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Mal J Med Health Sci 168SUPP19): 99-104,Dec 2022 99
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (eISSN 2636-9346)
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Model of Recovery Approaches For Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder From The Quranic Verses
Rahim Kamarul Zaman1, Alia Abdul Rashid2, Nur Ilyani Mohamed Nawi3 and Mujiburrahman Muhammad
Saleh4
1 Department of Usuluddin, Faculty of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Sultan Ismail Petra International Islamic University College,
15730 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
2 Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, 15200 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
3 Department of Mental Health & Psychiatry, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, 15200 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
4 Department of Islamic Revealed Knowledge, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The implications of repetition of unwanted thoughts and activities are symptoms of mental health prob-
lems that can affect the activities of daily living for most individuals. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one
of the five major types of anxiety disorders. Highlights on the OCD recovery mechanisms were found to be suitable
to be integrated with the Quran-based rehabilitation methods. Methods: This study aims to analyse OCD recovery
methods based on the interpretation of the Quranic verses. Based on qualitative methods, this study proposes a Mod-
el of recovery approaches for Obsessive-compulsive disorder from the Quranic verses. Thematic content analysis
was conducted on the compilation of Quranic verses related to the term waswas based on the authoritative works
of tafasir (Interpretation books of The Quran) and shuruh al-Ahadith (Books of hadiths explanations). Results: The
findings showed that the discourse of five verses regarding the term waswas (doubts) in the Quran contains comple-
mentary solutions to the problem of OCD. The complementary solutions were also found in line with the guidelines
of Act 775 - Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act 2016. Conclusion: The OCD recovery process based on
the Quran deserves to be dignified as a model of complementary treatment of OCD problems.
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (2022) 18(19) 99-104. doi:10.47836/mjmhs.18.s19.16
Keywords: Model, Recovery, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Quranic Verses
Corresponding Author:
Rahim Kamarul Zaman, M.A
Email: abdulrahimkz51@gmail.com
Tel:+6011-26017148
INTRODUCTION
Each type of mental health problem has a variety of
different impacts. The implications of repetition of
unwanted thoughts and activities are symptoms of
mental health problems that can affect the activities of
daily living. (1,2). This scenario is known as Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder (OCD). From a layman’s context
and understanding, this situation is known as anxiety
disorder where individuals affected will experience the
problem of doubt that causes them to repeat the same
thoughts and behaviour repetitively (2).
Based on statistics, OCD affects about 1.2 percent of
the world’s population including children and adults,
regardless of gender, social or cultural background (3).
In Malaysia, OCD affects about 1 to 2 percent of the
nation’s population. The disease affects men as young as
6 to 15 years old. Meanwhile, women face the disorder
in the age range of 20 to 29 years (4).
In general, OCD is divided into two main components,
namely Obsessive (thought) and Compulsive (action) (5).
Among the symptoms of the obsessive disorder include a
lack of rationality when thinking, and repetition of ideas
or images to invite anxiety. The individual who faces the
situation realises the cause comes from his mind, yet he
is unable to control it. Following the failure to control his
mind, the individual will act (compulsively) to prevent
or divert attention from the mind. Thus, compulsive
order can be defined as an effort to alleviate obsessive
thinking disorders (5,6). Overall, the negative effects
caused by OCD have risks such as anxiety disorder and
depressive disorder in the neurosis category.
The causes of OCD can be neurological, genetic,
biological, cognitive, behavioural, and environmental
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Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (eISSN 2636-9346)
Mal J Med Health Sci 168SUPP19): 99-104,Dec 2022
problems (6). In addition, among the main factors
that cause OCD is a disorder of interaction in
brain components associated with the formation of
neurotransmitters, known as signal transmitters, from
one neuron (brain cell) to another (3,5,6).
Typically, OCD is treated with medications such as
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and
Clomipramine, a drug in the tricyclic antidepressants
(TCA) category. Between the two, SSRIs have much
less effect on the cardiovascular system (7,8). In certain
cases, additional treatment with antipsychotics is also
used as specified in OCD treatment guidelines (24).
Despite showing effectiveness, the use of the treatment
method also has various side effects. Among the side
effects of TCA are dry mouth, trembling, palpitations,
constipation, drowsiness, and weight gain. Meanwhile,
SSRI methods that are better than TCAs also have side
effects such as weight loss, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia,
diarrhoea, and loss of appetite. Accordingly, side effects
of antipsychotic use such as extrapyramidal, increased
appetite, weight gain, increased risk of diabetes, loss of
white blood cells, drowsiness and low blood pressure
(7,8,9,24).
