Content uploaded by Ioannis Vardopoulos
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Ioannis Vardopoulos on Jan 02, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
Περιφέρεια Τεύχος 2022 (10), 59-79
Region & Periphery Issue 2022 (10), 59-79
Long-term planning and development for urban and
regional inclusion, safety, resilience, and sustainability.
Insights from Singapore
Yelena Kempton, Neapolis University Pafos (NUP)
Luca Salvati, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA)
IoannisVardopoulos, Harokopio University (HUA)
Abstract
T
oday, Singapore is a thriving city-state representing a growth of almost
eighty percent since 1990. A feasible combination of state authorities’
planning, policy implementation, public-private partnerships, and international
assistance has led to the city-state’s development and sustainability. Urban
economics fl uctuations, demographic shifts, environment degradation reaching
to irreversible points, among others, are expected to challenge the future
of cities the next 50 years. Thus, it is considered essential to plan ahead for
sustainability and resource management. This study delves into the broad
policies and practices that have contributed to Singapore’s success story while
also getting into recent years’ specifi cs and modern technologies of sustainable
planning and development. Adopting a case study of Singapore long-term, or
constant, re-development, fi ndings contribute to the enhancement of the existing
body of knowledge in the fi eld of sustainable planning and can benefi t those
interested in understanding from a policy and operational standpoint. The
Singapore example illustrates that technocratic competence in design, planning,
and implementation is a fundamental requirement for the long-term world-wide
sustainability scheme expressed by the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
KEY-WORDS: Sustainable communities, Urban resilience, Inclusive develop-
ment, SDG11, Urban stakeholders, Community participation, Urban govern-
ance, Sustainable development planning and policy, Climate change adaptation,
Green infrastructure
perifereia t.10.indd 59 28/12/2022 4:28:22 µµ
[60] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
Βιώσιμος, ανθεκτικός, ασφαλής και χωρίς αποκλει-
σμούς αστικός και περιφερειακός μακροπρόθεσμος
σχεδιασμός και ανάπτυξη. Αντλώντας έμπνευση από
τη Σιγκαπούρη
Γελένα Κέμπτον, Πανεπιστήμιο Νεάπολις Πάφου
Λούκα Σαλβάτη, Συμβούλιο Γεωργικής Έρευνας και Οικονομίας
Ιωάννης Βαρδόπουλος, Χαροκόπειο Πανεπιστήμιο
Περίληψη
Η
σύγχρονη Σιγκαπούρη είναι μια ακμάζουσα πόλη-κράτος που αντιπροσωπεύει
δυναμικό ανάπτυξης σχεδόν 80% από το έτος 1990.Αποτελεί υπόδειγμα για
το συνδυασμό πρακτικού σχεδιασμού, εφαρμογής πολιτικών, συμπράξεων δημόσιου-
ιδιωτικού τομέα και διεθνούς υποστήριξης, με τον οποίο οι κρατικές αρχές οδήγη-
σαν την πόλη-κράτος προς την ανάπτυξη και τη βιωσιμότητα. Οι αστικές οικονο-
μικές διακυμάνσεις, οι δημογραφικές αλλαγές, και η περιβαλλοντική υποβάθμιση
που αγγίζει μη αναστρέψιμα όρια, μεταξύ άλλων, αναμένεται να αμφισβητήσουν το
μέλλον των αστικών και περιαστικών περιοχών τα επόμενα 50 χρόνια. Ως εκ τού-
του, ο έγκαιρος προγραμματισμός για τη βιωσιμότητα και τη διαχείριση των πόρων
θεωρείται απαραίτητος. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, η παρούσα μελέτη ερευνά σε βάθος τις
γενικές γραμμές πολιτικής καθώς και τις πρακτικές που έχουν ιστορικά συμβάλει
στην πετυχημένη περίπτωση της Σιγκαπούρης, ενώ παράλληλα εξετάζει τις ιδιαίτε-
ρες και σύγχρονες τεχνολογίες και πρακτικές βιώσιμου σχεδιασμού και ανάπτυξης
που έχουν εφαρμοστεί τα τελευταία έτη. Η υιοθέτηση των ευρημάτων από την με-
λέτη της μακρόπνοης, ή συνεχούς, ανάπτυξης της Σιγκαπούρης, δύναται καταρχάς
να συμβάλλει στην ενίσχυση της υπάρχουσας τεχνογνωσίας στον βιώσιμο σχεδιασμό
και ανάπτυξη, ενώ παράλληλα μπορεί να ωφελήσει όσους ενδιαφέρονται να κατανο-
ήσουν σε βάθος από πολιτική και επιχειρησιακή σκοπιά το φαινόμενο του βιώσιμου
σχεδιασμού. Το παράδειγμα της Σιγκαπούρης αναδεικνύει εμφατικά ότι η τεχνο-
κρατική ικανότητα στο σχεδιασμό, τον προγραμματισμό και την υλοποίηση αποτε-
λούν θεμελιώδη απαίτηση για το μακροπρόθεσμο παγκόσμιο σύστημα βιωσιμότητας,
έτσι όπως αυτό εκφράζεται από τους Στόχους Βιώσιμης Ανάπτυξης του ΟΗΕ.
ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: Βιώσιμες κοινότητες, Αστική ανθεκτικότητα, Ανάπτυξη χω-
ρίς αποκλεισμούς, Σχεδιασμός και πολιτική βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης, Προσαρμογή
στην κλιματική αλλαγή, Πράσινες υποδομές, Ατζέντα 2030
perifereia t.10.indd 60 28/12/2022 4:28:22 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [61]
1. Introduction
A
fter British rule and a short Japanese occupation, Singapore became an
independent city-state in 1965 and fared for itself. By 1965, Singapore’s
population had ballooned to nearly two million and the Gross domestic product
(GDP) per capita reached 1580 Singapore Dollars (Huff, 1997). It seemed as if
the island would use up all the resources in a short amount of time. The state
of! cials in Singapore believed that sustainable development and the pursuit
of a green city-state was the solution and it would encourage foreign and
local investments, embrace the locals, and help avert the harmful effects of
overpopulation (Bercuson, 1995).
