Content uploaded by Kathleen Ann O'Donnell
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Kathleen Ann O'Donnell on Jan 12, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
English Brutal Colonisation of the Seven Islands:
The Poems of Ossian by James Macpherson
!"
# $%$&#'
( )*+ ,+ *
- . / * )
�-)1
1. &* ) + $%% 2* (
/ 1 1 "* 3
./33)(*+#)
4-*5./* 2&#
* ) +'* 3&#) +
()3
$%67 ) ) &*. / * 1*
)#/- +*8
*343 5+3*
/)#3**)*
***)*
./ /- ) -
-*.9 )**':
&# ' )
;#".-
+ * 8
0 **) *. <*+
&#* ) * 1*
*+**=/)2
(3&*
$%67=9**)
3)&*+****.
Keywords:3 * /
Introduction
!" # $"$%&$'
()"!*++$","*&$"-"
" *"$""',,
(+.$-/0*,0,$1+&
$",*""2 "$+3$*) *"' *
0 4"5$#$"5 / /"6
7- 8 -+,8 $
0+$, "/"7++"
9 *7: "4*
:.><.? 5"(1@
, :! /" ;< $$ ", $',
7$"*$ "" $"/
/"+ + ,: =$>) .&"'
- 1/ ").3
43 5."$,$& 0" "!
, ,,$7'' "+- "",
) +-'-* ",?"@
+,""+,,9A"".-1',
9!"$ ", $ " *
B'$ : "-8 $ " #+ ,$
,* ""+% 9!"$"
:"'" &' '*+ ,
/"'CB'*',+$ ,$""'
$$ ,//"*,$ " $ $"C
4+& $'786,8,//"
C
$+/- &'>) "
+,""!$"&'*,'=$"'*+$
'* + + &' % 9!"$ D* &,
!,$: "*/":!/"+
"
Revolution
: @"+ $&'3" '7"
,0$""D<!0" " '@": +
&2"*>) ""+""
$ +/- 3",
! $,, $ $ $ .#8B""(E1 F
* " 0" !"$ , $' ,! &
''/- " "G' "
.BH$ (1'+$!" "! ,I$, ,
"$ " F $
$'+ ++#+
+&*,%%"*",,$$,0"
++%.%1/- "
" ! $'G+ +"
/"* * 9$* @$*9$
"$
/ DD* / "' " )* ,"$ &'
) 8 # + 6/ , #G8 3"
$,"",""$*"&*&
&!', /+$&"$&,
/!"$D) ,) 863!""*8
#8+,,# *,63"!8.#8B""((1
(
>?
6''8$",$""&+G8,
/!,'*#J3"!*,"!G6,/+
+,'++J'&*#*J%""!'
,G ' ""$ & , + J #J +
,"$+G+$"""$,$:*+""$$
$"&&!J5,@,"+8$* , 8
J8.0",,<1
6/,#8,6I:8*7",*K
/* &' " 43 4, +
&"+$&'3"" "+$&"6-8
B$&"# &DD*"&'3.#8B""(D1/+
$&"60"8B$&"D&').#8B""((1
4,,38+F",
4*!"$'",: ',/7
+F",*-*+''K/ "$
" , "" "$$ %2"* : -&'
I/",!$% 9$&" "!,
,&$I"% 9$&" @"&
$,% "/K&$,$"+!
, $ @ + $ &' 3" + 2 $
$ D*+ $.(13*
++" $*+2"K:.3(&14,
!"$*$ 4 ,K6"! /""$
B$&" ," 0" + & ' ""'
, , $G62 ,7!
$,)8+8.#8B""((1
9&3* & ,3* $ /
( I"+ "& / /"
F"&$'"+'0""*B$&"*9&3
)& ",3+2"",2
,F",*",K//*&""*"&'
9&3*,"@+ $'&,+"", L:
0$3+*+=$&&'3"
*+',$)"30$
3 " 67 I8 6: % %
"83+"@$*-"*9$9$*
$""$+!"$.3(1)83
+"'&') 8#+)83
,#.) 0"!#8@"((1
:""'* 9A"".-1 ,F"" '
,9!"$"''4 ""' *+
0$B ",9.#8B""(;1/ "((*
, $ G $ ,
,/"% .0"D;17'D"$" '5
% 5/" 5 + $&" 7$ .H $- <19
:.><.? 5"(1@
&"!$' ,"* +"* +$"! $
'$&" ,*+$ '@$"
& , '',:$"* "$&
3'#"!@$4"0,
7$ D.#8B""(&1@,$67"0'8+$""!
+"
6:, *J "$$8 ,* +' ,$ *
B"'+!$&8.#8B""((1
4
67$"*4"&*4*9 * 4&*4, +"
) F$"* '$+,%
'',#8.#8B""(D1
9A""+",, "+!"! $"
+ ",+,% $9,"7#
,+ ",/- .#8B""((1
/B$& ".F"" )"!1 + "
!-*$ * "7'M '*
+ + , # + "! $
,$"*$& :$"7'M+"+@""
" "* "$ " $
&"+ "&'3>$2 $'.0&""
:;1/+"'+ ,$++,9
+""$ ,% '0,$' &$
,!&""!@""+ ""'
$ $ + $ , , D % 9!"$
.$@;1 + / /" M
% " $ +" , 7$
.-"$.1:$ , "" ! 7" 4"
7$ 4 '.00D<1
4'9A""8+&2 $ #
B &"*D*- ,0"*'*$"'
-" ":$*+ "$B ",90$
+"" "* &
6,$"", & $ , ,$$" , $
28.:!(1
9+!I"-!M:!/"DD&
$,$,% @+*+!*&'* $
!#+7"+
+$*",+ =$&'$B$&
.H(1'F",
<
>?
