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Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 2581-5423)
Volume 7 Issue 1 January 2023
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin
Drug of Unani Medicine
Mohd Afsahul Kalam12, Mohd Naved3 and Abdul Habib3
1Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Naseembagh Campus, Habak,
Srinagar, J&K, India
2Department of Moalajat, National Institute of Unani Medicine (NIUM),
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
3Department of Ilmul Advia, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,
University of Kashmir, Naseembagh Campus, Habak, Srinagar, J&K, India
*Corresponding Author:
Research Institute of Unani Medicine (CCRUM, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India),
Naseembagh Campus, Habak, Srinagar, J&K, India.
Review Article
Received: December 01, 2022
Published: December 30, 2022
© All rights are reserved by Mohd Afsahul
Kalam., et al.
Abstract
DOI: 10.31080/ASPS.2023.07.0926
Pharmaceutics in Unani System of Medicine (USM) comprises of medicinal plants, animal and minerals origin materials called
Mawalid-i-Thalatha. The USM literature comprises description of many animal based drugs and medications, which was written by
various imminent physicians. Jund Bedastar (castoreum) is one among the drug substances obtained from animal source. It is one of
the most important drugs which have profound application in pharmaceuticals. It was used by Unani physicians since age old. It is
used as main ingredient in various compound formulations such as Habb-i-Jund, Habb-i-Sar‘, Roghan Jund etc. This attempt has been
made to accumulate all the scattered literature in one place for easy and better understanding and to explore the importance of Jund
Bedastar with special reference to the therapeutic uses, adverse effect, substitution as per Unani perspective along with its bioactive
compounds and pharmacological studies.
Keywords: Unani System of Medicine; Jund Bedastar; Epilepsy; Habb-i-Jund; Paralysis; Castoreum
Abbreviations
USM: Unani System of Medicine; WHO: World Health Organization
Introduction
In USM, the drugs are derived from natural sources
from plants and mineral sources, a number of animal families
provide drug and drug substances like Regmahi (Scincus scincus),
Abresham (Bombyx mori
(Moschus moschiferus), Lulu (Mytilus margaritiferus), Sadaf (Ostrea
edulis), Sangdana Murgh (ventriculus), Sartan (Scylla serrata),
etc. These drugs have been used by Unani physicians since time
immemorial to cure various ailments. Among them, Jund Bedastar
is a well-known Unani drug obtained from the castor sacs of a
semi aquatic animal (rodent) located between the pelvis bones
of the both male and female beaver along with oil glands. In USM,
this secretion is used medicinally to cure various diseases, from
the time immemorial. Today, it is an important ingredient used by
perfume industry. There are three grades of castor mentioned. One
which is clean, pods with full of castoreum and no holes; second,
with holes, large castor with only small amount of castoreum in
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
the pods, and that is too dry to be fractured; third, that are small,
shells and too poor to be fractured. Dioscoroides (1st Century) has
mentioned this drug with the name of Qasturiyun. This medicine
came to the knowledge of Europeans in 17th century. The English
and is connected to the German word Biber and the Dutch word
Bever. The genus name Castor has its origin in the Greek kastor and
translates as beaver. Beavers are large, semiaquatic rodents in the
genus Castor. Generally, there are two species (1) North American
beaver (Castor canadensis) and (2) European beaver ().
American beavers are found throughout forested parts of North
America to Northern Mexico, including the southwestern United
States and northern Florida. Eurasian beavers were once found
throughout temperate and boreal forests of the region (including
Britain) except for the Mediterranean area and Japan. In the
beginning of the 21st century indigenous populations survived only
in the Elbe and Rhone river drainages, southern Norway, France,
Mongolia, China, Northwestern Siberia and the Altai region [1]. One
more species Lutra lutra L. (Eurasian otter) is obtained from the UK,
South-West England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Eurasia and North
Africa. Beavers can be found in freshwaters habitats like rivers,
streams, lakes and ponds. They are medium sized mammals; they
have dense fur, valvular nostrils, enlarged hind feet, scaly, paddle-
like tails, small eyes and ears. They are herbivorous, consuming
tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Beavers hold
territories and mark them using scent mounds which is made up of
mud, debris and castoreum, this may advertise their defense area.
their ability to alter the landscapes in which they live [1]. Beavers
have two pairs of glands known as castor sacs, which are part of
the urethra and anal glands. These castor sacs secrete castoreum,
which is a liquid substance used by beavers to mark their territory.
