Data on the chewing lice (phthiraptera) parasitizing the accipitrid birds (accipitriformes) in turkey

Abstract

The present survey paper documents the chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) associated with the Accipitriformes of Turkey. A total of 182 accipitrid birds belonging to 14 species, and 9 genera were surveyed. For the collection of lice, feathers of birds were carefully examined; an insecticide was applied on birds into a breathable paper bags from where lice were transferred to collection tubes. Of the 182 birds, 151 (82.97%) were infested with 21 chewing lice species including 8 species of Colpocephalum: C. apivorus, C. zebra, C. trachelioti, C. impressum, C. polonum, C. nanum, C. turbinatum, C. milvi, 6 species of Degeeriella: D. phlyctopygus, D. leucopleura, D. aquilarum, D. nisus, D. fusca, D. fulva, 2 species of Laemobothrion: L. vulturis, L. maximum, 2 species of Craspedorrhynchus: Cr. fraterculus, Cr. platystomus, 2 species of Falcolipeurus: F. suturalis, F. quadripustulatus and one species of Kurodaia fulvofasciata. Among birds, Buteo (Buzzards) were the most prevalent (73.63%), with 6 species of lice on B. buteo and 5 on B. rufinus; 3 each on Aegypius monachus, Aquila heliaca, Aq. nisus, and Circus aeruginosus; 2 each on Pernis apivorus, Ci. pygargus and Milvus migrans; and one each on Circaetus gallicus, Hieraaetus pennatus, Aq. chrysaetos and Aq. gentilis. Circus cyaneus, Ci. mac-rourus, Clanga clanga and Accipiter brevipes were not found infested with the louse. There are some lice species reported for the first time in Turkey, put new records for the hosts and the country on record. Many Turkish birds are, however, yet to be screened for chewing louse infestation.

Full text

Journal of Animal Health and Production
December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 443
Research Article
Abstract | e present survey paper documents the chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) associated
with the Accipitriformes of Turkey. A total of 182 accipitrid birds belonging to 14 species, and 9 genera were surveyed.
For the collection of lice, feathers of birds were carefully examined; an insecticide was applied on birds into a breathable
paper bags from where lice were transferred to collection tubes. Of the 182 birds, 151 (82.97%) were infested with 21
chewing lice species including 8 species of Colpocephalum: C. apivorus, C. zebra, C. trachelioti, C. impressum, C. polonum,
C. nanum, C. turbinatum, C. milvi, 6 species of Degeeriella: D. phlyctopygus, D. leucopleura, D. aquilarum, D. nisus, D.
fusca, D. fulva, 2 species of Laemobothrion: L. vulturis, L. maximum, 2 species of Craspedorrhynchus: Cr. fraterculus, Cr.
platystomus, 2 species of Falcolipeurus: F. suturalis, F. quadripustulatus and one species of Kurodaia fulvofasciata. Among
birds, Buteo (Buzzards) were the most prevalent (73.63%), with 6 species of lice on B. buteo and 5 on B. runus; 3 each
on Aegypius monachus, Aquila heliaca, Aq. nisus, and Circus aeruginosus; 2 each on Pernis apivorus, Ci. pygargus and Milvus
migrans; and one each on Circaetus gallicus, Hieraaetus pennatus, Aq. chrysaetos and Aq. gentilis. Circus cyaneus, Ci. mac-
rourus, Clanga clanga and Accipiter brevipes were not found infested with the louse. ere are some lice species reported
for the rst time in Turkey, put new records for the hosts and the country on record. Many Turkish birds are, however,
yet to be screened for chewing louse infestation.
Keywords | Accipitriformes; Amblycera; Ischnocera; Phthiraptera; Turkey.
Bilal Dik1, Saima Naz2*, muhammaD Sohail SajiD3,4
Data on the Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera) Parasitizing the Accipitrid
Birds (Accipitriformes) in Turkey
Received | August 16, 2022; Accepted | September 17, 2022; Published | October 10, 2022
*Correspondence | Saima Naz, Advanced Parasitology Research Laboratory (APRL), Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080. Sindh,
Pakistan; Email: syma.naz@usindh.edu.pk
Citation | Dik B, Naz S, Sajid MS (2022). Data on the chewing lice (phthiraptera) parasitizing the accipitrid birds (accipitriformes) in turkey. J. Anim. Health
Prod. 10(4): 443-453.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2022/10.4.443.453
ISSN | 2308-2801
Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.
is article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/).
1Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Selçuk University, 42250-Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey; 2Advanced
Parasitology Research Laboratory (APRL), Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080. Sindh,
Pakistan; 3Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4One Health Laboratory,
Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
Of around 10,500 species of birds reported globally
(Gill et al., 2016), around 500 have been reported by
Şekercioğlu (2006) and Kirwan et al. (2008) in Turkey. Ac-
cipitriformes include around 225 species in the world of
diurnal, carnivorous prey birds with a sharp-hooked beak,
longer and broader wings, and strong legs with raptorial
claws includingeagles, hawks, vultures, etc.ese are di-
morphic, monogamous and long-lived with low reproduc-
tive rates.
Among various parasitic diseases, ectoparasites of birds are
of great importance which can penetrate the skin, into the
air sacs or under the feathers consuming dead cells of the
skin and tissue uids and/or sucking blood (Phillip, 1963;
Panda and Ahluwalia, 1983; Johnson and Clayton, 2003).
