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Journal of Positive School Psychology http://journalppw.com
2022, Vol.6, No.4, 4245-4255
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
POPULATION PRESSURE AND ITS IMPACT ON FOREST
RESOURCES IN NORTH EAST INDIA
Dr Bhanu Hazarika1,
Assistant Professor,Department ofGeography (HOD),
Saraighat College, Chansari, Assam, India
Email:hazarika8.bhanu@gmail.com
Dr.Niranjan Bhattacharjee 2,
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography,
Pandu College, Guwahati, India
Email: nbc_2008@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Population growth, combined with other direct factors such as poverty, corruption,
and weak property rights, contributes to forest loss and severe environmental
degradation. In recent years, integrated management of population pressure and
natural resources are widely implemented by researchers. Intense population
pressure on the environmental resources is the leading factor in modifying the land
use pattern of an area. Forest resource is a vital element that supports life on the
surface of the earth, but human pressure on land has raised several environmental
problems and created a huge impact on forests. In the case of India, it is found that
continued population growth creates tremendous pressure on environmental
components mainly on forests. North East India is small but a significant part of the
country covering an area of 255, 511 km2 i.e 7.77% of India’s total area. As of 2011,
the region had a population of 45.53 million, about 3.07% of India’s total population,
and the density of population in this region is 174 persons per km2of the 7.97% of all
India (Bhattacharjee and Sarmah, 2018). There is a strong link between demographic
and socio-economic trends on one hand, and the depletion of resources and
environmental degradation, on the other (Sinha, B.K and Choudhary, S,2008).
Growing demand for forest and agricultural products to feed increasing rural and
urban populations will continue to put pressure on forests. In this paper, an attempt
has been made to focus on the major factors of population pressure in the region
and how its impact on forests by using various methods as per need.
KEY WORDS: Population growth, environmental degradation, migration, deforestation.
STUDY AREA
North East India is the eastern most region of
India connected to East India via a narrow
corridor squeezed between Bhutan and
Bangladesh. It comprises the contiguous seven
sister states namely Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura. The region is located
between 27057/to 28023/North latitudes and
89046/East to 97025/ East longitudes. It covers
an area of 2,55,511 km2(7.7% of nation’s
land), 70% of which is hilly with more than
80% population living in the rural areas. As
per the 2011 census, the population of North
East India is 4,55,33,982 which is
approximately 3.07% of the India’s total
population. The bulk of the population of the
region is concentrated mainly in three sectors,
viz- Brahmaputra valley and Barak valley of
Assam, Tripura and Imphal in Manipur. The
large variation is caused by the geographical
and economic factors which vary greatly
within the region.
4246 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
Fig.1 Location of North East India
METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on both primary
and secondary sources of data. The field study
method is applied to collect primary data
based on visiting the villages near the reserved
forest to generate relevant information about
the situation.The secondary data are collected
from different books, journal, reports, internet,
newspaper etc. The collected data are
processed, tabulated and represented by
graphs, diagrams and maps. On the basis of
the analysis made with the help of the above
methods, conclusion is made on the topic.
PATTERN OF POPULATION GROWTH
AND DENSITY
The bulk of the population in the North eastern
region is concentrated mainly in three sectors,
viz- Brahmaputra valley and Barak valley of
Assam, Tripura and Imphal in Manipur. The
large variation is caused by the geographical
and economic factors which vary greatly
within the region due to unique topography of
North East India as it is covered with
mountains; rivers and barren hilly terrain
remain as problems rather than prospect for
development.
Table 1 reveals that there is uneven spatial
distribution of population among constituent
states. For example, Assam, second in terms of
area contains 68.45 % of the region’s
population whereas Mizoram less than 3%
(2.40 %) of the regional population stands at
the other extreme. The region’s growth rate
(18.28%) of population is much higher than
the national average (17.64%).India’s
population in 2011 was 1.21 billion,
comprising 624 million males and 587 million
females. The population of India has increased
by more than 181 million during 2001-2011
and decadal growth rate declines to 17.64%
from 21.15% during 1991-2001(Bhattacharjee
and Sarmah, 2018).