Among other things, OCD is also treated using
psychotherapy or a combination of both. For that
reason, this study is presented as an effort to strengthen
the rehabilitation treatment of OCD problems per the
guidelines of Act 775 - Traditional and Complementary
Medicine Act 2016 (10,19). The Act states that the
treatment approach using Islamic medicine methods,
either based on the Quran or hadith, has been
recognised as a suitable complementary treatment. This
is because the discourse on OCD is contained in several
verses of the Quran that describe the problem of anxiety.
Thoroughly, highlights in the compilation of the verses
display the revelation of Allah SWT contains OCD
recovery mechanisms that are suitable to be applied by
Muslim patients.
Essentially, any approach aimed at preventing, treating,
or managing the disease or preserving the physical
and mental well-being of an individual is permissible
as a complementary mechanism to conventional
rehabilitative treatment (10). The category of
complementary treatments includes spiritual therapies
that have originated in various cultural forms since
ancient times (National Policy on Traditional and
Complementary Medicine, 2001)
Finally, based on a nationwide survey conducted in
2004 on the use of Traditional and Complementary
Medicine (TCM) by Malaysians, the prevalence of
the population who had used TCM treatment in their
lifetime was 69.4%. Meanwhile, 55.6% of the above
population reported that they had used TCM treatment
in the last 12 months before the survey. On top of that,
more than 40% of the population in many countries use
TCM treatment for their healthcare needs globally.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The design of this study is focused on a model of
recovery approaches for OCD from the Quranic
Verses. Specifically, only five verses regarding the term
waswas (doubts) became the focus of this study. This
study collected data entirely through a literature review
based on qualitative methods. Data related to the
recovery of OCD in the Quran were obtained through
the interpretation of Quranic verses on OCD that has
been discussed in the authoritative book of tafāsīr and
shuruh al-Aḥādīth. While the data related to OCD
according to the perspective of conventional medicine
is sourced from relevant scientific works. Subsequently,
the collected data will be analyzed thematically,
inductively, and deductively. For the purpose, in total
seven interpretation books of the Quran and three Books
of hadiths explanations were analysed through the
Maktaba al-Shamela software. Meanwhile, only a few
selected articles on OCD and complementary medicine
have been comprehensively reviewed.
On the whole, this study presents a complementary
method of OCD recovery based on the Quranic
perspective. In practice, this study also lists some of the
OCD rehabilitation guidelines that have been found
in the compilation of Quranic verses that have been
analyzed. Concisely, the study found that the integration
of the OCD recovery process is significant with the
maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and can provide the benefits of
OCD recovery holistically. In this context, protection of
life and protection of health are two principles of the five
objectives of Islam (25). Based on those two principles,
Muslims are required to prevent any harm that affects
mental health (25,26).
RESULT
OCD DISCOURSE IN THE QURAN
Accordingly, this study analyses the Quran-based
complementary mechanisms for preventing and
recovering OCD problems. In the Quran, the discourse
related to OCD is based on the word waswas (doubts)
that can be resulting in OCD, which is stated five times
in four different chapters.
Conceptually, OCD can be defined as a disease of
anxiety and doubt leading to compulsive acts (11).
Obsessive disturbances in the mind are also described
as the vibration of the sound of dry grain blown by the
wind. In other words, when obsession occurs, the mind
of the individual seems to vibrate without certainty (12).
In the Islamic perspective, the ambiguity of the mind
that occurs during obsession is often caused by the
satanic incitement (13). Such ambiguity will result in
individuals repeating their thoughts or actions. The fact
that the word waswas in the Quran is the name of the
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Mal J Med Health Sci 168SUPP19): 99-104,Dec 2022
devil that brings doubt to human beings (12,13).
In the Quran, the discourse related to OCD is based on
the word waswas that can be resulting in OCD, which
is stated five times in four different chapters. The index
is shown in Table I.
any form of interference can be controlled with the
protection of Allah SWT (14).
In explaining the meaning of surah al-Nās verses 4 and 5,
Ibn Kathīr states the fact that the instigation of the cause
of misgivings among human beings is the devil known as
the qarīn (companion) of the children of Adam (14). Its
presence brings whispers that adorn acts of immorality
and casts doubt on matters of goodness (14,15). The
devil will incite Muslims who act in obedience or try
to remember Allah SWT. The incitement will destroy
the act of dhikr Allah so that it causes waswas (16).