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera)

Journal of Animal Health and Production
December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 444
are important ectoparasites of birds causing irritation, ill
health, reduced haemoglobin and erythrocyte values and
hyperchromic anemia (Jungmann et al., 1970), erosive
stomatitis (Dik, 2006a), and lameness due to heavy louse
infestation (Jungmann et al., 1970; Okaeme, 1989; Kumar
and Kumar, 2016; Mishra et al., 2017). ese can act as
vectors for many diseases and pathogens (Pavlovic et al.,
1989; Dik et al., 2017). Chewing lice are cosmopolitan and
permanent obligate ectoparasites primarily of birds (Price
et al., 2003). ey usually cause subclinical infestation
causing direct eect through irritation and an indirect ef-
fect through the transmission of various other blood-borne
parasites e.g. larial worms (Cohen et al., 1991; Clayton et
al., 2008; Mehlhorn et al., 2012; Dik et al., 2017).
From Turkey, İnci et al. (2010a) elaborated a review on the
lice fauna of Turkey in various mammalian and avian host
species and two suborders, three families, 37 genera and
79 species of bird lice have been reported from Turkey. Of
these, 43 species were from Ischnocera (Philopteridae), 35
from Menoponidae and one from Laemobothridae. e
prevalence of ectoparasites with at least one chewing louse
was reported to be 41.4% in wild birds of seven dierent
species from the Cappadocia region of Turkey (İnci et al.,
2010b). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) morphol-
ogy of a louse species Craspedorrhynchus platystomus (Bur-
meister, 1838) procured from a representative member of
Accipitriformes i.e. Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo runus)
has also been documented earlier (Dik et al., 2013a; 2018).
Colpocephalum trachelioti (n=3) was found for the rst
time in Turkey on the wounded black vulture (Aegypius
monachus) on Türkmen Mountain, between Eskisehir and
Kütahya, Turkey (Price and Beer, 1963).
Some of the examples of louse reports from dierent wild
birds of Turkey include Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli,
1763), Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), Craspedorrhynchus
platystomus (Burmeister, 1838), Colpocephalum nanum (Pia-
get, 1890) and Kurodaia fulvofasciata (Piaget, 1880) from
Long-Legged Buzzard (B. runus) (Dik, 2006b; Gülanber
et al., 2006; Dik and Özkayhan, 2007; Dik and Uslu, 2009;
Göz et al., 2015). Craspedorrhynchus fraterculus (Eichler
and Złotorzycka, 1975), Degeeriella aquilarum (Eichler,
1943) and Colpocephalum impressum (Rudow, 1866) were
recovered from the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and De-
geeriella fusca (Denny, 1842) was recovered from the Mars
Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (Dik and Uslu, 2009), Degeeri-
ella nisus(Giebel, 1866) and K. fulvofasciata were found on
the Common Buzzard (B. buteo). Colpocephalum subzerafae
(Tendeiro, 1988), Degeeriella rufa (Burmeister, 1838) and
Laemobothrion tinnunculi (Linnaeus, 1758) were recovered
from Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) (Esatgil et al.,
2012; Dik et al., 2013b; Girişgin et al., 2013). e present
report describes the results of chewing louse infestation in
183 accipitrid birds surveyed from various areas of Turkey
and the fauna of Chewing lice in Turkey was updated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of birds and their chewing lice: A total of 182
accipitrid birds (live and dead) belonging to nine genera
and fourteen species, collected from various regions of the
country (Fig. 1) are examined in the present study in Tur-
key during 1988-2019 at various regions throughout the
country (Table 1). Each bird was carefully examined for
louse infestation. Feathers of each dead bird were carefully
rubbed, over a white piece of paper or in a bathtub. Wash-
ing was performed under the tap water in nylon bags and
bag contents were transferred to the Petri dishes and ex-
amined macroscopically and microscopically for the pres-
ence of chewing lice. In the case of live birds, an insecticide
(a synthetic pyrethroid) was applied at the recommended
doses (0.5-1oz per bird) to eliminate the lice (Sato, 2019).
Birds were placed in breathable paper bags or carton boxes
for 20-30 minutes. e lice fallen on the bottom or from
the skin of the birds were transferred with the ne forceps
to the collection tube (Fig. 2).
Figure 1: e map of Turkey, showing the areas in light
gray colour that were visited for the collection of birds.
Figure 2: Restraining (A) and collection (B) of louse
specimens from accipitrid birds.
Preservation and mounting process for the chewing lice: Col-
lected lice samples were preserved in sample collection
tubes containing 70% ethanol. Clearing of lice specimens
was done with 10% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) for 24

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December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 445
Table 1: An inventory of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) fauna of Accipitriform birds (Aves) in
Turkey.