The state of! cials in Singaporere organized the governmental structure
into active ministries and departments and established a centralized planning
system. The Urban Redevelopment Authority was in charge of the overall
planning. In 1971, the ! rst Concept Plan was born, a map out for the coming
at least 50 years. Short-term 10-15 years reviews were in action. One-tenth of
the land is allocated for parks and green spaces. 4.5% of nature reserves are
protected by law. Cleaning up the Singapore River and Kallang Basin provided
access to clean potable water and created early initiatives for waste management,
pollution reduction, and energy ef! ciency (Tortajada, Joshi and Biswas, 2013;
Chua et al., 2020). Today, Singapore is a thriving city-state with a population
of 5.5 million people representing a growth of almost 80% since 1990, a density
of 7615 people per square kilometer and GDP per capita of 71318 Singapore
Dollars, and a land area of 718 square kilometers, compared to a land area of
only 582 square kilometers in 1965.
A combination of government planning, policy implementation, public-
private partnerships, and international assistance has led to the city-state’s
growth and sustainability. As urban populations are expected to grow over the
next 50 years, and urban boundaries expand, countries and cities must plan
ahead for sustainability and resource management (Alaimo et al., 2022).
This study explores the general policies and rules that have led to Singapore’s
success story while also getting into recent years’ details and modern technologies
of sustainable planning and development.
2. Inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable Singapore
S
ingapore is a city-state with a small land area and a dense population (Zhou
and Zhao, 2016). Given the increasing populace and the need for economic
expansion, these circumstances necessitate the cautious and strategic use of
space to ensure long-term development (Cho and Križnik, 2016). Securing
perifereia t.10.indd 61 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
[62] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
adequate land for sustainable growth as well as comfortable and elevated
home environments for Singapore necessitates solid and • exible local planning
paired with term planning. As a result, Singapore collaborates with a range
of public and private stakeholders on policies including government housing
and an integrated transportation network, all while ensuring that public parks
were incorporated into the urban lifestyle.
Singapore’s urban strategic plan is long-term (Ofori, 1994; Rozario and
Rosetti, 2012; Friess, 2017), as it ought to be to the objective of sustainable urban
development (Vardopoulos, 2022b). The region development authority’s plan was
of a long-period and major land-dwelling use as well as a transportation strategy
that de• ne broad plans to steer growth for the next • fty to sixty years (Yuen,
2009). These ideas turned into a big plan that probably leads out the following ten
to • fteen years of advancements. Every ten years, the visualization is evaluated,
and every • ve years the master plan is updated. These evaluations are important
to account for a variety of issues, including changes in land use needs (Zitti et al.,
2015), economic and technical trends, population changes (Salvati and Carlucci,
2016), present and future generations’ economic, social, and ecological needs,
as also regional and worldwide economic trends (Sariannidis et al., 2018). The
conceptual and grandiose plans outline the way for the project’s development and
the introduction of fresh and innovative development concepts and techniques.
Greenery Incentive; Considering that most of Singapore was a swampland
(Mahizhnan, 1999), the fact that nowSingapore has 33 square kilometers of
space devoted to parks, park connectors, and 34 square kilometersof nature
reserves, is not a coincidence whatsoever. Singapore’s growth in green space
is attributed mainly to the national parks and partnering agencies (Figure 1)
(See: www.nparks.gov.sg). A park connector network program began in 2007 to
enhance green spaces in the city (Tanuwidjaja, 2011). The network has grown
from 42 kilometers to 200 kilometers.
perifereia t.10.indd 62 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [63]
Figure 1. Park connectors, trails and footpaths network in
Singapore
Source: www.nparks.gov.sg
The streetscape greenery master plan is a blueprint for optimizing available
green spaces along the roads for lush, densely planted treatments (Behm and
Choon Hock, 2012; Siong, Gwee and Mak, 2013). The Skyrise Greenery Incentive
Scheme was introduced in 2009 funding up to 50% of installation costs of rooftop
greenery and vertical greenery (Beatley, 2016).To date, there are 322 buildings
with skyrise greenery.
The Active, Beautiful, and Clean Waters program (See: www.pub.gov.sg/
abcwaters/about) replaces concrete walls of water canals and landscapes for
better integration with surrounding parks and green space(Neo et al., 2022).
National parks and partnering agencies have established 3P sectors: people,
public sector agencies, and private corporations. Community-In-Bloom program
attempts to encourage a gardening culture in Singapore(Tan and Neo, 2009; Tan,
Wang and Sia, 2013). A garden city fund was set up in 2002 to allow donations
to the city’s greening efforts. Donations and public-private partnerships allowed
national parks and partnering agencies to launch a 1 square kilometers
perifereia t.10.indd 63 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
[64] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
gardens by the bay development, a joint effort between government agencies,
architectural and design fi rms, and construction companies that sought to blend
nature, modern technology, and environmental management (Yuen, 1996),
current subject to the imperative of sustainable development for human well-
being (Cortesi, Vardopoulos and Salvati, 2022).From 1986 to 2007, green cover
on the island grew from 35.7% to 46.5% despite a 68% population growth. The
concerted planning and efforts of Singapore’s government agencies and private
companies have enabled Singapore to become one of the greenest countries in
the world against a backdrop of limited land and a growing population(Chang
and Huang, 2011).
Housing a Nation; About eighty percent of Singapore’s citizens live in
municipal properties constructed by the Housing Development Board (Thong,
Yap and Seah, 2000). Nine out of ten of those residents have their own homes.