Table 1: Trend of Population Growth in North-East India (1971 -2011)
States Population (in millions) Growth Rate (in %)
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 1971-
1981
1981-
1991
1991-
2001
2001-
2011
Arunachal
Pradesh
4.67 6.31 8.58 10.91 13.82 35.15 36.83 26.21 18.18
Assam 146.25 180.4
1
244.9
5
266.38 311.69 23.4 24.24 18.92 16.93
Manipur
10.72
14.2
18.27
23.88
25.7
32.46
29.29
20.29
13.95
4247 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
Source: Census of India 1971,1981,1991,2001 and 2011
Fig.2
It is pertinent to note that India’s total
population increased by about 24.66%
between 1971-1981 whereas for North- East,
the growth was 35.87 %.The population
growth rate in India declined to 17.64% from
24.66 % during 2001-2011 and similarly
growth rate of North –East India declined
18.28% from 35.87% during 2001-
2011.During the period of 1971-1981, except
Assam (23.36%) all other states of North East
India recorded more than 30% decadal growth
rate of population. Nagaland recorded the
highest growth of population (50.05%) and
followed by Mizoram (48.55%). In the next
decade (1981-1991), the distribution of
population in North East India is very uneven.
It is governed mainly by topography, soil,
availability of water, mineral resources and
accessibility to the areas. Since the economy
of this region is primarily based on agriculture,
the topography and soil have great influence
on the distribution of population. According to
the 2001 Census an extensive rise of
population in the Muslim majority districts of
Assam took place due to influx of Bangladeshi
Muslims. Similarly, Hindu Bangladeshis are
entering into Tripura and its percentage of
tribal population has declined from 58 percent
in 1951 to 30 percent in 2001(Deb, B.J; 2005
,p-101).
The density of population (person per km2) is
very uneven in the North Eastern region.
(Table 2). During 2011 census, the overall
density of population in North- East India is
found to be174 person per km2against 77
person per km2in 1971, while the
corresponding densities of India were 374 and
177.The density of North East India is much
less than the national average.
Table 2Population Density in NorthEast India (1971-2011)
States Population Density (per sq km.) % share of
All India
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Arunachal Pradesh
6
8
10
13
17
2.54
Assam
186
230
286
340
397
2.38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
States
State-wise Growth Rate of Populationin North-East India (1971-
2011)
1971-1981
1981-1991
1991-2001
2001-2011
Meghalaya
10.11
13.35
17.61
23.06
29.64
32.04
32.86
30.65
28.53
Mizoram
3.32
4.93
6.86
8.91
10.91
48.55
39.70
28.82
22.44
Nagaland
5.16
7.74
12.16
19.89
19.81
50.05
56.08
64.53
15.04
Tripura
15.56
20.53
27.45
31.91
36.71
31.92
34.30
16.03
15.04
North -East
India
195.82 257.5
1
313.8
7
384.95 455.33 35.87 27.45 21.45 18.28
India 5479.5 6832.
29
8439.
31
10270.1
5
12108.5
4
24.66 23.85 21.54 17.64
4248 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
Manipur
48
64
82
107
122
0.67
Meghalaya
45
60
79
103
132
0.68
Mizoram
16
23
33
40
52
0.64
Nagaland
31
47
73
120
119
0.5
Tripura
148
196
263
304
345
0.31
North
-
East India
77
97
123
151
174
7.97
India
177
216
273
312
374
Source: Census of India 1971,1981,1991,2001 and 2011.
Fig.3
Fig.4
In 2011,the highest density of population is
recorded by Assam (397km2) followed by
Tripura (345km2) mainly due to the
availability of fertile plain land on the one
hand and influx of large number of immigrants
especially from the neighboring countries
(Bangladesh and Nepal) on the other.
Moreover, around the state headquarters and
other urban centers of this region many large
villages have grown mainly because the
inhabitants find ready market for their
agricultural products and also because of the
employment opportunities. Plain land, fertile
soil and better transport and communication
facilities account for the high density of
population in the two states. Since the early
part of 20th century, this flood plain of North
East India has been attracting the land hungry
people of the East Bengal /East Pakistan. The
hilly areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur are sparsely
populated due to rugged topography, low soil
fertility and poor means of transport and
communication having low carrying capacity.
TREND OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization is the most significant
phenomenon of the 20th century which has
affected all aspects of national life in India.
The process of urbanization in India is largely
city oriented. Pre independence, the North
Eastern region was largely rural, but in the
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Year
Trend of Population density in North-East India and India
(1971-2011)
India
North -East India
0
100
200
300
400
500
States
State-wise Trend of Density in North-East India (1971-
2011)
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
4249 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
second half of the 20th century, urbanization
levels here shot up. Indications are that
development projects initiated by state and
central Government and the role of
missionaries in creating educational
infrastructure were key contributory factors.
The undue concentration of population in most
of the towns in North Eastern States results in
a number of problems for the inhabitants of
the towns.