Bird
Genera
Bird species
examined
Number of bird
examined
Number of birds
infested
Lice species
Accipiter Ac. brevipes 1 0 -
Ac. badius 9 0 -
Ac. gentilis 2 1 Colpocephalum polonium
Ac. nisus 11 7 Colpocephalum nanum, Degeeriella nisus, Kuro-
daia fulvofasciata
Aegypius Ae. monachus 4 4 Colpocephalum trachelioti, Falcolipeurus quad-
ripustulatus, Laemobothrion vulturis
Aquila Aq. fasciata 0 0 -
Aq. heliaca 2 1 Colpocephalum impressum, Craspedorrhynchus
fraterculus, Degeeriella aquilarum
Aq. chrysaetos 7 1 Laemobothrion maximum
Aq. nipalensis 0 0 -
Buteo B. buteo 49 42 Colpocephalum nanum, Craspedorrhynchus
platystomus, Degeeriella fulva, Degeeriella nisus,
Falcolipeurus suturalis, Kurodaia fulvofasciata,
Laemobothrion maximum
B. lagopus 0 0 -
B. runus 85 72 Colpocephalum nanum, Craspedorrhynchus plat-
ystomus, Degeeriella fulva, Kurodaia fulvofascia-
ta, Laemobothrion maximum
Circaetus C. gallicus 3 1 Colpocephalum turbinatum, Degeeriella leuco-
pleura, Falcolipeurus quadripustulatus
Circus C. aeruginosus 5 5 Degeeriella fusca, Colpocephalum turbinatum,
Kurodaia fulvofasciata
C. cyaneus 1 0 -
C. macrourus 1 0 Myrsidea sp. (Contamination due to preying?)
C. pygargus 4 1 Colpocephalum sp., Degeeriella sp.
Clanga C. clanga 1 - -
C. pomarina 0 0 -
Elanus E. caeruleus 0 0 -
Gypaetus G. barbatus 0 0 -
Gyps G. fulvus 0 0 -
Halieaatus H. albicilla 0 0 -
Hieraaetus H. pennatus 1 1 Laemobothrion maximum
Milvus M. migrans 2 2 Colpocephalum milvi, Laemobothrion sp. (N)
M. milvus 0 0 -
Neophron N. percnopterus 0 0 -
Pernis P. apivorus 3 3 Colpocephalum apivorus, C. zebra, Degeeriella
phlyctopygus
P. ptilorhynchus 0 0 -
Pandion P. haliaetus 0 0 -
Total 182 151 Overall prevalence: 82.97%
hours followed by washing in the distilled water for 24
hours to remove KOH. After washing, dehydration was
performed in 70% and 99% graded ethanol for 24 hours.
Slide mounting was done using Canada balsam.
Microscopy and determination of the chewing lice species:

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December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 446
e morphological features of the specimens were ex-
amined under trinocular stereo zoom microscope (Nikon
SMZ745T) using the keys described elsewhere (Eichler,
1944; Clay, 1958; Price and Beer, 1963; Tendeiro et al.,
1979; Gállego et al., 1987; Pérez-Jiménez et al., 1988;
Dik et al., 2011; 2013b; Nelson and Price, 1965). Pho-
tographs were made using the Leica DM 750 Trinocular
Microscope for all species but except larger specimens for
which stereomicroscope was used. Data of taxonomy was
compiled and percentages of the species of dierent gen-
era were calculated. Careful handling of the birds for the
collection of lice specimens was done using the guidelines
to the use of wild birds in the research (Fair et al., 2010).
RESULTS
A total of 182 individuals were examined for chew-
ing lice and prevalence 82.97% was found. Twenty-one
chewing lice species belonging to 10 Amblyceran spe-
ces were dentfed ncludng Colpocephalum apvorus
(Tendero, 1958), C. mpressum (Rudow, 1866), C. na-
num (Paget, 1890), C. polonum (Eichler and Złotorzycka,
1971), C. trachelot (Price and Beer, 1963), C. turbnatum
Denny, 1842, C. zebra Burmester, 1838, Kurodaa fulvofas-
cata (Paget, 1880) of famly Menopondae; Laemobothron
maxmum (Scopol, 1763) and L. vulturs (Fabrcus, 1775)
of famly Laemobothrdae; and 8 Ischnoceran speces
were ncluded Craspedorrhynchus fraterculus (Eichler and
Złotorzycka, 1975), Cr. platystomus (Burmester, 1838),
Degeerella fulva (Gebel, 1874), D. fusca (Denny, 1842),
D. leucopleura (Ntzsch [n Gebel], 1874), D. nsus (Ge-
bel, 1866), D. phlyctopygus (Ntzsch [n Gebel], 1861) and
Falcolpeurus suturals (Rudow, 1869) were detected on the
nfested brds (Table 1).
Besdes these, a thrd-stage nymph of the genus Myrs-
dea was also collected from Circus macrourus, a nymph of
Colpocephalum species from Buteo runus, a few nymphs
of Laemobothrion species from Aquila chrysaetos and Mil-
vus migrans, and three specimens of Colpocephalum species
probably C. avescens [nom. dub]. e genera Colpoceph-
alum in suborder Amblycera, and Degeeriella in suborder
Ischnocera were very common. Presently, eight speces
n the genus Colpocephalum and sx speces n the genus
Degeerella were detected. e hghest nfestaton rate
was recorded n common buzzard with six species and
Long-Legged Buzzard with ve species; 85.71% and
84.71%, respectively.
Phthirapteran: Amblycera: Laemobothriidae
Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli, 1763) (Fig. 3)
Material Examined: 1♂ 1♀ 1N; ex. Buteo buteo; 2006; Van,
Turkey. 1N; 20 November 2006; Develi Kayseri, Turkey.