Castoreum is an oily, viscid glandular secretion contained in two
pairs of membranous sacs between the anus and external genitals
of both sexes of beaver [1]. Pliny the Elder used castoreum for the
vertigo, sciatica and seizures. He also stated that it can be used to
stop hiccups with vinegar. Castoreum has been used in medicine,
[2].
As per the classical Unani literature the exact source of Jund
Bedastar is to be established, usually Udbilaw is said to be the
source. For medicinal purpose Jund Bedastar, is ground either
in dried form or with a suitable Arq or Roghan and then used as
required in the respective formulas [3].
Material and Methods
For the preparation of this review, classical books of Unani
medicine and printed and electronic publications were taken into
account. The materials were searched by the name i.e. Jund Bedastar,
castoreum, beaver, Castor canadensis, and Luta lutra for
its description, pharmacognostical characteristics, phytochemical
constituents, pharmacological studies, etc. All relevant articles up
to 2022 were referred including 17 Unani books, 03 website and
03 research papers published in PubMed, Science Direct Google
Scholar and Research gate. Appropriate Unani Terminologies were
taken from Standard Unani Medical Terminology Published by
Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine in collaboration
with the World Health Organization (WHO).
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub-phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Castoridae
Subfamily: Castorinae
Genus: Castor
Species: L.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
24
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
Family: Mustelidae
Subfamily: Lutrinae
Genus: Lutra
Species: L. lutra L.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Castoridae
Genus: Castor
Species: C. canadensis
Description in unani literature
It is a well-recognized drug of USM. It is testes of sea creature
whose skin is called Qundus or Qundaz. This sea creature looks like
not the species of sea dog. It has limbs, hairs are reddish black, body
fatty, lives both in water and land. Jund Bedastar is found in pair
which look like two leaves of climber and both are present in one
sac. It is covered with a thin layer of skin. It is brittle in nature and
cut i.e. a drug that resolves pneuma from the body. Its outer layer
is thin which can be break even by touch and testes came out
easily. After removal of sac, their wound heals-up easily and they
region. It is of three types: (1) yellow (2) red and (3) black. Yellow
coloured is the best and used medicinally. Then strong odour red
is recommended for medicinal use. Black is poisonous and fatal.
years [4]. Castoreum (part used) is a chemically complex secretion,
stored in a sac found between the pelvis bones under the skin at
the base of the tail, in both the male and female beaver. When the
secretion dried, looks like honey. It is found in pair and looks like
testes so called Khussiyah (testes) but in actual it is not Khussiya.
These glands are known as castoreum and Jund Bedastar, which is
believed to have many medicinal properties. It is adulterated in the
market by mixing Jaoshr (Fraxinus ornus), Gond (gum acacia) and
Blood (oak) with Jund Bedastar and dried on the bladder .
Organoleptic (physical) characters
Colour: It is yellow or yellow-brown in colour [1]
Consistency: Butter-like [1]
Odour: Strong and non-tolerable [6]
Taste: Taste is sour and bitter [7]
Fracture: Easy to fracture (dried) [4]
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol [1] and ether [8]
Ficus carica) [8]
Mutaradifat (Vernacular names)
Arabic: Khusiya al-Bahr-i-Fahisha [9]
English: Castoreum [9,10]
German: Bibergeil [9]
Greek: Qasturiyun [9], Aksayanos, Fastra, Qastur, Qastura,
Qasturin, Qasturiyus, Qasturas, Qandas, Qori, Qandus and Qairus
[4]
[9]
Hindi: Jund, Gindha [9]
Persian: Ash Sage Abi, Ash Bachgan, Khaya Tandra, Khazmayan,
Gand Badastar, Gand Bedastar [4,9,10]
[10]
Urdu: Jund Bedastar [9]
Roman: Aorash [4]
Ajza-i-Musta’mala (parts used)
Resinous secretary matters collected in a perianal sac is used
for medicinal purpose.
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
Mizaj (temperament)
According to Mash Ibn Hakam, its temperament is hot 3rd
degree and dry in 3rd degree [4,8], hot 3rd degree and dry 2nd degree
[10], hot 2nd degree and dry 2nd degree [8], hot 4th degree and dry
3rd degree [8], hot 4th degree and dry 2nd degree .
