RESEARCH OF APPLICABILITY OF HEALING GARDENS: EXAMPLE OF EGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL GARDEN

Full text

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
EDITOR
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kübra YAZİCİ
AUTHORS
Prof. Dr. Aysun ÇELİK ÇANGA
Prof. Dr. Bahriye GÜLGÜN
Prof. Dr. Emine MALKOÇ TRUE
Prof. Dr. Serkan ÖZER
Prof. Dr. Hasan YILMAZ
Prof. Dr. Sepil ÖNDER
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kübra YAZİCİ
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yavuz ALKAN
Assist Prof. Dr. Gülşah KAÇMAZ AKKURT
Assist Prof. Dr. Şeyma ŞENGÜR
Assist Prof. Dr. Okan YELER
Lecturer Gökhan ASKAN
Res. Assist. Nursevil YUCA
PhD. Student Atakan PİRLİ
M. Sc. Gonca KESER
M. Sc. Huriye ÇALIŞKAN MİMARLAR
M. Sc. Huriye Aysel ÇELİKEL KISA
M. Sc. Nazli ESMAEİLİ HESAR
M. Sc. Seda ŞEMSİYECİ
M. Sc. Zeynep OGUZHANOGLU
M. Sc. Sergen İLİKÇİ
Landscape Architecture Şeyma ÖZTÜRK

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ISBN: 978-625-6955-15-8
Cover design: Atakan PİRLİ
December/ 2022
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Size: 16x24 cm

CONTENTS
PREFACE……………………………………………………
1
CHAPTER 1
ACCESSIBILITY EVALUATION IN UNIVERSITY
CAMPUSES: THE CASE OF ERZINCAN BINALI YILDIRIM
UNIVERSITY YALNIZBAĞ CAMPUS
Lecturer Gökhan ASKAN
Prof. Dr. Hasan YILMAZ ………………………………...………..
3
CHAPTER 2
DEFINING SOUND LANDSCAPE AND DETERMINING
USER REQUESTS IN TERMS OF NOISE POLLUTION: THE
CASE OF URİMİYEH CITY PARK, IRAN
M. Sc. Nazli ESMAEİLİ HESAR
Prof. Dr. Serkan ÖZER ……....................................................……..
29
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH OF APPLICABILITY OF HEALING
GARDENS: EXAMPLE OF EGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
GARDEN
Prof. Dr. Bahriye GÜLGÜN
PhD. Student Atakan PİRLİ…………………………………............
49
CHAPTER 4
LANDSCAPE REVIEWS WITH USER PARTICIPATION:
ZEYTINBURNU MEDICAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
GARDEN
Prof. Dr. Aysun Çelik ÇANGA
M. Sc. Huriye ÇALIŞKAN MİMARLAR ………………………...
79

1 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
PREFACE
Dear readers,
The quality of society life changes along with the development of
science, therefore; the studies that contribute to this development emerge with
a combination of scientific thoughts and research methods. This may well
explain why most of the studies are carried out in the field of landscape
architecture. Landscape Architecture discipline, which plays an important role
in studies such as nature conservation, biological restoration, urban and rural
use planning, includes design and landscaping studies for the organization of
spaces in the immediate environment of people.
Landscape architects introduce artistic and scientific principles as well
as new insights into the planning, design, management, building conservation
and restoration, and natural environments. As a consequence, Landscape
architecture is in a strategic position among all scientific fields that work with
a focus on sustainable environment with climate change. The direction of
research has also altered with the changing environment. In the studies, the
concept of sustainability has been discussed from different perspectives.
This book, published in December 2022, encompasses chapters on the
relationship between the landscape and the city by Turkish researchers who are
experts in the field of Landscape Architecture. The topics of the chapters are;
Accessibility, Noise Pollution, Healing Gardens, Medical and Aromatic Plants,
National Park, Climate Change in Cities, Therapeutic Recreation, Sustainable,
Ecological Approaches in Cities, Ornamental Plants Sector Businesses,
Concept of Temporary Space and Application Examples, Changing and
Developing City Structure, and Recycling Park. All these issues are of theme
importance for both landscapes and cities.
For this reason, I hope that the book we have prepared will be useful for
users.
I would like to thank Turkish landscape architect academicians who
contributed to the book. The Landscape and The City, to our valuable scientists
who supported them with their professional experiences, and to İksad
Publishing employees who contributed to the publication process.
Editor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kübra YAZICI