Table 3Pattern of level of Urbanization in North East India
(Percentage of Urban Population)
States
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Arunachal Pradesh
3.70
6.56
12.80
20.41
22.94
Assam
8.82
9.88
11.10
12.72
14.10
Meghalaya
14.55
18.07
18.60
19.63
20.7
Manipur
13.19
26.42
27.52
23.88
29.21
Mizoram
11.36
24.67
46.10
49.50
52.11
Tripura
10.43
10.99
15.30
17.02
26.17
Nagaland
9.95
15.52
17.21
17.74
28.86
North
East India
10.17
16.03
19.72
21.50
22.48
India
19.91
23.34
25.72
27.78
31.4
Source: Census of India 1971,1981,1991,2001 and 2011.
North East India being an area of subsistence
economy, industrialization being almost absent
and transport and communication being poorly
developed, urbanization progressed in a slow
pace. Whatever urbanization took place at that
time was based on tertiary activities
(Goswami, B.N; 2012, p -44).
Fig.5
Urbanization directly alters forest ecosystems
by removing or fragmenting forest cover.
Urbanization also indirectly alters forest
ecosystem by modifying hydrology, altering
nutrient cycling, introducing no native species,
modifying disturbance regimes and changing
atmospheric conditions. Table 3 shows that the
percentage of the urban population to the total
population of North East India is quite higher
in the hilly areas only. Urbanization and
foreland constructions also accelerated the
process of deforestation as the highways in
some areas pass through the reserved forest
areas.
PRESENT SCENARIO OF FOREST IN
NORTH EAST INDIA
The forest cover of North-East India had been
assessed by the government at 16,8607sq. km
(2015) of the total geographical area of
255,083 sq km. Table 5 shows the forest cover
of the seven states of North East India from
the period of 1981 to 2011.
0
5
10
15
20
25
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Years
Level of Urbanization in North East India,
(1971-2011)
Urbanization
4250 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
Table 4 Forest Cover in North-East India, 2015
State
Total areas
in Sq. Km. Areas under recorded forest in Sq. Km,2015
Very Dense
Forest
Medium
Dense Forest
Open
Forest Total
Percent of
Geographical
Area
Arunachal
Pradesh
83,743 20,804 31,301 15,143 67,248 80.30
Assam 78,438 1,441 11,268 14,914 27,623 35.22
Manipur
22,327
727
5,925
10,342
16,994
76.11
Meghalaya
22,429
449
9,584
7,184
17,217
76.76
Mizoram
22,081
138
5,858
12,752
18,748
88.93
Nagaland
16,579
1,296
4,695
6,975
12,966
78.21
Tripura
10,486
113
4,609
3,089
7,811
74.49
N E
India
2,56,083
24,968
73,240
70,399
16,8607
65.84
Source: India State of Forest Report, 2015
Forests take part a very significant role for the
survival of life on the earth. It’s not only acts
as habitat to many of both flora and fauna but
also act as the provider of life saving oxygen
to man.
Fig. 6
Forest and forest ecosystems of North East
India are under severe pressures, both from
biotic and abiotic factors, due to population
explosion, encroachments on forest lands, loss
of forest cover for other non forest uses,
shifting cultivation practices and degradation
causes by illicit felling, lopping for fuel wood
forest and fodder, removal of forest cover for
litter, forest fires etc. There are four factors
leading to forest fragmentation in the North
East India. They are- jhum cultivation, human
population pressure, industrial logging and
weak Government policies.
Table 5Forest Cover of the States of North East India (1981-2011)
States Geographical
area (km2)
Forest Cover (km
2
)
1981 1991 2001 2011 2015
Arunachal Pradesh
83,743
64,132
68,757
68,045
51,540
67,248
Assam
78,438
25,160
24,751
27,714
26.832
27,623
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© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
Manipur
22,327
17,475
17,685
16,926
17,714
16,994
Meghalaya
22,429
16,466
15,875
15,584
9496
17,217
Mizoram
21,081
19,084
18,853
17,494
16,717
18,748
Nagaland
16,579
14,394
14,321
13,345
9,222
12,966
Tripura
10,486
5,953
5,535
7,065
6,294
7,811
North
-
East India
2,63,179
1,62,664
1,65,777
1,66,173
1,37,815
16,8607
Source: Forest Survey of India,2011
IMPACT OF POPULATION PRESSURE
ON FOREST
The facet of forest cover has been changing
continuously in all parts of North East India.
The changes have been increased in last few
decades mainly due to human activities. As the
population pressure is very high and
consequently the scarcity of food has been
increased day by day so the result is
agricultural expansion. Simultaneously illegal
cutting of trees mainly depletes the forest land.