Khalis (purity)
Allama Qutubbudin Shrazi had written in Sharah-i-Kulliyat
Qanun that pure and original Jund Bedastar is enclosed in leather
sac, black in colour neither dark black nor faded, fatty, strong smell,
tasteless and adulterated one is white, easy-to-break, less smell
and has salty taste [8].
Af’al (action)
Jund Bedastar temperament is hot and dry but has supreme
lightness, hence it is more potent than other hot and dry
temperament medicines. No other medicines of hot and dry
temperament can produce hotness and dryness in cold and wet
body as compared to Jund Bedastar [8]. It has
[4]
[10], Mufattih Sudad (deobstruent), Muqaww-i-Rahim (uterine
[9].
Iste’malat (uses)
(ulcers), Buth
z (tetanus),
qa
[11].
the scorpion bite [9].
Tarkib-i-iste’mal (mode of administration)
•
[11].
•
[6,9].
•
mixed with Piper nigrum and honey is used for the treatment of
[11].
•
with any oil and applied on the head [6].
•
infantile convulsion, it is applied into nostrils [6].
• Ra‘sha (tremor): Oral use of Castorium or giving
[6].
•
[6].
•
mixed with suitable oil and applied as massage [6].
quantity of Masr (Lens culinaris) dissolved in Roghan Nardn (oil
of Valeriana wallichii) and pour in the ear [6].
Dard-i-Gosh (earache)
•
[11].
• Jund Bedastar in the dose as lentils mixed with Roghan
Nardn () and put in the ear is the best remedy
[11].
26
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
Surma (corylum) of Jund Bedastar increases vision [6].
Toothache can be relieved when Castoreum mixed with oil is
poured in the same side of ear [2].
Its fumigation and smelling has a resolving action on the
[4,11]. It is also used in the treatment of breathless occurs due to
poisoning of Kharbaq (Helleborous niger) [6].
Its enema has a therapeutic effect in the palpitation of cold
origin [6].
Honey dissolved in water is taken to checks hiccough which
[4].
If it is taken with vinegar, it is useful in the irritation of intestine,
anal pain and tenesmus [4].
•
[4].
• Around 7 to 9 g Jund Bedastar with Podina Nahri (Mentha
spicata) or Barri taken along Ma al-‘Asal (honey water), this
formulation is powerful emmenagogue. This formulation is
used after venesection of saphenous vein [4].
• Along sirka (vinegar), it is used to induce menstruation, cures
tenesmus, expels fetus. After venesection of saphenous vein,
Jund Bedastar along honey or extract of Podina (Mentha
arvensis
placenta [9].
• If it is put as vaginal suppository helps to treat coldness of
uterus and dissolves Riyah [4].
•
of Tila (a liquid formulation for local application) to stimulate
the nerve which helps in the erection of male sex organ [9].
• If 10 g Jund Bedastar with Mentha arvensis is consumed,
[6].
• The pieces of skin of Jund Bedastar placed beneath the foot is
useful in the treatment of Niqris (gout) [6].
• Local application of castoreum after mixing with suitable oil is
[6].
Its consumption is useful in the management of poisoning due
to intake of cold temperament poisons of animal or plant origin. It
is an antidote of opium poisoning [6].
The therapeutic dose of Jund Bedastar is [10]. But
the recommended dose is up to 3 g along other medicines. If it is
scholars it is fatal in a dose of 6 g [8].
Mazarrat (adverse effects)
It is harmful for the person having hot temperament [10].
Symptoms of acute toxicity is dry mouth, papules eruption on
tongue, chest pain, and breathlessness like asthma or diphtheria,
then it may proceeds to meningitis. In this situation, vomiting is
induced with the decoction of Soya (Anethum graveolens), Podina
(Mentha arvensis), Sapistan (Cordia myxa) and Shahad (honey).
After vomiting, patient is given lemon as it is antidote. Other citrus
fruit or vinegar or milk of female donkey (Jenny) is also given [8].
cause death within 24 hours [6].
Musleh (correctives)
Roghan Kaddu (bottle gourd oil), Katira (gum tragacantha) [10],
Sharbat Banafsha etc. can be used as correctives.
Badal (substitutes)
Acorus calamus) [10] Piper nigrum) [11],
Curcuma zurumbet) and Mushk (Moschus moschiferus
L.) are used as substitute for different diseases according to their
particular actions.