49 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH OF APPLICABILITY OF HEALING
GARDENS: EXAMPLE OF EGE UNIVERSITY
HOSPITAL GARDEN
Ph.D. Student in Landscape Architecture | Atakan PİRLİ
1
Prof. Dr. | Bahriye GÜLGÜN
2
1
Ege University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ph.D. Student in Landscape
Architecture, Izmir, Türkiye. atakanpirli@gmail.com ORCID ID 0000-0002-2208-6306
2
Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Izmir, Türkiye.
bahriye.gulgun@hotmail.com ORCID ID0000-0002-7071-8486

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 50

51 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
INTRODUCTION
Hospital experience: It starts in the hospital garden before arriving at the
hospital building. For this reason, hospital gardens should be arranged for their
users. Within these regulations, the protection of open garden spaces is of great
importance. Along with cultural changes and modern technologies, open spaces
in hospitals are not enough today, and this causes treatment areas to deteriorate.
It is essential to analyze the relationship between the user and the space
by approaching the physical environment in a visual context, to identify current
and potential problems and propose solutions to strengthen cities' public life
(Malkoç True and Kılıçaslan, 2020). Open and green areas including parks,
urban forests, daily recreation areas, and residential gardens can undertake the
task of changing the spatial system. Especially during epidemics, people's
longing for nature increases, and this situation can lead to the emergence of
various social problems. It can be stated that landscape architects need to gain
experience in nature, natural factors, and health relations to design urban green
areas, which are one of their working areas, in harmony with nature and to take
public health into account (Mansuroğlu et al, 2021). In this context, it is
necessary to specialize in hospital gardens.
The structural and environmental design of these spaces, where sick
individuals experience the healing process, can directly or indirectly affect the
process. When evaluated within the framework of the human-space
relationship, the design of the space and the comfort it offers allow the users to
spend the process more comfortably because the human being is an entity that
is directly or indirectly affected by all the physical, social, cultural, and
biological environment around him (Güneş Gölbey, 2021).
Considering the users in health facilities, effective regulation of open
space uses; means a spacious environment and accessibility for users (Pirli,
2020). In this research study, Ege University Hospital Garden in Izmir was
chosen as the main material of the research. Working in this direction; Ege
University Hospital analyzes the current situation of the garden and aims to
reveal how landscaping should be to make this area suitable for the needs of the
users in the future.
Landscape studies and applications are very important issues to
maximize the potential of garden areas in hospital facilities. Hospitals as

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 52
healthcare facilities are perceived as high-stress environments for employees
and patients. Therefore, the garden and other environments outside the hospital
should provide contrast to the interior space to facilitate the feeling of 'escape'.
The sick people to be found in and around hospitals often represent a vulnerable
population. Based on this sensitivity, the mentioned areas should be designed
with special awareness of mobility and microclimate issues (Cooper & Barnes,
1995; Pirli, 2020).
Participatory design: It is a design approach that actively involves all
users (e.g., employees, partners, customers, citizens, and end users) in the
design process to ensure that the designed space meets their needs and is usable.
Evidence-based studies support the participatory process. Significant benefits
emerge, albeit complex, for making various decisions in the participatory
design process. Landscape architects Myron A. Grant and Janet R. Carpman,
who work on healthcare design, highlight a few of the overarching benefits of
participating in the design process (Marcus & Sachs, 2014; Pirli 2020); helping
to clarify design goals, reducing construction and implementation costs –
ensuring that potential mistakes are eliminated before they reach the
implementation stage, ensuring positive behavior and attitudes, creating a sense
of community, and creating a marketing strategy.
Figure 1: Ege University Hospital Garden entrance and Atatürk Monument, before
the 2019 Landscape Arrangements (Source: Pirli, 2020)
Within the scope of the research, the design principles of healing gardens
were associated with holistic approaches and theories for the correct use of
therapeutic landscapes and hospital gardens. As a result, this study; It brings up
the benefits of the landscape architecture profession to health facilities and