Deforestation not only affects the areas of
occurrence, but also has a long affect in
environmental perspective. Cutting or felling
of trees, shifting cultivation in the hilly areas,
cleaning of forest areas for settlement, clearing
of forest land for establishment of small tea
gardens and human encroachment for other
reasons are the major causes of declining or
negative changes of area under forest. Burning
the forest for shifting cultivation or “slash and
burn” also called jhum cultivation, which is
widely practiced in the hilly tribal dominated
areas. Thus the practice of shifting cultivation
is also responsible for progressive loss of
forest cover. The main reasons for
deforestation are felling of trees, along with
illegal encroachment in the forest areas.
Deforestation has also increased in a large
scale in insurgency affected areas specially in
the Bhutan Himalayan region. The
landholding size and frequency of rotation in
jhum cultivation has been shrinking, as a
result, afforestation cannot be done adequately
.The Forest Survey of India assessed forest
cover affected by shifting cultivation in North
Eastern states between the period 2001 to 2003
and the results are shown in the table 5.
Table 6 Loss of Forest Cover due to Shifting Cultivation in North East India
(2001-2003)
States Dense Forest
(Area in km
2
)
Open Forest
(Area in km
2
)
Total
(Area in km
2
)
Arunachal Pradesh
663
262
925
Assam
272
337
609
Manipur
125
730
855
Meghalaya
141
543
684
Mizoram
351
336
687
Nagaland
321
1,011
1,332
Tripura
221
163
384
North
–
East India
2,094
3,382
5,476
Source: Forest Survey of India
India’s north east, basically the northern part
of a geological province, is constituted by the
Assam Arakan basin which includes Assam,
Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and
Tripura (Mathur and Evans,1964).Forestry is
now days considered as a very important part
of natural resources. Besides timber, a number
of non timber forests produce including cane,
bamboos, Bromgrass, Mushrooms, Orchids,
commercially important grass species, oil
yielding trees, honey and wax are extracted
from the forest every year in large
quantities.Due to the high growth of
population in north east India during the last
few decades needs more and more areas for
settlement, agriculture and other uses. These
two factors are mainly responsible for
reducing the area of forests in the region.
Shifting cultivation in the hilly areas, cleaning
forest areas for settlement, clearing forest land
for establishment of small tea garden and
human encroachment for other reasons are the
major causes of declining or negative changes
4252 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
of forest area. The ever increasing demand of
timber by the rapidly increasing population
has done great damage to green covers of the
forest region in North East India. The
developments of forest based industries are the
cause of deforestation. The GIS data the land
cover classes of the forests indicate a
significant increase in the area under stone
quarrying built up mining and industrial and
built up rural inhabitant. These types of drastic
changes have brought about many socio-
economic as well as environmental problems
in the north eastern region of India. Their
impacts on natural environment as well as on
socio-economic conditions are needed to be
identified for the sustainable development of
the nation. Forestation by social forestry done
by Government as well as individual or
community groups added new areas under
forest. From the observation of various
thematic map including satellite imagery of
last few decades, it becomes clear that the
forest cover has been tremendously decreasing
in the upper part of the Brahmaputra valley,
Barak valley in Assam and Imphal valley in
Manipur (Bhattacharjee and Sarmah, 2018).
Illegal logging is made easier when tenure
rights to forests are weak or unclear. So, there
is an urgent need to chalk out a policy for
private plantation on non forest land.
The reason of deforestation is noted to be the
defective forest policy. Existing Forest Act
1891 is not strict; it allows the migrants to
inhabit within the forest areas of North East
India. After certain years of inhabitation, they
are allowed to have the land holding certificate
and revenue patta. Thus, the forest villages are
gradually converted into revenue villages
leading to deforestation of fringe areas
reserved forest. As such the forest policy
should be rectified inhibiting occupation on
forest land by any person in any reason. The
Kaziranga National Park is the burning
example of it ( Goswami, B.N,2012,p-153).
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
In the present century, environmental
degradation due to deforestation along with
increasing trend of population have emerged
as a major global concern for human survival.
The whole world is facing the problems of
environmental degradation due to
technological, scientific development on one
hand, and over population, urbanization and
industrialization on the other. Environmental
pollution is the result of mass unplanned and
unwise use of technology. Thus, the impact of
rapidly growing population manifests in the
environmental disasters are discussed in the
following few heads.
a) Impact on human healthisthe most striking
direct implications of growing densities of
population are its impact upon human health.
