests
in wet zone, Native. Phenology – Flowering
January to May. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
290. Ternstroemia emarginata (Gardner)
Choisy (Plate 09, Figure I) - r;áh
Shrubs, 3—4 m high; branches dichotomous,
terete, glabrous. Leaves alternate, crowded at
the ends of the branchlets, coriaceous, glabrous,
obovate or spathulate. Flowers axillary, solitary,
1.2—1.8 cm across; pedicels terete, glabrous.
Distribution - Endemic, in secondary montane
forests in wet zone, 1700-2400 m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Feb 1846,
Thwaites C.P. 782 (PDA, holotype; BM, K,
isotypes); Baker‘s Falls, Horton Plains, ± 2400
m, 14 May 1975, Cramer 4456 (K, PDA); Near
Galagama Falls, along trail from Big World‘s
End, c. 2300 m, 27 Dec 1970, Theobald &
Krahulik 2834 (PDA); Horton Plains, 11 May
1970, Cooray 70051108R (PDA). Phenology –
Flowering February to October. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
Family Phyllanthaceae
291. Glochidion candolleanum (Wight &
Arn.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop syn. Glochidion
pyncocarpum var. ellipticum Hook.f.,
Glochidion pachycarpum Alston; Phyllanthus
candolleanus (Wight & Arn.) Chakrab. & N.P.
Balakr.
Small tree or shrub up to 6 m tall; branches
smooth, yellow- brown, glabrous; branchlets
alternate, often simple, short, slender, angular.
Leaves slender, coriaceous: lamina 3—6(—8)
x 1.5—3(—4.25) cm, obovate-elliptic, apex
obtuse or occasionally emarginate, base cuneate.
Flowers red, clustered in axillary glomerules,
drying black, male and female owers apparently
in separate axils. Distribution - High altitude
forests and meadows, up to 2300 metres. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 1 km N of Farr Inn, Horton Plains, 1 Mar
1971, Wheeler & Balakrishnan 12387 (PDA);
c. 1 km E of Farr Inn, 2130 m, 29 Jan 1977,
Wheeler 12885 (PDA); Farr- Inn to Pattipola
road, milepost 6/3, 2130 m, 29 Jan 1977,
Wheeler 12891 (PDA); trail from Farr- Inn to
Worlds End, 2200 m, 11 Oct 1977, Nooteboom
3337 (PDA); Horton Plains, road to Ohiya, c.
1 km S of Old Farm, 2100 m, 29 Mar 1968,
Fosberg 50112 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
292. Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baill.
Syn. Phyllanthus gardneri Thwaites
Glabrous perennial herb or subshrub to
6 dm high, monoecious branches ascending,

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1072
persistent, compressed-angled, usually smooth;
leaves distichous. Stipules mostly 1—2 (—5)
mm long. Flowers in axillary glomerules. Male
ower: pedicel slender, 2—5 mm long; sepals
6, (1—) 1.3—1.5 mm long. Distribution -
Endemic, Montane rain forest, often in disturbed
areas, above 1000 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1846, (Gardner)
C.P. 296 (K), 1 mi NW of Farr Inn, c. 1750 m,
20 May 1971, Wheeler 12516 (DAV, PDA, US);
Pattipola Road c. 1 mi N of Farr, Inn, c. 2135
m, 1 Mar 1971, Wheeler & Balakrishnan 12386
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatned.
293. Phyllanthus oreophilus Müll. Arg (Plate
09, Figure L)
Glabrous shrub c. 1 m high, monoecious;
leaves on main stems reduced to scales.
Deciduous branchlets 5—7 cm long, glabrous
or minutely hirsutulous with 20—25 leaves.
Stipules on deciduous branchlets 1—1.5 mm
long, lanceolate, acute, deciduous. Leaves:
lamina 8 — 10 x 5 — 6 mm, elliptic or ovate
to obovate, obtuse-apiculate at tip, unequal
at base. Flowers 1 or 2 per axil on deciduous
branchlets. Distribution - Native, Montane rain
forest, above 1000 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1857, Thwaites
s.n. in C.P. 2148, ex p. (K, PDA), between Little
World‘s End and World‘s End, 2100 m, 28 Mar
1968, Fosberg 50067 (PDA, US), Waas 148
(PDA), near World‘s End, patana grassland, 2
Dec 1970, Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53258 (US).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Endangered.
294. Phyllanthus rheedei Wight (Plate 09,
Figure J)
Glabrous perennial (also annual?) 3—15
dm high, monoecious; leaves on main stcms
reduced to scales. Deciduous branchlets (2—)
7—13 cm long, with (6—) 9—15 leaves,
angular, smooth. Stipules of branchlets 1.5—
2.5 mm long, subulate. Leaves: lamina mostly
15—25 x 7—13 mm, elliptic to obovate, acute,
cuneate at base. Distribution - Native, Montane
forests, 1000—2000 m (or higher). Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2000 m,
10 Apr 1969, Kostermans 23114 (K), s.coll.
s.n. (PDA); Haldumulla road, in 1906, Willis
s.n. (PDA); Big World‘s End, Wheeler &
Balakrishnan 12389 (PDA, US); Little World‘s
End, c. 2135 m, 2 Mar 1971, Wheeler 12388
(PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Near Threatned.
Family Piperaceae
295. Peperomia heyneana Miq. Syn. Peperomia
wightiana Miq. (Plate 09, Figure K)
Perennial, 5 to about 15 cm tall, erect
or ascending, the sterns glabrous or thinly
pubescent, striate when dry. Leaves alternate
throughout or alternate in the lower half only
and opposite or ternately whorled above; petiole
3-7 mm long, of lower leaves up to 15mm long,
glabrous or puberulous. Spike solitary, terminal,
1.5-3.5 cm long. 0.7-1.5 mm in diameter, with
glabrous axis. Distribution - A rare plant on
mossy rocks in the submontane and montane
rain forest. Native. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Data Decient
296. Peperomia leptostachya Hook. & Arn.
Syn. Peperomia blanda var. oribunda (Miq.)
H.Huber
Perennial, 9-40 cm tall, the stems ascending
or erect, densely pubescent with mostly crispate
hairs curved upwards, striate when dry. Leaves
usually opposite, towards the apex of the
stem often in whorls of three. Spikes solitary,
terminal, often with additional spikes from
the axils of the upper leaves. Peduncle 1-2 cm
long, sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Bracts
0.6-0.7 mm in diameter. Flowers immersed
for two-thirds in the spike axis. Distribution
- Terrestrial and epiphytic in the montane
zone from 450 to 2200 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Trimen s.n.
(PDA), 2200 m, Bernardi 15886 (PDA, US), N.
entrance, 2100 m, Fosberg 50010 (PDA, US),
near Farr Inn, 2100 m, van Beusekom 1487
(US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threatned.
297. Piper zeylanicum Miq. Syn. Piper
thwaitesii C.DC. (Plate 09, Figure M)
A terrestrial or epiphytic climber with the
stems glabrous, much swollen at the nodes.
Leaves of fertile branches with a petiole 5-15,

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 073
rarely up to 20 mm long and 0.6-1.2 mm
thick when dry; lamina 2-6, very rarely up
to 10 cm long Flowers crowded, dioecious.
Stamens mostly 2. Stylules 3-4, 0.7-0.9 mm
across. Berries distinct, spherical or obovoid,
4-5 mm long, eshy and orange at maturity.
Distribution - Common in moist primary and
secondary forests between 1,300 and 2,400 m.
Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Kostermans 23032 (K),
Townsend 73/165 (PDA), Trimen s.n. (PDA),
5000 ft, Samuel 64 (K); forest back of Farr Inn,
Fosberg 53291 (PDA, US); 2100 m, near Farr
Inn, Fosberg 50102 (US); way to World's End,
Cooray 70051104 R (K, PDA, US); c. 0.5 mile
before descent to Pattipola, c. 2200 m, Theobald
& Krahulik 2766 (PDA, US); near beginning of
Pattipola Road, Fosberg & Sachet 53360 (PDA,
US); W. slope along road to Agrapatana, 1940
m, Huber 843 (HBG, P, PDA, US); between
Horton Plains and Ohiya, Jayasuriya & Robyns
90 (K, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern
Family Pittosporaceae
298. Pittosporum tetraspermum Wight &
Arn. (Plate 09, Figure N) - isõjeg leáh
Shrub or small tree branching bifurcately,
or in whorl at the top. Outer bark lenticellate,
greyish-brown. Inner bark brous, moderately
thick, white; exudation gummy, arange,
scanty. Young branches puberulous. Young
leaves and inorescence ferrugineous hirsute.
Leaves densely crowded at ends of branches,
subverticillate, oval-oblong or oval-elliptic.
Flowers bisexual, yellowish-green, fragrant.
Petals 7 to 10 mm long. Distribution - Found
along borders of montane forests Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Tirvengadum & Cramer 99 (G, K, L, MAU,
P, PDA, US), Wight s.n. (K). Phenology –
Flowering December to February. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
Family Plantaginaceae
299. Callitriche stagnalis Scop.
Much-branched accid herb rooting at
the nodes. Stems glabrous, 1—2 mm thick
green. Leaves broadly ovate- to very broadly
ovatespathulate, obtuse and rounded at the
apex, tapering to the petiole, 2—15 mm long
including the petiole, 1—9 mm broad, eshy,
glabrous, with 3 veins, dark green. Flowers
mostly in only one axil of a pair of leaves.
Staminate ower: lament erect, liform,
3—4 mm long, white. Anther c. 0.75 mm long,
pale yellow. Distribution - Upper montane
zone. In stagnant or slow-moving water or on
damp ground. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Gardner in C.P. 303
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
300. Plantago asiatica subsp. erosa (Wall.)
Z.Yu Li syn. Plantago erosa Wall.
Perennial herb. Stem erect, to about 10
cm long. Leaves 5—15, 3— 11 x 1.5—7 cm,
elliptic, broadly elliptic or ovate, with obtuse
apex and more or less broadly cuneate base.
Inorescence a spike; peduncle axillary, erect
or ascending, more or less arcuate, furrowed,
nearly glabrous, 6—30 cm long; spike 4—20 cm
long, with owers more or less distant towards
the base. Distribution - Montane and upper
montane zone. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – 19 Sept 1969, Van
Beusekom 1461 (PDA); Horton Plains, 17 May
1968, Cooray & Wirawan 68051710R (PDA).
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
301. Veronica arvensis L
Stem erect, up to 35 cm high, with
ascending branches, glandularhirsute. Lower
leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 8-13x6-12 mm,
truncate at base, obtuse at apex, coarsely crenate,
5-nerved at base, scabrid on both surfaces;
upper or oral ones oblong-lanceolate. Racemes
lax, terminal and axillary, up to 19.5 cm long.
Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla bright
blue; limb 2 mm across, lobes suborbicular.
Style 0.6 mm long, glabrous. Capsule broadly
obcordate. Distribution - Weed in cultivated
elds of the upper hill country above 1900 m.
introduced. Phenology – Flowering April-
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1074
302. Veronica persica Poir
Stem pilose, often purplish; branches often
ascending. Leaves broadly ovate, 8-28 x 6-15
mm, rounded or truncate at base, obtuse at apex,
5-nerved at base, scabrid on both surfaces;
petioles 2-4 mm long. Flowers in axils of
leaves. Pedicels 10-22 mm long, slender, pilose,
decurved in fruit. Sepals oblong or lanceolate,
pilose without at base, ciliate. Corolla tube 0.5
mm long; limb up to 9 mm across, purplish-blue
with longitudinal dark blue lines. Distribution
- Weed in cultivated elds of the upper hill
country above 2000 m. introduced. Phenology
– Flowering March-August. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
303. Veronica serpyllifolia L. (Plate 09, Figure
O)
Perennial herb, forming mats when left
undisturbed. This species is easy to identify
because of its growing habit, rounded leaves,
and whitish-blue owers. Oppositely arranged
leaves are very short- stalked. Leaves are
round, entire to slightly toothedm green,
mostly hairless. Leaves are reduced to bracts
in inorescence. Flowers are borne in racemes
full of bracts. Flowers are whitish-blue with
purple stripes internally. Distribution - Weed in
cultivated elds of the upper hill country above
2000 m. introduced. Phenology – Flowering
April - July. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.
Family Poaceae
304. Agrostis pilosula Trin. Syn. Calamagrostis
pilosula Hook.f.
Annual or short-lived perennial, tufted.
Culms loosely ascending or decumbent at base
and rooting from lower nodes, 30–90 cm tall, 3-
or 4-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades
linear, at, 3–20 cm × 3–5 mm, both surfaces
scabrid; ligule 2.5–6 mm, apex lacerate.
Panicle lanceolate to ovate in outline, 10–30
cm, open or somewhat contracted; branches
2–7 at each node, 2–5 cm, scabrid, bearing
branchlets mainly in distal half. Distribution
- In montane grasslands, especially on black
peaty soil at elevations of 1800-2500 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Gould & Cooray 13791 (K, US), Jowitt s.n.
(PDA), Mueller Dombois & Cooray 68011318
(US), Clayton 5464 (K, US), 5506 (K, US).
Phenology – Flowering August. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
305. Andropogon lividus Thwaites syn.
Cymbopogon lividus (Thwaites) Willis
Annual herbs, culms tufted, to 50 cm;
nodes glabrous. Leaves, adaxially glabrous,
scaberulous abaxially and on margins, tip
setiform; ligule ovate, scarious. Racemes,
subtended by linear-lanceolate bracts; sessile
spikelet and pedicel of upper spikelet silky
villous. Spikelets lanceolate; upper glume linear-
oblong, as long as lower glume, coriaceous,
keeled; keel narrowly winged, margins ciliate;
lower lemma oblong, ciliate; upper lemma
oblong. Distribution - A constituent of the
high patanas at about 2000-2200 m elevation.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Gould 13563 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES,
US), Lazarides 7306 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES,
US), Soderstrom and Kulatunge 1669 (CANB,
K, PDA, TAES, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
306. Andropogon polyptychos Steud.
Densely tufted perennial. forming tussocks;
culms 30-60 cm tall. Leaf blades, erect, pilose;
ligule membranous, 1-2 mm long, without
auricles; basal sheaths abellate. Inorescence
composed of 2 or 3 (1-6) subdigitate racemes,
terminal on the culm; racemes 4-8 cm long,
light green to purplish-grey, each supported on a
slender raceme-base 5-15 mm long; internodes
linear, slightly widening upwards, without a
scarious rim. Distribution - A constituent of
the high patanas at 2000-2500 m elevation.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Clayton 5471 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES,
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
307. Arundinella villosa Arn. ex Steud.
Perennial with stiy erect culms from a
bulbous base, mostly 30-100 cm base of plant
densely while-woolly. Upper leaf sheaths
usually with a zone of woolly hairs just above
the culm node and with lateral tufts of long