53 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
presents an evaluation on increasing the restorative effects of existing
environments.
1. HEALING GARDEN CONCEPT AND GENER
AL FEATURES
Healing gardens are designed to support patients' recovery processes and
reduce stressful environments. These gardens are generally designed as the
gardens of health institutions such as nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, and
private hospitals (Elings, 2006; Pirli, 2020). People find peace in certain places
where they feel safe and comfortable (Kalaycı Önaç and Birişçi, 2022).
Therefore, in places such as hospital gardens, places where users can be
comfortable should be designed. In addition, the urban environment
(connection from the outside) and the space should be evaluated separately. In
this context, urban ecology and urban mass density effects should be observed.
Its contributions to built-up urban sustainability should be investigated and it
should be questioned whether it has achieved the goals set in the usage process
(Altuğ and Malkoç True, 2021).
Figure 2: Sensory Garden sample images (Source: Url1, Url2)
Sensory gardens are a British term commonly used in schools, senior
rehabilitation centers, and nursing homes. Sensory gardens; awaken the five
primary senses by offering a visually pleasing, tactile, fragrant experience.
Sensory gardens are structured because they benefit people living with
dementia, soothe moments of stress, provide a quiet space in a school where
experiential learning can be done outdoors, and help developmentally delayed
children reach milestones. According to the American Horticultural Therapy
Association, the medicinal garden; is a plant-based environment that includes

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 54
green plants, flowers, water, and other aspects of nature. It is designed as a
resting place for users (AHTA, 2007; Pirli, 2020).
Therapeutic gardens, on the other hand, are basically a term used in
healthcare settings that have the function of healing patients. These are gardens
where horticultural therapy, sometimes also known as social and therapeutic
gardening, is practiced. They differ from sensory and medicinal gardens in that
they actively heal the sick through their gardening action. Examples of
therapeutic landscapes include there are gardens designed to harmonize with a
community, especially in a rehabilitation setting. These gardens allow people
of all ages to access the soil and plants. An inclusive and accessible landscape
design of all kinds is at the heart of the concept of the healing and therapeutic
garden. According to the American Horticultural Therapy Association, the
therapeutic garden is a healthcare environment. The garden offers a different
physical design and program to create better therapeutic benefits for its visitors
and participants (AHTA, 2007; Pirli, 2020). In this context, it is possible to see
landscape architecture and design as valuable tools to increase and maintain
human health and well-being.
Figure 3: Therapeutic Garden sample images (Source: Url3, Url4)
There is also a distinction between healing gardens and therapeutic
gardens based on therapeutic landscape design (Faurest, 2014). These two
terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Both are meant to improve people's
well-being by spending time in a garden, either actively working or passively
enjoying it. But there are subtle differences between them. Landscape architect
Kristen Faurest defined the difference between them as follows: Healing

55 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
gardens express a more general concept. It generally refers to gardens designed
to promote healing, but in this case healing; is seen as an improvement in
physical, spiritual, emotional, and psychological as well as overall health and
well-being. Healing gardens may also include memorial gardens or memorials
to wars, illnesses, and tragic events (Pirli, 2020).
Clare C. Marcus & Naomi A. Sachs listed the design principles for
healthcare facilities in their book “Therapeutic Landscapes An Evidence-Based
Approach to Designing Healing Gardens and Restorative Outdoor Spaces”
(2014):
Accessibility: When transitioning from indoors to outdoors, aisles should
be suitable for people using wheelchairs or crutches. It is important that these
spaces are safe, and all elements of the garden should be comfortable. Overall,
the goal is to create an environment where people benefit and care. When users
are physically and emotionally comfortable, they will be able to stay in the
garden longer and benefit more from the experience. Providing safe and
comfortable spaces for walking and resting, integrating spaces with plants,
creating opportunities for social connections, and providing physical and
emotional comfort is essential for design.
Garden maintenance and aesthetics; mean that all components of the
space in the garden are properly preserved. Broken or damaged reinforcement
elements such as pavement and seating elements or neglected plant materials
can endanger user safety. On the other hand, a well-kept garden; means an
environment that supports the health of patients and their relatives, visitors, and
staff.
Composition; design possibilities, process, application, future use, and
the transfer of vegetation to the design by integrating. Integrating access to
nature and therapeutic gardens as a critical component of the overall healing
environment results in applying the design principles and securing the
necessary funding.
Functional program: The functional requirements of the hospital garden
form the basis of how that area is designed physically and qualitatively.
Guidelines and principles describe how functional needs should be addressed
in any healthcare facility.
Budget and financing; the available financing and source of funds, as
well as maintenance costs, play an important role in the implementation of the