/ DD* I""& :!/"*.:$" /"
//"1*$',0%@$M""'
+60,$8.0,$*-2*42*#."1*
A$-"3$18G6/ 8.H,*?"*
H"?"./ 1*-!M3$A4
" 3$1 4-$"8 .* :
.-"/" 4 1* ?'B.41
"-"1% ,@@+
"'+4A4$".)!'14$"+6# *,"8#8
+ +,&'"*" ,'*"
9$&" - D; $ + &' 3)$".A
*(D14$"+,
6:,,*",*#* "&2",%"*
# ,"'&/)"!*# 8++*"
&"#* ,*@*"!
,$"8.4$"D;1
4$"+ ,!$ ,9$!"$'"
4"2 /"* + " 4$"8 6 H,8 )
.?&1I"4$" "
0,$"'!"$'"+$"&!"&"6
:,98* +$&".4"D1FI"
",3'68"$4$".AD1
//"&$&$&'A9$&" ,
,$$'"+ "&
+ $" &' /" &" + " '
$ "'2/"' I"" ,, "/""$
+) ", "98
67" 0'8+$ '* " , :! /"
"&I"8! '.#8B""(1G0,$& "$
I".0$"" DD1 I" , """",,,
"$$&" "&$&" 4)"
+ B$M"* & "* " &$ H&8* &
" , &"","&' =$ ,
+"" =$ ")"*
$" , 9* $ @" / A
A* *$&"D*.BAM;1F
&'$"I "@$% "*++/"* 2 ,
",/- *&'&&)" 0*,
,4 @&+-$K!':"0*% "
"$$0% "*0*6 ,
$*,*,""'",#*/&$'
&$ ' ,, / '$
!8.% "1 / #* 0 &!* ,
=$,%"7"8
:.><.? 5"(1@
6A"$G&$$!"$*!, $"'* $&'$*&'
F&"&%"8+G,!
$"G&$$" ,,G,&$
&,"" G"!,$ GM"$
, $':$ ,+,#.:
0"1
4 :! /" " $ /"' ,"$ , +*
$""'*/- +$,""&'
/*9$#"" !:!/"$',
0"*,K:,//"*
,,/"+,, ""$
+$+)"$M"+* *'
+7"0"&$,'"G'+
$&' '.BAM;1/*$
',"*//"& ,% 3)
+,, " 4, $, "$A9$"*
% " $ + 2 .-,;1
' " $$ + +$" " & + / 4 '
.)'";1I"+"" $,:!/"
"*+ ,*+"" ! *
'!"$''," .-$;1
The Congress of Vienna
/!,",7",F"*3" "
2 :! /" "',+,$" 7$
" ',0,>0*9$
%)*&,,,$+ "$-$*4$
3"*+ @"'4"" *+ 3" ,
" , :! /".A$ ;;10,,
',A!6" " 8//".)
(<1/*+ //"+*
A * " +$" $ $ ,
$K:,//"*,+
$ * &!+ "" 3" .A$
;;1
, @ 0 + )" / D )"
' "0$#,)"=$+
" !" $"! ,'"
+ * *2 , " '.9
14 "<,') "$
$"&"'"$$&$ &"&$
""! *$ '".)'"
;1 + 2 &' )"@+ )"
;
>?
' !" " $ , 3"
6 $&$,'8.) (<1
The Greek Revolution
$ & (< %&$' ( B
"',)"!/+"&'4"2/"*9
9!"$' $ , 9A"" @ + ,
-"3. %"' : '1+ + +
""$""!+"* "$:!
/"@+",: 7*+ ,$+$
!"$*,?"'*B "'
,)"!*+' 9 # ) ( &*B
/""',-"7'>$: 7+
"$ /"+ $ $ 4$
@$'',2':"I"*4"2/""+'
',/- &'=$ ',
'+".3;1
Tyranny in the Seven Islands
)" " - ' 4" - , 3 ,
$"!*+ !+"+!$"
, &,""&,!
"*&+&, *!
&'#)',"H,.A"1
7'$&'3""'D*,$
$"H,+'"!"",$'2&2
&'3"!".)2<13"
, + .:)'" ;1 &' 4* @
08$'"+**,
$ +G$,,+G+&$
$.A"1
)''+&'/>$(*)"
,, " :! /" +$" $" F ,
/ .-(D1F,! $!"
:&(*'+*,$
$"",&,*"'
3"" '.)'";1#, $+'$&'
++""'2 $&'$* '
$"$.#8B""((1$M"+2"
' , + 9!"$ .$M"D1
"& , + " ,% , +
"6"&'*=$"','8+"+
D
:.><.? 5"(1@
"$$9 '*-"3.H $-D1*
+ ' :! /" .A$;;1 % 2"*0"!
.$M"D1$M".$M"D1+&/(D*$M"
+6 $,F8* &" ' , 9*
,$,: : '*+$,+,
"!,".?1$M"+:9
0$ * /"""+,$F,/ /(<*
,,7'*$M""!,$":B
0$ "*-")'(<*+ +"
D& , !,-"""0*H.$M"
D1
'*B'$:"*+$" ,
,$ H 7':" + & + I"
=$:!/"D@+,$'"!