27
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
Murakkabat (Compound formulations)
Various compound formulations having Jund Bedastar as one of
Anqardiya Kabir;
S.N. Compound formulations Dose and mode of use Action and indication
1. Brain tonic, increases memory, headache, uterine
analgesic [12]
2. Anqardiya-i-Kabir 4g with 12g Arq-i-Badiyan (Foeniculum
vulgare extract) or fresh water (empty
stomach in the morning) orally
phlegmatic disorders [13]
3. ‘Atus Blow the powder in the nose with the
help of pipe as required.
diseases of brain, helps in expulsion of placenta
[12,14]
4. Dawa-i-Mudirr-i-Hayd Amenorrhea [3]
Orally
6.
nerve [16]
7. Chorea [12]
8. Habb-i- Jund Infantile epilepsy, epilepsy, paralysis [7,16]
9. Chorea, convulsion [17]
10. Epilepsy [17]
11. Habb-i-Mumsik Qawi
12. Habb-i-Muntan Kabir ba
2 Dirham (7 g) orally Riyah
Galeez and Kham Balgham, polyarthragia [12]
13. Habb-i-Musakkin DirhamMisqal (4.2 g)
orally
If there is possibility of syncope due to severe pain
of colitis. It provides immediate relief [12]
14. 3 g orally Chorea, tremor [3]
Habb-i-Sakta 3 to 10 g orally Stroke [3]
16.
milk (morning) orally
Adult: 3 pills with fresh water in the
morning orally
Epilepsy, Um-us-Sibyan (infantile epilepsy) [13]
17. 1 pill twice daily orally Epilepsy, infantile convulsion [18]
18. Habb-i-Ushaq 1 to 3 g orally Asthma [17]
19. 2 Dirham (7 g) orally Chronic diarrhoea [12]
28
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
20.
leucoderma, leprosy, sciatica, gout, scrofula,
polyarthralgia [16]
21.
Ambari
Daucus
carota) 60 ml or Arq Amber 60 ml or Arq
Gaozaban (Onosma bracteatum) 84 ml or
fresh water (morning) orally
Palpitation, brain and cardiac tonic, gastralgia,
22. Cold temperament of stomach and uterus, Ghaleez
23.
Epilepsy, chorea [12]
24. Epilepsy, paralysis, palpitation (cold), gastralgia
(cold), hiccup (congestive), obstruction [12]
Hiccup, dyspepsia [12]
26.
polyarthritis [13]
27. 2 Dirham (7 g) orally Chronic dysentery [12]
28.
Murawwah-al-Arwah
1 g with Ma-ul-Laham do Atsha (60 ml)
Sexual weakness, weakness of vital organs [13,19]
29.
(Cydonia oblonga) or cold water or
extract of Sumaq (Rhus coriaria L.) orally
Phlegmatic diarrhoea and dysentery [12]
30.
(Myrtus communis) or Behi (Cydonia
oblonga) orally
Dysentery, chronic diarrhoea [12]
31. Episodic fever [12]
32. 7 to 12 g with milk in the morning orally Sexual weakness, nerve tonic, spermatorrhoea,
low viscosity of semen [13]
33. 7 g to 24 g orally Epilepsy, phlegmatic and melancholic diseases,
headache, tonic of brain, kidney and heart, general
dementia, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, wound, gout,
chronic cough, leukoderma, pain of stomach, liver
quatrain fever, aphrodisiac, haemorrhoids, vision
loss, calculus of kidney and bladder [14]
34. 1 Misqal (4.2 g) orally Dynamic intestinal obstruction [12]
Qurs Anisun 3 g orally Gastralgia [3]
36. Roghan Jund 1 to 2 drop in children for oral use Epilepsy, hysteria, infantile epilepsy [17]
37. Roghan Mubarak Suppository Uterine cold temperamental diseases, resolve
38. Produce heat to stomach, dyspepsia, deobstruct
the liver obstruction, gastralgia, dental pain, decay
of teeth, colitis, dysuria [14]
29
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
39. Suppository Aphrodisiac, hernia, bladder weakness, increase
frequency of urination [12]
40. Shafa Jund Bedastar Use internally as required Clear intestine from phlegm [12]
41. Local application, as required Dental pain due to cold.
42. 2 to 3 g orally Opium poisoning, antidote of poison of cold
temperament [12,17]
43. 2 to 3 g orally Opium poisoning [17]
44. Scorpion bite, colitis, abdominal pain, visceral
pain [17].