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 075
sti hairs on the collar; blades relatively long
and narrow, usually involute on drying, mostly
3-5 mm wide. Panicle narrow, with a densely
hirsute axis and usually 7-18 short, spicate,
densely owered, erect branches. Distribution
- Abundant in the patana grasslands, Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Gould 13552 (K, TAES), Lazarides 7305
(K, TAES), Soderstrom & Kulatunge 1617 (K,
TAES), in 1911, Piper s.n. (US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
308. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.)
P.Beauv.
Cespitose perennial bunchgrass that is
sometimes very weakly rhizomatous. It ranges
in height from a few centimeters up to about
200 cm. Sheaths are open and the nodes are
typically pubescent. The leaf blades are bright
green. The blades are 4-15 mm wide, at and
lax, with variable pubescence. Ligules are
variable in size and are generally pubescent and
ciliate. Racemes are nodding with an average of
9 spikelets, each with 3-24 orets. Distribution
- In montane grasslands, hedgerows, and around
buildings at elevations of 2000-2400 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Clayton 5500 (K, US), Davidse 7637 (CANB,
K, L, MO, PDA, TAES, US), Gould & Cooray
13822 (K, US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered.
309. Briza minor L. (Plate 09, Figure P)
A loosely caespitose annual. Culms 10-60
cm. tall. Leaf-sheaths somewhat loose, rounded,
smooth. Ligule 3-6 mm. long, obtuse. Leaf-
laminae 3-14 x 0·3-0·9 cm., narrowly lanceolate,
tapering to a ne point, usually expanded,
asperulous on the upper surface and along the
margins. Panicle 4-15(20) cm. long, obovate in
outline, with many spikelets; branches spreading
or obliquely ascending, scaberulous. Pedicels
5-15 mm. long, capillary. Distribution - On
grassy roadsides and in cultivated areas, weedy
around buildings, at elevations of 1600-2300 m.
Exotic. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains, van Beusekom & van
Beusekom 1462 (US), Cla- Yton 5481 (US),
Gould & Cooray 13792 (US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
310. Bromus diandrus Roth
Tufted, often robust annual to 1 m high;
culms usually stout, ascending, geniculate.
Leaves with sheath loose, villous to puberulent;
ligule obtuse to laciniate, 1–5 mm long;
blade to 10 mm wide, villous to puberulent.
Panicle open, loose, to 26 cm long, branches
nodding. Spikelets 5–14-owered, 5–10 cm
long including awns. Glumes acute, lower
linear-lanceolate, 12–24 mm long, 1–3-nerved;
upper lanceolate, 20–30 mm long, 3–5-nerved.
Distribution - A weed at an old farm at 2300 m
elevation. Introduced. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5532 (K,US).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
311. Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex
Chiov.) Morrone syn. Pennisetum clandestinum
Hochst. ex Chiov.
A rhizome forming and runner forming
perennial herb. Leaves with ligule a dense
fringed with hairs rim; blade 3-7 mm wide,
hairless or slightly hairy. Inorescence are borne
on short shoots mostly reduced to a cluster of
2-4 spikelets, enclosed in sheaths, at branch-
ends spikelet with up to 15 delicate bristles,
the lateral with fewer. Spikelets bisexual
or functionally unisexual, 10-20 mm long.
Distribution - Naturalized along roadsides and
similar habitats at elevations of 1800-2200 m.
Introduced. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.
312. Cenchrus geniculatus Thunb. Syn.
Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth
Loosely tufted rhizomatous perennial.
Culms 10–150 cm. high, erect or geniculate,
glabrous or pubescent below panicle. Leaf
laminae 2–8 mm. wide, at or convolute.
Panicle 2–15 cm. long, linear to narrowly
oblong; rhachis cylindrical with rounded ribs
and distinct peduncle stumps, scaberulous;
involucre enclosing 1 sessile spikelet, the base
truncate; bristles ne, glabrous, the longest
5–14 mm. Distribution - In montane tussock
grassland, Horton Plains; elevation 2000-
2300 m. Introduced. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5503 (K,
PDA, US), Davidse 7639 (CANB, K, MO,

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1076
PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.
313. Chrysopogon nodulibarbis (Hochst. ex
Steud.) Henrard syn. Andropogon zeylanicus
Sted., Chrysopogon zeylanicus (Plate 09, Figure
Q) - .jr ;K" .jr
Perennials; culms 80-150 cm high; nodes
glabrous. Leaves usually collected at base,
linear-lanceolate; sheath sharply keeled; ligule
a mbriate membrane. Panicle 10-20 cm long,
lax with few spikelets. Sessile spikelets 6-8
mm long; lower glume 6 x 1.5 mm with two
lines of bristles on dorsal side near the margins;
upper glume similar but not with bristles;
second lemma delicate, 1-nerved; awn 40 mm
long; anthers 3 mm long. Distribution - A
common constituent of patana grasslands, at
elevations of 900-2300 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
5458 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US), Gould
13553 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US), Gould &
Cooray 13790 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US),
Lazarides 7320 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US).
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: December-
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
314. Coelachne perpusilla (Nees ex Steud.)
Thwaites syn. Coelachne perpusilla var.
muscosa Hook.f.
Culms densely tufted, erect, to 15 cm.
Leaf-blades 1.2-2.6 x 0.4-1 cm, acuminate,
adaxially glabrous or puberulous. Panicles
to 5 cm; branches a few, distant, spreading,
to 1.8 cm, bearing 1-4 spikelets. Spikelets
ovate-lanceolate, to 0.35 cm. Glumes ovate-
oblong, 0.12-0.2 cm; lower glume 1-5-veined;
upper glume 5-9-veined; lower lemma ovate-
lanceolate, to 0.3 cm, glabrous or puberulous.
Distribution - At high elevations, in moist or
wet soil along lakes, streams seeps and springs.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50026
(K), Clayton 5501 (K, TAES), Lazarides 7304
(K, TAES), Gould & Cooray 13820 (K, TAES).
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: July-
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable.
315. Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn.
ex Steud.) Munro ex Benth. Syn. Coelachne
pulchella var. simpliciuscula (Steud.) Hook.f.
Flowering culms 5-40 cm tall; similar to C.
perpusilla in vegetative characteristics and also
forming a sod in moist or wet soil. Panicles 1-8
cm long, with stiy spreading branches to 1.5
cm long, the lower branches typically with 5-9
closely placed spikelets but with as few as 2-3
in depauperate inorescences. Spikelets 2-2.6
mm long. Lemma of upper oret with a hairs
at base and on nerves near base. Anthers 0.6-
1.1 mm long. Caryopsis about 0.8 mm long.
Distribution - In same habitats as C. perpusilla
but more widespread and tending to somewhat
lower elevations. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
5534 (K, TAES), Gould 13545 (TAES).
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: September
to December. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
316. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle syn.
Cymbopogon thwaitesii (Hook.f.) Willis,
Cymbopogon confertifolrus (Steud.) Stapf - ySka
me`.sß" f,ak ngq" f,akng me`.sß udk" me`.sß
udk" jgq iejekaord" udkd
Habit: Perennial; caespitose. Butt sheaths
persistent and investing base of culm. Culms
75–300 cm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane;
3–9 mm long. Leaf-blades drooping; at; 20–60
cm long; 3–15 mm wide; aromatic. Leaf-blade
surface smooth, or scaberulous. Inorescence:
Synorescence compound; linear; 15–60
cm long; dense. Inorescence composed of
racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a
spatheole; enclosed. Distribution - A common
species of patanas and roadsides at 500-2300
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Clayton 5452 (CANB, K, PDA,
TAES, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern.
317. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. - B;K" ÿ¾jd"
yß;d,s" ySka wefgdar
prostrate mat-forming grass and my be the
most serious weed of the grass family.The stems
is very ramied, spreading at the soil surface by
long rhizomes and stolons.The leaves are narrow
and with at arrangement. The nodes and leaf

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 077
sheaths are glabrous.The erect inorescence
has 3 to 7 spikes in a single terminal whorl,
arranged like the ngers in a hand. Distribution
- Common in upland rice, moist but not ooded
soils, particularly in areas regularly disturbed.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 30 Aug 1902, Jowitt s.n. (PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
318. Cyrtococcum deccanense Bor
Annuals; culms 20-60 cm high, rooting
from lower nodes; nodes sparsely hairy. Leaves
5-13 x 0.4-0.9 cm, lanceolate, slightly narrowed
to base, thinly hairy; sheath keeled, ciliate
along one margin; ligule membranous, narrow.
Panicle. Pedicels very long, liform. Spikelets
few, 2 x 1.5 mm; glumes subequal, glabrous
to 1 mm long, upper one larger; rst lemma 2
x 1 mm, lanceolate, 5-nerved; second lemma
broadly ovate. Distribution - Common in
shade in montane forests, especially along trails
or in plantations at elevations of 1800-2400 m.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50028
(US), Gould & Cooray 13824 and 13826 (K,
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable
319. Davidsea attenuata (Thwaites) Soderstr.
& R.P.Ellis
Plants of unicaespitose habit, the rhizomes
sympodial, pachymorph with a short neck
3-5 cm long, producing a dense clump with
closely placed culms. Leaf sheath when young
maroon toward the summit and pale green
below, becoming stramineous with age. Leaves
in complements to 40 cm long, 30 cm wide,
with 9 or 10 leaves in the complement; most
fully developed blades 10-20 cm long, 2-3 cm
wide. Distribution - Endemic: known only
from the mountains of south-central Sri Lanka.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Between Horton plains and Ohiya, Soderstrom
& Kulatunge 1657 (PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
320. Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
Stapf
Perennial, creeping grass with long, slender,
branching rhizomes which form a dense mat
beneath the soil surface; rhizomes can go
deeper than 1m. Flowering stems lying on the
ground at the base, rising at the tip to 0.5-1 m
high. Leaves: Often bluish green; blade at, up
to 15 cm long and 2-8 mm wide. Inorescence:
Branched with 2 to 25 upwardly pointing,
2-11cm long ower heads ('branches'), which
are alternate along a 1-9 cm long central axis.
Distribution - Native: In the mountains at higher
elevations. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Near Farr Inn, Gould & Cooray
13849 (K, TAES), Clayton 5490 (K, TAES),
Horton Plains, Patana grassland, Clayton 5502
(K, TAES); Horton Plains, Lazarides 7311 (K,
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
321. Digitaria cruciata (Nees ex Steud.)
E.G.Camus & A.Camus
Annual with erect or geniculate-spreading
culms mostly. Leaves glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, the sheath base often puberulent.
Ligule 1-3 mm long, lacerate: blades short or
elongate, mostly 3-7 mm wide. Inorescence
branches mostly 5-9, clustered but not dactylate
on the upper portion of the culm, the lower
branches often in 1 or 2 verticels. Branch
rhachis attened and moderately winged, with
appressed spikelets in pairs of one subsessile
and one pedicelled. Distribution - Native:
Known from Horton Plains only. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Weed in
garden at Farr Inn, Gould & Cooray 13831 (K,
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Critically Endangered.
322. Digitaria didactyla Willd.
Stoloniferous perennial to 0.4 m high,
rooting and branching from the nodes. Leaves
with sheath densely to sparsely pilose; ligule
1–1.5 mm long; blade 1–3 mm wide, usually
glabrous, green to bluish green. Racemes 2–4,
2–7 cm long, the spikelets appressed. Fertile
oret very slightly shorter than the sterile lemma,
yellowish or rarely tinged with purple, almost
smooth. Distribution - Native to the Mascarene

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1078
Islands but widely introduced elsewhere as a
turfgrass. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Farr Inn, Clayton 5489 (K,
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated
323. Digitaria wallichiana (Wight & Arn. ex
Steud.) Stapf syn. Paspalum perrottetii Hook.f.
Perennial with slender culms mostly 20-
80 cm tall from a knotty base; culms often
decumbent below and rooting at the lower nodes.
Sheaths, at least, the lower ones, hispid with
papilla-based hairs. Ligules brownish, 2-3.5
mm long. Blades short to long, 2.5-8 mm wide,
thinly hirsute with long, ne hairs. Inorescence
open, 3-12 cm long, with spreading branches
1-6 cm long, these scattered or the lower ones
paired or in verticels. Distribution - It occurs in
the mountains, mostly along woodland borders,
shaded roadsides and trails and occasionally
in moist, open grasslands. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Lazarides
7309 (K, TAES). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
324. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud.
Tufted perennials; culms 30-50 cm high,
erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves, linear, base
rounded with a tuft of long hairs; sheath
slightly keeled, ciliate towards the mouth;
ligule a mbriate membrane. Panicle 15-30
cm long, lax, branches and pedicels smooth.
Spikelets many, pedicelled, oblong, black;
glumes similar, 1-nerved, keeled. Distribution
- Common at elevations from 1500 to 2300 m
in the wet zone, often occuring as a ruderal of
habitation and weed of lawns and tea-estates
on steep, rocky slopes, but also as a component
of patanas on waterlogged, black peaty soils.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Farr Inn, Horton Plains, Clayton
5493 (CANB, K); Horton Plains, Clayton 5527
(CANB, K). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
325. Eragrostis schweinfurthii Chiov.
Annual or short-lived perennial 30-50
cm high, usually glandular on the culms and
sometimes on the panicle-branches; culms
usually erect, terete or angular or compressed,
sometimes channelled, simple or sparsely
branched. Panicles mostly up to 12 cm long and 4
cm wide, loose, prominently exserted; peduncle
terete, glabrous, smooth; axis angular, glabrous,
scabrous; branches and pedicels angular,
densely scabrous, glabrous. Distribution - In
montane elevations between 2000 and 2400 m
of the wet zone. Commonly, the species grows
as a weed on roadsides and around buildings.
Introduced. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Near Farr Inn. Gould & Cooray
13851 (CANB, K, TAES); N edge of Horton
Plains, Gould 13550 (CANB, K, TAES); Farr
Inn, Clayton 5494 (CANB, K): N of Farr Inn,
Gould & Cooray 13782 (CANB, K, TAES);
Reection Lake, Clayton 5462 (CANB, K).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
326. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex
Steud.
Annual, or perennial, short-lived grass.
Stems are rising or prostrate, 7–50 cm long,
rooting from lower nodes. Ligule is a fringe of
hairs. Leaf-blades are 3–10 cm long, 2–5 mm
wide. Spikelets occur in panicles. Spikelets
are ovate, laterally compressed, looking like
pink hearts. 4–12 mm long, 2–3.4 mm wide.
Distribution - Virtually throughout the island,
being common from sea-level to 2300 m.
Though usually plentiful, it is not readily grazed
by livestock. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5511 (CANB,
K); 6 miles N of Horton Plains and 1 mile S of
Pattipola, Gould & Cooray 13758 (CANB, K,
TAES); Horton Plains, Reection Lake, Clayton
5463 (CANB, K), Clayton 5461 (CANB, K).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
327. Eulalia thwaitesii (Hack.) Kuntze syn.
Pollinia thwaitesii Hack.
Tufted perennial; basal sheaths glabrous,
the culms 30-60 cm high. Leaf blades mostly
radical, 10-30 cm long, 2 mm wide, involute.
Inorescence composed of 2 or 3 racemes, each
5-8 cm long and white hairy. Spikelets narrowly
elliptic-oblong, 6-7 mm long; lower glume dark
brown, densely white villous, narrowly obtuse.
Distribution - Endemic in swamps at 2300 m