+",*++"'+,,+'
! '* + 2'+'" 0$ @ +
:"+&$*'&, ,8.0$""
DD1:" $ $ )"* $" , 9 #
$ "$)"8+B$M"*"'+* "
!"$'"* "40"!G4) $
:$"9!"$' "?"
+$".BAM;1)')"* "*+$"!
?""$6/&+ G/
,%8.A"'(((10")"8",
)""* "$$")0"!.H$M;1
/"'*& '0 "&+$'
, 9* " 4 * &' I"
0 K!'* !$ " 6- ,
% "&$98*,)"
, " , )""* "
+ ,6>0@&$4$'$4"&
! * H (8)"8 &$ 9 2 "$
".A"" 1 !' , ,,
', )"*,"$ &'9* :" ,""+
.)'";14 * :" + $' /"' $" $
/DD*B$M"+&:"/&"*,$
% '$I"3$@+,,
+ "' " 1D/ &
' ' + ' $"@ 2"
'&$"'/ $ $ ',
32 ,+,=$ !"9 $,
&$&"*+-
6' '" " "$ ! ,$/
+&'*+/"-8.$M"D1
>?
4+*$M","=$ &48
&$',+,,$ "$#/
,
6#*"0" @+ !
"3"&'>) +,$"/"
!&'4&&)" 0*$&",@H"!
-,#8.A;;1
4$ ,++$&" $"
+" "$0"#4 '+
4')*,""+"'+ ".$M"D1
4' )+"","*+ "'*
" "$* &&
$ @ " "$ # .) )"
3 '" ) H$11 6 :$" 8 &' % "*
+ ,"$ &'08#.)(<1/+$&"
D( .B AM 1:" :"* " ""' &
"!+!,.)I
)"3 ' "I3""H *A"$1
, ',:" + ,
" " "$,//"F/",*
$)*+$/"'*+*""'*"
:"*+"!/"'$4$*:"!"
$6@+ $'&" $'+
$, + $" ! ,
"!'C8.:"1/ ((* ) + 6# %8 !
:"&$+,"&/,"$ &')*)+
6K" +* ,* +"" '$ "' "C H* , +
"" 8 , , +' !
+ :"$$6#7'86@'
H&'8* ,+ !, + " / !
A///*:" "$,9
6:*&"
)$$'" 5
#"'&,*
0*"98'*'! 8.:(1
:!"!&') '"+,6%"8
6H&' ! /"", $$4
H++:+!+ %+, J
.BAM1
4
64+!+&$&&"! +"" ,M
+!8.) ;1
:.><.? 5"(1@
6+,"+" $8
.BAM1
4
N- 0$ $""O$",+
H$ "$*+,$,+.)
;1
4"!
6/ ''+*/'32 ,,
F$$8.BAM1
/((:"$&"'/""69/!!8
.:"D1) " , "$#*"
6)8* + ,"$ &' /"" , 6B$"8 &'
0.A;;1) +"
,,!
HH$&':"
63 / " &
4""$*=$MH""M" 8.:"D1
6:+$&""*'"5+++5
* ""!+8
."&'B"1
6PEQRSTUQVWXWXYEZW[S\]^TEV_E^YW`E\ZS\aS
TSXbcYdeEVEaETT\cfSaZcfVSgEZWahdTE
V8NEOcfVYETXa^XYcVYE`\W[ZVE\S\]cTTWahYW]bE\
adZQ`Ef\ThXS\EXVUVWXhYQaWXE\ihYW]8.BAM1
6),@!=$ * +
+ "" +,$" ++ "
"'$"! ""'8.)'"1
.4"""&'$$"+1
, 2" , , # "
'" "$$3"''),"$ :"
,""++$,/- 2
$ 4"*&=$
",,,/ ++6=$8
",,H&'"$&" =$""!:!/"
+ $.)'";1G+,
" , '*$ &'% *+2
$3" /,"$ &')*:" ""'*
)," "+ ,""++""$
+''G#>$
>?
4'++'$,3"+BG
:",+'"+&,*
+ $ " #/6#)8*+
, *""&
$.?$"$<1'M$
,$""!+)$:
6#)8
:+&$,&'$,,&"','
9'
:+,*'$+'$!3 ',#*,
+=$""'
-''+'&$',
#,,&"
// " +""++"
&
%)$:'$
#+'$",$""' "J
#'$"$$'/
H$$'$+'$$'$M'$"$"""'$
"+&8.A;;1
$&! "$!$"$
3"&!)$:*+ <G
=$=$",'$.?<14 "&"
",",$ :""+6))8
&$ $,>?"$G$ +
+6#)8.#8B""((1
6#)8&':"+"'$&"4
$''"+ "'""&$.#8B""
((14, ,"$ ,#:",$6
F,'8+ + /+""&&
:""'+ !',$,
:,)"+"$,"/ *
+!*,$" ,' +
+ ",!"$"6 $$+
& , + $ 8 " 6B$"8
.A;;12$ $ , HH: ! ,
H H 0$ + =$ + ' /-
66&",",:+NB,O@$$
$ " , H8.) ;1 6F,
8 2 , '
!"$,$.)'";1
:.><.? 5"(1@
/(*9*$ ",,:"*$",
,, , 0 3"* , % " -$&"
- $*4%"$*?/A,3"
=$2,D0$$ "&",
+ &' :" + " #
", *" 9 $*+ +
%$"'* 3" $"
@ 0 3" ! .:"1
:"+"69H 3"8.