1N; 23 January 2007; Sivas, Sivas, Turkey. 1♀, 1N; 7 Octo-
ber 2007; Nevşehir, Nevşehir, Turkey. 1♀; 13 August 2008;
Tomarza, Kayseri, Turkey. 2♀; 9 November 2009; Sivas,
Turkey. 1♂ 4♀ 1N; between 2008 and 2012; Karacabey,
Bursa, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀ 1N; ex. Buteo runus; 30 September
2019; Akdağ, Beydilli, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀ 10N; 9 August 2018;
Küçük Hüyük, Ihsaniye, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 1♂ 5N; 11
August 2018; Tokuşlar village, Sinanpaşa, Afyonkarahisar,
Turkey. 1♀; 14 October 2018; Ahmetpaşa, Sinanpaşa, Tur-
key. 1♂ 2♀; 1988; Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 1N; in back and chest
feathers; 1990; Konya, Turkey. 1♀; 2006; Kirikkale, Turkey.
21♂ 35♀ 44N; 22 November 2006; İçeri Çumra-Konya,
Turkey. 3♂; 3 May 2007; Konya Zoo, Konya, Turkey. 1♀
8N; 18 February 2008; Ankara, Turkey. 2♂ 2♀; 20 No-
vember 2005; Tomarza, Kayseri, Turkey. 1N; 23 January
2007; Kayseri, Turkey. 1♀ 4N; 17 March 2011; Veterinary
Faculty, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 1♀ 3N; 4 April 2011; Vet-
erinary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 1♂; 26 October 2011; Vet-
erinary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 4♀ 1N; 6 January 2012;
Veterinary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 1♀ 4N; 3 April 2012;
Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀; 3 December 2013; Konya, Turkey.
1♂ 2♀ 7N; 14 January 2014; Konya, Turkey. 2♂ 3♀ 5N; 22
February 2019; Veterinary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 1♂; ex.
Hieraaetus pennatus (as Aquila pennatus in the text); 2010;
Veterinary Faculty Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
Laemobothrion vulturs (Fabrcus, 1775) (Fig. 4)
Material Examined: 1♂ 1♀; ex. Aegypius monachus; 10
December 2010; Türkmen Mountain, Kütahya, Turkey.
Remarks: New country record.
Phthirapteran: Amblycera: Menoponidae
Colpocephalum apvorus Tendero, 1958 (Fg. 5)
Materal Examned: 1♀; ex. Perns apvorus; July 2014;
Van, Turkey.
Remarks: New country record.
Colpocephalum mpressum Rudow, 1866 (Fig. 6)
Material Examined: 1♀; ex. Aquila heliaca; 3 January 2008;
Konya Zoo, Konya, Turkey.
Colpocephalum nanum Paget, 1890 (Fg. 7)
Material Examined: 2♀; ex. Accipiter nisus; 2 June 2011;
Eskişehir, Turkey. 1♀; ex. Buteo; 5 February 2007; Tomarza,
Kayseri, Turkey. 1♀; 16 April 2009; Develi, Kayseri, Tur-
key. 1♂; 24 September 2009; Sivas, Turkey. 1♂; 6 October
2009; Kırşehir, Turkey. 1♀; 2008; Karacabey, Bursa, Turkey.
1♂; 2010; Samsun, Turkey. 3♂ 4♀; 27 November 2017;
Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 5♂ 3♀; ex. B. runus; 2005; Kırık-
kale, Turkey. 2♂; 22 November 2006; İçeri Çumra, Konya,
Turkey. 17♂ 42♀ 6N; 2006; Uludere, Eskişehir, Turkey. 8
adult 1N; 21 June 2010; Veterinary Faculty Konya, Tur-
key. 1♀; 7 July 2006; Yeşilhisar, Kayseri, Turkey. 2♀; 15
May 2009; Sivas, Turkey, 1♂ 1♀; 20 July 2009, 20 Oc-
tober 2009; Tomarza, Kayseri, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀; 6 October

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December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 447
2009; Nevşehir, Turkey. 10♂ 19♀ 9N; 17 March 2011;
Veterinary Faculty, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 25♂ 46♀ 18N;
26 October 2011, 29 March 2016, 25 May 2016; Veteri-
nary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 1♂; 5 November 2011; Çum-
ra, Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 2♀; 23 April 2012; Burdur, Turkey.
48♂ 49♀ 86N; 8 August 2011, 25 April 2012, 3 December
2013, 19 January 2017, 23 January 2017, 6 August 2018, 22
February 2019; Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀ 3N; 11 December
2015; Baksan, Eskişehir, Turkey. 2♂ 3♀ 4N; 29 January
2016; Fidanlık, Eskişehir, Turkey. 110 specimens; 10 Au-
gust 2018; Bolvadin, Turkey. 2♀; 1♀; 26 December 2016;
Konya, Turkey.
Remarks: New host record.
Colpocephalum polonum (Eichler and Złotorzycka, 1971)
(Fig. 8)
Material Examined: 6♂ 16♀ 12N; ex. Accipiter gentilis; 8
August 2010; Kızılinler, Tepebaşı, Eskişehir, Turkey.