Table 1: Compound formulations of Jund Bedastar with their doses, action and indications.
Bioactive compounds
Around 24 chemical compounds have been isolated from
beaver castoreum. Some of them are phenols 4-ethylphenols and
catechol. But ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone
which showed lesser response are 4-methylcatechol,
and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Oxygen containing compounds i.e.
monoterpenes, such as 6-methyl-I-heptanol, 4, 6-dimethyl-I-
heptanol, isopinocamphone, pinocamphone. Also, two linalool
oxides and their acetate are present. Other compounds are: benzoic
butanone, hydroquinone, phenol. It also contains nupharamine
alkaloids and castoramine and c/s-cyclohexane-1, 2-diol [20].
Pharmacological studies
Anticonvulsant activity
Habb-i-Jund (HJ) demonstrated considerable antiepileptic action
in a dose-dependent manner. The outcomes point to the GABA/
- channel as the mediating
mechanism for the formulation of anticonvulsant effects.
Anticonvulsant action was not observed at lower doses (30 mg/
kg), but 100 mg/kg of the formulation considerably lowered the
seizure threshold and decreased the likelihood of death. The
inhibition of MES-induced convulsions predicts activity against
generalized tonic-clonic seizures (Grandmal epilepsy) and cortical-
of HJ in generalized tonic-clonic and absence seizures. HJ in Unani
system of medicine is prescribed only for febrile convulsions. This
and absence seizures [21].
Antioxidant activity
The free radical scavenging activity of Habb-i-Jund (HJ) was
evaluated through its ability to reduce the DPHH using ascorbic acid
(AA) as standard. The HJ showed free radical scavenging activity
and the ICvalues of HJ and AA were found to be 83 ± 6.6 µg/ml
and 20.3 ± 2.3 µg/ml, respectively. HJ interfered with chelation of
Fe2+ ions in a dose dependent manner reducing the intensity of the
colour of Fe2+
of metal chelation by HJ was found to be 60 ± 6.2 µg/ml and that of
disodium EDTA was 10.7 ± 0.6 µg/ml [22].
considerable antiepileptic and antioxidant activity. By its free
antiepileptic activity, might reduce the free radical generation and
quench the radicals already formed and inhibit neuronal damage.
through its ability to quench the DPPH using ascorbic acid as
the IC
Metal chelating activity
The chelation of ferrous ions was estimated by method of Dinis.,
et al
0.2 mM FeCl2.4H2
for 1 minute. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 0.2 ml
Spectrophotometer. All tests and analyses were made in triplicates.
[23].
30
Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
Results and Discussion
In USM, animal origin drugs have a pivotal role in the
management of incurable diseases, as is clear from the review.
Enormous research on animal origin drugs had been done by Unani
physicians, and it was thoroughly documented in the traditional
Unani literature. Jund Bedastar is one of the prime important
drugs in USM. In traditional Unani medicine, the classical textbooks
al-Advia wa al-Aghzia and Qarabadeen Qadri contain a description
Jund Bedastar and its different zoological sources as mentioned
in both classical Unani and modern books. It is interesting to
note that Jund Bedastar have been used by Unani physicians in
the treatment of brain, nerves, ears, eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal,
review paper. Its role in treating various ailments as stated in his
review may be due to the presence of ketones, phenols, oxygen
containing compound, monoterpenes, alkaloids nupharamine and
castoramine. The present review is important because it provides a
Bedastar containing compound formulations.
Figure 1: Showing dried Castoreum (Jund bedastar) in the sac,
obtained from market.
Conclusion
Based on the information amassed as above, it can be concluded
that drugs and substances obtained from animal sources have
However as compared to the documentation in Unani literatures
the therapeutic use of animal origin drugs has been little
researched. Thus the present article is an attempt to document
all the information of castoreum regarding its medicinal uses,
information in respect of morphological, physicochemical and
medicinal properties of Jund Bedastar is available but very few
regarding Jund Bedastar.
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Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
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Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine
Citation: Mohd Afsahul Kalam., et al. “Jund Bedastar (Castoreum): Medicinal Potential of an Animal Origin Drug of Unani Medicine".
Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2023): 23-32.