,,1.:"D1+ ,"6F'$$'$
+"""''$,!84,,)"'
"*9$:!/".:"D1
' $ + !"&" / 4 ' 0,$* +
,, ""' (< / + &' H $", F :"
$&" 6@' H&'8H$",, :"2
!+"$&$& ,+
6'!&!*/",/*
9,'"!.H&'1
94"!J
'&$,+
7!'!"&+++
6%"H&'8
4+4
H"",''*
:"$"'
) "'8.>1
4 $',,:"*&,%*7"
=$ !$"!"' " ,! , "
.)'" ;1 0'$+ ! & , B 3
%.:!$"$D1
/ (* :" ! "' 0,$@ &,
!"$/$"'% "'*,
) 7 ) % "* 2" 3"* +
$H@""*,F-'+'
&",6"&""'" "-!8.@"(17
/AA* 3 .@"
(1:"+",,-!"0+$$0
@! 2" 0,$ 0+!"!+ /"
!"$'!+ "!, , @"'$
"$&$" " " " !$/4 '.:"
1 :" " $* + :" )$$* /"
9!"$' "%"H""+&&$
B$ ":.#8B""(1:" ""&+H""+,
(
>?
,$ 6# B, 3"9.:"1 H""
" $&" 6- -8 , A'#&'
)A'#++ ' ""'23" $"
, // 6 M , / 3
&"8/+$&"0,$/"<.#8B""(1:""'*
)+ "'67"-"8/"'* !$ $'*
),",>+*""$&'
3"* $"% *+&""$&" !
,$&" ! *+ +2'+
""' ! " , " .?"$ ;1 / +
, ( I" ! , ""
":!/",,,"$$.BAM1
/*67"-"8&')+, $&" 4
+6#8&').)1*",:".&!1*
+ ,"$ &' # , , )8
" , # &' B AM* , 6# 8
.A;D1*!" &'4 ',""+
"$'*
7"'"
+'$
"","++*
""'"&.1
/++' !
#JF'&
/&" !*
'$
/'$+&
0'3"!*
0 ""
"'$,&.1
.(1
.)0"F,)0" 1
63"!8!")$!&+,6/,
#8&')*$&"DD*",+ +,
,',3*&"".#8B""((1
:"'6 8*+ *H-"*$&"
,'.:"1+$',B-B!
H$*B ,-"'*?" ".A$;1+
6 $ 8 B! ," 7$ +-'- D
7,& 2"&'3"* - &*$
4!"$'+ :" + -" "*>$"$M
:"+ .<1:"+ "3+ +-
(@:"&,0,$:&
;:"+ "6@'H&'8&':"G,+!
:.><.? 5"(1@
I"4#,& + 4
)W$2*0, ".#8B""(&1
/+'' )
+" $'* " !"&" 4*
"$3"&""
.#8B""((1@/,$ :!/"*/!
&$ ,$"*$/ =$!/!"
:" +"!/"'* & $ ,
,"$ , /- /"$+/"
"&'0,+) ' ,
++,:",)*+ +$"!"
&$ $ +2"3$!"$' "
",)/&:"* 7 " "&
,) "$ $&'%
"' :"+,#.) 1
6/ : , @8 .A ;;1G " + $$"'
"$&+,$$ 4:!/"
+&! ,'*+'!+
#*4)$2.B<1
"* * ""* " " *
4)$2*+&0,$D@$-$K!'
+ " "+@0:+M"*+
' & " , #$ :!/"+)"
!)$2$&"63', + "$
,""+ ,-8'$"'-*)",
2")$2 ,$ " 4 * /"'* +
0& -, (*!)$2&
),3$ 3"@04+
! 0 +',$ :! /" +
! .- D1 4, 08 $ * )$2
$:!/"+,$,"+ /
(*+" /:@$&"'$+
'*@""*",,* "+/
+$"&"&$ "+
)$2* ,$ , 9, -'
B&" "-'* ++ /" $,3".
&"+1* $ + * + ! 0"" #,,
H " &$ $" , " ,
0$$7$".?;<1
),0"+3",)$"!*0@'
-@&!,/"+$"& 4&-
$<9!"$/<*"! %8
@"" "&,"!'@,!> ,+
",I@,'$'"
+'.)$"!<1J#,+$&,
<
>?
"&$'+3"" '$70""
$",$&,"+!:!/"
)$2 "&$(; "@+""+
, ' $ , 0$ +$" ,,
7 , -+ 2
!@,+," + "$
,$""'I,&+"'$,,,&+
"',! .?;<14:!/"! *
H0"%M'*!)$2$2 "
+ 3" "6H $ +
"$ " " , " , / /"8 "
"'$ ?"*$H!*+::-'"*
$ ,!$$+ '*+
% * 3" ! "' @
0.H!-'"1B$.<1,
! , " & , $" "&'
.$"$1
42",+3"",""+&'
)"6B$,HB$"8
6H&",& $,"'$ $'
""',+ '!'$
'+,+&" ,
!',"'"8.B
AM1
4 "+ $ + 2 3" +"
& + "!* & 4 0"!
"6##"!8*"$$$
,""+!,*+ +$&"4
6$ +" , 0, 3! $ ,
7& ""',!'$$ /!'$8.0"!D1
%""+$ , "+ $ 3"- *+
&("$"*"""!+ $+"
"$ !$ .A";(1
:"/*",:!/"$+,
,*+" +2,,$3" """!
$&!,!