Colpocephalum trachelot (Price and Beer, 1963) (Fig. 9)
Material Examined: 3♂; ex. Aegypius monachus; 2003;
Türkmen Mountain, Kütahya, Turkey. 4♂ 9♀; 10 Decem-
ber 2010; Türkmen Mountain, Kütahya, Turkey. 2♂ 10♀
3N; 10 September 2015; Eskişehir, Türkmenbaba, Turkey.
15♂ 6♀ 2N; 26 December 2016; Kulu Veterinary Clinic,
Kulu, Konya, Turkey.
Colpocephalum turbnatum Denny, 1842 (Fg. 10)
Material Examined: 1♂; ex. Circus aeruginosus; 6 April
2012; Eskişehir, Turkey. 10♂ 15♀ 18N; 13 October 2014;
Cernek Lake, Bafra, Samsun, Turkey.
Remarks: New host record.
Colpocephalum zebra Burmester, [20] (Fg. 11)
Material Examined: 1♂; ex. Pernis apivorus; 15 December
2005; Tomarza, Kayseri, Turkey.
Remarks: New host record.
Kurodaa fulvofascata (Paget, 1880) (Fg. 12)
Material Examined: 1♂; Circus aeruginosus; July, 2014;
Veterinary Faculty, Van, Turkey. 1♀; July, 2014; Veterinary
Faculty, Van, Turkey. 1♀ 1N; ex. Accipiter nisus; 19 Decem-
ber 2015; Eskişehir Merkez, Turkey. 4♀; ex. Buteo buteo;
27 March 2007; Bozdağ, Konya, Turkey. 1♀; 28 February
2011; Veterinary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 2♀; 20 De-
cember 2013; Veterinary Faculty, Konya, Turkey. 11♂ 32♀
4N; 2010; Samsun, Turkey. 1♂ 4♀; 12 November 2015;
Veterinary Faculty Konya, Turkey. 2♂ 1♀; 2 January 2017;
Konya, Turkey. 1♀ 1N; 20 September 2019; Dinar, Afyon-
karahisar, Turkey. 9♂ 2♀ 8N; ex. B. runus; July, 2014;
Veterinary Faculty, Van, Turkey. 2♂ 1♀; 2 January 2017;
Konya, Turkey. 108 specimens; 10 August 2018; Bolvadin,
Turkey.
Remarks: New host record.
Figures 3-11: 3. Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli, 1763)
Female, original; 4. Laemobothrion vulturis (Fabricius,
1775) Male, original; 5. Colpocephalum apivorus Tendeiro,
1958 Female, original; 6. Colpocephalum impressum Rudow,
1866 Female, original; 7. Colpocephalum nanum Piaget,
1890 Male, original; 8. Colpocephalum polonum (Eichler
and Złotorzycka, 1971) Female, original; 9. Colpocephalum
trachelioti (Price and Beer, 1963) Male, original; 10.
Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 Male, original; 11.
Colpocephalum zebra Burmester, 1838 Male, orgnal.
Phthirapteran: Ischnocera: Philopteridae
Craspedorrhynchus fraterculus Eichler and Złotorzycka,
1975 (Fig. 13)
Material Examined: 34♂ 39♀ 15N; ex. Aquila heliaca; 30
January 2008; Hay Bah, Konya, Turkey.
Craspedorrhynchus platystomus (Burmester, 1838) (Fg.
14)
Material Examined: 3♂ 1♀; ex. Buteo buteo; 5 September
2006, 19 February 2007; Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, Turkey. 2♀; 26
November 2007; Kırşehir, Turkey. 4♂ 12♀ 2N;

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December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 448
Figures 12-20: 12. Kurodaa fulvofascata (Paget,
1880) Female, orgnal; 13. Craspedorrhynchus fraterculus
Eichler and Złotorzycka, 1975 Female, orgnal; 14.
Craspedorrhynchus platystomus (Burmester, 1838) Female,
orgnal; 15. Degeerella fulva (Gebel, 1874) Male, orgnal;
16. Degeerella fusca (Denny, 1842) Male, orgnal; 17.
Degeerella leucopleura (Ntzsch [n Gebel], 1874) Male,
orgnal; 18. Degeerella nsus (Gebel, 1866) Male, orgnal;
19. Degeerella phlyctopygus (Ntzsch [n Gebel], 1861)
Female, orgnal; 20. Falcolpeurus suturals (Rudow, 1869)
Female, orgnal.
18 April 2012; Karacabey, Bursa, Turkey. 1♀ 2N; 20 De-
cember 2013; Veterinary Faculty Konya, Turkey. 3♀ 7N;
2010; Samsun, Turkey. 102♂ 122♀ 100N; ex. B. runus;
1988, 1990, 22 January 2009, 4 April 2011, 19 April 2011,
26 October 2011, 16 November 2011, 6 January 2012, 10
February 2014, 29 March 2016, 22 May 2016, 19 January
2017, 23 January 2017, 6 July 2018; Konya, Turkey. 4♂ 6♀
1N; 2005; Kırıkkale, Turkey. 2♂; 2006; Uludere, Eskişe-
hir, Turkey. 10♂ 23♀ 7N; 3 May 2007, 7 December 2007;
Konya Zoo, Konya, Turkey. 26 adult; 3 December 2013,
Konya, Turkey. 9♂ 3♀; 13 November 2009; Veterinary
Clinic, Antakya, Turkey. 1♂ 2N; 20 November 2005, 20
October 2009; Tomarza, Kayseri, Turkey. 12♂ 18♀ 2N; 17
March 2011; Veternary Faculty, Afyonkarahsar, Turkey.