To ensure that public housing is inexpensive, it is substantially subsidized
(Teo, Devadoss and Pan, 2006). On the highest of the supported sale prices for
newly constructed Housing Development Board suites, a progressive system of
housing allowances has been implemented. As a result, many fi rst-time buyers
pay off their mortgages with less than a quarter of the monthly salary. This
is signifi cantly below the international norm of housing accounting for 25 to
30 percent of monthly salary. Apart from providing shelter, public housing also
gives a place to live, work, play, and education. Commercial areas, schools,
transportation hubs, parks, etc. are all available in Housing Development
Board communities to fulfi ll the diverse demands of inhabitants. To provide
people with a high quality of life and cut commuting times, new developments
are centered on the underlying principle of sustainability (Vardopoulos, 2021a).
Most Housing Development Board towns are built on the Neighborhood Social
Concept which involves clustering multiple neighborhoods around a community
center that provides necessary facilities within walking distance. Neighborhood
Social Concept’s newest suburb in the north of Singapore, is built on a novel
design concept in which residential complexes share a shared green space and
a range of very well amenities to improve access and promote clean commuting.
In and around Neighborhood Social Concept fl ats, a green network of nature
reserves, parks, park connections, forest roads, and other natural spaces has
made living in government housing less attractive.
Building Safety; To enhance the environment sector, the Building and
Construction Authority promotes a strong attitude of safety knowledge and
control. The Building and Construction Authority maintains safety and quality
standards whilst ensuring that the regulatory regime stays relevant as projects
grow larger and technical sophistication via frequent assessments (Ong,
perifereia t.10.indd 64 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [65]
Anggadjaja and Soh, 2009). The development control act and other regulations
govern the design and construction of buildings in Singapore. This involves a
stringent system of checks and balances across the whole building lifespan,
including design, construction, licensing before occupancy, and post-occupancy
maintenance. Experienced professionals must undertake frequent assessments
ofcompleted structures under the regular structure regime to assess the state of
the building and, if needed, prescribe repair actions (Low, 2011).
Transit-oriented development and planning; Singapore implements a
transport development management design method to ensure that transportation
capacity can serve a wide range of land uses and that limited space is effectively
used (Yuam, 1997). The Road Transport Grand Plan, which is reviewed every fi ve
years, guides land transportation policies and initiatives in this regard (Santos,
Li and Koh, 2004). Through enhanced connectivity and services, the long-
term goal is to make mass transit the preferred mode of transportation (Toan
and Van Dong, 2020; Papavasileiou and Mitoula, 2021). Walking or mobility
by bicycle and the usage of personal mobility equipment are all encouraged as
well (Nguyen, Koh and Wong, 2015). Singapore seeks to build a smart city by
combining innovative economic models and technology such as car-sharing and
eco-vehicles, a mobility model that is focused on public transportation rather
than private transportation (Yuam, 1997; Mitoula and Papavasileiou, 2021).
Promoting public transport; By the end of the year 2030, the goal is set up
for public transportation to account for 75% of evening peak trips, and at least
85% by 2050. To do just that, Singapore’s railway system will be extended from
230 kilometers today to 360 kilometers by 2030, allowing eight out of ten houses
to be within ten minutes of a train station and 85 percent of large transportation
journeys of less than 20 kilometers to be fi nished within 60 minutes (Kong et
al., 2019; Wang, 2019). Furthermore, bus routes will be expanded and service
level agreements will be improved. The public bus improvement program was
launched in 2012 to give passengers enhanced communication, less comfortable
rides, and reduced longer waits (Leong et al., 2016). From 2012 and 2017, 1000
public state buses were introduced, together with 80 additional bus services,
to increase connectivity to key transportation hubs and important social and
commercial establishments (Dou, Wang and Meng, 2019).
Inclusive transport; Singapore continues to take steps to ensure that
public transportation is accessible to everyone, including the elderly, disabled,
visually impaired, and families with kids (Diao, 2019). Every railway station
has had at minimum one obstruction-free entry by an elevator, a perceptible
guide scheme, and power chair bathrooms since 2006. More than 85 percent
of railway stations have now roadblock accessibility to the decks from the rail
perifereia t.10.indd 65 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
[66] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
station. Priority boarding areas for customers with additional needs on railways,
city transports, and elevators were launched in 2015 and are now in operation
at 20 railway stations and nine bus intersections. Since 2017, city transports
have been outfi tted with the capability of allowing parents to panel with their
children in open buggies. All city automobiles will be nature-friendly by the year
2024 (Rojas Lopez, Toan and Wong, 2020).
Walking and cyclingplan; Walk bike ride is a movement in Singapore that
aims to make walking, cycling, and taking the subway a way of life (Rojas
López and Wong, 2017; Henderson, 2018). A pedestrian and biking plan was
implemented for areas with heavy pedestrian and bike traffi c to help realize this
aim. The pedestrian and biking plan mandates that builders ensure that the
design accommodates the demands of cyclists and pedestrians rather than only
automobile traffi c. It also calls for the construction of stairs to provide roadblock
access. Furthermore, by exempting bicycle lots and associated facilities from the
gross fl oor space calculation, builders are encouraged to offer them. Moreover,
more covered pathways are being built so that people can easily travel to railway
stations, busy intersections, and local facilities despite the weather. By the end
of 2018, 200 kilometers were completed.
Waste prevention and management; One of the more pressing issues for
Singapore has been waste management. There is very little room for landfi lls with
limited areas, and it is challenging to locate landfi lls far away from residential
areas. Additionally, from 1970 to 2000, the amount of solid waste disposed of
increased six times to 7600 tons per day. Acknowledging the waste problems, state
offi cials borrowed 25 million United States of America Dollars from the World
Bank in 1973 to build its fi rst incineration plant. Since then, the government
has opened additional incineration plants in the city-state while closing a series
of landfi lls away from residential areas (Lang, 2005). The ultimate aim is to
reduce, reuse and recycle waste. The government currently owns and operates
four waste-to-energy incineration plants (Tun et al., 2020). These plants reduce
waste volume by up to 90%.New technologies allow the incineration process to
generate 962 million kilowatt-hours of electricity or 2-3 percent of Singapore’s
total electricity usage. Advanced air pollution control equipment mitigates the
pollution that is otherwise generated. The ash created from the incineration
plants and waste that cannot be burned are sent to Semakau Landfi ll (Chan,
2016). It covers 3.5 square kilometers and has a capacity of 63 million cubic
meters with an estimated lifespan of 35 to 40 years due to increasing recycling
rates. The landfi ll is not a wasteland due to the careful construction of an
impermeable rock around its perimeter. The marine ecosystem is protected, and
the wildlife on and around the island hasn’t been affected negatively. Although
perifereia t.10.indd 66 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [67]
the incineration plants and Semakau landfi ll are successful to a large extent,
they provide an unsustainable means to manage waste at current growth rates.