Therefore, surah al-Nās was revealed as a method of
seeking protection ordered by Allah SWT to prevent the
problem of waswas (15).
Meanwhile, nas al-ʿArāf: 20 displays the problem of
waswas faced by human beings is due to the envy of the
devil towards human beings. Thus, feelings of obsession
result from the whispers and deception of Satan’s plans.
The same thing is also explained in nas Ṭāha: 120
(14,15,16).
Referring to surah Qāf: 16, al-Qurṭubī states that the
meaning of the verse describes the obsessive feeling
faced by the Prophet Ādam AS to eat the fruit of khuld
which is forbidden by Allah SWT (15). Thus, nas Qāf:
16 describes all forms of whispers in the human heart
whether good or bad under the knowledge and power
of Allah SWT (lines 14,15,16). This matter was also
narrated by al-Bukhārī from Abū Hurayrah RA, The
Prophet SAW said: “Verily Allah forgives my people for
what passes through him as long as he does not do it or
talk about it” (al-Bukhari, No. Hadith: 5269).
According to Al-ʿAyni (17), this hadith explains that
Allah SWT does not count or even forgive every act that
stems from the problem of obsession. In conclusion, the
interpretation of the compilation of the above verses
proves that the problem of waswas faced by human
beings is forgivable and can be recovered with the
forgiveness and mercy of Allah SWT.
DISCUSSION
According to the findings, the Quranic method of
dealing with a problem is often focusing on preventing
the cause. In this context, unresolved doubts are often
the main cause of OCD. Based on the compilation of
the five verses of the Quran, the study found that five
suitable complementary methods can be used to treat
OCD problems. Consistent with the compilation of
understandings of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the
Quran, the problem of OCD is believed to be preventable
and treatable holistically through a complementary
approach. Furthermore, the complementary solution
was also found in line with the guidelines of Act 775
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act 2016.
Ultimately, the OCD recovery process based on the
Table I. Index of The Word Waswas in the Quran
Index of The Word Waswas in the Quran
No.
Surah:
Verse
No.
Verse Theme
1 Qaf: 16
Indeed, ˹it is˺ We ˹Who˺ created
humankind and ˹fully˺ know what
their souls whisper to them, and We
are closer to them than ˹their˺ jug-
ular vein.
Allah SWT
knows the
whispers
of the hu-
man heart
better
2al-‘Araf:
20
Then Satan tempted them in order
to expose what was hidden of their
nakedness. He said, “Your Lord has
forbidden this tree to you only to
prevent you from becoming angels
or immortals.”
Satanic
incitement
/ whispers
that
confuse
people
3Taha:
120 But Satan whispered to him, saying,
“O Adam! Shall I show you the Tree
of Immortality and a kingdom that
does not fade away?”
4al-Nas:
4from the evil of the lurking whisper-
er
Instigator
/ Cause of
suspicion
whether
jinn or
human
5al-Nas:
5who whispers into the hearts of hu-
mankind
Source: Researcher Analysis
Based on Table I, the discourse on the word waswas
in the Quran comes with three themes. Firstly, Allah
SWT knows better the whispers of the human heart
(Qāf: 16). Secondly, satanic incitement or whisperings
confuse human thoughts and actions (al-ʿArāf: 20 &
Ṭāha: 120). Thirdly, the incitement of waswas can be
caused by humans or jinn (al-Nās:4-5). Inclusively, the
Quran describes the cause of the problem of waswas as
the whispers or incitement of the devil that disrupts the
stability of human thoughts and actions (14). However,
Mal J Med Health Sci 168SUPP19): 99-104,Dec 2022
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Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (eISSN 2636-9346)
Figure 1. Combination of OCD Recovery Approaches Based on
Quranic Verses
of mind (21). In addition, among the appropriate verses
of the Qur’an for dealing with obsessive problems are
al-Baqarah 2: 248, al-Tawbah 9:26, 40 and 103 and al-
Fatḥ 48: 4, 18 and 26. The verses focused on the theme
of peace of mind and the prevention of anxiety and fear
disorders (22).
The fourth step focuses on the need for a Muslim to
cleanse his residence from all the sins that will invite the
devil and avoid the angels from entering (14). The same
procedure also needs to be applied for every other place
that the individual goes through his daily activities. This
is in line with the approach required by Allah for all His
believers. Inter alia, the combination of tawhid, values
of faith, deeds of worship, prevention of immorality and
purification of the soul can deal with obsessive problems
and psychological disorders (14,22).