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 56
design. Development office or philanthropy opportunities for healthcare
facilities should be explored prior to the design process.
Geographic location: It is related to design factors such as the climate of
the study area (hospital or hospital garden in health facilities), amount of
daylight throughout the year, orientation to the sun, and prevailing winds.
Density in the design is also important. Opportunities to start from scratch in a
workspace with no surrounding green space or a workspace with nearby natural
or cultural amenities are very different. Even the definition of “nature” can vary
depending on cultural and regional differences, the region, and the availability
of existing and potential nearby nature that is both visually and physically
accessible.
At the main entrance of the hospital garden, there should be elements that
will help to explore the place. Precautions should be taken in the garden
considering bad weather conditions. In a few places, relaxing natural sounds
can be given, which create sound in water and wind. Seeing moving water
flowing in the fountain or looking at the pond, hearing the sound of running
water, can provide healing benefits. Especially, hearing running water can mask
other sounds that negatively affect the healing value of an area (Yücel, 2013;
Pirli 2020). Pleasant sounds can sometimes mask noises near streets and
roadsides (e.g., a fountain hides the noise of nearby traffic).
2. PLANT DESIGN IN HEALING GARDENS
When considered in terms of the discipline of architecture, a space in the
broadest sense; is a limitation, an artificial change, or an expression of social
organization that people perform in the natural / cultural environment for a
purpose (Yazici et al, 2018; Gülgün et al., 2020). Strengthening these spaces
with plant designs provides benefits in many ways. In this context, plant design
is very important in hospital gardens. Plant design should be used very
carefully, especially in cases where the hospital garden is privatized (e.g.,
poisonous, and thorny plants should not be used in children's hospital gardens).
Plants that provide a connection with nature provide benefits for rehabilitation
and healing. When hospital gardens are evaluated in general, the design of a
garden dominated by herbal texture supports the psychological well-being of
the user.

57 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Generally, hospital gardens are used for resting purposes. Therefore,
vegetative shading should be done in these areas. It also reduces the heat island
effect of hospital gardens in these densely built cities (Alpay et al, 2013). While
choosing plants, even if they belong to a theme, the ecological demands, and
functional uses of the plants as well as their aesthetic appearance are taken into
consideration (Çakar et al., 2020).
Figure 4: Boston Children’s Hospital Healing Garden (Source: Url5, Url6)
Plants have a great place in the creation of aesthetic and functional
spaces in landscape architecture studies. In addition, they play an important role
in softening hard ground and materials such as stones, walls and structures used
in the landscape (Gülgün et al., 2013; Yazici and Sağlamer, 2019).

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 58
Table 1: Some plants that can be used in healing gardens (Gülgün and Öztürk, 2020)
Plant name and figure
Habitus
Sensory Effect and
Important Points
Citrus Limon L. Burm
Evergreen shrub
Fragrant flowers
Grows in no shade
Edible fruits
Avg. height: 3 m
Avg. plant spread: 1 m
(Url7)
Seeing, smell,
touchable, taste.
Contact of the juice of
the fruit with the skin
may cause irritation.
Thymus serpyllum (Wild thyme)
Evergreen shrub
Avg. height: 0.1 m
Avg. plant spread: 0.3
m
Grows in no shade
Edible leaves
Intense flavour and
fragrance 2
(Url8)
Sight, smell, taste, and
touch.