Therefore, the National Environment Agency, the government body responsible
for waste management, has set up initiatives and programs to reduce waste
disposal through increased materials recycling.Some of the programs that the
National Environment Agencyhas set up since the 1990s include a National
Recycling Program that has been increasing the number of recycling bins and
providing more frequent collection services, a Recycling Program for Schools,
and a Recycling Program for Industrial and Commercial Premises. The
voluntary Packaging Agreement seeks to reduce packaging waste. Essential 3P
(people, public, private) partners such as the Singapore Environment Council,
the Packaging Council of Singapore, and participating industries have made
this initiative a success. In 2006, the national ‘Why Waste Plastic Bags? Choose
Reusable Bags!’ campaign was launched to encourage the use of reusable bags
for shopping. In 2011, a new requirement was launched whereby all waste-
collection companies would incentivize households to recycle more. Recycle bins
are now • tted with electronic tags to measure the amount of waste recycled.
The ‘Clean & Green Singapore’ campaign, the Recycling Outreach Program, the
Pre-School 3R Training Kit, the Clean and Green Week Schools Carnival, and
the promotion of Earth and World Environment Days have been launched to
encourage the public to recycle as much as possible and to get others to do so as
well (Neo, 2010). From 2000 to 2015, waste generation in Singapore increased
from 4.65 million tons to 7.5 million tons, 61.4 in percent terms. During the
same period, the recycling rate has increased from 40% to 60% and continues to
grow. The government is on track to meet the target of recycling 65% by 2020
and 70% by 2030, set in the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (Kerdlap, Low and
Ramakrishna, 2019).Singapore is getting closer to meeting its sustainable waste
management targets of Towards Zero Land• lls and Towards Zero Waste as its
recycling rate rises.
Zero energy building; According to the UN Environment Programme Report,
buildings account for one-third of greenhouse gas emissions, 40 percent of the
world’s energy consumption and resources, and 25 percent of global water
consumption. In the densely built-up urban environment of the island, with
limited land space and few natural resources, greening buildings is vital to
sustainability. The effective way for a city to reduce its carbon footprint in the long
term is energy and water ef• ciency (Vardopoulos, 2017; Cremades et al., 2019),
waste reduction (Zorpas and Lasaridi, 2013; Vardopoulos, Konstantopoulos and
Zorpas, 2019), or sustainable techniques and materials. In 2005, Singapore’s
building and construction authority introduced the Green Mark green
perifereia t.10.indd 67 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
[68] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
buildings rating system (Li et al., 2011). It evaluates and grades a building’s
environmental impact and sustainability performance (Vardopoulos, 2019b).
The Green Mark allocates points to projects according to their performances in
the categories of energy ef• ciency, water ef• ciency, environmental protection,
indoor environmental quality, and other green features and innovations, which
are all aspects well-addressed consistently in the wider scholarly literature
(Savvides and Vassiliades, 2017). Based on the points allocated, a project was
awarded Green Mark Certi• ed, Gold, Gold+and Platinum ratings. The system
is heavily weighted towards achieving energy ef• ciency due to the importance
of energy in the tropical environment. The building and construction authority
published the Green Building Masterplan in 2006, 2009, and 2014 introducing
new legislation, • nancial incentive schemes, industry training programs, public
outreach campaigns, and research and development initiatives (Shan et al., 2020).
In 2006, a 20 million Singapore Dollars Green Mark Incentive Scheme started.
It offers direct monetary incentives to developers who score above the certi• ed
level. In 2008, it amended imposing minimum standards on all new buildings
to a level on par with the certi• ed average. The Singapore Ministry of National
Development launched a 50 million Singapore Dollars research and development
fund to encourage green building technologies and solutions research.Additional
incentive schemes include the 100 million Singapore Dollars Green Mark
Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings, which are of great signi• cance on the
sustainability agenda (Vardopoulos and Theodoropoulou, 2018, 2019, 2020;
Vardopoulos, 2019a, 2021b; Vardopoulos et al., 2021), the Green Mark Gross
Floor Area Incentive Scheme, the 5 million Singapore Dollars Green Mark
Incentive Scheme for Design Prototype and Building Retro• t Energy Ef• ciency
Financing Scheme. Throughout, Singapore has been leading by example. In
2006, all new public sector buildings and those undergoing signi• cant retro• ts
had to meet standards on the level of Green Mark Certi• ed. In 2009, all new
public sector buildings with air-conditioned • oor areas of more than 5000 square
meters had to achieve a platinum rating. Existing buildings with air-conditioned
• oor areas of more than 10000 square meters had to be retro• tted to achieve
Green Mark Gold Plus rating. Additionally, the state authorities are spending
52 million Singapore Dollars to create a Green Buildings Innovation Cluster
whose goal will be to develop large-scale and high-impact demonstration projects
and address barriers to the widespread adoption of energy-ef• cient solutions and
practices. The building and construction authority devised strategic trusts that
outline the basis for policy regarding green buildings. The thrusts are the public
sector taking the lead, spurring the private sector, furthering the development
of green building technology, building industry capabilities through training,
perifereia t.10.indd 68 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [69]
pro• ling Singapore and raising awareness, and imposing minimum standards.