73♂ 79♀ 68N; 4 Aprl 2011, 19 Aprl 2011, 1♂ 2♀; 5
November 2011; Çumra, Konya, Turkey. 2♂ 4♀; 28 Jan-
uary 2012; Ankara, Turkey. 4♂ 6♀ 14N; 23 April 2012;
Burdur, Turkey. 1♂; 29 January 2016; Fidanlık, Eskişehir,
Turkey. 2♀ 1N; 2 April 2017; Banaz, Uşak, Turkey. 3N; 10
August 2018; Bolvadin, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 15♂ 14♀
3N; 3 May 2018; Çay, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 3♂ 3♀ 2N;
3 March 2018; Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874) (Fig. 15)
Material Examined: 3♂ 2♀; ex. Buteo buteo; January 23,
2007, 24 September 2009; Sivas, Turkey. 3♀; 12 February
2007; Kayseri, Turkey. 2♂ 1♀; 19 February 2007; Pınar-
başı, Kayseri, Turkey. 1♂; 6 October 2009; Kırşehir, Tur-
key. 4♂ 7♀; 25 April 2012, 20 December 2013; Veterinary
Faculty Konya, Turkey. 4♂ 6♀ 1N; 18 April 2012; Kara-
cabey, Bursa, Turkey. 3♂ 4♀; 2010; Samsun, Turkey. 1♂
2♀; 20 September 2019; Dinar, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
238♂ 216♀ 148N, 58 more specimens; ex. B. runus; 1988,
1990, 20 February 2005, 22 January 2009, 5 June 2010, 4
April 2011, 19 April 2011, 17 May 2010, 21 June 2010, 8
August 2011, 26 October 2011, 16 November 2011, 6 Jan-
uary 2012, 25 April 2012, 10 September 2012, 3 Decem-
ber 2013, 14 January 2014, 10 February 2014, 29 March
2016, 25 May 2016, 26 December 2016, 19 January 2017,
23 January 2017, 6 July 2018, 22 February 2019; Konya,
Turkey. 43♂ 56♀ 27N; 22 November 2006; İçeri Çumra,
Konya, Turkey. 3♂ 1♀ 1N; 2006; Uludere, Eskişehir, Tur-
key. 13♂ 19♀ 1N; 3 May 2007, 7 December 2007; Kon-
ya Zoo, Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀; 16 April 2008; Karapinar,
Konya, Turkey. 89 specimens; 20 March 2009; Konya Mu-
nicipality Animal Shelter, Konya, Turkey. 5♂ 3♀; 13 No-
vember 2009; Animal Clinic Antakya, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀ 1N;
20 November 2005, 20 October 2009; Tomarza, Kayseri,
Turkey. 1♀; 7 July 2006; Yeşilhisar, Kayseri, Turkey. 2♂
2♀; 15 May 2009; Sivas Merkez, Sivas, Turkey. 3♀; 26 July
2009; Kayseri, Turkey. 12♂ 13♀ 2N; 17 March 2011; Vet-
erinary Faculty Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. 1♀; 5 November
2011; Çumra, Konya, Turkey. 5♂ 8♀ 7N; 28 January 2012;
Ankara, Turkey. 5♂ 4♀ 2N; 23 April 2012; Burdur, Turkey.
1♂ 1♀ 1N; 11 December 2015; Baksan, Eskişehir, Turkey.
3♂ 6♀ 23N; 29 January 2016; Fidanlık, Eskişehir, Turkey.
15♂ 19♀ 5N; 3 May 2018; Çay, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
9♂ 13♀; 3 March 2018, 18 July 2019; Afyonkarahisar, Tur-
key. 1♂; 11 November 2018; Erkmen Village, Afyonka-
rahisar, Turkey. 12♂ 14♀ 6N; 10 August 2018; Bolvadin,
Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
Degeeriella fusca (Denny, 1842) (Fig. 16)
Material Examined: 5♂ 7♀; ex. Circus aeruginosus; 19
April 2007; Konya Zoo, Konya, Turkey. 1♀; 6 April 2012;
Eskişehir, Turkey. 1♀; July, 2014; Veterinary Faculty Van,
Turkey. 2♂ 6♀; July, 2014; Van, Turkey.

Journal of Animal Health and Production
December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 449
Degeerella leucopleura (Ntzsch [n Gebel], 1874) (Fg.
17)
Material Examined: 3♂; Circaetus gallicus; 2012; Veteri-
nary Faculty University Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
Remarks: New host record.
Degeerella nsus (Gebel, 1866) (Fg. 18)
Material Examined: 18♂ 8♀ 2N; ex. Accipiter nisus; 10
December 2010; Yunak, Konya, Turkey. 12♂ 28♀ 7N; 7
April 2015, 4 September 2015; Lake Cernek, Samsun,
Turkey. 2♂ 2N; 16 January 2017; Konya, Turkey. 15♂,
20♀; 13 April 2018; Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey. 1♂ 1♀ 1N;
ex. Buteo buteo; 2012; Karacabey, Bursa, Turkey.