59 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Lavandula angustifolia (English Lavender)
Evergreen shrub
Fragrant flowers
Attracts bees and
butterflies
Essential oil
Furry leaves 1
Avg. height: 1.2 m
Avg. plant spread: 1 m
Calming 2
(Url9)
Seeing, smell,
touchable. It’s essential
oil may rarely cause
sensitization.
Mentha suaveolens (Pineapple mint)
Perennial
Avg. height: 1 m
Avg. plant spread: 0.8
m
Attracts wildlife
Grows in shade
Edible leaves
Furry leaves 2
(Url10)
Sight, smell, taste, and
touch.
Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil)
Perennial
Avg. height: 0.5 m
Avg. plant spread: 0.5
m
Herb Grows in no
shade 1
Intense flavour and
fragrance
Edible seeds
(Url11)
Sight, smell, taste, and
touch.

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 60
Pennisetum setaceum (Fountain grass)
Perennial
Avg. height: 1.5 m
Avg. plant spread: 1.5
m
Grows in no shade
(Url12)
Seeing, touchable,
hearing. No known
toxic effects have been
observed.
Rubus ideaus (Raspberry)
Deciduous shrub
Avg. height: 2 m
Avg. plant spread: 1.2
m
Grows in semi-shade or
no shade
Edible fruits
Tea made from leaves
(Url13)
Sight, taste, touch.
Olea europaea L (Olive)
Evergreen tree
Avg. height: 10 m
Avg. plant spread: 8 m
Grows in no shade
(Url14)
Sight, taste, and touch.

61 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Bellis perennis (Daisy)
Evergreen perennial
Ground cover
Attracts bees
Avg. height: 0.2 m
Avg. plant spread: 0.2
m
(Url15)
Sight, and touch.
Viburnum opulus (Guelder rose)
Perennial shrub
White flowers
Bright red frıuits
Avg. height: 5 m
Avg. plant spread: 5 m
Grows in shade
(Url16)
Sight, and touch.
3. MATERIAL AND METHOD
Material
The garden of Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital was chosen as
the research area. Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital, located in Bornova
district of Izmir province, was established in 1955 and provides services in the
field of health in Turkey, especially in the Aegean Region. Working area; It
was deemed appropriate as a research area due to its location on the main road
axis and the presence of a separate monument used extensively by patients and
their relatives.

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 62
Figure 4: Ege University Hospital Garden (Photos of the landscaped area in 2018)
When the garden of the Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital is
considered in general, it can be seen that the area does not have the opportunity
for physical growth, but because the working area is located at the entrance as
a sub-space in the hospital garden, it is a place where the arrangement and/or
design can be strengthened.

63 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Figure 5: Research area
Method of Study
Description of Subject and Problem
- It is the phase of discovery and information regarding the current
situation.
- First observations of the study area,
- Study to understand the subject/problem,
Data collection phase about the research area
It is the inquiry phase to ensure the integration of the information
obtained in the discovery phase by systematically collecting data.
- It covers which methods will be used for data collection and the
initiation of studies on these methods and their application in the field.

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 64
In the research on the study area;
Semi-structured interview; A research meeting between two or more
people. Its properties can be expressed as (Sayım 2017);
- The interviewer should report this conversation,
- Short and precise questions should be asked,
- The interviewee must be willing to answer,
- Concern about manipulating the interview time and space should be
minimized,
- It requires careful listening by both parties.
Figure 6: Ege University Hospital Garden entrance and Atatürk Monument
photographs of 2020 (Source: Pirli, 2020)
According to Sayım (2017); In semi-structured interviews, the researcher
should list the topics he intends to ask, and some possible key questions should
be prepared. In this context, the research interview was carried out with those
who used the randomly selected area through pre-prepared questionnaires. The
interviews were reported without manipulating the result. While preparing the
semi-structured interview form of the study, Malkoç’s doctoral thesis was used
(2008).

65 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Table 2: Example of a semi-structured interview form applied to users in the research (Malkoç, 2008)
A. General information about users
Gender:
Age:
Employment/Profession:
City:
B. Information on the user's accessibility to the Ege University Hospital Garden
1. How do you come to Ege University Hospital?
Public transport 
Special vehicle 
Pedestrian 
Bicycle 
2. Do you think public transportation is sufficient?
Yes 
No 
3. Did you have any problems in terms of accessibility?
Yes (Please specify) 
No 
C. Information on the user's intended use of the Ege University Hospital Garden
4. For what purpose do you use the Ege University Hospital Garden?
Rest 
Waiting