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 079
elevation. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Gould & Cooray 13785 (CANB,
K, PDA, TAES, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
328. Festuca bromoides L. syn. Vulpia
bromoides (L.) Gray
Tufted annual, culms slender, erect or
ascending, to 50 cm high. Leaf-blades soft,
bright green when young, to 20 cm long and
3 mm wide. Inorescence a one-sided panicle
(rarely a raceme), erect or slightly drooping,
1–10 cm long, well exserted from uppermost
leaf-sheath. Spikelets 6–11 mm long (excluding
awns), 4–10-owered, mostly fertile.
Distribution - A weed of lawns and roadsides,
at elevations of c. 1700-2200 m. Introduced.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Gould 13567 (PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
329. Garnotia courtallensis (Arn. & Nees)
Thwaites
Annuals; culms slender, 15-40 cm high,
erect, loosely tufted; nodes bearded. Leaves
2-8 x 0.5-0.8 cm, lanceolate, rounded at base,
glabrous; sheath rounded; ligule a membrane.
Panicle 5-20 cm long; spreading, rachis
and branches broadened or slightly winged.
Spikelets many, 4 mm long, lanceolate; glumes
subequal, 3-3.5 x 1 mm, acute, 3-nerved;
upper glume larger; lemma 3 x 1 mm, elliptic,
brown; awn 4 mm long; palea oblong, 2-nerved;
stamens 3. Distribution - In open woodlands,
exposed grassy ridges and borders, at medium to
high elevations. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5535 (TAES).
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: November
to December. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
330. Garnotia exaristata Gould (Plate 09,
Figure R)
Culms 90-150 cm tall, in dense clumps,
unbranched above the base. Lower sheaths
typically glabrous and shiny below but usually
densely lanatehispid above with shaggy hairs.
Blades mostly 20 cm long, oblanceolate,
gradually broadening from a narrow base to
8-15 mm wide well above the middle; blades
for the most part glabrous but the lower portion
often hirsute, hispid or lanate. Panicle mostly
20-40 cm long and about 5 cm wide at maturity.
Distribution - In moist meadows and woodland
borders, mostly at elevations of 1650-2500 m.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Simpson 9531 (BM), Gould & Cooray
13777 (K, TAES, US); about 1 mile from Farr
Inn, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer 8580 (OSH,
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1080
PLATE 09 : A. Robiquetia brevifolia; B. Robiquetia virescens; C. Satyrium nepalense; D.
Seidenfadeniella liformis; E. Spiranthes australis; F. Pedicularis zeylanica; G. Oxalis corniculata;
H. Passiora mollissima; I. Ternstroemia emarginata; J. Phyllanthus rheedei; K. Peperomia
heyneana; L. Phyllanthus oreophilus; M. Piper zeylanicum; N. Pittosporum tetraspermum; O.
Veronica serpyllifolia; P. Briza minor; Q. Chrysopogon nodulibarbis; R. Garnotia exaristata.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 081
331. Holcus mollis L.
Erect, spreading, rhizomatous grass that
forms mats and can reach a height of 6-8 niches
tall. Leaves: Narrow, green in color, blade-like,
0.50 inches wide. Stems: Erect, creeping, nearly
to completely hairless. Flowers: Purplish-
white in color. Distribution – Introduced.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Rest House Garden, 7,200 feet, 30 August
1902, J.F. Jowitt. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Not Evaluated
332. Ischaemum ciliare Retz. Syn. Ischaemum
indicum var. longipilum (Hack.) Bor, Ischaemum
ciliare var. longipilum Hack.
Tufted or spreading stoloniferous perennial,
rooting freely at the lower nodes, and forming
a dense mat under regular defoliation. Culms
prostrate, geniculate or erect, often branching.
Leaves grey green sometimes with purple-
coloured margins; leaf sheath often tight, node
bearded, otherwise sparsely hairy to glabrous;
ligule membranous, truncate. Inorescence
well exserted, comprising 1 or 2 terminal
racemes 2–10 cm long, breaking up at maturity
Distribution - In patana grassland and on
roadcuts, at elevations of (380)-1200- 2300 m.
Native. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
333. Ischaemum commutatum Hack.
Perennial, caespitose; culms 15-I 10
cm long, erect or commonly decumbent or
sprawling and rooting at the lower nodes, much
branched. Sheaths densely villous to glabrous
towards the base, the margin ciliate, the collar
glabrous to pubescent on the sides. Racemes
2, 2.5-8 cm long, usually tightly appressed and
appearing as a single spike. Distribution - In
patanas, forest glades, grassy stream banks,
forest trails, at elevations of 1000-2300 m.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Clayton 5466, 5467, 5492 (US),
Davidse 7610 (CANB, K, KLU, L, MO, PDA,
TAES, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern
334. Ischaemum timorense Kunth - ß,d r;a
;K
A variable, spreading, erect, perennial
(or annual), with ascending, scrambling, or
stoloniferous growth habit, and fertile culms
15–60 (–100) cm tall. Stems rooting at the
nodes; nodes silky. Leaf sheath keeled, 3–7
cm long, tight, hairy round the node, fringed
towards the throat; ligule 2–4 mm long, a
short fringed membrane, sometimes long
ciliate. Inorescence terminal or axillary, well
exserted. Caryopsis ellipsoid, 1–2 mm long.
Distribution - In moist, shady habitats along
road embartkments, tea plantations, forest
margins at elevations of 100-2000 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Larsen AAU 70-29482 (MO). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Decient
335. Kuruna debilis (Thwaites) Attigala,
Kaththr. & L.G.Clark syn. Arundinaria debilis
Thwaites, Indocalamus debilis (Thwaites)
Alston; Sinarundinaria debilis (Thwaites)
C.S.Chao & Renvoize
Vinelike bamboo. Culms c. 0.5-1 cm in
diameter, glabrous, thin-walled. spreading
and hanging over other vegetation with culms
developing from a sympodial pachymorph
rhizome system, the culms to 4.5 m long with
primary branches to 4 m long and secondary
branches to 1.5 m. Lemma of lowest oret ovate-
lanceolate, 7-10.2 mm long, 7-nerved, glabrous;
palea ovate-lanceolate. Ovary with a single
style and 2 plumose stigmas. Distribution - The
species is endemic to the upper cool mountain
slopes of the Central Province at elevations of
1500-2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 2200 m alt., Jayasuriya 2385
(PDA), 2388 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
336. Kuruna densifolia (Munro) Attigala,
Kaththr. & L.G.Clark (Plate 10, Figure A)
Gregarious low shrubs, forming large
patches in wet places, culms 30-90 cm high,
internodes 2-4 cm long, glabrous; branches
semi-verticillate at the nodes. Leaves 1.5-3 x
0.3-0.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acute, mucronate,
tessellate with almost membranous mbriate
margins, nerves 1 pair, sheath often dark