4*0"!*,!&B /4 '
(;*$"',9*: "<
% ""$/4 '
,98+ "$,64/=$'@$)
- " , 0 :8 $ + #
$"* $ , +
:.><.? 5"(1@
, "$ 4 * $ + ,
6 "'8 + 9 "
, ' , , "
$ 9& "' &$ 6+"8 &$ "
" "!"$.B+'10"!++&,'+
,"$ &' / - * $&"- $
9!"$ .A ;;1 # , 6# : 78
,46:,:"8+"",,,
&"0"!"+6,'&,
+ , $'8 .4 (1 # $
?",,''!"$,/"8:
7.A$;(1*+ ,""#>$(
6*+','$ $''$
$*+$"'$+&+$"'C8.0"!D1
6-$$"',$,*&+'!&8
.%"///1
6I&""&+'&*+$"+"'",
"!!"8.7/A1
09!"$'0 ?'4 +
+-"3@$$"-4,$!!
: 7*4$0,$4 '+,
4",8"' "$6:$"86#8.;<1@"0"!8
6#: 789<4*4
4$ "'42"*"'"'
+'69"8*+ &':!/"
:&"" , $&" 0,$ &"" +
"6H)8
6' ,+"$/$&,$"
+"" , $ , + , $ $ &$,$" "+
'$$, *'$8
)',&""8"'+,7$ #*+
+ &' 4",* "' ,"$ &' # .A
D1* "$69-8* + .
1
"'+&() *I"'*<(*4*
,+ 7!/*
?"?" + $, !" +'
+ , "+' + ,$
@$+"4"2)!*
-*!$ /
+'*-)&"!+$""++$"$
! ,&!.)'";1+,""+
"6?8
;
>?
@+'*+ '$& "$ !"
'$'$$, +$
&C.A";;1
?" + ,$ $"' $ ," + F ,
",$
6F '&'+'$+"" &$ '$*' ! '$
!"8
@ ""&=$$,9$" " $
4$"*?"+!,2 $.)";1/",
:"*+<(*:"
6F /',, C0$$!"G
* ," &$ M #"' +
&" * " $#"' $,$$
&*+!',$"'*+$ $*+
"$ $"!,""'&$,&,,"*+
=$$$$ ! ,'8.:"1
/- *$"* ',
+,$$''+" &':"
,""+,$6" 8$"&!"
", #*-,""+:"8&", &"!
"+ $" &$, , '*,,&$,
"$!,$"",.:!$"$D1
/4*+ $8L",!"$
? , 6 )'8 6 "
0$8.$"((1 4" <* $&"
+ 698 ! $" "$ 4 .7$&$"1
F 4 $ 7$ " M "$
6%8 "$9" , /- "$
@"9$" 0M7"" .#8B"" (1 " $
""&+"?".) $"$1
+" " $ :! /" ,+
60!!8 6B&" "8 + &"! +
& 3"*'+$"& ""
'+$"",',A/ ',
6B&" "8&""+" '*"" !"!
"'*+$,,3" $
+ $, ""69,8+ " "&
7++,$""+"' $"
! $"++&" ,+''$$
"$'"&",+$" $
D
:.><.? 5"(1@
, $" '' ' $ , 7 +$
2 "$$,:!/"+
' K'"69 "84++
+' $++2 ,3"''
,G,- "!:!/"'
$ + "' &" " ,$
+" $",+ '"""& $7
- & ! +$ "8 .-
(D1?" " !-""$ $
"7'M" "3&$" ""&$,
+,$"/&+$"&,
", , " 6 "&'* =$"' ,'8G +
" ""' $"$""' / ,, ,
" ""',/2$&'?#
"=$+, "$
&$,$""' &6B$"86:,
:"84", "$" *+ '&" ""'
!"" "' +!'$'
, =$"'
$ )!'* ?" "* "' $"*
+"' 69 "3$8+$ &'I "
M)2"+ $, ! &'
: "-" .M$$;1+$+:!/"
$+ ""$'.#8B""((1/+"
+" "' +,#3$
+) .#8B""(1/*)!'$&"
6:"8 ?" + 6@8 .)!' 1 4
)!' "$ , )8 '
#* + &' +, $).)!'
;1
)!'",2"",4,!",$,
< - 9!"$ ?"* 2" , " "
,$$"&"" 3" ,'&" $&" "'+
$&G "! +, '+
, *.)'";1?" "",
"$ $ H!* /" /! ! >
)*+,!&""+,,,
+ 2" + "+*"! '
"" ' + 2" &' & " , 2 ' "!
"" .H$;<1% "!!"+$++*
""+,,,,$&'
3"@0&$,$.)";<1
3"'' !"$,","'
*$**, "'* "$+
,$+","$'?"
>?
'I$+H2$+,",
9!"$A" <.H$;<&1
/ )!'8 6:"8 #
+ *+'""&"M*!!
,6:"8
6/++"'$"""!*
"! ! ,0$'8+
6"""
#$!j4$J
F""'$"""" C
/+',+ $""
#,*',*J
*!, +
k#J7$+$ "''
4/'",+!0$'l8.)!'1
F $" 4* )!' +$" ! $
?!$?#-$,, ""$<4
* "$& ,, ":!/"
",/- $ 9*,""+
,:"*,),$,B 3
%?" "$"-'-/*
,&,# ')!'42 *
+ +,"$ ,)86/8*,,
,""+
6% *++!, * $"*
,,M$
' "!"'!""'&" !
"$' "8.BAM;1
-8"'+,# '+"
$!"&"$&" "&.:!$"$D1
/;*"?"$>$"$'"$&"
&, ' B'$:"/ "$
",#&+ # "
69 /8@ 63 8+ $ ""!