These trusts and the countless programs and incentive schemes have led to
success (Karnavos et al., 2022). The number of green Mark buildings in Singapore
has grown from 17 in 2005 to more than 2100 in 2014, and the gross • oor area of
green buildings amounts to 25% of the total built-up areas of Singapore.
3. Future challenges
S
ingapore’s natural resource constraints are the main and biggest issue; and
while the country has tackled them admirably since independence, these
challenges remain pertinent. In addition, economic prosperity and demographic
changes, have created a fresh set of sustainability challenges (Figure 2) for
Singapore, and not only (Salvati and Carlucci, 2017). As population aging
continues and the pursuit of non-economic needs (i.e. social and cultural)
intensi• es, these new challenges will become increasingly evident (Cecchini et
al., 2019; Cividino, Egidi and Salvati, 2020; Halbac-Cotoara-Zam• r et al., 2020).
Figure 2. Singapore sustainability challenges
Source: www.ecosperity.sg
4. Discussion and Conclusions
S
ustainable development goals are the goals that are globally recognized to
plan a better future for upcoming generations (Kyriakogkonas et al., 2022).
The seventeen sustainable development goals have the agenda to coherent
and integrate nations into a structure by the end of 2030 (Mitoula, 2022).
perifereia t.10.indd 69 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
[70] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
While Singapore has responded well to its sustainable challenges, many of
these challenges are likely to intensify with continued economic development
(Garefalakis et al., 2022).
Be cognizant of the trade-offs; Overcoming the various sustainability
challenges requires making dif! cult trade-offs. One way to examine these trade-
offs is through the lens of the government budget. There is a ! nite amount of
! nancial resources available to the state each year, which is responsible for
allocating these resources across priority areas as ef! ciently as possible. Increasing
spending on public healthcare to accounting for aging trends will mean fewer
resources are available for maintaining and upgrading roads, schools, and public
housing, to name a few. Under the annual budget lies a number of other policy
trade-offs that need to be constantly assessed. For instance, how does Singapore
choose between higher taxes and the need to reinforce the concept of personal
and family responsibility? What is the impact of higher taxes on foreign capital
and labor, and is Singapore’s current economy resilient enough to withstand
potentially negative shocks that come with it? Increasing current expenditure
may lead to immediate higher well-being or even sustainable long-term growth
if invested productively, but may also jeopardize Singapore’s strong reputation
of ! scal discipline in the capital markets(Alexopoulos et al., 2020). How and
when should Singapore utilize its reserves while factoring in issues of equitable
intergenerational transfers? The trade-off between biodiversity and land use
was another keytheme (Prokopová et al., 2019). Singapore’s land requirements
will continue to come into direct con" ict with the need to conserve biodiversity.
In most cases, the clearing of land for new infrastructure will unavoidably lead
to some destruction of " ora and fauna, but the key is to be as “light-footed” as
possible, and to take necessary remedial actions(Salvati, 2013). Another trade-
off stemming from Singapore’s land constraints is the need to strike a balance
between the desire to preserve historical sites with the need for development
(Vardopoulos et al., 2020; Vardopoulos, 2022a). This tension has previously led
to public dissent, particularly over the demolition of the Old National Library
building, and more recently, Bukit Brown Cemetery. There are no easy solutions
to these trade-offs and, ultimately, Singaporeans have to make these decisions
in a collaborative manner. The key, however, is to engage in constructive and
inclusive discussions based on balanced and well-supported arguments.
Holistic and long-term planning; Singapore should guard against quick-
! x solutions to deal with complex and long-term sustainability challenges. For
example, given the shrinking labor force, sustainable economic growth can only
be achieved through higher labor productivity (Lemonakis et al., 2016). A truly
sustainable approach to higher labor productivity includes retraining workers
perifereia t.10.indd 70 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [71]
to adapt to dynamic labor market conditions (e.g. smart (Vardopoulos et al.,
2020), digitization (Doukas, Maravegias and Chrysomallidis, 2022), changing
the curriculum and mindsets of parents to prepare the younger population for
emerging industries, ensuring that Singapore has the enabling conditions for
new, fast-growing industries to • ourish, among others. Effective communication
is required to create the policy space needed for holistic, long-term planning.
Caring at the core; Singapore should double down on its efforts to create a
compassionate society. As actors in society have diametrically different needs
and interests, policy trade-offs will invariably create relative winners and losers.
Inspiring people to consider the needs and interests of others, to care more for
one another, and encouraging businesses to be responsible for their operating
environments, would go a long way in helping tackle some of Singapore’s many
sustainability challenges.
Bibliographical References
Alaimo, L.S. et al.(2022) ‘The medium-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
on population dynamics: The case of Italy’, Sustainability, 14(21), p. 13995.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113995.
Alexopoulos, G. et al. (2020) ‘Fiscal Multipliers Under Extreme Uncertainty:
Case of Greek Tourism Economy’, in E. Krassadaki et al. (eds) Operational
Research in Agriculture and Tourism. 7th International Symposium and
29th National Conference on Operational Research, Chania, Greece, June
2018. Cham, Germany: Springer, pp. 83-105. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-030-38766-2_5.
Beatley, T. (2016) ‘Singapore City, Singapore: City in a Garden’, in Handbook
of Biophilic City Planning and Design. Washington, DC, USA: Island
Press, pp. 51-66. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-621-9_5.
Behm, M. and Choon Hock, P. (2012) ‘Safe design of skyrise greenery in
Singapore’, Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(2), pp. 186-205.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/20466091211260677.
Bercuson, K. (1995) Singapore: A Case Study in Rapid Development.
Washington, DC, USA: International Monetary Fund.
Cecchini, M. et al. (2019) ‘Population Age Structure, Complex Socio-
Demographic Systems and Resilience Potential: A Spatio-Temporal,
Evenness-Based Approach’, Sustainability, 11(7), p. 2050. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072050.