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1082
hairy above, bear auricles and oral setae at
the apex, tip long mbriate; ligule obscure.
Distribution - found only in the wet patanas
of the Horton Plains, where it often forms
dense thickets and grows in cold, standing
water. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Reection Lake, alt. 2300 m, Clayton
5486 (PDA, US), along road from Pattipola,
alt. 2175 m, Comanor 451 (PDA, US), alt.
7000 ft., Davidse 7600 (PDA), Meadow N of
Farr Inn, alt. 2300 m, Gould & Cooray 13780
(PDA, US), alt. 7200 ft. 29 Aug 1902, Jowitt
s.n. (PDA), below rest house, at Ohiya Road,
alt. 2130 m, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
67070915 (US), 18 Mar 1904, Nock s.n.
(PDA), alt. 2195 m, Soderstrom & Kulatunge
1656 (PDA, US); road from Diyagama Tea
Estate to Horton Plains Ohiya Road, Sohmer
& Sumithraarachchi 10051 (PDA). Trimen 29
(PDA, US), 3 May 1906, “J.C.W.” s.n. (PDA);
wet grounds at base of Totupola, 17 Sep 1890, s.
coll. s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered.
337. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.
Annuals. Culms 25-80 cm long, trailing,
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes; nodes
softly hairy. Leaves 1.5-7 x 0.8 - 2 cm, elliptic-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base oblique,
margins wavy, apex acuminate, hispid; sheaths
to 6 cm long; ligule a row of hairs. Inorescence
8-20 cm long, lax; racemes 4-8, each 1.5 - 11
cm long; rachis triquetrous, pilose. Spikelets
paired, 3-4 mm long, elliptic, distant, subsessile.
Distribution - found only in the wet patanas of
the Horton Plains, where it often forms dense
thickets and grows in cold, standing water.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Lazarides 7314 (K, TAES), Clayton 5520 (K,
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
338. Panicum gardneri Thwaites syn. Isachne
gardneri (Thwaites) Benth.
Perennials; culms 80-100 cm high, rooting
from lower nodes. Leaves 10-15 x 2-2.5 cm,
lanceolate, base rounded or cordate, glabrous;
sheath rounded, margins ciliate; ligule a
membrane. Panicle euse, glabrous. Spikelets
4-5.5 mm long, solitary; lower glume 2.5 x 1
mm, lanceolate, 1-nerved; upper glume 4 x 1.5
mm, ovate. Distribution - In montane forests,
in shade and in open areas and along trails, at
elevations of 1300-2400 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
5491 (K, PDA, US), Clayton 5537 (K, PDA,
US), Davidse 7642 (BRI, CAL, CANB, K,
KLU, L, PDA, PRE, TAES, US), Gould 13546
(K, PDA, USA), Gould 13753 (K, US, in part),
Gould 13773 (K, PDA, US), Gould & Cooray
13825 (K, PDA, US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
339. Paspalum urvillei Steud. - Wia miamd¨ï
;K
A large clumping grass with many (10-
30), hairy rames, sheaths hairy at base, ligule
prominent, pointed and transparent. Sometimes
confused with Paspalum oridanum but has
visibly hairy spikelets. The other common
Paspalum in Louisiana with hairy rames is P.
dilitatum. Blue-green. At least 9 rames with
spikelets that point up. Hairy orets. Look alike:
P. notatum- only has 3-4 rames. Distribution
- At elevations of 1200-2000 m. Introduced.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Gould & Cooray 13838 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
340. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
Syn. Setaria glauca sensu Alston
Lump-forming summer annual with a
seedhead that resembles a fox's tail. A weed of
many agronomic crops, turf, landscapes, and
nurseries. Leaf blades may reach 12 inches in
length and 7-12 mm in width, and have long
silky hairs at the leaf bases. Auricles are absent
and the ligule is a fringe of hairs reaching 2 mm
in length. The seedhead is a cylindrical bristly
panicle, reaching 6 inches in length and 1/3-2/3
inch in width. Distribution - In weedy open
grassy areas; from sea level to 2300 m elevation.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Clayton 5497, 5508 (K,US), Davidse
7698 (CANB, K, KLU, L, MO, PDA, TAES,
US), Gould & Cooray 13786 (K, US), Lazarides
7301 (K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 083
341. Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns &
Tournay
Fast-growing, tufted, rhizomatous perennial
grass, growing from 280–1 500 mm high. Its
roots are brous. The leaf blade rolled in the bud,
slender, sti. Leaves are reasonably strong and
dicult to break, leaf sheaths are hairless and
slightly compressed. The dark, slightly green
inorescence is a dense, elongated, almost spike-
like panicle. Branches are not whorled, relatively
short, rigid. Distribution - At elevations from
150-2400 m, occurring as a ruderal or weed of
habitation, lawns, and roadsides; also in rock
crevices, seepage Situations and on steep slopes
in shallow soils. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5498 (CANB,
K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
342. Themeda triandra Forssk. Syn. Nnthistiria
imberbis Retz., Themeda forskalii Hack.
Tufted perennial that can grow to 1.5 m
tall and 0.5 m across. Its leaves are 10-50 cm
long and 2-5 mm wide, green to grey drying
to an orange brown in summer. It produces
distinct large red-brown spikelets, which
occur on branched stems. Spikelets have long
distinguishing spathes at their base and bare
orets with black awns 4-7 cm long, which
remain with the seed when it falls. Distribution
- In open grasslands at elevations of 100-2270
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Schmid 1447 (K). Phenology –
Flowering December to February. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Decient.
343. Trisetopsis aspera (Munro ex Thwaites)
Röser & A.Wölk syn. Helictotrichon asperum
(Munro ex Thwaites) Bor , Avena aspera Munro
ex Thwaites, Helictotrichon virescens Senaratne
Caespitose perennial with short, knotty
rhizomes, the culms 35-120 cm tall, erect or
slightly decumbent at the glabrous lowest
nodes. Leaf blades to 33 cm long, the uppermost
much shorter, 2.3-5.2 mm wide, glabrous
to pubescent; sheaths glabrous to softly and
retrorsely pubescent; ligule 0.6-3.9 mm long,
glabrous or pubescent on the margins. Panicle
15-30 cm long. Distribution - In montane
grasslands. lawns, riverbanks, and pastures at
elevations of 1800-2400 m. Native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains, Clayton 5505 (US), Davidse 7638
(PDA), Gould & Cooray 13789 (US), Mueller-
Dombois & Cooray 680111302 (US), 30 Aug
1902, Jowitt s.n. (PDA), 4 May 1906, Silva s.n.
(PDA), Soderstrom & Kulatunge 1668 (US);
1 mile S of Pattipola, Gould & Cooray 13767
(US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered
Family Polygalaceae
344. Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
(Plate 10, Figure B)
Shrub, small tree or sometimes a scandent
climber, up to 3 m tall, branches glabrescent.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, (4-) 5-9 (-11) cm long,
2-3.5 cm broad, glabrous above and pubescent
beneath, lateral veins 5-7, prominent on both
surfaces. Racemes up to 10 cm long, 5-20
owered, bracteate. Bracts soon caducous.
Bracteoles 3, lanceolate, the margin ciliate.
Distribution - Native, Montane zone above
1300 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 27 Apr. 1932, Simpson 9520
(PDA), 14 Mar. 1971, Balakrishnan 452 (US,
PDA, K); 24 Feb. 1976, Cramer 4602 (US,
PDA, K); 27 Mar. 1968, Fosberg 49980 (US,
PDA), 10 Dec. 1975, Bernardi 15888 (US, PDA,
G); Elk Plains, Nov. 1851, Gardner C.P. 434 in
part (PDA); near Totupola, 2 May 1906, Willis
s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering August to
September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Near Threatned.
345. Polygala hirsutula Arn. Syn. Polygala
glaucoides var. hirsutula Arn.
Herb up to 20 cm tall, decumbent, highly
branched from woody base, branches pubescent.
Leaves rhomboid, sometimes oblong, when
mature glabrescent, lateral veins hardly visible,
the base attenuate, the apex acute, sometimes
obtuse, rarely apiculate, the margin entire, the
petiole up to 1 mm long, pubescent. Raceme
lax, up to 2.5 cm long, 3-8-owered, bracteate.
Bracts ovate, soon caducous. Bracteoles 3,
ovate, the margin ciliate. Distribution - In
the upper montane zone. Occasional. Endemic.
Phenology – Flowers all the year round.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1084
Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – 12 Dec. 1971, Balakrishnan 402 (US,
PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
Family Polygonaceae
346. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don) H.Gross syn. Polygonum capitatum
Bucb. (Plate 10, Figure C)
Plants annual or perennial, 0.5-5 dm; roots
also often arising from proximal nodes. Stems
prostrate, glabrous or glandular-pubescent.
Leaves: ocrea brown or reddish brown, cylindric
to funnelform, chartaceous, base inated or not,
margins oblique, eciliate or ciliate with bristles
to 1.5 mm, surface lanate, sometimes also
glandular-pubescent; petiole 2-5 mm, winged
distally; blade ovate to elliptic. Flowers 1-5
per ocreate fascicle. Distribution - Native,
Moist, montane areas. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Road to Ohiya,
2200 m, 2 Nov 1973, Jayasuriya et al. 1370
(K, PDA), 6 Feb 1971, Robyns 7174 (PDA);
Farr Inn, Horton Plains, 2200 m, 2 Nov 1973,
Jayasuriya et al. 1368 (K, PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
347. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross syn.
Polygonum chinense L. ñhkaú,
Plants perennial, 7-10 dm; roots not also
arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes present.
Stems ascending to erect, sometimes scandent,
glabrous or retrorsely hispid. Leaves: ocrea
brownish, cylindric, coriaceous proximally,
chartaceous distally, base often inated, margins
oblique, eciliate, surface glabrous or pubescent.
Flowers 1-3 per ocreate fascicle; perianth white
to pink, campanulate, glabrous, accrescent;
tepals 5, ovate, 3-4 mm. Distribution - Native,
Moist, montane areas. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – World‘s End, 2250
m, 28 Jan 1974, Jayasuriya et al. 1469 (K,
PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
348. Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H.Gross
syn. Polygonum nepalense Meisn, Polygonum
punctatum Buch.-Ham.)
Plants annual, 3-5 dm; roots also often
arising from proximal nodes. Stems decumbent
to as-cending, glabrous except for eshy,
retrorse, whitish hairs at nodes. Leaves: ocrea
brownish or hyaline, cylindric to funnelform,
4-10 mm, chartaceous, base inated or not,
margins oblique, eciliate. Flowers 1-2 per
ocreate fascicle; perianth white to pink
or lavender, urceolate, glabrous, scarcely
accrescent. Distribution - Native, Moist
montane areas; commonly a weed of cultivation.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Near Farr Inn, 11 May 1970, Gould & Cooray
13830 (PDA), 13844 (PDA); Horton Plains,
Aug 1905, s.coll. s.n. (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Decient
349. Rumex acetosella L
Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical
rootstock and/or creeping rhizomes. Stems erect
or ascend-ing, several from base, branched in
distal 1/ 2 (in inorescence), 10-40(-45) cm;
shoots variable. Leaves: ocrea brownish at
base, silvery and lacerated in distal 1/ 2; blade
normally obovate-oblong, ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers (3-)5-8(-10) in whorls; inner tepals
not or slightly enlarged, base cuneate, apex
obtuse or subacute. Distribution - Introduced.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, 27 Apr 1932, Simpson 9534
(BM, PDA), c. 2400 m, 15 May 1975, Cramer
4463 (K); c. 800 m E of Farr Inn, 2000 m, 3 Feb
1994, Philcox et al. 10584 (K, PDA, US); E of
Farr Inn at Ohiya Road, Horton Plains, c. 2100
m, 15 Mar 1971, Balakrishnan 470 (K, PDA);
near Farr Inn, 12 May 1970, Gould & Cooray
13854 (PDA); above stream crossed by bridge
near Farr Inn on road to World‘s End, 3 Nov
1973, Sohmer et al. 8623 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
350. Rumex obtusifolius L (Plate 10, Figure D)
Plants perennial, glabrous or ± papillose
especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially,
with fusi-form, vertical rootstock. Stems erect,
branched distal to middle or occasionally in
distal 2/ 3, often with few owering stems from
rootstock, 60-120(-150) cm. Leaves: ocrea
deciduous to partially persistent at maturity;
blade oblong to ovate-oblong, sometimes
broadly ovate. Flowers 10-25 in lax whorls.
Distribution - Introduced. Conservation

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 085
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Family Primulaceae
351. Lysimachia deltoidea Wight (Plate 10,
Figure E)
Plant perennial, pubescent, with stems
creeping, prostrate, wellbranched, often rooting
at nodes, and usually 10-20 cm long, and
usually less than 1 mm wide; leaves opposite
with petioles, and with blades entire, broadly
ovate to oval and truncate to subcordate to
slightly acute at base, subacute to mucronate
at apex. owers solitary and axillary with
pubescent, dotted pedicels 0.7-2.0 cm long,
and with lanceolate, acute, pubescent (outside).
Distribution - Native, found above an elevation
of about 1900 Metres. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – N. Balakrishnan NBK
1033 (US), F.R. Fosberg & D. Mueller Dombois
50030 (US), F.R. Fosberg & M.H. Sachet 53293
(US), F. W. Gould & R. Cooray 13818 (US), D.
Mueller-Dombois & P.L. Comanor 67070940
(PDA, US), J.W. Nowicke & M. Jayasuriya
236 (US), R.W. Read 2009 (US), J.M. Silva 20
May 1911 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers August
September to January-February. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
352. Lysimachia laxa Baudo syn. Lysimachia
ramosa Wall. ex Duby (Plate 10, Figure F)
Stems erect, considerably branched above,
becoming 5-winged and thick and frequently
somewhat woody below, to 1.5 m tall, glabrous;
leaves decurrent, with petioles 0.1-1.2 cm long,
and thin lanceolate to oblanceolate blades 3.0-
15.0 cm long with entire margins, glabrous
throughout and somewhat glaucous below;
owers solitary, axillary, on pedicels 1.6-4.5
cm long at anthesis, shorter than the leaves.
Distribution - Native, locally abundant in the
shade of the upland forests above an elevation
of 1600 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – N. Balakrishnan NBK404 (PDA),
NBK1032 (US), F.R. Fosberg 53303 (US), A.M.
Silva 4 May 1906 (PDA), S.H. Sohmer, M.
Jayasuriya, K. Eliezer 8599 (PDA, US), without
further data, N. Balakrishnan NBK 1032 (PDA).
Phenology – Flowers August September to
December-February. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
353. Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet syn. Maesa
perrottetiana A.DC. (Plate 10, Figure G) -
ud;ïì
Shrubs or small evergreen trees, to 8 m high;
branchlets and leaves densely rusty-tomentose
to glabrous; bark thin, reddish-brown,
lenticellate. Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong
to elliptic lanceolate, 7.5-15 (-18.0) x 3-7 cm;
subcoriaceous. Corolla white, campanulate, 3
mm across; lobes 5, ovate, 2 mm long, obtuse,
rotate, margin somewhat mbriate. Stamens
5, subexserted; anthers oblong-cordate.
Distribution - Native, in shady places in moist
region, especially in montane region; up to
2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Road from Diyagama to Horton
Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 9958, 9974
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowers February to
April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
354. Myrsine robusta (Mez) Wadhwa
Small tree, to 6 m high; branches very thick,
glabrous, warted. Leaves oblong or narrowly
elliptic, c. 11 x 3.2 cm, gradually cuneate at
the base, subobtuse, rarely emarginate at the
apex. Inorescence of thick, short cylindrical,
usually umbellate branches, equal to or slightly
longer than the petioles. Flowers 3-3.5 mm
long, glabrous; pedicels very stout, c. 3 mm,
glabrous. Distribution - In forests of moist
region, to 1600 m; fairly common. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– North Entrance, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois
50004 (BM). Phenology – Flowers December
to March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
355. Myrsine thwaitesii (Mez) Wadhwa syn.
Myrsine capitellata sensu Thwaites
Shrub, to 2.5 m high; branches thick,
glabrous. Leaves glabrous, entire, obovate-
oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
subacuminately-acute towards the base, apex
rounded and emarginate; petioles c. 5 mm
long. Inorescence of short, wart-like branches
usually longer than petioles. Flowers 2.5-3 mm
long, glabrous; pedicels 3-5 mm long. Sepals

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1086
shortly connate at the base; lobes ovate, obtuse
or slightly acute, punctate and elongate striated.
Distribution - In forests of moist region in upper
montane zone, to 2200m. native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Between
Little World's End & Big World's End, Fosberg
50046 (PDA), Along Trail near Small World's
End, Robyns 7141 (K, PDA), Small World's
End, Hoogland 11529 (K, PDA), World's End
Trail 2200 m, Balakrishnan 1178, 1202 (K,
PDA), J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA), North Entrnace,
Dieter's Plot P24, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois
50004 (PDA), Trail Farr Inn - Big World's End,
Nooteboom 3335 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers
February to May. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable
Family Ranunculaceae
356. Ranunculus sagittifolius Hook. (Plate 12,
Figure Q)
Perennial herb, to c. 90 cm tall, Rhizome
horizontal or ascending, pale, c. 1 cm thick,
hairy. Leaves mostly radical, sheathing at the
base; lamina 3—11 x 2.5—6.5 cm, cordate-
oblong, obtuse or acute at apex. Inorescence
to c. 90 cm tall, branched. Flowers 2.2—3
cm across. Pedicel to c. 5 cm at anthesis.
Distribution - Upper montane zone. In wet
or marshy places, among grass. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi 849 (PDA),
28 April 1970, Cramer 2951 (PDA), 11 March
1969, Robyns 6963 (PDA), 27 March 1968,
Fosberg 49987 (PDA), Sept 1890, s. coll. s.n.
(PDA). 26 Jan 1906, Willis s.n. (PDA), 27
April 1932, Simpson 9522 (PDA), 22 April
1968, Mueller-Dombois 68042201 (PDA),
17 May 1968, Cooray 68051722 (PDA), 9
July 1967, Mueller-Dombois et al., 67070902
(PDA), 13 Sept 1967, Mueller Dombois et al.
67091322 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers April
to October. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.
357. Ranunculus wallichianus Wight & Arn.
Perennial stoloniferous herb to c. 25 cm
tall. Stem to c. 2 cm long. Stolons c. 3 mm
thick, pubescent, rooting at nodes. Leaves
radical; lamina 1—8 x 1—9 cm, ternatisect.
or trifoliolate segments tripartite, deeply cut
or toothed at ends, long silky on both surfaces,
pale green. Flowers solitary, 0.5—1 cm across.
Peduncle pubescent. Distribution - Upper
montane zone, common. Grows gregariously in
damp shady places with some exposure, such
as edges of jungle paths. native. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – April
1856, s. coll. C.P. 1012, p.p. (PDA), 20 May
1911, J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA). 28 March 1968,
Fosberg et al. 50025, 50082 (PDA), 29 March
1968, Fosberg 50113 (PDA), 24 April 1970,
Gould 13560 (PDA), 11 May 1970, Gould et
al. 13841 (PDA), 6 Dec 1972, Trivengadum et
al., 98 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers April to
October. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Rhamnaceae
358. Rhamnus arnottiana Gardner ex
Thwaites (Plate 10, Figure H)
Tall, unarmed shrubs, up to 3 m high; young
branches puberulous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers 2—4 in axillary fascicles, 4- merous;
pedicellate, red in colour; pedicels slender,
longer than the petioles. Distribution - Along
forest edges in wet zone, up to 2400 m. Endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– 2400 m, 12 Dec 1971, Balakrishnan 405 (K,
PDA), 2100 m, 21 Jan 1945, Worthington 1684
(K), 29 Jan 1980, Rasiah 83 (PDU). Phenology
– Flowers April to July. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
359. Rhamnus wightii Wight & Arn.
Large shrubs or small trees, c. 3.5 m
high, unarmed; stem grooved; younger parts
puberulous; nodes enlarging around the leaf
scars. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite.
Flowers 10—20 in axillary fascicles, yellowish-
green, 5-merous, pedicellate; pedicels 2—4
mm long, accrescent; calyx lobes 5, deltoid, up
to 4 mm long, thickened at apex; Calyx-tube
campanulate, 2 mm in diameter. Distribution -
In wet evergreen montane forests, 1400—2200
m. Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Trail behind Fair Inn, 2130 m,
23 April 1969, Hladik 739 (PDA). Phenology
– Flowers May to December. Conservation