Eating/drinking

Talking 
Other (Pl. Sp.) 
D. Information on the frequency of the user's use of the Ege Uni. Hospital Garden
5. How often do you come to Ege Uni. Medical Faculty Hospital?
1 per week
More
than once
a week
1 per month
4 times a year
1 time per year
6. How much time do you spend on average in the Ege Uni. Hospital garden?
0-1 hour 
1-3 hours

3-5 hours 
5 hours + 
E. Information on the User's Satisfaction with the Ege Uni. Hospital Garden
7. When you think about the place in general, are you satisfied?
Yes 
Indecisive 
No 
8. Is there an environmental impact that negatively affects your use of the space?
Air pollution
Noise
Bad smell
Bad view
Other (Pl. Sp.)
9. Do you find the hospital garden safe as a user?
Yes 
Indecisive 
No 
10. In the hospital garden; are living reinforcement elements such as trees / shrubs /
shrubs / seasonal / grass and ground covers sufficient and well-maintained?
Sufficient
Partially
Insufficient
Well maintained
Neglected
11. Are the other
equipment in the
garden of the
hospital sufficient
and well-
maintained?
Sufficient
Partially
Insufficient
Well
maintained
Neglected
Lighting
Information
signs
Plant
container
Kiosk
Bin
Sitting elem.
Water elem.
Sculpture

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 66
12. What can be done to use the garden of the Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital
in a more qualified, cleaner, and orderly manner?
4. RESULTS
Semi-structured interviews -General information about users
Users participating in the semi-structured interview; Firstly, some
demographic characteristics such as gender, age, occupation, and place of
residence were revealed.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 108 users in the study area,
and it was determined that 72 of the participants were women and 36 were men
(Table 3).
Table 3: Distribution of users by gender
Woman
Man
Total
Number
72
36
108
Percent
66,7
33,3
100
It was observed that the ages of the users ranged from 18 to 60 and the
highest rate was 70.4%, with users between the ages of 15 and 29 (Table 4).
Table 4: Distribution of users by age
15 –
29
30 –
44
45
+
Total
Number
76
28
4
108
Percent
70,4
26,2
3,4
100
When the distribution of users participating in the semi-structured
interview according to occupations is examined; It has been determined that 46
of them are students, 24 are working in the private sector, 18 are working in the
public sector, and 4 are retired (Table 5).
66,7
33,3 Woman
Man
70,4
26,2
3,4 15 - 29
30 - 44
45 +

67 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Table 5: Distribution of users by employment/profession
Student
Public
sector
Private
sector
Retired
Unemployed
Total
Number
46
18
24
4
16
108
Percent
42,7
17,1
22,8
3,8
13,6
100
In the last part of the general information about the users, when the place
of residence of the users participating in the conversation is questioned; 83.7%
Izmir (Narlıdere, Bayraklı, Buca, Bornova, Gaziemir, Karşıyaka, Konak),
13.1% Manisa (Turgutlu, Soma, Merkez), 1.6% Uşak and 1.6% It was
determined that ten of them lived in Muğla.
Information on the user's accessibility to the Ege University Hospital Garden
In this section, the physical access of the users participating in the
interview to the work area was questioned (Table 6).
Table 6: Distributions of users' space accessibility
Ranges
Number
Percent
How do you come
to Ege University
Hospital?
Public transport
82
76
Pedestrian
4
4
Special vehicle
18
16
Bicycle
4
4
Total
108
100
Do you think
public
transportation is
sufficient?
Yes
86
80
No
22
20
Total
108
100
Did you have any
problems in terms
of accessibility?
Yes
14
13
No
92
87
Total
108
100
The answers given on the problems experienced in terms of accessibility;
It has been determined that heavy traffic with private vehicles and parking
problems in the hospital garden, inadequacy in public transportation, the
intersections and traffic lights around the hospital are dangerous for bicycle use,
public transportation is very crowded, and the time problem in public
transportation makes accessibility difficult.