Degeeriella phlyctopygus (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1861) (Fig.
19)
Material Examined: 1♀; ex. Pernis apivorus; 15 Decem-
ber 2005; Tomarza, Kayseri, Turkey. 1♀; 14 February 2012;
Konya, Turkey. 2♂ 5♀; July, 2014; Van, Turkey.
Falcolpeurus suturals (Rudow, 1869) (Fg. 20)
Material Examined: 1♂ 1♀; ex. Buteo buteo; 2012; Kara-
cabey, Bursa, Turkey.
Remarks: New host record.
DISCUSSION
e results in the present study are similar with the previous
studies (Pérez et al., 1996) that reported Aegypius monachus
with L. vulturis (Fabricius, 1775), C. trachelioti (Price and
Beer, 1963) and Aegypoecus brevicollis (Burmeister, 1838);
Aquila chrysaetos with Colpocephalum species and Craspe-
dorrhynchus aquilinus (Denny, 1842), while Aquila adalberti
was infested with L. maximum (Scopoli, 1763), C. impres-
sum Rudow, 1866, C. fraterculus Eichler and Złotorzycka,
1975, Colpocephalum species and Degeeriella leucopleura
(Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1874); Circaetus gallicus with Falcoli-
peurus species; Buteo with L. maximum, C. nanum Piaget,
1890 (C. meridionale in the text), D. fulva (Giebel, 1874),
C. platystomus (Burmeister, 1838), L. maximum, D. regalis
(Giebel, 1866) and Craspedorrhynchus spathulatus (Giebel,
1874) were found more prevalent in Milvus and M. mi-
grans. C. turbinatum and D. fusca were found prevalent in
Circus aeruginosus.
e prevalence of Craspedorrhynchus species in the current
study is in accordance with previous studies of Hafez and
Madbouly (1968) from Egypt from Buteo buteo vulpinus
and Price et al. (2003) of C. platystomus from the Common
Buzzard (B. buteo). Gállego et al. (1987) reported the spe-
cies of genus Craspedorrhynchus from other birds including
Accipiter gentilis, Ac. velox, Aquila chrysaetos, Buteo borealis
costariensis, B. erythronotus, B. swainsoni, Milvus milvus and
Pernis apivorus from the dierent countries including Ar-
gentina, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, France, Finland, Ger-
many, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain and USA (Fasungo-
va et al., 2008; Malysheva et al., 2018; Tomás et al., 2016;
2018). Dierent species of louse have been reported from
the wild birds with special reference to Accipitriformes
in various parts of the world including Turkey (Price and
Beer, 1963; Shavsmanou, 1982; Kettle, 1983; Gállego et al.,
1987; Pérez-Jiménez et al., 1988; Pérez et al., 1996; Miller
et al., 1997; Rékási and Kiss, 2005; Adam, 2007; Dik and
Yamac, 2008; İnci et al., 2010b; Dik et al., 2011; Girişgin
et al., 2013; Dik et al., 2015a; Piross et al., 2015; Tomás
et al., 2016; Grandόn-Ojeda et al., 2019). Four louse spe-
cies L. maximum, C. nanum, D. fulva and C. platystomus
were reported from the Common Buzzards Buteo buteo and
Steppe Buzzard B. vulpinus from Israel (Teodor and Costa,
1967; Yosef et al., 2019).
One chewing louse, Kurodaia haliaeti(Denny, 1842) was
collected from the nestling and adult ospreys (Pandi-
on haliaetus) of Ontario, Canada (Miller et al., 1997). In
Spain, Gyps fulvus was infested with L. vulturis, C. turbi-
natum, Pterophilus species, Aegypoecus trigonoceps (Giebel,
1874), Falcolipeurus quadripustulatus; Neophron percnopteri
was infested with Colpocephalum percnopteri, Ae. perspicu-
us (Kellogg, 1914) and Falcolipeurus frater (Giebel, 1874).
In California, the USA, seven raptor species of the birds
were found infested with 11 chewing lice species (Morish-
ita et al., 2001). Recently, L. maximum and C. polonum
were found prevalent in vultures, the endangered spe-
cies of India (Kushwaha, 2015). In a study conducted by
Pérez-Jiménez et al. (1996), Craspedorrhynchus species have
been found the most commonly infesting louse of the ac-
cipitrid birds, except vultures. Hafez and Madbouly (1968)
reported Craspedorrhynchus species from Buteo b. vulpinus
of Egypt. Later, an identication key for Craspedorrhyn-
chus species from the falconiform birds of Spain was doc-
umented (Gállego et al., 1987). K. fulvofasciata has been
reported from the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo runus)
(Tendeiro et al., 1979), Common Buzzard, Little-banded
Goshawk (shikra), Short-toed Snake Eagle, Rough-Leg-
ged Buzzard, Bald Eagle, etc. (Price et al., 2003). In Roma-
nia, of the total 186 birds, 30 species were surveyed with 76
individuals; of which 21 species hosted 31 chewing louse
species belonging to 25 genera, 3 families and 2 suborders
(Amblycera: Menoponidae: 6 species; Laemobothriidae: 2
species; Ischnocera: Philopteridae: 23 species) (Rékási and
Kiss, 2005).