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 087
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threaned.
Family Rosaceae
360. Alchemilla indica Gardner (Plate 10,
Figure I)
Herb with an erect, somewhat woody
rootstock. Stems decumbent, fairly stout or
extremely slender, pilose, clothed at the base
with remains of old sheathing stipules. Leaves
6 to 9-lobed, spreading, orbicular, more or
less cordate at base, dentate, mucronate,
pilose above, densely so below and at the
margin, coriaceous. Inorescence crowded
into dense corymbs from axis of stem leaves
or in paniculate cymes, villous. Distribution
- Native, A species conned to the upper
montane zone, at an elevation of 2000 to 2300
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains "Old Farm" 2200 m
alt., Fosberg 49986 (K, PDA, US); near Black
Bridge, 2100 m alt., Hoogland 11557 (BM, BR,
CAL, CGE, E, G. K, L, NY, PDA, US); along
the roadside, near settlement, near Farr Inn, C.F.
& R.J. Van Beusekom 1479 (PDA, US); Ohiya
Road, near the Old Farm, 7000 ft alt., Koyama
& Cooray 13, 534 (PDA, US); Jayasuriya 177
(PDA, US); along a track parallel with the
Belihul Oya between Slab Rock Fall and Baker's
Fall, Townsend 73/157 (K); s. coll. C.P. 2770
(BM, CAL, CGE, MH, P, PDA); Jungle path
on Horton Plains, s. coll. s.n. (PDA); World's
End, Tirvengadum & Cramer 95, 103 (G, K,
L, MAU, P, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowers
March to April. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
361. Argentina polyphylla (Wall. ex Lehm.)
Soják syn. Potentilla mooniana Wight;
Potentilla polyphylla Wall. ex Lehm.
Erect perennial herb with a stout, woody,
rootstock, giving o long slender stems, up to 1
m long, hispid, ascending, sometimes prostrate.
Leaves imparipinnate, in a rosette at the apex
of rootstock, distant on the branches. Rachis
+ petiole 10 to 50 cm long, hispid. Flowering
stems longer than rosette leaves, 15 to 60
cm long. Inorescence an open, irregularly
branched, lax panicle, hispid. Bracts leaf-like,
toothed at apex. Distribution - Native. In
swampy habitats, boggy places, open marshy
grounds among grass, wet patanas, often close
to mountain streams. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – At road from Pattipola
just where it enters Horton Plains, 2175 m alt.,
Mueller Dombois & Comanor 67070950 (PDA,
US); at New Farm, Cooray 68051716 (PDA,
US); swampy patanas, Silva s.n. (PDA); Patana,
7200 ft alt., Pearson 567 (CGE); Sept. 1890, s.
coll. s.n. (PDA); s. coll. s.n. (CGE). Phenology
– Flowers July, August. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
362. Fragaria vesca L. - iafg%dafnß
Plants hermaphroditic (sometimes pistillate
in subsp. bracteata). Leaves bright green
(sometimes darker green in subsp. californica),
not glaucous, thin, not leathery, not reticulately
veined abaxially, terminal tooth of terminal
leaet longer than or equal to adjacent teeth
(sometimes equal to or shorter than adjacent
teeth in subsp. californica). Flowers bisexual
or unisexual. Distribution - Introduced.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated.
363. Photinia integrifolia Lindl. Syn. Photinia
notoniana Wight & Arn. (Plate 12, Figure R) -
¨Kq jr,
Evergreen shrub or tree. Young branches
quite glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate
or oval oblong, 8 to 12 (—to 15) cm long, 3 to
4 (-to 6) cm broad, cuneate or rounded at base,
subacuminate at apex, entire, glabrous, shining
above, paler beneath. Petiole 1 to 1.5 (—to 3)
cm long. Stipules triangular or subulate, 2 to 4
mm long, deciduous. Inorescence in terminal
corymbose panicles, spreading, glabrous or
more or less pubescent. Distribution - Native,
Found in jungles, along mountain paths, summit
of hills, and in secondary montane forests.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Totapolankande, 2600 m alt., Tirvengadum
& Cramer 110, 284 (G, K, L, MAU, P, PDA,
US); Horton Plains, 7000 ft alt., Worthington
1689 (BM, PDA); s. coll. C.P. 136 or 135? (K);
Vladik 710, 893 (PDA, US); Van Beusekom
1503 (PDA, US); Meijer, Dassanayake &
Balasubramaniam 618 (K, PDA, US); J.C.W.
s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowers March to

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1088
April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
364. Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf syn.
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem. (Plate
10, Figure J)
Extensive runner with many slender,
creeping stolons. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate,
distant, many at each node. Leaets rhomboid
or obovate, scabrid above, glandular pubescent
beneath. Flowers 1.5 to 2.5 cm across. Bracts
toothed or incised at tip. Pedicel 3.5 to 9 cm long,
slender, pilose. Distribution - Native, Usually
found in disturbed habitats like tea or way-side
gardens. Rarely in damp places. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – New Farm,
Tirvengadum & Cramer 105 (G, K, L, MAU, P,
PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering and fruiting
from December to February. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
365. Potentilla sundaica (Blume) W.Theob.
Syn. Potentilla kleiniana Wight & Arn.
Annual herb 45 to 60 cm tall. Stem
decumbent at base, but not often rooting,
pubescent. Leaves palmately 3 or 5-foliolate.
Rosette leaves larger than cauline leaves.
Inorescence a compound corymbose cyme,
spreading, with 2 (sub) opposite dichasial to
monochasial branches under the terminal ower.
Bracts leaf-like, sparsely pilose. Pedicel slender,
2.5 cm long. Epicalyx lobes oblong, mostly
entire; calyx lobes triangular, slightly larger than
the epicalyx. Distribution - Native, in the upper
montane zone at an elevation of 2000 to 2500 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, patana, 7200 ft alt., Pearson
566 (CGE). Phenology – Flowering April, from
September to October. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
366. Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Plate 10, Figure K)
- kr nQgE
Suberect or scrambling shrub. Stem stout,
exuose, hispid. Young branches ferruginous
hispid. Stem and branches covered with long,
sti, reddish bristles. Prickles scattered, strong,
hooked. Leaves compound pinnate, trifoliate,
coriaceous; leaets elliptic or orbicular. Flowers
up to 1.2 cm across. Pedicel 0.5 to 1 cm long
Calyx lobes ovate, acuteacuminate, or obtuse-
mucronate, erect in fruit. Distribution - Native,
in montane regions above 1000 m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
Road, 1/4 mile downslope, 2100 m alt.,
Comanor 977 (PDA); near Farr Inn, Fosberg
& Mueller Dombois, 2100 m alt., 50079
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering all the year.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
367. Rubus leucocarpus var. tomentosa Alston
(Plate 10, Figure L)
Leaets glabrous and green above, lanate
tomentose underneath, silvery white at rst,
turning bu-coloured with age or on exposure,
5 to 7, coriaceous. Flower slightly more than 1
cm across. Pedicel 1 or 2 cm long. Calyx lobes
ovate-triangular, subulate at tip. Fruit globose,
1 to 1.6 cm across, greenish- white, purplish-
blue when ripe; drupelets subglobular, eshy,
covered with a thick cottony white tomentum.
Distribution - Native, in the upper montane
zone, above 2000 m. Phenology – Flowering
from December to March. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threaned.
368. Rubus rosifolius Sm. Syn. Rubus rosifolius
var. rosifolius; Rubus rosifolius var. coronarius
Sims (Plate 10, Figure M)
Shrub rooting at nodes and branching
profusely in the apical part. Stem weak, erect,
or subscandent, slightly pilose. Young branches
densely pilose. Prickles few, distant, weak.
Leaves compound, imparipinnate. Inorescence
in 2 to 3-owered axillary and terminal cymes,
often reduced to a single ower, pilose. Flowers
up to 2.5 cm across. Pedicel up to 3 cm long.
Distribution - Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
369. Rubus rugosus Sm.
Strongly growing, scrambling shrub. Stem
hispid, greyish-yellow or dark brown, old
stem glabrous. Prickles few, scattered, almost
straight, weak. Leaves simple, palmate, ovate
or suborbicular. Inorescence in few owered,
compact axillary or extra-axillary racemes or in
terminal panicles. Distribution - Native. it is
rather rare and conned to the upper montane

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 089
zone, above 2000 m alt. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – North Entrance, 2100
m, Fosberg & Mueller Dombois 50008 (PDA,
US); World's End, 7000 ft. Pearson 490 (CGE);
Greater World's End, Tirvengadum & Cramer
101 (K, L, MAU, P, PDA, US); 280 (G, K, L,
MAU, P, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering
from February to May; July; from November to
December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.
Family Rubiaceae
370. Galium asperifolium Wall.
Slender herb, with weak trailing branches,
stems 4-angled, glabrous or slightly scabrid.
Leaves 4-8 whorled, linear-lanceolate to linear-
oblong, 5- 15 X 2-3 mm, above glabrous, below
glabrous or with a few coarse recurved hairs
on margin and midrib, apex acute to cuspidate,
base acute, lateral nerves indistinct. Petiole 0.
Flowers solitary in the axils of minute bracts
forming a small branched inorescence. Pedicel
up to 2 mm. Distribution - Native, Open areas
upper montane zone. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Balakrishnan 455 (K,
PDA), Fosberg & Mueller- Dombois 50042
(K), Fosberg & Sachet 53329 (L, PDA), Hepper
4449 (K, PDA), Hepper 4456 (K), Sohmer,
Jayasuriya & Eliezer 8620 (K). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
371. Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razam. &
B.Bremer syn. Morinda umbellata L. - lsßje,a
Liane to 12(—20) m. Leaves elliptic
to elliptic-lanceolate, rarely ovate, 6—10 x
2—3.5(—5) cm, above and below glabrous,
apex acute to acuminate, base acute to cuneate,
lateral nerves 5—8, ultimate venation somewhat
reticulate. Petiole up to 1 cm. Inorescence a
terminal umbel, pedicels 4—10, up to 3 cm
long. Flowers 4- merous. Calyx limb short,
truncate. Corolla white, tube 1 mm, inside
villous in the throat, lobes oblong, 6-8 mm long,
recurved. Distribution - Native, Wet zone up to
2000 m. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
372. Hedyotis ceylanica N.Wikstr. & Neupane
syn. Metabolos decipiens (Thwaites) Ridsdale
(in Dass.); Allaeophania decipiens Thwaites (in
Trimen) (Plate 10, Figure N)
Perennial herb with woody base or shrub.
Stems glabrous to densely hairy, often drying
avescent. Stipules connate, membranous,
tubular part 3- 6(-8) mm, nervature apparently
elongated into bristles 2-4 mm long, outside
sparsely to densely hairy. Leaves various, ovate
to (ovate-) oblong to elliptic. Inorescence
axillary in densely owered pseudowhorls.
Flowers subsessile, 4-merous, heterostylous.
Distribution - Endemic, Montane vegetation
in open and secondary sites. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Trail to
Mt Totapola, Bernardi 15900 (US), Farr Inn,
Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50080 (PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
373. Hedyotis coprosmoides Trimen
Shrub up to 2 m, sometimes with somewhat
fastigate branches. Lateral branches-distinctly
supra-axillary in origin. Leaves ovate to
broadly elliptic, 0.3-2 x 0.3-1.5 cm, those of the
orthotropic vegetative shoots larger, up to 5 x 3
cm. Inorescence lateral, axis distinctly supra-
axillary, up to 3 cm long, lateral branches short,
up to 1 cm, few-owered. Flowers heterostylous,
subsessile or with a pedicel up to 2 mm long.
Distribution - Endemic, Open secondary
areas and shrubberies. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – A.M. De Silva s.n.
(PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA), Trimen s.n. (PDA),
Farm H.Q., Fosberg 49979 (PDA, US), Trail
to Little World's End, Fosberg 50074 (PDA,
US), Northern entrance, Fosberg & Mueller-
Dombois 50000 (PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
374. Hedyotis dendroides Alston (Plate 10,
Figure O)
Shrub or small tree up to 5 m, stems thick.
Stipules connate, distinctly sheathing, persistent,
and becoming scarious, usually overlapping,
the basal part of the stipules 2.5-6 cm long,
outside with scattered scale-like occose hairs,
apical rim mbriate, mbriae 9-13, short, 3-10
mm long, densely occose at the apex. Leaves
ovate to elliptic. Inorescence a terminal cyme,
axis up to 25 cm long, lateral axes up to 20 cm.
Flowers heterostylous. Distribution - Endemic,