Chan, J.K.H. (2016) ‘The ethics of working with wicked urban waste prob-
lems: The case of Singapore’s Semakau Land! ll’, Landscape and Urban
perifereia t.10.indd 71 28/12/2022 4:28:23 µµ
[72] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
Planning, 154, pp. 123–131. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurb-
plan.2016.03.017.
Chang, T.C. and Huang, S. (2011) ‘Reclaiming the City: Waterfront
Development in Singapore’, Urban Studies, 48(10), pp. 2085-2100.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010382677.
Cho, I.S. and Križnik, B. (2016) Community-Based Urban Development: Evolving
Urban Paradigms in Singapore and Seoul. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Chua, S. et al. (2020) ‘A new Quaternary stratigraphy of the Kallang River
Basin, Singapore: Implications for urban development and geotechnical
engineering in Singapore’, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 200, p. 104430.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104430.
Cividino, S., Egidi, G. and Salvati, L. (2020) ‘Unraveling the (Uneven) Linkage?
A Refl ection on Population Aging and Suburbanization in a Mediterranean
Perspective’, Sustainability, 12(11), p. 4546. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.3390/su12114546.
Cortesi, A., Vardopoulos, I. and Salvati, L. (2022) ‘A partial least squares
analysis of the perceived impact of sustainable real estate design upon
wellbeing’, Urban Science, 6(4), p. 69. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/
urbansci6040069.
Cremades, R. et al. (2019) ‘Ten principles to integrate the water-energy-land
nexus with climate services for co-producing local and regional integrated
assessments’, Science of The Total Environment, 693, p. 133662. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133662.
Diao, M. (2019) ‘Towards sustainable urban transport in Singapore: Policy
instruments and mobility trends’, Transport Policy, 81, pp. 320–330.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.05.005.
Dou, X., Wang, H. and Meng, Q. (2019) ‘Parallel shuttle bus service design
for planned mass rapid transit shutdown: The Singapore experience’,
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 108, pp. 340–356.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2019.09.022.
Doukas, Y.E.L., Maravegias, N. and Chrysomallidis, C. (2022) ‘Digitalization
in the EU Agricultural Sector: Seeking a European Policy Response’,
in K. Mattas et al. (eds) Food Policy Modelling Responses to Current
Issues. Cham, Germany: Springer, pp. 83–98. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-031-08317-4_6.
Friess, D.A. (2017) ‘Singapore as a long-term case study for tropical urban
ecosystem services’, Urban Ecosystems, 20(2), pp. 277–291. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0592-7.
perifereia t.10.indd 72 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [73]
Garefalakis, A. et al. (2022) ‘The casual relations between the economic growth
and • nancial development in Greece: An empirical research for the causal-
ity analysis’, SSRN Electronic Journal [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.2139/ssrn.4008189.
Halbac-Cotoara-Zam• r, R. et al. (2020) ‘Rapidity of Change in Population
Age Structures: A Local Approach Based on Multiway Factor Analysis’,
Sustainability, 12(7), p. 2828. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/
su12072828.
Henderson, J. (2018) ‘Making cities more walkable for tourists: a view from
Singapore’s streets’, International Journal of Tourism Cities, 4(3), pp. 285-
297. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-11-2017-0059.
Huff, W.G. (1997) The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development
in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA, USA: Cambridge University
Press.
Karnavos, D. et al. (2022) ‘Green Public Procurement as a Tool for the
Transition from the Linear Model of Economy to the Circular Economy’,
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(7), pp. 566–579. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.97.12698.
Kerdlap, P., Low, J.S.C. and Ramakrishna, S. (2019) ‘Zero waste manufactur-
ing: A framework and review of technology, research, and implementa-
tion barriers for enabling a circular economy transition in Singapore’,
Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 151, p. 104438. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104438.
Kong, P. et al. (2019) ‘Beyond Operational Improvement: A Qualitative Study
on User Preferences for Public Transport in Singapore’, in Proceedings of
the 26th ITS World Congress. Singapore.
Kyriakogkonas, P. et al. (2022) ‘Sustainable Project Management under the
Light of ESG Criteria: A Theoretical Approach’, Theoretical Economics
Letters, 12(06), pp. 1517-1538. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4236/
tel.2022.126083.
Lang, J.C. (2005) ‘Zero land• ll, zero waste: the greening of industry in
Singapore’, International Journal of Environment and Sustainable
Development, 4(3), p. 331. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1504/
IJESD.2005.007744.
Lemonakis, C. et al. (2016) ‘Manufacturing Firms’ Performance and
Productivity: Evidence from North and South European, Scandinavian
and Balkan Countries’, Theoretical Economics Letters, 06(04), pp. 789-797.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2016.64083.
perifereia t.10.indd 73 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
[74] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
Leong, W. et al. (2016) ‘Improving bus service reliability: The Singapore experi-
ence’, Research in Transportation Economics, 59, pp. 40-49. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.07.025.
Li, Y.Y. et al. (2011) ‘Critical Project Management Factors of AEC Firms for
Delivering Green Building Projects in Singapore’, Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management, 137(12), pp. 1153-1163. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000370.
Low, S.P. (2011) ‘Building and Sustainability Controls in Singapore: A Journey
in Time’, Procedia Engineering, 20, pp. 22-40. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.136.
Mahizhnan, A. (1999) ‘Smart cities’, Cities, 16(1), pp. 13–18. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00050-X.
Mitoula, R. (2022) ‘Individual actions for the implementation of 17 global goals
of sustainable development in cities’, in Changing Cities V. Corfu, Greece.
Mitoula, R. and Papavasileiou, A. (2021) ‘Mega infrastructure projects and
their contribution ot sustainable development. The case study of the
Athens Airport, Eleftherios Venizelos’, in G. Halkos (ed.) 7th Conference
on Economics of Natural Resources & the Environment, 26-27 November
2021. Online: University of Thessaly & Harokopio University, pp. 124-135.
Available at: https://bit.ly/3WT86fH.