+".#8B""(1
#"'M'*+"+'+ "
+"j
/""!.!1"' "$&,+""+
.?1
:.><.? 5"(1@
'"+," ",,:!/"
=$, !$, $,)"@$&"
'"" $/"K,$"'*'"+, "!
:!/"& $,,"$$*"'&'3"*
'"+ ,!$,,"' 0,$-27
+ !"'.#8B""(1$ &'
3"'$',=$"",
:!/")
-' :'* + , + ?"* +
&' 3" D + ' "* +
4, "!+@+
F',).,'53!1
#'&$,$"*""*/!'$CF& $,$/
+'"C
$ + "! , , -"" "'* " $ '*
&"*),j
#H&")'$"&+'C
F "" " *
4+)"$C
%,""'$""+'+"$$$+!$"$+
""C.:'1
- $&" 6B$ , H'!8 +
- &"! / - &"
'+","$ , '+$ +
&"' "0" "$ ",<"
&"!+$&"!"*,64"8?";
3' ; .:!$"$ D1 & &"
",6B$"8$"! &$"'
,
)' * +''$ " '$, CB '$"!,'$*
+ '$ '$ $ ' +
)+$&"!:
"+,"8,
4
-" , "" * "+* '$ '$ '
:$"''$"'$",+ !*&"
j8.-;1
(
>?
/;(*- &') .#8B""((1*",
/" ! , - $&" 6B$"H8
?" ;( ++ 9$&" +
+$ "&"&'9'"0" "0' "
9!"$?'*,, ""' "&"" $
6 ' ,!" !$ ,@*H*
):!"8.#8B""(D1
' # F .#8B""(<10' "
9!"$ + ", 9!"$ " $
"$"" $"+&2"0' "
/", " &", !"$ $
",,$&" / &6>$!8
.)!';1 ,,$", /-
+" ","$ B 3%.9
: '1 , ", $'
+" &,$'+ $9
?#2"+0" 4
<<0$*?+! !#2"
.>"! ;1
3",:!/" +' +,
, B*"$2&$+
,m$A 8$+$", ,3"
!!++$""
'.?D1?" "' ,
"!$', +'+$;<*+
+''$,$"-&"! +
&"'+"$ , ,'2"*
* +* &$ + , * , ,
$" , ,* " &' 9 "
.;<1@++"'!,@0
, 0,$ 4 .:!$"$ D1 / 4 +
- .#8B""(<1 #)'( ;< :! /",, ""'
$+ I"4& 6@'H&'8&':"
++ I"-, ;< @"
" 6!?8$3" "
/4 '0,$.#8B""(1
@+$ :!/"'"! C'
+&"'!'2, '$$
"!''+'$$+@0
,"'+''$$,
'0" $"!&6- 8$+""*
! $ ,',! $* $ ,,'! $
".-(D1
(
:.><.? 5"(1@
((
>?
Conclusion
$+," "+ $$
/"*-"/"'$& ,$"*2$",*$'
,' "! $ " '* +$ '*
"" $"$0" "$2$ "
,:"86#)8"
+$# "" &?"*
$"* , " $" , , 6B$"8
"&'-2 +"'$&'0" ",
,""+#2&!"&"' , "$
$ , ' $ "
"$ &$,/- &'>) 3
&')& ,' &+
"'$ ","$ )"$"++$"&
+ " !"$ , , , %
9!"$ I" :! /" "$
" , * :" ! ,
0" "$$$, ,&!# '++
' ""' !$, "0" "$+
$6" 8:"*+
,""+%""*:!/" "++""$
"+' ,'"$+'+ ' ,
A+"&'3"@0*+ +*'
"* $&$* $ +
!H*&$""!"?" " "
63" - 8 """ + ,
@ " + , ' A 0
, " :! /" ' 63"
- 8 ! , " "$ && $"'
&*3""""6,8:!/"
:* ""' "$ , ' ,
*+ ',:!/"+ , ,
"(F,/ ,,"!,
', 3" &$"' $,, "' $
',:!/" "$ " $ $"$
'$,'$+, , +
&'/,:!/",,
"',,''$3"$"& ,)
References
4"F.D1/B*$%$C$%DD*H:*n3"o
0
(
:.><.? 5"(1@
4.(1/'*1+*$%$%C
$%%E4-"$
4$"4A .D;1 *,5 /F*8**-pB$
7$&$"%?.167&"',8*9*"*
:)"*4>$'>$
0"!4.D1 AA#*&'B""*4# *
D
00*4.D<16H4 - q7$ >'
"$-,$8*7":$p:"
0&"" > o: -"" .;1 &** I+ % 4
-
0",,7.<1*A-/35<-*
H4"
0"9 .D;1)!,/ DD(6/,"$
,% 9!"$8*-H
0$""H.DD1%-=$:".1*4p3
BH$ >3"").(1%#7"$: ,
#*I+n+++ $D(;
B AM :-</ / ? </ <3 /(3 N 0" F ,
4)O-*
;-'-*-#)"*-*4
B ? .<1 GHHIJKLMN OPQRJSKNQMN N9 O* 4
3
B+'>.16)" "':!202-,#8*
'@+""*3&$3&$K!'-*
39&.(a1B ',/7'*+++&&'3
9&((
3 4 .(b1 "* 3 *
+++&7&'
3-?.;19/"?4
% "*K (n.d.)-)AT,*1U*
1+++ $"$", "
$"$)
.1
6rstuvwtxsytRzr{t|ysyrP}~PR}~tu}~PvR~tzs~••€r|x~}s~R8
NI+$&":! /" $3"# $O*A
<)?*4)!