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1090
Upper montane shrubberies. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Trail to
Little World's End, Fosberg 50064 (PDA, US),
Fosberg 50069 (US), Tirvengadum et al. 564
(K, PDA, US); Farr Inn, Fosberg & Sachet
53316 (US); Horton Plains, Agrapatana Rd,
Huber 834 (PDA, US); Horton plains, Larsen
7029632 (AAU); Kirigalpotta trail, Nowicke &
Jayasuriya 238 (PDA, US); World's End, Stone
11279 (PDA, US); Horton Plains, Ohiya Rd,
Weerasooriya, Jayasekera & Ridsdale 1970 (K,
L, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threaned.
375. Hedyotis fruticosa L. (Plate 10, Figure P)
- jerKsh
Shrub or small tree 1-3(-4) m high. Stipules
on the owering shoots deltoid to triangular, 4-6
X 5-8 mm, keeled, glabrous, margins glandular
serrate. Leaves narrowly- to oblong-lanceolate.
Corolla infundibular, tube 2-3 mm long, outside
glabrous to sparsely pubescent, inside densely
pubescent at the throat, lobes narrowly ovate to
oblong, 2-2.5 mm long, incurved at the apex,
outside sparsely pubescent, inside sparsely
to densely pubescent. Distribution - Native,
Open secondary vegetation and rocky areas
on mountain tops, generally up to 1000 m.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
376. Hedyotis lessertiana Arn. Syn. Hedyotis
confertiora (Thwaites) Alston., Hedyotis
lessrtiana var. confertiora Thwaites; Hedyotis
lessertiana var. major Thwaites; Hedyotis
lessertiana var. pilosa - fy,a jerKsh
Shrub or small tree up to 4 m, stems thick.
Stipules connate, distinctly sheathing, persistent,
and becoming scarious. Leaves ovate to elliptic,
(3.5-)4-8(-10) X (1-) 1.5-3(-5) cm, above
glabrous, below sparsely pallidly hairy on the
nerves, apex acute to acuminate. Inorescence a
terminal cyme, axis up to 10 cm long, lateral axes
up to 8 cm. Flowers heterostylous. Distribution
- Endemic, Upper montane shrubberies, often
in open and secondary area. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Plains-Mt. Totapola trail, Bernardi 15897,
15899 (PDA, US), Weerasooriya, Jayasekera &
Ridsdale 2001 (K, L, PDA), Northern entrance,
Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 49998 (PDA,
US), Ohiya Rd, Weerasooriya, Jayasekera &
Ridsdale 1972 (K, L, PDA), Ohiya Rd. south
of old farm, Fosberg 50110 (PDA, US), Ohiya
station trail, Cramer 4417 (US), World's End
trail, Balakrishnan 489 (US), Fosberg &
Jayasuriya 53244 (US), Mueller-Dombois &
Comanor 67070829 (PDA, US), Stone 11283
(US), World's End to rest house, Comanor 959
(PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern.
377. Hedyotis marginata (Thwaites ex Trimen)
Alston syn. Hedyotis lessertiana var. marginata
Thwaites ex Trimen (Plate 10, Figure R)
Shrub or small tree up to 3 m. Stipules
connate and connate to the petiole, distinctly
sheathing, persistent. Leaves ovate to elliptic,
5-16 X 1.5-5cm, above glabrous, below with
a few scattered hairs on the nerves, margins
faintly ciliate, Inorescence a terminal,
condensed capitate cyme, sometimes with
secondary lateral axis at the next lower node,
axis up to 2 cm long, lateral axes up to 1 cm.
Flowers heterostylous. Hypanthium 1-2 mm
long. Distribution - Endemic, Upper montane
shrubberies. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered.
378. Hedyotis obscura Thwaites
Shrub up to 2 m, sometimes with somewhat
horizontal branches. Lateral branches distinctly
supra-axillary in origin. Leaves narrowly
elliptic to lanceolate or broadly elliptic, those
of the orthotropic vegetative shoots larger,
drying blackish, above and below glabrous.
Inorescence lateral, axis distinctly supra-
axillary, up to 5 cm long, lateral branches short,
up to 1 cm, few-owered. Flowers heterostylous,
sub sessile or with a pedicel up to 2 mm long.
Distribution - Endemic, Open secondary
areas and shrubberies. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Mt. Totapola, Gardner
in Thwaites C.P. 94 (K, PDA), s. coll. (?Trimen)
s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 091
379. Hedyotis plantaginifolia Arn. Syn.
Hedyotis verticillaris sensu Trimen;
Pleiocraterium plantaginifolium (Arn.)
Bremek. (Plate 10, Figure Q)
Perennial tussock-forming herb, stemless
or very short stemmed, rootstock stoloniferous,
branched. Leaves sessile forming a large rosette,
linear-lanceolate to ensiform. Inorescence
axillary, subcapitate, axis up to 30 cm long,
lateral branches upto 5 cm long. Flowers mostly
heterostylous, subsessile or shortly pedicelled,
pedicel 0.2-0.5 mm long. Distribution -
Endemic, Wet marshy grassland at higher
altitudes. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, s. coll. (?J.C.
Willis) s.n. (PDA), van Beusekom 1510 (L,
US), Could 13576 (L, US), Grey-Wilson & S.
Silva 3072 (K, US), Kostermans 23054 (L),
Weerasooriya, Jayasekera & Ridsdale 1992
(K, L, PDA), Robyns 6964 (K, US), Theobold
& Krahulik 2748 (US), Simpson 9533 A (PDA);
near Farr Inn, Davidse 7620 (US), Fosberg
& Mueller-Dombois 50078 (US), Mueller-
Dombois & Cooray 68011308 (US), "Old Farm",
Fosberg 49988 (US), Reection Lake, Clayton
5472 (K, US), World's end, Mueller-Dombois
& Comanor 67070856 (US) Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
380. Hedyotis quinquinervia Thwaites
Shrub. Stipules distinctly sheathing,
persistent, on the owering shoots the basal
part of the stipules 3-10 mm long, outside
pubescent, apical rim mbriate, mbriae 9-13,
short, 0.5-1.5 mm long. Leaves broadly ovate
to orbicular or broadly obovate, Flowers
heterostylous, subsessile. Hypanthium 0.8-
1.2 mm long, glabrous, calyx tube short, lobes
deltoid to narrowly triangular, 0.5-1 X 0.5-1
mm, margins ciliate. Distribution - Endemic,
Upper montane shrubberies. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
FFPO – Protected.
381. Hedyotis trimenii var. trimenii Deb &
Ratna Dutta (Plate 11, Figure A) - f.dkq
jerKsh
Shrub or small tree to l-3(-4)m. Lateral
branches distinctly supraaxillary in origin.
Stipules ovate, 2-3 X 3-5 mm, keeled, glabrous,
sometimes slightly hairy on the keel, apex
black glandular. Leaves ovate to elliptic, rarely
orbicular. Inorescences axillary and sometimes
terminal, cymose, axis 2-5 cm long, lateral axes
short, up to 2 cm long, bracteolate at the nodes.
Flowers heterostylous, pedicel up to 4 mm
long. Distribution - Endemic, Open secondary
vegetation and rocky areas on mountain tops,
generally up to 1000 m. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
382. Ixora calycina Thwaites
Shrub or small tree, branchlets glabrous.
Stipules 4 mm long, outside slightly hairy,
cusp 2-3 mm long. Leaves (elliptic-) oblong
to obovate, 7-14 X 2-4.5 cm, above and below
glabrous, apex obtuse to acute, base cuneate,
lateral nerves 8-11 pairs. Petiole 4-8 mm long.
Inorescence often with 3 main branches,
peduncle 1.7-2 cm long, pubescent, bracts
4-8 mm long, linear. Flowers white, sessile or
pedicel to 2 mm long. Distribution - Native,
Montane forest. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Vulnerable.
383. Knoxia platycarpa var. hirsuta (Arn.)
Thwaites syn. Knoxia hirsuta Arn., Knoxia
platycarpa var. foliosa Thwaites (Plate 11,
Figure B)
Suruticose perennial with woody base
or low shrub to 2 m. Stem with two lines of
pubescence, becoming glabrous. Stipules 3-5(-
10) mm, 3- cleft bristles (4-)5-6, 3-10 mm long,
glabrous sometimes with a few scattered hairs
or sparsely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Inorescence a condensed capitate corymb,
usually with 3 or 4 main axes, peduncle short,
up to 1 cm. Distribution - Endemic, Open rocks
and roadside cuttings. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains-Farr Inn
to World’s End, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer
8629 (US), Read 2017 (PDA), Tirvengadum
et al. 562, 563, 566 (L, PDA ); World’s End,
Davidse 7646 US), Fosberg & Sachet 53337
(US), Gould & Cooray 13803 (L, PDA, US),
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070830 (US),
Nowicke & Jayasuriya 228 (US), Stone 11255,
11281 (US), Tirvengadum & Cramer 278
(PDA, US); Little World’s End, Fosberg 50044,
50045, 50061, 50065 (all PDA, US), Theobald