In Turkey, the prevalence of the lice was reported in B. ru-
nus (Long-Legged Buzzard), B. buteo (Common Buzzard),
Circaetus gallicus (Short-toed Snake Eagle), Aquila pennatus
(Booted Eagle) and Accipiter nisus (Sparrow Hawk) in the
northwestern Turkey where D. fulva, D. nisus, L. maximum,
D. leucopleura, C. platystomus, C. nanum, F. suturalis were

Journal of Animal Health and Production
December 2022 | Volume 10 | Issue 4 | Page 450
reported (Girişgin et al., 2013). Later, Göz et al. (2015)
collected 108 specimens comprising 19 species of lice be-
longing to 15 genera from the wild birds of the Lake Van
Basin, Eastern Turkey. Of these, K. fulvofasciata (Piaget,
1880) from the Long-Legged Buzzard and Laemobothrion
species (nymph) from the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysae-
tos), were recorded for the rst time from Turkey. In a study
conducted by İnci et al. (2010b), of the 246 birds examined
for lice in which 33 (13.4%) were found infested with 25
louse species, included 17 Ischnoceran species belonging
to 15 genera and eight Amblyceran species belonging to
ve genera with the highest infestation rate in the orders
Accipitriformes (100%).
ere could be many enabling causes that facilitate the
settlement, growth, and propagation of the louse fauna
e.g. increase in chewing lice population due to heavy rain-
fall, high temperature, sharing eect for livestock animals
and solar radiation (Dik, 2006b). Birds undergo molting
in post-breeding; the primary function of feather molting
is to replace damaged feathers for thermoregulation and
proper ight. Besides these, molting also helps in reducing
the ectoparasites density (Dik et al., 2013b). To avoid the
eects of molting, lice have developed strategies including
migration to newly develop feathers. Ischnoceran lice are
more aected by molting as compared to amblyceran lice
due to having slow-moving speed. Another method used
by birds to control ectoparasites density is preening which
is the manipulation of plumage with foot scratching and
bill (Dik et al., 2013b). Lice avoid preening by migrating
to those body regions where birds cannot preen.
A wide spectrum of louse fauna has been reported so far
from the Turkish aviary; however, many birds are still to
be screened. So far, no species belonging to the genera
Acutifrons, Aegypoecus, Cuculiphilus, Ctenigogus, Falcomeno-
pon, Nosopon, etc., parasitizing the accipitriform birds have
been reported from Turkey. Although, Dik et al. (2015b)
described Ae. guralpi as a new species from the Long-Leg-
ged Buzzard; however, later, Dik (2016) explained that this
species is a synonym of Neophilopterus incompletus (Denny,
1842) parasitizing on the Stork (Ciconia ciconia). In a few
studies, the morphological characteristics such as chaeto-
taxy of the body or male genitalia of some of the specimens
were too poor to be identied at the species level (Eichler,
1944). is can also lead to the reporting of the louse fau-
na less than the actual prevalence. Moreover, phylogenetic
studies of the louse specimens from raptors of Turkey are
yet to be conducted. e present report adds data in the
inventory of chewing louse fauna of accipitrid birds of Tur-
key; however, despite the several studies on detecting of
the chewing louse species of the accipitrid birds in Turkey,
further faunistic and phylogenetic studies are needed.
CONCLUSION
e present survey study is concluded with the records of
chewing lice fauna found in Turkey from the raptor birds
of family Accipitridae (Accipitriformes). During the sur-
vey, 182 birds of Accipitridae found in Turkey were exam-
ined which contained 9 genera and 14 species. O these
birds, 82.97% birds were found infested with 19 chewing
lice species, included 10 amblyceran species representing
two families Menoponidae and Laemobothriidae, and 8
ischnoceran species of family Philopteridae. Among birds,
the highest prevalence of infestation was recorded 73.63%
in the genus Buteo (Buzzards), whereas the birds species
Circus cyaneus, C. macrourus, Clanga clanga and Accipiter
brevipes were not found infested with any of the louse spe-
cies. Additionally, there were two species, L. vulturis and C.
apivorus were reported rst time in the country with new
locality record and six species, C. nanum, C. turbinatum, C.
zebra, K. fulvofasciata, D. leucopleura and F. suturalis were
reported with new host associations. e results of this
study provided a reference source of louse fauna from Ac-
cipitrid birds of Turkey, but still there are more raptor bird
species to be screened for chewing louse infestation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
e authors pay thanks to the management of Kulu Veter-
inary Clinic, Kulu, Konya, the Veterinary Faculty of Kon-
ya, the management of Konya Zoo, Konya, the sta of the
Veterinary Clinic, Antakya, and the Konya Municipality
Animal Shelter, Konya, Turkey for providing the live, dead
and injured birds to us for the collection of their chewing
lice during the survey of this project.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ere is no conict of interest between the authors of this
manuscript.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
Conceived and designed the experiments: Bilak Dik.
Performed the experiments: Bilal Dik.
Analyzed the data: Saima Naz and Mohammad Sohail Sa-
jid.
Contributed in nal drafting and processing of the manu-
script tools: Bilal Dik, Saima Naz and Mohammad Sohail
Sajid
Wrote the paper: Bilal Dik and Saima Naz.
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