The final step is based on the interpretation of the
compilation of verses on waswas, every believer is
allowed to seek ruqyah al-Sharʿiyyah (healing method
based on the Quran and Hadith) treatment sourced
from the Quran and Hadith either through the recitation
of Quranic verses, dhikr or prayers aimed at treating
diseases or problems related to psychology (19).
However, its implementation should be carried out
by scientists who are experienced in the field (23).
In addition, the necessity of trying to use ruqyah al-
Sharʿiyyah must be accompanied by the belief that the
real healer is only Allah SWT (20). In this regard, the
Division of Traditional and Complementary Medicine,
Ministry of Health Malaysia also lists the practice of
Islamic medicine such as ruqyah al-Shar’iyyah as a
complementary method that is suitable to be applied in
maintaining psychological sustainability (19,22).
Taken as a whole, the combination of the OCD recovery
process based on the Quranic method can be understood
as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. explains the combination of conventional
and complementary treatments based on the Quran is
believed to provide more effective recovery benefits to
OCD patients.
interpretation of waswas concepts in the Quran should
be recognized as part of the complementary treatment
model for OCD problems.
RECOVERY APPROACHES FOR OCD BASED ON
QURANIC VERSES
In Islam, there is a difference between waswas that
comes to the heart and does not affect faith with doubts
that can damage faith. Based on surah al-ʿAraf: 16-17
and al-Nisa’: 76, the devil tends to deceive believers
with whispers of confusion. Thus, the prevention of
obsessive problems based on the Quranic method is
a significant approach. To treat this problem there are
several methods revealed by Allah SWT in the Quran
such as the five suitable complementary methods based
on the Quranic verses.
The first step, in general, is that every Muslim is required
to recite al-taʿawwudh (Invocation from Allah SWT)
as stated in surah al-Naḥl: 98. This verse explains the
requirement to recite al-taʿawwudh every time before
performing the religious duties or when there is waswas
(18). Moreover, Al-Qurṭubī states that the revelation
of surah al-Nās is a method of al-taʿawwudh from the
suspicions of satan and human evil (14,15).
The importance of al-taʿawwudh also aims to prevent
satanic obsessive interference about the essence and
nature of Allah SWT as the hadith narrated by al-Bukhārī
from Abū Hurayrah RA. The Prophet SAW said; “Satan
will come to you, and say: Who created this ?, and
this?”, Until he said: “Who created your Lord?”, If it
comes to him (the suspicion) then he should do isti`āzah
(Invocation from Allah) and stop (from thinking about
it)”. (No. Hadith: 3276).
The second step is to multiply the dhikr of Allah
(remembrance of Allah) which is the basis of calming
the human soul as stated in surah al-Ra’d:28 (14,15).
The meaning of dhikr of Allah also includes the practice
of repentance (16). Additionally, the dhikr of Allah that
calms the soul is the recitation of the Quran as stated
in surah al-Anfāl:2 (13). Furthermore, the practice of
dhikr Allah at all times is like a fortress that can prevent
the interference of the devil and human evil. Only
believers who practice monotheism Allah SWT, practice
zikrullah, recite the Qur’an and always be grateful for
the blessings of Allah SWT would be blessed with peace
of mind (13,14,15,18).
The third step is to increase the recitation of the Quran
by the believers, mainly surah al-Baqarah (14). Among
the main advantages of surah al-Baqarah is as found
in the hadith narrated by Muslim from Abū Hurayrah
RA, Rasulullah SAW said; “Do not make your house
like a grave. Indeed, the devil ran away from the house
in which surah al-Baqarah was recited”. (Muslim, No.
Hadith: 780). Accordingly, the act of reciting verses of
the Qur’an when the soul is restless can produce peace
Mal J Med Health Sci 168SUPP19): 99-104,Dec 2022 103
CONCLUSION
The diversity of non-clinical support methods in the
OCD recovery process displays the ingenuousness of the
development of mental health problem rehabilitation
programs nowadays. Research on the revelation of the
Quran displays various therapeutic verses that provide
peace of mind to human beings.
The integration of the compilation of Quranic verses in
the context of OCD recovery was found to be able to
produce a more optimal effect. Through this integration,
the recovery process of OCD patients will take place
holistically in parallel with the maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah.
In consequence, this paper is presented as an effort to
strengthen OCD rehabilitation treatment following the
guidelines of Act 775-Traditional and Complementary
Medicine Act 2016. As a result, the OCD rehabilitation
process based on the Quran deserves to be recognised
as a complementary treatment model for OCD.
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