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1092
& Krahulik 2759 (US). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
384. Lasianthus foetulentus syn. Lasianthus
foetulentus var. pseudovarians Ridsdale
Shrub. Branchlets glabrous, crushed plants
foetid. Stipules lanceolate, 3-5 x 0.5 mm,
glabrous or with a few russet hairs at the top.
Leaves elliptic to obovate, 3-8 x 1-3 cm, above
and below glabrous, lateral and tertiary nerves
prominently raised above and below, apex
shallowly acute and abruptly apiculate. Flowers
2-6 per axil. Hypanthium ovoid, 0.8-1 mm long,
glabrous. Distribution - Endemic, Montane
shrubbery. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable
385. Lasianthus thwaitesii (Thwaites) Trimen
(Plate 11, Figure C)
Shrub. Branchlets densely adpressed hairy.
Stipules lanceolate, 3-4 X 0.5 mm, glabrous
or with a few russet hairs at the top. Leaves
lanceolate, drying yellow-brown, above
glabrous, glossy, below glabrous or with very
few scattered hairs, apex long acuminate,
base acute, lateral nerves 3-4 pairs, prominent
below, tertiary venation indistinct, somewhat
immersed in the lamina. Petiole up to 0.5 cm
long, densely hairy. Flowers solitary or few
per axil. Distribution - Endemic, Montane
shrubbery. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Critically Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
386. Neanotis monosperma (Wight. & Arn.)
W.H. Lewis (Plate 11, Figure D)
Perennial herb, rooting at the nodes, usually
procumbent, often matforming, crushed parts
with a foetid smell. Leaves ovate to elliptic, (0.7-
)1-3 X (0.5-)0.8-1.5 (-2) cm, chartaceous, above
and below slightly, mediumly to densely hirsute.
Inorescence a loose terminal corymb, axis up
to 4 cm long. Distribution - Native, Common
herb in open, usually wet, places, montane
forests and grasslands. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Mt. Totapola, Bernardi
15896 (US) Pattipola-Horton Plains, Comanor
945 (US); Trail World's End to Little World's
End, Fosberg 50043 (US), 50050 US), 50055
(PDA, US), Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53255 (US),
Gould & Cooray 13802 (PDA, US), Nowicke &
Jayasuriya 221 (US), Tirvengadum et al. 559,
560, 561, 568, 569 (all PDA, US); Farr Inn,
Fosberg 53314 (US), Gould & Cooray 13846
(US); Horton Plains, Kostermans 23106 (K, L)
Willis s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern.
387. Neanotis nummularia (Arn.) W.H. Lewis
syn. Anotis nummularis (Arn.) Hook.f. (Plate
11, Figure E)
Perennial stoloniferous herb, stems
prostrate at base with erect shoots to 40 cm,
angled to slightly winged, glabrous or slightly
pubescent, slightly foetid when crushed.
Stipules inconspicuous, highly reduced to a few
teeth. Leaves subsessile, ovate to rotundate.
Inorescence terminal, subcapitate, axis up to 6
cm. Flowers heterostylous, subsessile. Corolla
hypocrateriform, violet-blue, tube 2-3 mm
long, outside and inside glabrous. Distribution
- Native, Common herb in open, usually
wet, places, montane forests and grasslands.
Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – A.M.S(ilva)s.n. (PDA), Fosberg &
Sachet 53354 (US), Jayasuriya 2400 (K, PDA,
US), Mueller- Dombois & Cooray 67091323
(PDA, US), Bogawantalawa Rd, Willis s.n.
(PDA), Farr Inn to World's End, Waas 118, 120
(PDA, US), New Farm, Cooray 68051720R,
68051721R (PDA, US), Ohiya Rd, culvert
5/6, Cramer 3146 (PDA, US), Pattipola Rd,
Mueller-Dombois & Cooray 67070952 (PDA,
US), Trail to Kirigalpotta mountain, Nowicke
& Jayasuriya 234 (PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 093
PLATE 10 : A. Kuruna densifolia; B. Polygala arillata; C. Persicaria capitata; D. Rumex
obtusifolius; E. Lysimachia deltoidea; F. Lysimachia laxa; G. Maesa indica; H. Rhamnus arnottiana;
I. Alchemilla indica; J. Potentilla indica; K. Rubus ellipticus; L. Rubus leucocarpus; M. Rubus
rosifolius; N. Hedyotis ceylanica; O. Hedyotis dendroides; P. Hedyotis fruticosa; Q. Hedyotis
plantaginifolia; R. Hedyotis marginata.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1094
388. Pavetta involucrata Thwaites
Shrub or small tree to 7 m, branchlets
glabrous, young growth drying black. Stipules
oblong, 10-20 x 3-5 mm, inside and outside
glabrous, apex acute. Leaves (broadly-)
elliptic to oblong, or obovate to oblanceolate,
(5-)8-12(-15) x (2.5-)3.5-5 cm. Inorescence
subcapitate, subtended by modied involucrum-
like stipules up to 1-2 cm long and wide, these
surrounding the young inorescence, axis
broad, 3-5 mm wide. Flowers 4- merous, pale
green. Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 49996 (L, PDA),
Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 10162 (PDA),
Stone 11298 (PDA), Tirvengadum et al. 545 (K,
L, PDA); Mt. Totapola, Hoogland 11549 (K, L,
PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
389. Psychotria gardneri var. jayasuriyae
Sohmer (Plate 11, Figure F) - l¿ l+ráh
Slender, much-branched, glabrous trees to
5 m with narrow, ovate, caduceus stipules 4-10
mm long, slightly lobed at apex. Inorescence
monochotomous, with one main axis 2.5-9.5 cm
long with up to 4 nodes with whorls of usually
four branches at each. Distribution - Endemic,
in wet forests of the central province, excepting
Horton Plains, from about 1000 to 2000
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Road from Diyagama Tea Estate up
to Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
9973 (BISH, F, GH, K, MO, NY, P, PDA,
US). Phenology – Flowering usually begins in
March-April and the fruits mature by August-
September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable
390. Psychotria zeylanica Sohmer syn.
Psychotria bisulcata sensu Trimen - isxy, j,a
f.ksld
Shrubby tree to 3 m, diusely branched,
with ovate-deltoid, glabrous, caducous
stipules to 12 mm long, leaving a laciniate
scar after abscission; leaves with petioles 0.1-
1.5 cm long and with obovate, oblanceolate or
elliptic, coriaceous blades 0.8 x 2.9-4.5 x 12
cm wide and long. Distribution - Endemic,
Very common in the wet forests of the central
highlands, usually above 1500 m elevation.
Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Diyagama Tea Estate Road up to
Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
9971 (BISH, F, GH, GOET, K, MO, NY, P,
PDA, RSA, US). Phenology – Flowering
The owering period varies greatly usually
beginning during April-May and continuing
into Nov.-Dec. During Oct.-Nov. owers and
mature fruits are seen simultaneously on some
individuals. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern.
391. Rubia cordifolia L. (Plate 11, Figure G) -
uKavd u¢k je,a" fhda.u je,a
Perennial herb, with long rootstock with
a red cortex, stems up to 6 m long weakly
scrambling. Leaves 4 (-6 or 8)whorled, ovate to
obovate, above glabescent to scabrous, below
with a few coarse recurved hairs on margin and
midrib, apex acute to acuminate, base rounded
to cordate, lateral nerves 2-3 pairs, usually
5-nerved from the base. Petiole up to 3 cm.
Inorescence terminal and axillary, lax dichasial
cyme. Flowers 5-merous. Distribution -
Native, Secondary and disturbed montane
forest. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Cramer 4603 (PDA), Davidse
& Sumithraarachchi 8065 (PDA), Fosberg
50060 (K), Fosberg & Mueller Dombois 50088
(K, PDA), Kostermans 23018 (PDA), Sohmer
& Sumithraarachchi 10040 (K), Waas 136
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
392. Saprosma glomerata var. gardneri
(Thwaites) Gang syn. Saprosma indica var.
gardneri (Thwaites) Hook.f.
Shrub, branching appearing dichotomous,
branchlets yellowishbrown, shiny, widening
at the nodes. Stipules ovate to triangular, apex
with 1 or 3 bristle-like teeth. Leaves ovate to
elliptic above and below glabrous, apex acute to
acuminate, base rounded to subcordate, lateral
nerves 9-13 pairs. Flowers solitary or in 3's,
terminal or axillary, pedicels short, 1-2 mm
long, bracteolate. Corolla infundibular, tube 5-6
mm long, outside glabrous, inside villous in the
throat. Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 095
– Galagama, below Horton Plains, Thwaites C.P.
82 (K, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
393. Tarenna ava Alston syn. Webera
corymbosa var. montana Thwaites
Shrub or small tree 3-10 m, bark thin,
smooth, rather scaly. Stipules short, 2-3 mm with
a 2-3 mm long acicular point, glabrous, often
resinous. Leaves elliptic, (5-)6-10 x (1.5-) 2-4(-
5.5) cm, coriaceous, glabrous, usually drying
black, apex acute, base cuneate, lateral nerves
6-10 pairs, petiole up to 1 cm. Inorescence
up to 6 cm long, branches glabrous. Flowers
pedicellate, pedicels glabrous. Distribution
- Native, Wet mid- and upper-montane areas,
usually above 1,200 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Diyagama estate to
Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
994 (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Near Threaned.
Family Rutaceae
394. Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Syn.
Acronychia laurifolia Blume (Plate 11, Figure
H) - wxflkao
A small tree, with pale smooth bark; younger
branchlets glabrous to nely puberulent.
Leaves simple; petiole up to 5 cm long; leaf-
blade elliptic to suboblong or slightly obovate,
at base usually cuneate, at apex obtusely
acuminate; lateral nerves 3-7 pairs; texture
thin-coriaceous; blades 3.5-24 cm long, 2-8
cm wide. Inorescences mostly 4-24 cm long,
axes glabrous or nearly so. Flowers greenish-
white, mostly 8-11 (rarely to 13) mm long,
occasionally smaller. Distribution - Native,
in the moist region, from sea-level up to 1600
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Horton Plains, Hladik 870. Phenology
– Flowering occurs mostly in February to April.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
395. Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.)
T.G.Hartley syn. Euodia lunu-ankenda
(Gaertn.) Merr., Euodia roxburghiana Benth. ex
Hook.f. (Plate 11, Figure I) - ¨Kq wxflkao
Small tree, sometimes dwarfed, the bark
smooth, grey. Young branchlets compressed,
greenish-cinereous, soon glabrate. Leaves
almost always trifoliolate, the petioles 8-48
mm long; petiolules 2-12 mm long; blades
thin, coriaceous, subequal, elliptic to oblance-
obovate, mostly 3-12 cm long, 1-6.5 cm
wide. Flowers small, tetramerous, about 2
mm long; sepals rounded-deltoid, cinereous;
petals deltoid-ovate. Distribution - Native,
Widespread in the wetter zones, at almost all
altitudes, but shrubby and dwarfed at high
elevations. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Stone 11280 (KLU), Sohmer
10007, 10185 (A). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
396. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Plate 11,
Figure J) - l=vqñßiai
Small climber, the stems scrambling
by the sharp, recurved prickles; branch-lets
terete, glabrous or slightly puberulent. Leaves
alternate or spiralled, trifoliolate; petiole to 2
cm long, often prickly beneath; leaets sessile,
to 5 cm long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
bluntly acuminate, at base acute; margins
shallowly crenulate; midrib sometimes prickly
beneath; lateral nerves numerous. Inorescence
paniculate, the pedicels very short. Distribution
- Native, rather common in montane forests.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern.
Family Sabiaceae
397. Meliosma simplicifolia subsp. pungens
(Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Beus (Plate 11, Figure
K) - we,aneoao .ia
Leaves elliptic to oblong, sometimes
lanceolate, without or with some distant
teeth, acute to rounded at the base, acute to
acuminate at the apex. Panicles lax to dense,
branched up to the 2nd (3rd) order; axes rather
coarse, terete to slightly angular, densely
short-tomentose. Flowers crowded in dense
glomerules. Distribution - Native , Common in
hill-forests at least from c. 1600 up to c. 2100
m altitude. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 7000 ft alt., Worthington 1677
(K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1096
Family Salicaceae
398. Casearia thwaitesii Briq. Syn. Casearia
coriacea Thwaites
Tree 4—12 m or shrub 2—3 m tall with dense
canopy; d.b.h. up to 60 cm; bark dark, smooth
or very rough (de Worthington); living bark
yellowish; young branches glabrous. Leaves ±
congested, red-purple when young, obovate or
some shortly elliptic. Flowers in few-owered
axillary fascicles, pinkish white; pedicels 2—4
mm long. Distribution - Native, Primary and
secondary montane forest edges, cloud-forest,
jungle, scrub and thicket edges; 1500—2300
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – World‘s End Trail, Balakrishnan 1045
(K, PDA, US), 1048 (K, PDA, US), 1205 (K,
US), Cramer 4343 (K), road from Ohiya to Farr
Inn, Huber 662 (PDA), Farr Inn to Big World‘s
End, jungle patch, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
10047 (K), midway Pattipola to Horton Plains,
Tirvengadum & Cramer 113 (K), road to
World‘s End, Tirvengadum & Cramer 275
(K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Santalaceae
399. Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) Engl.
(Plate 11, Figure L)
Plants usually less than 1 dm tall, often
densely abellately branched by the occurrence
of collateral branches arising from the nodes;
basal internodes of the main stem c. 5-10 mm
long, often somewhat rounded and shorter
than immediately succeeding ones, which are
c. 12-15 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, attened
and broadened with a medially raised midrib,
becoming gradually narrowed and shortened
apically. Fruit subpyriform c. 1-2 mm long.
Distribution - Native, Scattered through the
high montane zone. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Trimen in 1890
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Critically Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Family Sapindaceae
400. Allophylus zeylanicus L. syn. Allophylus
hispidus Trimen , Allophylus varians (Thwaites)
Radlk., Allophylus acuminatus (Hiern.) Radlk.,
A. zeylanicus var. varians Hiern. (Plate 11,
Figure M) - j,a fldínE
Shrubs or small trees; bark smooth,
somewhat whitish; young parts glabrous,
occasionally hairy. Leaves simple, lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, (5) 8-18 cm long, base acute-
cuneate. Inorescences axillary, 3-6 cm long,
lax, pubescent, thyrses or racemes, with scattered
fascicles of owers. Flowers shortpedicellate,
irregular, unisexual. Distribution - Endemic,
In the forests of the moist region, up to 2000
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Ohiya-Horton Plains Road, D.B. & D.
Sumithraarachchi 942 (K, PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
Family Sapotaceae
401. Isonandra montana (Thwaites) Gamble
syn. Isonandra lanceolata var. montana
(Thwaites) Trimen (Plate 11, Figure N)
Small to medium tree 2—17 m tall with
very short branches; wide, broadly rounded to
slightly emarginate or with traces of obscure
acumination at the apex, cuneate at the base,
± coriaceous, glabrous above, at rst often
pubescent beneath but later entirely glabrous
or with only few hairs particularly on the
midrib; lateral nerves, the venation ± closely
reticulate between. Inorescences axillary
often when leaves have fallen, mostly in upper
parts of branchlets. Distribution - Endemic,
Wet evergreen mixed forest with pronounced
dry season, montane forest; 1350-2100 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Huber 643 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
Family Smilacaceae
402. Smilax aspera L. syn. Smilax rettiana
Wills ex Livera (Plate 11, Figure O)
Much-branched climbing shrub. Branches
smooth or with prickles, more or less angular
with 4-6 ribs. Leaves 2.5-8 x 1.5-6 cm, ovate,
deltoid or lanceolate, acute or acuminate; at

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 097
base hastate or cordate with rounded lobes.
Petiole 2-3 cm long, smooth or with prickles,
with wings 1-2 mm broad, and tendrils arising
6-7 mm above the base. Peduncle 0.5-1.5
mm. Inorescence axis 2.5-6 cm long, zig-
zag, smooth. Distribution - Native, Montane
zone, rather common. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains and
Dimbula, Apr 1852, staminate, s. coll. C.P. 75,
p.p. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.
Family Solanaceae
403. Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann)
Schltdl.
Straggling shrub 2-3 m high, with long
terete branches, densely dark ferrugineously
pubescent on the younger parts. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, 4-12 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, rounded
at the base, slightly unequal, acuminate at the
apex, nely pubescent beneath, petiole 0.5-1 cm
long. Inorescences terminal or subterminal,
congested, with numerous owers; corolla red,
often deeply coloured, tube rather inated, 2
cm long. Distribution- exotic. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
404. Lycianthes bigeminata (Nees) Bitter
Straggling undershrub c. 35-100 cm high,
upper branches dichotomous, rather zig-zag,
quadrangular, internodes 3-10 cm long. Lower
leaves solitary, upper ones often paired and
unequal. Flowers 2-5 in axils, pedicels 7-9 mm
long in ower, extending to 16 mm long in fruit.
Distribution - Native, Inhabiting the forests of
the montane zone, now uncommon. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Sept. 1890,
? Trimen s.n. (PDA), Fosberg 49976 (PDA),
Balakrishnan 1046 (PDA, US). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
405. Solanum laxum Spreng.
Solanum laxum, commonly known as potato
vine, potato climber or jasmine nightshade, is an
evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is
native to South America and commonly grown
as an ornamental garden plant. Distribution-
exotic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
406. Solanum mauritianum Scop. Syn.
Solanum verbascifolium sensu Trimen (Plate
11, Figure P) - yelß,a,
Solanum mauritianum is a small tree or
shrub native to South America, including
Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay
and Uruguay. Its common names include earleaf
nightshade (or "ear-leaved nightshade"), woolly
nightshade, annel weed, bugweed, tobacco
weed, tobacco bush, wild tobacco and kerosene
plant. Distribution - exotic. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Family Staphyleaceae
407. Turpinia malabarica Gamble syn.
Turpinia nepalensis var. montana Thwaites,
Turpinia pomifera sensu Hiern. non (Roxb.)
DC.,p.p. (Plate 11, Figure Q) - weg ysß,a,
Medium to large trees, 12-15 m tall; young
parts glabrous. Stipules triangular, leafy, early
deciduous. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate,
leaf axis 6-15 cm long. Flowers regular, white,
numerous, in axillary and terminal panicles,
with opposite branches; bracts and bracteoles
caducous. Sepals 5; lobes ovate, 2 mm long,
obtuse, ciliate. Petals 5, obovate, ovaloblong, c.
3 mm long, obtuse, nely ciliate. Distribution
- In moist zone forests; up to 2000 m; Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – Thwaites C.P. 218 (type of Turpinia
nepalensis Wall. var. montana Thw. BM, K).
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting March to
October. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1098
PLATE 11 : A. Hedyotis trimenii; B. Knoxia platycarpa; C. Lasianthus thwaitesii; D. Neanotis
monosperma; E. Neanotis nummularia; F. Psychotria gardneri; G. Rubia cordifolia; H. Acronychia
pedunculata; I. Melicope lunu-ankenda; J. Toddalia asiatica; K. Meliosma simplicifolia; L.
Korthalsella japonica; M. Allophylus zeylanicus; N. Isonandra montana; O. Smilax aspera; P.
Solanum mauritianum; Q. Turpinia malabarica; R. Symplocos bractealis.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 099
Family Symplocaceae
408. Symplocos acuminata (Blume) Miq.
Syn. Symplocos spicta Roxb.; as Symplocos
cochinchinensis subsp. laurina (Retz.) Noot. In
Dass. (Plate 12, Figure A) - fndaUq
Shrub, or tree to 12 m. Twigs and leaves
glabrous except sometimes the youngest parts
which can be appressedly hairy in innovations.
Leaves broadly to narrowly elliptic,
Inorescence a mostly compound spike to 14
cm; axis glabrous to more or less appressedly
puberulous or pubescent. Distribution -
Predominantly in the wet zone, from 0-2100
m, often in secondary vegetation. Native.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Concern
409. Symplocos bractealis Thwaites (Plate 11,
Figure R)
Shrub or treelet to 12 m but mostly shorter;
twigs glabrous. Leaves glabrous, mostly
elliptic, 1.8 to 10 x 1.2 to 5 cm with cuneate
to slightly cordate base and rounded to acute,
rarely slightly acuminate apex. Corolla 5-7 mm.
Stamens c. 100. Disk 5-glandular, (sparsely)
soft hairy; style glabrous except the often soft
hairy base. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 12.5 x 6.5
mm; stone smooth or with shallow ridges.
Distribution - Mountain forest, alt. 1170-2400
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Horton Plains, Comanor 457,
960 (PDA), Cramer 4024 (PDA), Kostermans
23051, 23123 (PDA, L), Meijer 638 (PDA),
Nowicke 260 (PDA, US), Sohmer 9976, 10044,
10050 (PDA), Tirvengadum & Cramer 274
(PDA), Waas 852 (PDA, US), Nooteboom
3345, 3338, 3340, 3349 (PDA). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
410. Symplocos elegans var. minor Thwaites
(Plate 12, Figure B)
Shrub or treelet to 3 m. Twigs densely
patently soft and long-villous or more or less
appressedly. Leaves c. elliptic or ovate, patently
or appressedly pilose beneath, but often
glabrous, apex rounded to acuminate, margin at
to strongly revolute, denticulate. Inorescence
a spike or raceme to 3 cm, but often shorter;
axis sparsely appressedly pilose or pubescent
to densely long-villous; bracts and bracteoles
appressedly hairy. Distribution - Mainly in the
hill country. Endemic. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
411. Symplocos obtusa Wall. - fudg fndaUq
Shrub, or tree to 15 m high and 30 cm diam.,
but mostly smaller. Twigs glabrous. Leaves
glabrous, (broadly) obovate, with cuneate base
and rounded, rarely shortly acuminate, apex.
Inorescence a 2-15 cm long spike or raceme,
sometimes in small-leaved forms reduced to
only 1 ower; axis glabrous; the (narrowly)
elliptic or ovate bracts and the bracteoles
glabrous but ciliate, caducous under the
ower. Distribution - In mountain forest. Alt.
1000-2300 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Theobald & Krahulik
2829 (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.
412. Symplocos pendula var. pendula Wight
(Plate 12, Figure C)
Shrub. Twigs glabrous or puberulous.
Leaves glabrous, elliptic to obovate, 3-10x1.5-
5 cm with cuneate base and rounded apex.
Petiole 3-10 mm. Flowers solitary or few
together in a short raceme; pedicel slender, 2-10
mm, with 2- several minute bracteoles. Ovary
glabrous, conical, 3-5 mm high, semiinferior,
the superior part densely greyish hairy. Calyx
with very short, rounded ciliate lobes. Corolla
tubular, trumpet shaped, 6-10 mm long.
Distribution - in primary mountain forest
and secondary shrubbery, alt. 1000-2300 m.
Native. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Theaceae
413. Polyspora ceylanica (Wight) Orel, Peter
G.Wilson, Curry & Luu syn. Gordonia
ceylanica Wight (Plate 12, Figure D) - r;áh"
ñysßh
Medium-sized trees, 12—15 m, tall;
branchlets pilose; bark with vertical concave
ridges. Leaves rather coriaceous, lanceolate
or oblonglanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary
on short pedicels, 3.2— 4.2 cm diam., white;
pedicels thick, about 4 mm long, pilose-hairy.
Sepals orbicular. Distribution - In montane