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 68
Information on the user's intended use of the Ege University Hospital
Garden
In this section, it was questioned for what purposes the users participating
in the interview used the workspace (Table 7).
43% of the users who participated in the interview stated that they used
the work area primarily for waiting, and 37% for rest, and 2% stated that they
used the other (smoking, parking a car) purpose.
Table 7: Data on users' intended use of space
Ranges
Number
Percent
For what purpose do
you use the Ege
University Hospital
Garden?
Rest
40
37
Waiting
46
43
Eating/drinking
14
13
Talking
6
5
Other
2
2
Total
108
100
Information on the frequency of users' use of the domain
In this section, it is questioned how often the users participating in the
interview use the workspace and how much time they spend on average (Table
8).

69 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Table 8: Information on the frequency of users' use of the space
Ranges
Number
Percent
How often do you come to
Ege Uni. Medical Faculty
Hospital?
1 per week
6
6
More than once a week
22
20
1 per month
24
22
4 times a year
28
26
1 time per year
20
19
Other
8
7
Total
108
100
How much time do you
spend on average in the
Ege Uni. Hospital Garden?
0 – 1 hour
40
37
1 – 3 hours
54
50
3 – 5 hours
10
9
5 hours +
4
4
Total
108
100
Information on the User's Satisfaction with the Ege University
Hospital Garden
In this section, whether the users are generally satisfied with the hospital
garden; In general, the satisfaction of the hospital garden has been examined
under three headings as possible negative environmental effects in the use of
the garden, security, plants, and other equipment elements (Table 9).
Table 9: Information on user satisfaction I
Ranges
Number
Percent
When you think about the
place in general, are you
satisfied?
Yes
26
24
No
34
32
Partially
48
44
Toplam
108
100

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 70
Table 10: Information on user satisfaction II
Ranges
Number
Percent
Are there any environmental
impacts that negatively affect
your use?
Air pollution
10
9
Noise
38
28
Bad smell
16
14
Bad view
32
33
Other
12
16
Total
108
100
16% of the environmental impacts negatively affecting the use were
stated as other (not cleaning the environment sufficiently and not being used
properly by people, peddlers occupying the sidewalks, irregularity, presence of
stray animals) (Table 11).
Table 11: Information on user satisfaction III
Ranges
Number
Percent
Do you find the place
(hospital garden) safe as a
user?
Yes
16
15
No
28
26
Partially
64
59
Total
108
100
The 26% do not find the place safe; in addition, stated that there are
insufficient security personnel, the passage of vehicles poses a danger to users,
there is no safe place for children, and they do not feel psychologically safe due
to the crowd, and they are not safe due to the lack of lighting in the evening
(Table 12).
Table 12: Information on user satisfaction IV
Ranges
Number
Percent
Are living reinforcement
elements such as trees /
shrubs / shrubs / seasonal /
grass in the place (hospital
garden) adequate and well-
maintained?
Sufficient and well
maintained
12
11
Sufficient and
neglected
30
28
Partially adequate and
well maintained
34
31
Insufficient and well-
maintained
4
4
Insufficient and
neglected
28
26
Total
108
100

71 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
Considering the inanimate reinforcement elements in the research area,
lighting elements, plastic element (sculpture) and water element took the first
three places in order of sufficiency and maintenance (Figure 7; 8).
Figure 7: Information on user satisfaction V
Figure 8: Information on user satisfaction VI
In the semi-structured interviews, the last question to the users was
“What can be done to make the garden of the EU Medical Faculty Hospital and
this place more qualified, cleaner, and more useful in terms of order?” To the
question, 28% of the users stated that the place should be rearranged for patients
and their relatives, and 15% stated that the vehicle density in the hospital affects
the use of pedestrians and that the vehicle roads should be safe (Table 15).
22
10 10 10
24
8
24
58
30 32 38 28
2642
30
52
32
10
Lighting Information
signs
Plant
container
Kiosk
Sufficient and well maintained
Sufficient and neglected
Partially adequate and well
maintained
Insufficient and well-maintained
12 10 14 18
26
34
26 22
32
22
48
54
242
36 38
18
14
Bin Sitting
element
Water
element
Sculpture
Sufficient and well
maintained
Sufficient and neglected
Partially adequate and
well maintained
Insufficient and well-
maintained