It has led to large scale undernourishment and
malnutrition, particularly in the backward
regions of the study region. The root cause of
human health hazard is the improper disposal
of sewage and wastes which lead to the spread
of disease causing micro- organisms (Kalita
and Sarma, 2017).
b) Reduction of agricultural productionis
caused due toincrease rate of soil erosion
caused due to deforestation results in colossal
loss of fertile topsoil and agricultural
production. The natural vegetation has been
cleared extensively for agricultural use; the
land use has changed significantly. Moreover,
large numbers of new settlements have came
up over the time; and the demand for land for
various non- agricultural uses has been
increasing (Kalita and Sarma, 2017).
c) Greenhouse effectis one of the major
concerns due to deforestation.It results in the
increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere because forests consume
carbon dioxide during the process of
photosynthesis for the manufacturing of their
food. But absence of forests allows more
concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
d) Soil Erosion and Floodingis another affect
of deforestation. In addition to their previously
mentioned roles, trees also function to retain
water and topsoil, which provides the rich
nutrients to sustain additional forest life.
Without them, the soil erodes and washes
away, causing farmers to move on and
perpetuate the cycle. The barren land which is
left behind in the wake of these unsustainable
agricultural practices is then more susceptible
to flooding, specifically in coastal areas
(Kushik and Kaushik, 2004).
e) Biodiversity lossis one of the prime threats
to the living being due to growing population
4253 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
by directly or indirectly endangering the
extinction of certain species and thus reducing
the biological diversity of the planet.
Deforestation is a major cause of bio-diversity
loss and species extinction; some of life forms
have totally vanished, while some others are
categorized as endangered (Kalita and Sarma,
2017).
f) Man-Animal Conflictbecomesa notable
phenomenonin the recent years of human
civilization. The animals rendered homeless
and food less for deforestation, come out to the
human inhabited areas, thus creating havoc
and conflict in some areas of North- East
India. There are several incidents of man-
elephant conflict in Jorhat (Teak, Upper
Majuli, Kokilamukh, Neematighat, Jhankhona,
Charigaon), Lakhimpur, Udalguri, Tezpur,
Tinchukia in Assam.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
The remedial measures may be taken as
disseminating encouraging active participation
of all for the conservation process. The
remedial measures may be taken is follows:
1) In the rural areas, the family welfare
programmes should be initiated honestly
and sincerely.
2) To meet the demand of fuel, fodder and
timber for increasing population,
implementation of horticulture or agro-
forestry system is the need of the hour.
3) Infrastructural development is
compulsory, so the forest department has
to undertaken more plantation
programmes in the degraded areas of the
region.
4) Environmental Awareness Programmes at
all levels should be sponsored by
Governmental and Non- Governmental
agencies engaged in environment
development. They should create
awareness about the importance of forest
among the villagers.
5) Programmes should be organized to create
awareness about harmful effects of
burning of fuel wood on health. Interactive
workshop to promote the usages of bio-gas
plants, LPG and pressure cookers are also
equally important.
6) The new policy of the state preservation
and restoration of ecological balance
wherever needed, conserving natural
heritage of Assam by preserving forests
checking, erosion in catchment areas of
rivers increasing forest cover in the forest
deficient areas and meeting benefited
livelihood need for the poor people
including tribal.
CONCLUSION
The concept of population pressure and
deforestation is tried to explain that growing
population pressure is a vital factor and can be
regarded root cause for affecting the forest
cover area in North – East India. Along with
population pressure, urbanization is also
increasing and putting additional pressure on
forest to accommodate habitation and also
collecting food, fuel, fodder, shelter, etc. This
has adverse effect on the quality of forest,
changing dense forest into open forest or
scrub. Economic growth is important to meet
the demand of increase population but not at
the cost of natural resources, which is
important to protect the environment and eco-
system. The existing mode of infrastructural
development is posing major threat to the
prospect of sustainable development. The
Changing nature of forest area has directly
being been effecting on environment, which is
very detrimental to our future generation. So
all-out effort is necessary at all levels to make
people aware about the preservation of forest.
So, appropriate steps including rules and
regulation to be implemented in true sense.
Strategies for future forest protection to be
taken and new policies for decreasing
population to be work out to reduce population
pressure on the study region. Agro forestry
should be implemented to meet the demand of
the increasing population instead of clearing
forest for cultivation. Hence, more attention
need to be given to forest management and
appropriate and useful steps to avoid further
deforestation and conservation of biodiversity
are needed to be taken expeditiously.
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4254 Journal of Positive School Psychology
© 2021 JPPW. All rights reserved
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