Neo, H. (2010) ‘The Potential of Large-Scale Urban Waste Recycling: A
Case Study of the National Recycling Programme in Singapore’, Society
& Natural Resources, 23(9), pp. 872-887. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1080/08941920802438618.
Neo, T.H. et al. (2022) ‘Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design
Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore’, Water,
14(3), p. 468. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030468.
Nguyen, P.N., Koh, P.P. and Wong, Y.D. (2015) ‘Impacts of bicycle infrastruc-
ture: a case study in Singapore’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers - Municipal Engineer, 168(3), pp. 186-198. Available at: https://
doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.14.00029.
Ofori, G. (1994) ‘Formulating a long-term strategy for developing the
construction industry of Singapore’, Construction Management
and Economics, 12(3), pp. 219-231. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1080/01446199400000030.
Ong, K.C.G., Anggadjaja, E. and Soh, S.L.Y. (2009) ‘Sustainable construc-
tion strategies: a Singapore perspective’, in CMS2009: Conference on
Construction Material Stewardship - Lifecycle Design of Buildings, Systems
and Materials. Rotterdam, Netherlands, pp. 8-13.
perifereia t.10.indd 74 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [75]
Papavasileiou, A. and Mitoula, R. (2021) ‘Mega infrastructure projects and
their contribution to sustainable development. The case of the Athens
Metro’, in G. Halkos (ed.) 6th Conference on Economics of Natural
Resources & the Environment, 11-12 June 2021. Online: University of
Thessaly & Harokopio University. Available at: https://bit.ly/3hFq7xN.
Prokopová, M. et al. (2019) ‘Envisioning Present and Future Land-Use Change
under Varying Ecological Regimes and Their Infl uence on Landscape
Stability’, Sustainability, 11(17), p. 4654. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.3390/su11174654.
Rojas Lopez, M.C., Toan, T.D. and Wong, Y.D. (2020) ‘Transitioning Different
Stages of Transport Planning in Urban Areas: Experiences of Singapore
and Vietnam’, in C. Ha-Minh et al. (eds) CIGOS 2019, Innovation for
Sustainable Infrastructure Proceedings of the 5th International Conference
on Geotechnics, Civil Engineering Works and Structures. Berlin, Germany:
Springer, pp. 953–958. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-
0802-8_152.
Rojas López, M.C. and Wong, Y.D. (2017) ‘Attitudes towards active mobility in
Singapore: A qualitative study’, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 5(4), pp.
662–670. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2017.07.002.
Rozario, P.A. and Rosetti, A.L. (2012) ‘“Many Helping Hands”: A Review
and Analysis of Long-term Care Policies, Programs, and Practices in
Singapore’, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55(7), pp. 641-658.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2012.667524.
Salvati, L. (2013) ‘Urban containment in action? Long-term dynamics of
self-contained urban growth in compact and dispersed regions of south-
ern Europe’, Land Use Policy, 35, pp. 213-225. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.05.009.
Salvati, L. and Carlucci, M. (2016) ‘In-Between Stability and Subtle Changes:
Urban Growth, Population Structure, and the City Life Cycle in Rome’,
Population, Space and Place, 22(3), pp. 216-227. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1002/psp.1877.
Salvati, L. and Carlucci, M. (2017) ‘Urban growth, population, and reces-
sion: Unveiling multiple spatial patterns of demographic indicators in
a Mediterranean City’, Population, Space and Place, 23(8), p. e2079.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2079.
Santos, G., Li, W.W. and Koh, W.T.H. (2004) ‘Transport policies in Singapore’,
in G. Santos (ed.) Road Pricing: Theory and Evidence. Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 209-235. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0739-8859(04)09009-2.
perifereia t.10.indd 75 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
[76] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
Sariannidis, N. et al. (2018) ‘Eco-ef• ciency, sustainable development and envi-
ronmental accounting in the tourism industry during a crisis’, Corporate
Board role duties and composition, 14(3), pp. 58-64. Available at: https://
doi.org/10.22495/cbv14i3art5.
Savvides, A. and Vassiliades, K. (2017) ‘Designing Urban Building Blocks
around Solar Planning Principles’, in 9th International Conference on
Sustainable Development and Planning, SDP 2017. Bristol, UK: WIT
Transactions on Ecology and the Environment - WIT Press, pp. 679–690.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP170591.
Shan, M. et al. (2020) ‘Critical success factors for small contractors to con-
duct green building construction projects in Singapore: identi• cation and
comparison with large contractors’, Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 27(8), pp. 8310-8322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11356-019-06646-1.
Siong, N.B., Gwee, J. and Mak, C. (2013) ‘Growing a city in a garden’, in J.
Gwee (ed.) Case studies in public governance: building institutions in
Singapore. Nea York, NY, USA: Routledge, pp. 11-63.
Tan, L.H.H. and Neo, H. (2009) ‘“Community in Bloom”: local participation of
community gardens in urban Singapore’, Local Environment, 14(6), pp.
529–539. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830902904060.
Tan, P.Y., Wang, J. and Sia, A. (2013) ‘Perspectives on • ve decades of the
urban greening of Singapore’, Cities, 32, pp. 24-32. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.02.001.
Tanuwidjaja, G. (2011) ‘Park Connector Network Planning in Singapore:
Integrating the Green in the Garden City’, in 5th International Conference
of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 2011. National University
of Singapore, Department of Architecture. Available at: http://repository.
petra.ac.id/id/eprint/15544.
Teo, T.S.H., Devadoss, P. and Pan, S.L. (2006) ‘Towards a holistic perspective
of customer relationship management (CRM) implementation: A case study
of the Housing and Development Board, Singapore’, Decision Support
Systems, 42(3), pp. 1613-1627. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
dss.2006.01.007.