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1100
forests of wet zone, 900—2100 m., endemic.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains-Diyagama 1950 m, 28 Jan
1945, Worthington s.n. (BM). Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
Family Thymelaeaceae
414. Wikstroemia canescens Meisn. (Plate 12,
Figure E)
Twiggy shrub c. 1-2.25 m tall. Branchlets
and twigs slender, terete, ± whitish-or yellowish-
tomentose when young, glabrescent and
brownishpurple when older, with pale lenticels.
Leaves narrowly elliptic to elliptic or oblong.
Flower rather few and inconspicuous, greenish-
yellow to yellow, frequently ± purplish-
suused on the outer surface, in lateral and
terminal panicles of congested. Distribution
- Edges of mossy mist forests, scrub margins,
streamside in "wet" patana; at higher altitudes
(to c. 2300 m) in Central Province only, Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, at Ohiya Road 1 1/2 miles from
Rest House, 9 July 1967, Mueller-Dombois &
Comanor 67070939 (PDA, US); ibid., near
Farr Inn, 29 Mar. 1968, Fosberg & Mueller-
Dombois 50089 (PDA, US), Moon Plains near
Govt. Farm, at scrub edge above plot P. 16, 17
May 1968, Cooray 68051732R (PDA, US),
Horton Plains, edge of forest to left and down
slope from where road to Diyagama forks from
road to Ohiya, 4 March 1973, Townsend 73/159
(PDA, US); ibid., by track to North Cove c.
1 mile S.S.E. of S. shoulder of Kirigalpota,
4 Mar. 1973, Townsend 73/161 (PDA, US).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatned.
Family Urticaceae
415. Chamabainia cuspidata Wight
Ascending or diuse herbs, rooting from
the nodes, young parts densely short-pubescent.
Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptic, 1.5-5 x
1-2.5 cm, apex acute-acuminate, base rounded
or cuneate, nely shallowly serrate, sparsely
pubescent on both surfaces, 3-nerved; petioles
0.4-1.5 cm long; stipules 4 at each node, ovate,
very conspicuous, 4-5 x 2-3 mm, membranous.
Flowers in axillary, bracteate clusters. Male
owers in lax clusters in the upper axils,
pedicellate; pedicels 2-3 mm; perianth-teeth
acute, dorsally hairy. Female owers in dense
clusters; owers surrounded by lanceolate,
small bracts; perianth-teeth hirsute above the
middle, enveloping the achene. Achenes elliptic
or ovoid, compressed, enclosed. Distribution
- Among stones in the upper montane zone,
1,800-2,100 m. Native. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
416. Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew syn.
Laportea crenulata (Roxb.) Wedd. - udWiaid
.ia" ud Wiaid
Dioecious shrubs or small trees c. 6 m high,
with profuse, downward-pointing stinging hairs.
Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, ovate-oblong to
elliptic-lanceolate, sparsely clothed with irritant
hairs on the adaxial surface, more on the veins
of the abaxial surface, acute-acuminate at apex,
narrowed or cuneate at base. Inorescence a
slender panicle, dichotomously branched with
owers in loose fascicles, unisexual, male ones
shorter than the female. Distribution - In damp
forests in wet zone. Occationaly in Montane
areas. Native. Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered.
417. Elatostema monandrum (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don) H.Hara syn. Elatostema surculosum
Wight (Plate 12, Figure F)
Dioecious or monoecious herbs; stems 6-25
cm long. Leaves numerous, uniformly increasing
in size upwards, membranous, coriaceous or
almost eshy, Male receptacles 6-12 mm diam.,
pedunculate; peduncles usually longer than the
leaves; involucral bracts free, membranous,
orbicular, outer often dorsally spurred; owers
few; tepals 4, ovate; stamens 4. Female
receptacles smaller, sessile. Distribution -
Native On wet rocks or stream banks in shady
places in montane wet zone, to 2,100 m.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Ascent to Horton Plains, mile post 2/5, S.W. of
Pattipola, 1,980 m, 18 Oct 1974, Davidse 7689
(PDA); Mt. Totapola, 2,200 m, 10 Dec 1975,
Bernardi 15905 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 101
418. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis syn.
Girardinia heterophylla Decne, Girardinia
hetrophylla var. palmata Hook.f. (Plate 12,
Figure G) - .ia lyô,shd
Undershrub, to 1.5 (2) m; branches with
stinging hairs throughout. Leaves alternate,
elliptic-ovate in outline, entire, pedately
3-7-lobed, 10-15 x 10-20 cm, margin inciso-
serrate. Male ower: 3.5 mm across, white.
Tepals 4, ovate, cucullate, c. 2 mm wide,
valvate, membranous, strigose hairy without.
Stamens 4; laments 2 mm long. Distribution
- Endemic, on waste ground in low country,
800-1,000 m and along forest edges in montane
zone 1,000-1,900 m. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Foot trail from
Ohiya to Pattipola, c. 2,100 m, 15 Mar 1971,
Balakrishnan 483 (K, PDA); Road from
Diyagama Tea Estate to Horton Plains, 27
Oct 1975, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 9981
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering November to
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Endangered.
419. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd. Syn.
Pilea trinerva (Roxb.) Wight (Plate 12, Figure
H)
Tall herbs or undershrubs to 2.5 m,
dioecious; internodes short, tumid. Leaves
ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 6-20 x 5-11 cm.
Male inorescence on long peduncles; owers 4
mm across; tepals 4, ovate, 2 mm, acute, shortly
beaked dorsally; stamens 4; laments c. 3 mm
long. Female inorescence mostly short and
congested; owers 1.5 mm across. Distribution
- In forests of wet zone, in damp shady places,
700-2,000 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains,
Agararapatana road, 29 June 1973, Nowicke &
Jayasuriya 267 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatned.
420. Pilea wightii Wedd. (Plate 12, Figure I)
Slender herbs, to 30 cm tall. Leaves
membranous, ovate or ellipticovate, glabrous
to sparsely pubescent above, usually punctate
below, base subcordate to acute, apex acute-
acuminate, margin narrowly serrate to just
below the apex, lateral veins evanescent a short
distance below the apex. Flowers minute, in
axillary, long-peduncled, dichotomous cymes.
Male owers: tepals 4, connate, often spurred;
stamens as many as tepals; pistillode minute,
oblong. Female owers: tepals usually 3, rarely
4. Distribution - In forests and shady places
in montane wet zone; 1,500- 2,300 m. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, forest back of Farr Inn, 3 Dec
1970, Fosberg & Sachet 53276 (PDA); Along
Primate Survey Transect in Cloud forest, N.
of Horton Plains Rest House, 2,300 m, 3 Dec
1970, Theobald & Krahulik 2739 (PDA);
Horton Plains, 1 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan
1035 (PDA), near World's End, 20 Oct 1994,
Wadhwa, Weerasooriya & Samarasinghe 446
(K, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Endangered.
421. Pouzolzia hirta var. hirta (Blume) Hassk.
Syn. Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight
Herbs or shrubs, to 1.5 m; young parts
pubescent. Leaves opposite or ternately
whorled, upper leaves not reduced to bracts or
markedly smaller, oblong, elliptic-lanceolate or
narrowly lanceolate, apex usually acuminate,
base acute, rounded or subcordate, pubescent on
lower surface, sometimes completely glabrous,
3-nerved from base; stipules persistent. Flowers
in dense, axillary, ± sessile clusters. Male owers
4 mm across, buds truncate. Distribution - In
montane forests of wet zone, 1,200-2,200 m.
Native. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Viburnaceae
422. Viburnum cylindricum Bunch. - Ham.
ex D.Don syn. Viburnum coriaceum Blume,
Viburnum coriaceum var. capitellata (Wight &
Arn.) C.B. Clarke
Large erect shrubs or small trees,
occasionally up to 15 m; young parts thinly
pubescent. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate
– lanceolate. Inorescences terminal umbellate
- corymbose cymes, upto 8 cm across, axis
stellately pubescent, primary rays 5-7. Flowers
usually on rays of third order, nearly sessile;
peduncles 1.0-1.4 cm long. Bracts linear.
Distribution - In open primary and secondary
forests in montane area, upto 2000 m. Native.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1102
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Feb 1846, s.coll. C.P. 73 (K), 6 Oct 1973,
Waas 132 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Endangered
423. Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC.
Large shrubs or small trees; bark smooth,
white or crimson-white; young parts pubescent.
Leaves subcoriaceous, broadly ovate, sometimes
oblong, 3.5-7.8 x 2.2-4.8 cm. Inorescences
terminal, lax, drooping paniculate cymes, c.5 cm
long, axis pubescent to stellate hairy. Flowers
whitish-pink or cream coloured; pedicels 3-5
mm long. Bracts linear, 1.5-2 cm long, slightly
pubescent. Distribution - In dense montane
forests 1000-2000 m. Native. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
Family Violaceae
424. Viola pilosa Blume syn. Viola serpens
Wall. ex Ging. (Plate 12, Figure J)
Prostrate to subprostrate herbs; stems
slender, stoloniferous, rooting at nodes. Leaves
ovate-deltoid, 1.5—8 x 1—6 cm, shallowly
to deeply cordate at base, acute to acuminate,
Stipules free, 6—15 mm long, lanceolate,
long acuminate, subentire-dentate, pale-green,
pubescent. Flowers 8—14 mm broad, white-
pale violet, with darker veins; peduncles
liform, solitary, axillary. Distribution -
Native. Montane area of wet region, descending
to 1200 m. Phenology – Flowering most of
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Least Concern.
Family Zingiberaceae
425. Alpinia abundiora Burtt & R.M.Sm.
syn. Amomum oribundum (Thwaites) Trimen
(Plate 12, Figure K)
Leafy stem sometimes exceeding 3 m.
Leaves usually sessile, occasionally with
petioles up to 2 cm long; lamina up to 60 x 12
cm oblong or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous or sometimes lightly pubescent
beneath, attenuate at base; ligule 1.5 cm long,
membranous, obtuse, glabrous or lightly
pubescent. Inorescence capitate, truncate or
globose. Distribution - Native. Montane zone.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Horton Plains, halfway from Farr Inn to Little
World's End, Read 2042 (US); between Small
World's End and Big World's End, Theobold &
Krahulik 2761 (USI; past Pattipola on road to
Horton Plains, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
67070823 (US). Conservation status_Redlist
2020 – Least Concern.
426. Hedychium avescens Carey ex Roscoe
(Plate 12, Figure L)
Up to 3 m high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate
acuminate, tapering towards the base, lightly
pubescent on lower surface; ligule 1–2 cm,
membranous, entire, pubescent; sheaths
glabrous. Inorescence terminal, more or less
ovate. Bracts at the base of the inorescence,
broadly ovate, rather obtuse, membranous at
margins, distinctly pubescent at apex, sometimes
sparsely so elsewhere; each bract subtending a
cincinnus of at least 4 owers. Distribution -
Exotic. Common by streams in moist areas in
Sri Lanka. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.

March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 103
PLATE 12 : A. Symplocos acuminata; B. Symplocos elegans; C. Symplocos pendula; D. Polyspora
ceylanica; E. Wikstroemia canescens; F. Elatostema monandrum; G. Girardinia diversifolia; H.
Pilea melastomoides; I. Pilea wightii; J. Viola pilosa; K. Alpinia abundiora; L. Hedychium
avescens; M. Sisyrinchium micranthum; N. Actinodaphne albifrons; O. Podochilus falcatus; P.
Trichoglottis tenera; Q. Ranunculus sagittifolius; R. Photinia integrifolia.

WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1104
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
The authors wish to express their
sincere gratitude to M.G.C.Sooriyabandara
(Director General, DWC), M.S.L.R.P.
Marasinghe (Director - Operations, DWC),
D.M.Weerasinghe (Assistant Director – Head
of Research & Training, DWC), Prashantha
Wimaladasa (Assistant Director – Former
head of Research & Training, DWC), Ruchira
Karunarathna (Assistant Director – Planning &
ICT, DWC) for giving necessary approvals to
carry out this Survey. We are indebted to Sta
of Horton Plains National Park for assistance in
the eld. We would also like to thank Himesh
Dilruwan Jayasinghe & Nimalka Sanjeewani
for sharing their eld data.
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Received Date :
Accepted Date :

AUTHOR INDEX
N. C. Jayawardana 001
P.K.P.M.P. Kumara 001
R.M.R. Nilanthi 001

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