$M"* B .D1 MIRNIN SMSVRLPQRLRKSMWSKRNKQMJ
MKtz}~PvRsrs5<*N#0.M-:!/"5
<1*M0:'*4# *D1
@"-$".(16K,32"K% ")8
$ M-$"•@"•(<<-B%
@ $.;1 v t€€vPs|v •€‚RR~ R}vP ƒtPr|x~}r{wtPv
|tx|{x~.H$%$"0,$1:!/"0"*
4
>"! 7&.;169$*7!9!"$,;(;8*#
A"(*:"7"H$
>*9""'.1"0&K!'-3"
(<
>?
?"$ : .;1 6SMNXJSRQRSPJGWSRJINPJSMX $%$Y
5IZGSORHGXSGOKR5 N6:!/" 0$,D6%"H&'8O*
31*4
?% .;<1
LMKJGNRJRHM[KGNNSMJR[PJRKMJKPJLRKLX\OMX\]^_`abcdefghiije]kQleja
amci_ne]kN0:"$",//"0'$@+
9,-'+,$O/3 */$(<(;*)'>$"'*4
?B.10"F,>$"$'"*4-
? .D1 MKG\GQoRNGKNSPJR[[HPJNSIJGHHRpRN3"
/! O*43
? .a1 MOI[RNWGORKMNLRKIoRHLRJKLIMQMN\MJpKR
N9-7"0,O*43
?.b1sNSMOKRSINJGMGHHIJKLINHM[MSGqJKRNRrhef$7sD
t^ef$E6$\OMHM[MNLPMNSRoROJRHISMQMNRN@',)
H$ , < "" ;* "$ ? A"* A"$ 4
3
?* .<1 SMoMXJXNSRNMHPQKJJ\MKININ)$
',:"O*4<(*/$*>$
?$"$ ? .<1 * -C-* + !"$*
*4B
H $- 9 .<1 3u* * ,*C'*
$ „&„"-B%
H3".(1"*3u**':*
u:*+u*-pH$2
H!4o::-'".19#4"*?"(4"
H$: .;< 6ws~ wrxuv z~}xs‚}s|vR ~P}syx~Rt‚R |~}~ }‚P
r{~xys|‚P |~}~ys‚•w‚P}rP|~sxr}vR~••€r|x~}s~R8*N64 ,
, $ $ , F$3" $"8O 3
(**4/?$
.;<&16~••€rs~zv•ƒrPs…rPstxtsR8N63"@-8O3(**
4/?'
H$M @ .;1
\GOKSIN\MHKSKLINLRSRNSRNGPNSING\SRJINMXG\KGJGSPJ* N#
-" " :$ , / /" $ AO* 4
I"$-""
) -.1B' :"*7" 0" "- K o 4B
0M*K:4
) >.;1/9(- ( , 3<<"'(A/("B '*&'
@+ "" + /$ &' % :,,* 3&$ 3&$
K!'-
) 4 )"" 3 ' " I 3"" H .
3 ' ")H$1*4*-*A"$
.1/-*-$4*
6" , #8 R\RJSR SPJ JGMGHHIJPJ LHRNNKLPJ N
0"F, ) 0" O* : ' , -$&"
4*
)*3 .(<16#/"'%08/*
(@+""H7"&$'
)!'$ 3 .1
\OMNSMXNX\GORN\IKNSRNSINQXNSKLINZIWMWMOKRN M\RSOKNN
(
:.><.? 5"(1@
4! ,: 7""6:"8O9#*4"*?"
%&$'
)!'* $ .;1 6(
\GOKMNNKRJMXLRKSPJGKNRXSMJR\MpKpMQGJPJ\MKINGPJ5N6#
-&$8O*1*A"4*>$"'*4
.1KNSMOKRSPJKMJKMJJXNPJROqMQGJISP$YEYLRKR\[MXVRSM
$%$s
QGSR\OMGKNSR[P[INGJIGLSKvGJSRKK\OMI[MXQGJRKSXqRKRXSPJ
N@',//",DD**((!"$O*.4
H&',@ ":$*-"*B'I?!<
)2* ? .<1 HGXLRNLRKHGXLRpKMKG\KR[[HKLIN\OMNSRNKRN
$%$C$%671*NH,H,$3".;<1*0,$*<*
H&'*4B'$I?!*)0)H/
)":.;1--B*4
.;<16'H8*N6"F8O3(*;<)'>$"'
) 0")"H&.(<1#2,B ',I"7'#2,
) $"$ .1 KNSMOKRSINLGWRHMJKRN SMQMNpGXSGOMN
N@',?"*A"$(O4?"
)$"!*3"*0@'-.<1/*/(*
@ H !" ,,",$<
($C,†o!+†
)'" :' .;1
6MKGwJKLMKLRK\MHKSKLMKR[PJGNNSRGWSRJINRLRKMOMHMNSMXSX\MX5
N6I"-" ":$":!/"",-8O*
31*4
)'": .;1
6IVRLXJwMNLRKIG\RJRNSRNISMXGKLMNKGJR[.[SGOSNGSIN U p.