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 72
Table 15: Opinions of users in order to use the space more efficiently
Ranges
Number
Percent
What can be done to
use the garden of the
Ege University
Medical Faculty
Hospital in a more
qualified, cleaner
and orderly manner?
The garden must be well
maintained
10
7
Vehicle entry must be
blocked
14
15
Information signs must be
legible
6
6
Should be rearranged
17
28
Cleanliness should be
increased
20
11
Reinforcement elements
should be increased
8
7
Green space should be
increased
18
11
Security problem needs to
be fixed
3
2
Everything is positive
2
2
No idea
10
11
Total
108
100
5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
In this study, which aims to investigate the effects of the Ege University
Medical Faculty Hospital Garden on the use process of the hospital's front
entrance and the general condition of the hospital in 2019, a semi-structured
interview method was used to determine user behaviors and user opinions in
the research area. The semi-structured interview was evaluated under separate
headings in terms of the user profile, accessibility, the purpose of use, frequency
of use, activities performed, user satisfaction, and reinforcement equipment
elements.
When evaluated in terms of user profile, the garden of the Ege University
Medical Faculty Hospital, which is considered as a research area, has the
feature of bringing people from all age groups together, as it is also an entrance.
Of the users participating in the semi-structured interview, 66.7% are
women users and 33.32% are men users.
The structure of the research area as a resting area and for eating and
drinking affects the user profile, and besides the fact that 83.7% of the users

73 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
live in the central districts of Izmir, they are used by many users from different
cities during the day.
When the research area is evaluated in terms of accessibility; Due to the
proximity of Izmir Metro Bornova station, the hospital can be easily accessed
via the metro, by various means of transportation such as municipal buses, taxis,
and minibusses. 76% of users prefer public transportation and 80% of them
stated that public transportation is sufficient for reaching the area. In cases
where the use of private vehicles is mandatory, the vehicle entrance affects the
users negatively, so there is a need to reconsider the existing parking areas.
When the usage purposes of the area were analyzed, it was determined
that the users used the area mostly for purposes such as resting, eating, drinking,
and chatting after waiting.
Looking at the frequency of use, 26% of the users stated that they use
it four times a year, 22% once a month and 20% more than once a week.
When the research area is evaluated in terms of user satisfaction; 44% of
users stated that they were partially satisfied. Moreover 59% of users stated that
the area is partially safe, and this is due to insufficient security. When evaluated
in terms of reinforcement elements, it was generally found to be partially
successful.
Other reinforcement elements in the research area; The adequacy,
quality, and well-maintained aspects were handled one by one, and as a result
of the evaluation, the urban equipment elements were found to be partially
adequate and well-maintained. When evaluated in terms of the reinforcement
elements related to the plant design, it was concluded that the green area can be
increased, but it is partially sufficient and well-maintained.
It is possible to identify and solve problems related to use in the field and
increase productivity, based on the evaluation study in the use process carried
out in the example of the garden of Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital.
Evaluations made during the use process will shed light on new studies
and will allow deficiencies to be resolved during the design phase.
Although the research area is partially successful by the users, it needs
some arrangements to make the area more functional, dynamic, and attractive.
- In order to eliminate the crowd and conflict at the entrance of the
hospital, guiding signs suitable for the sick and elderly should be used,

THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY | 74
- Afforestation and green areas should be increased to eliminate the
negative image of the built environment,
- It should be more usable for patients and their relatives,
- Security measures should be increased to ensure the safety of users,
- The maintenance of the sales kiosk should be increased,
- Vehicles other than the parking lot should not be allowed to park on the
sidewalks,
- Due to the excessive use of the space, more hygienic environments
should be provided by increasing the cleanliness,
- Seating elements must be suitable for climatic conditions (rain, etc.),
- Lighting elements should be arranged for evening use,
This study, which was carried out by considering the garden of EU
Medical Faculty Hospital, was carried out within the scope of 2018 data. This
field of study needs to be reconsidered in terms of being more functional and
socially functional, and in terms of usability. In addition, if it is rearranged
within the framework of the surveys and the above-mentioned suggestions, a
more positive, more functional, and more suitable usage area will emerge for
the users of the area. In this direction, a positive situation will be revealed for
users.

75 | THE LANDSCAPE AND THE CITY
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ISBN: 978-625-6955-15-8
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