Thong, J.Y.L., Yap, C.-S. and Seah, K.-L. (2000) ‘Business Process
Reengineering in the Public Sector: The Case of the Housing Development
Board in Singapore’, Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(1),
pp. 245-270. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2000.11045634.
perifereia t.10.indd 76 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [77]
Toan, T.D. and Van Dong, D. (2020) ‘Integrated Transport Planning for
Sustainable Urban Development – Singapore’ Approach and Lessons for
Vietnam’, in C. Ha-Minh et al. (eds) CIGOS 2019, Innovation for Sustainable
Infrastructure Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on
Geotechnics, Civil Engineering Works and Structures. Singapore: Springer,
pp. 947-952. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0802-8_151.
Tortajada, C., Joshi, Y.K. and Biswas, A.K. (2013) The Singapore Water Story.
London, UK: Routledge. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203076491.
Tun, M.M. et al. (2020) ‘Renewable Waste-to-Energy in Southeast Asia: Status,
Challenges, Opportunities, and Selection of Waste-to-Energy Technologies’,
Applied Sciences, 10(20), p. 7312. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/
app10207312.
Vardopoulos, I. (2017) ‘Multi-criteria analysis for energy independence
from renewable energy sources case study Zakynthos Island, Greece’,
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 8(6), pp.
460-465. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.6.997.
Vardopoulos, I. (2019a) ‘Critical sustainable development factors in the adap-
tive reuse of urban industrial buildings. A fuzzy DEMATEL approach’,
Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, p. 101684. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101684.
Vardopoulos, I. (2019b) ‘Environmental impact assessment scoping re-
port. Residential complex in Ra! na - Pikermi city, Greece’, Sustainable
Development, Culture, Traditions Journal, 1(A), pp. 63-79. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.26341/issn.2241-4002-2019-1a-5.
Vardopoulos, I. et al. (2020) ‘Considering urban development paths and pro-
cesses on account of adaptive reuse projects’, Buildings, 10(4), p. 73.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10040073.
Vardopoulos, I. et al. (2021) ‘An integrated SWOT-PESTLE-AHP model assess-
ing sustainability in adaptive reuse projects’, Applied Sciences, 11(15), p.
7134. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157134.
Vardopoulos, I. (2021a) Applied urban sustainability: mixed methods research
on adaptive reuse practices: studying the FIX case. Harokopio University.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.12681/eadd/49296.
Vardopoulos, I. (2021b) ‘Instagram users survey research and data analysis
anent adaptive reuse tourism potential’, in E. Christou, A. Fotiadis, and K.
Alexandris (eds) 4th International Conference TOURMAN. Thessaloniki,
Greece: International Hellenic University, pp. 228–230.
perifereia t.10.indd 77 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
[78] ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ
Vardopoulos, I. (2022a) ‘Industrial building adaptive reuse for museum.
Factors affecting visitors’ perceptions of the sustainable urban develop-
ment potential’, Building and Environment, 222, p. 109391. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109391.
Vardopoulos, I. (2022b) ‘Ευρωπαϊκές δράσεις για τη βιώσιμη αστική ανάπτυξη’,
in Y.E.L. Doukas, N. Maravegias, and G. Andreou (eds) Η χωρική διάσταση
της ευρωπαϊκής ολοκλήρωσης: σύγκλιση ή απόκλιση; Athens, Greece:
Dionicos, pp. 171-188.
Vardopoulos, I., Konstantopoulos, I. and Zorpas, A.A. (2019) ‘Sustainable cities
perspectives by municipal waste sustainability indicators assessment’, in
7th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management.
Heraklion, Greece. Available at: https://bit.ly/2LSwJXu.
Vardopoulos, I. and Theodoropoulou, E. (2018) ‘Does the new “FIX” fi t?
Adaptive building reuse affecting local sustainable development: pre-
liminary results’, in The IAFOR Conference on Heritage & the City
(HCNY2018). New York, USA: IAFOR, pp. 997-114. Available at: papers.
iafor.org/submission43399.
Vardopoulos, I. and Theodoropoulou, E. (2019) ‘Theoretical considerations and
pilot fi ndings on the adaptive reuse potential for tourism and sustainable
urban development’, in E. Christou, A. Fotiadis, and K. Alexandris (eds)
3rd International Scientifi c Conference TOURMAN 2019. Thessaloniki,
Greece: International Hellenic University, pp. 374-376. Available at:
https://bit.ly/3UQwix7.
Vardopoulos, I. and Theodoropoulou, E. (2020) ‘Adaptive reuse: An essential
circular economy concept’, Urbanistica Informazioni, 289, pp. 4-6.
Wang, X. (2019) ‘The Enlightenment of Singapore Public Transport to China’,
in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary
Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019). Paris,
France: Atlantis Press, pp. 991-993. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2991/
cesses-19.2019.223.
Yuam, L.L. (1997) ‘A Case Study on Urban Transportation Development
and Management’, in Singapore, Urban Infrastructure Development:
Proceedings of the Second International Expert Panel Meeting on Urban
Infrastructure Development. Singapore, pp. 8-9.
Yuen, B. (1996) ‘Creating the Garden City: The Singapore Experience’,
Urban Studies, 33(6), pp. 955-970. Available at: https://doi.
org/10.1080/00420989650011681.
perifereia t.10.indd 78 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
REGIO N & PER IPHERY [79]
Yuen, Belinda (2009) ‘Guiding Spatial Changes: Singapore Urban Planning’, in
S. V Lall et al. (eds) Urban Land Markets. Improving Land Management
for Successful Urbanization. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, pp. 363-
384. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8862-9_14.
Zhou, Y. and Zhao, J. (2016) ‘Assessment and planning of underground space
use in Singapore’, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 55, pp.
249-256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.12.018.
Zitti, M. et al. (2015) ‘Long-Term Urban Growth and Land Use Ef! ciency
in Southern Europe: Implications for Sustainable Land Management’,
Sustainability, 7(3), pp. 3359-3385. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/
su7033359.
Zorpas, A.A. and Lasaridi, K. (2013) ‘Measuring waste prevention’, Waste
Management, 33(5), pp. 1047-1056. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
wasman.2012.12.017.
perifereia t.10.indd 79 28/12/2022 4:28:24 µµ