[MXVGHINUQ.NK[MXOMN5*N(K*5B
$M"5):$O*:!/"0"
#8B"" ?"4.(1 6: H$ :$37"
4"2;;-,#&'>) 8*/3<('*4
"""n
.(<a1 6I0$' 0' " F 0" @8*
19 (
- :! ) #&"* 4 /$ , 3$ 9
.4/I391*"""n9
.(<b1@++0$': ","$ +,I
0$')",/- &'>) 8*
/3<('*4"""n9
- (2016) ‘ B,B 3%B
, :$ ; - , #8
*!"((
.(D16 B 3 % - , # 3'8*
4/I39*4"""n9
6.(160,-,#&'>) I
0$' : F"8* 4 /3<('
"""n
.(&16",#*) &'I
$'3$9 "/"" $"B 3%A+
(;
>?
A A <.<1*
"""n9
.((16/,"$ ,)I:F"8*
-' : 4, 9!"$@393-K4/#I: #%@#)4:
)##93-#39* )K:/04IB -#H//0:* : ) 0"!
#8@"* 9$" '" o % $ I+ * H
"""n9
-*.(D1k//"$7- .;<1l0"
A""o) "B84".1C21*
-*3>:33C>>1*)")"K!'-
-* -'.;16vbdYQVWX€XbE`QVW[8* whaZWZ* N6B$, H'!8*
)O*%#*I"-4"2
-$.;1 Ax- 5**y *
*-p7B$
-"$3" .1 "5* y 5 +* '. A
(5u*uuz5u8F
-pH$2
- ) ".D1678 38 '*3
3{H920""
-, $.;1 6-"'" B H$831
4
9B.1/;#*43
: 0" > .1 6" , 4&&08 " 0 "
8@') M*'19*
*=$I$4$ ',-,
#*+0$42* , "B $
+ 9,$*3&$
:0"7"'.(1/&**HH*@$*9*
#*7+
:"B' .D1 ~z~P}~ zt…~ |~s s}~€s|~* N 0" +
-/"OH-"*/
.D1 \MKIQRSRNA"$ -O H -" * 4
/
.1 ~z~P}~~€€s€r•x~us~t^\ahTS\EwSVcgYEfQRQaS\‡fS\] N
0" 0"" , 0 $" 0"
FOH$-"*4/
:! H : ( / # * $7sD + + /$ &'
:! *H@$o0
:!$"$3H$ .D1 \RJR[KPSIN\RJRN $%DC$%E6
|kj^a_}fnr~ned^afijke_gh^N-' - .(;1 4 9 " 9 O*
43
:'-:.1</,,)4:""$
0
.;<14z~P~{sr}sRz~P~Rrˆt‚xv}s|rR}r{xs…rRz~R}sRwr{ 5
ryvwrRsr•x~urR 5 €r•rR 5 rzrsv}vR8 N6-' - ,
9 "5>$"5: "5-8O*I343:/4*40;<
&"F",B ',/7'(&&'
&"+",
$"A .((1 69 "8L ""L=$ *
" 8':u$YsYC$YE%3**+
+u*4 ""=$"*KI3:0#*-pK
(D
:.><.? 5"(1@
M$$ I " .;1 6"
R\MSIJKNSMOKRSPJG\SRJINPJSMwGRSOMNSRG\SRJNRLRKKpKRKSGORN
SIJLGWRHMJKR\OKJR\MSIJGJPNI5N%@',:!/"
:!/" $""'?"&,KO*
31*4
AI.;;16:"#8"&'#8B""?*
-A";*4"""n $
AI:.;D16# 8*" &'#8B""?;*
-*A"$*4"""n $
A" .;(1 6tgVEZQf\‡V\bWaEZ\ghfVWV‰Zx\ŠWf^EfV‡ZbEVcVWXTW‹\‰VEV\faWX
.wSThVQ81* N6 :! /" ), , 9 " -'
:$8O*31*4
A" 4" .1 ~xsR}r}t€vRŒ~€~‚xs}vR* }Wa`*zW\UaEVEbE\zSŠc*
N4" A" A"$ 7* - -O* - :!! o
3"MM"$*4/
A-.D1 ,*A"/o(*//*%9o0-
A""9 .1 6+ $ ' , 9
""$8 -6 -,% " ,
98+ )$ I"0K!'4
o40$"$"#*4
A"'* / .(((1
}~~Pt|yr}~}r{|~x~sR|~|s|~s}r{|r€r|r}xrPv* ~Pt|yr}~ 5
•Prws|~5ztxstx•~N4 ,??"4 5
#50$ 4 ?"* @ 3 :' N
I+,3O
A$ 0 ..;(1 rs tz}~PvRsrs R}vP t€€vPs|v tz~P~R}~Rv
|tu~€€rPs}tR tˆt€rP}tR R}rP stxr €rƒr }r{ {•v€~P}v
.:!/"9!"$?" A"$:
7,/"1:!/"0"4:!/"
A$ 0 .;1 pKQKSOKN pRXKNCHMXOGJSVRSMN
4GLGKJMK\MXpKMqRJGSMXNoOGSRJJMXNR\MSIJG\SRJINM5 N,
k+!$3",:!/"lI*B
-B!H$M.(<1O*-
A$0 .;;1 ~zr }v Rtsx~ 6t|tPrs zr{ ysrƒ~Pt }r{R
Œxt}~PPr{R ( •tx~RswrR t{R} w~{xr{s~PPvR8 N6%
6+!$7,:!/"8I(3$
)!'(;: I"-O*44$"$*
;;
/ .;<1 |‚R}~P}sPrR|{xs~|r{
~xsR}s~RrgTW‹SYd]E‹‰Z\fVU]rbWYgE_W]UiW^W\d]r‹TXb[]ecfbETW]
N? ?'$4*,!,Gp" ,,&"
O4-" "H'-$&"
.1--344
(