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The Maltese Temple Period in the short yuga count

Authors:
  • Independent researcher

Abstract

For the purpose of this paper we accept Sri Yukteswar Giri's short yuga cycle. It has astronomical consequences and implications on the level of consciousness and capabilities of individuals. This is applied to the Temple Period of Malta's prehistory (3800-2400 B.C.). We don't report new discoveries, but some of the enigma's, or those with a not so satisfactory explanation, can find an alternate interpretation if this theory is integrated in our belief system. Astronomical alignments, megalithic construction logistics and techniques, immigration and the absence of a writing system are discussed.
The Maltese Temple Period in the short yuga
count
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Abstract
 !"#$%$&'(
)(*&+
+(,#$-./01&2&3&4#
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(%%)((%*%$(
&
Introduction
7$(*%*$(-3&'*%8109
-03**$(&!*$*$(
(%$%$5&6*
$(*&6
%%$(:*$;$;&
<*$(($%(&
65$(*$(&6
(%((
*$((&1$5$&
%(*(%&
7$*$%%*$(&6%&
+(%%-3$*$
$%&6*$(55$((
5&6&67* :='$
55:($$$$#
(('#$$%(($=&
- 3&
+**,#$*
$($%$&
+*%*$($%$5)
$*&+$5
&15$
%($5*&>%%*
%%*$%(
+,+($%
$&6%%(
%$(*)%*($&+
(%$(?,&1
,@ (%*(%
-6%A.B(C3&68$9,@
7(%*
(*%$-AA6%3&
6**%$%$8%(9(%
$&*%$($%
(: !A!%A0D *&
* (E**$$
%$%$&'$*$
($%($
($&
The yuga cycles
+$%$&+%$%0&($&
+$%0$&
+$%$*$ ( !".A0*
8>$F(=&'A**7%(8+G$
9-!A3&
G*$($*$(-$*
3$0$&+1$
'%$*5*((
)E&+(($5((
&6(()*$%5
-3&
+$%-30$%- $$%+$%F$%
>$%%$%3%-:>$%
F$%+$% $$%3&
+($%&F%%
(-3%
-3&
F%$%*$%#*
(@$$%$&
+$%)& $$%0;-0$3&&0.
$+$%;-D$3F$%;-0$3>$%;-
$3&
7$%-3*%%-3-%3
%;$%-!A3-%3&
:;;*$&%;
+,+($%
!%$$%-$0.% $$%
$% $$%38()5(
69&+1%
1((%(-!A3&
'$H1&2&?*%%%F
$%&+*%%$%.AA2&7&+$
$%F$%-$F$%3&
'(($%$&
+:*$$($0$&
6%$
(&
4*$($**(%*&
+(*$
%(:&
+,+($%
Characteristics of man in the yuga's
?**(%(%:-3(%
$**(@$$%*(
-%3&
F%%- $$%3(%(
& $$%%&+($5
&'G(E&
+$%(%%%&I% * (E:8&&&(*
*(%%$J($%(
%&9 7$%$$%(
$%5%&,*(%%$-(3
%%$&2((%-$3
(($&+(**&
+F$%%$%(%$
%&'%%&
+$((%$((((($:
%&'&+((%$%
$(&
+$%>$%(%%$&+
(%($(%$&'%
)&'$%&+*%
%5$89&+%&
Positioning Malta's Temple Period in the short yuga cycle
++((.1&2&01&2&-,B%3
%+$%&'*F$%-%
+$%F$%3%F
$%-$%3&+C$+$%5C$F$%
-%3&
0
+,+($%
Malta’s neolithic enigmas in the light of the yugas
+?,+()$
$%55&'*
*$($%$&
4($
*(*$%
$%&
Astronomical alignments
,@ #((*&+
*%,@7&+,@ %(
)5-B(3**(
H
+,+($%
&
'$(%$
$($,@ (E
%&
2$*%(%%)5-%3
-3&
F%($%
*-%03&
4$(%
$(*&$$*&
F%5(%5($%
D
 !
"#$ !
+,+($%
**-3&
'$%$)5-**35*$
(($(%7 
&+)5($(
$&+*$$*
5$((*&
+89*(@
**)5(*%%
5&
Megalithic building logistics and techniques
+*(%-"(A3*(*
(H&+$(*$*(E%
&<%-KLI(3(D&0(%H&(
%%(- 3&
+)$%%*$5$
$&+*,($((&
+*%(:(%*%
(&
+(%*%((((
*&
1(*)((((M4
*((*(%M
<(*-3(
*-,3&1%*#
()$(%(%*(&'
**
*((%&'*
%$58%9%(
&*-13&
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(%%*$**& (*(%*$
$)*$&
,(%*$%$&+(%*$
(%((&
<%$(%(%*%$& 5(%H&
<(%,@?%(%
C
+,+($%
%&'$(%
(%%(*%$-%HD3&
N*$%5(%(*
%%(&
.
%&"'(#$) !
*"
+
,-
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+,+($%
4%)$%&1
*$$
(%KLI(-%C3&'(%@(
%*E-(5%
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((&
5*)(%%?
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**(-+5
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<-*3*$*(*@&
1%*%)$$
%*$%(%&4*%$
*$(%**&+
%E*(%&+*
(@(&?*
**(%*(&
1%*(%()$%
A
./0!
+,+($%
(*$&
6$5((%&+
,*$((%&%&$(
7%$&+)'*%%$-G.3&
+%,%()($(
-3&+(%((*$
(&
+%,%%&G%(
%)%*$(-1.3&
'*%*$**$$%
(%&+($*
%*&'((*$
%&
6$5*$%& (
5(*E$(*-4A3&1*
$$*&+%5((
)%*
-%A3&
65(%)&+))
(%&?)&+(*
$)-03-%3&
+5(E$
**%&1*&
+)*%$(5&+(
5$)$)5-3
%&6%#%
55*5&
F%+$%(*$-./1&2&3(((

+,+($%
*%(&G)$%%(%*
($(8%9%%*&+*$
*(F-/01&2&3&
F%+$%**()(%
*%%F$%&
+*$*(%(*
(%&+$($*
(()$%&((
$5&
(*(+5-"(3
*(**%%F
$%(&6%5(,@ &+%(%
E$%*(*%%
-3-%3&+(,@ (*
O%@-1&2&3$+5-.1&2&3
-B(,B%3&+*%%F$%
-%3&2*($%+$%(
%(,@ &
+*%(&+
$&6(%*(
(&
+KLI($%)5,@
-C3$%$
%(%-%3&'
*(%,@*%%
*%589)$
$&
6,@ -73(*-3
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()%*(%*
$(($*$&
Seafaring
'(($,(( $& $(.(
$, *)%$&
1%%(-;%%3)%
()&
75%%5&'7%$5(%
$(5%%%%*5*$%
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+,+($%
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!0123 4*+*
*
+,+($%
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0$-,B%3&6*(
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-63&?*%$*$&
6%((*(%(*&
+$$(%)&+%
*5($(%$&+(*
%%(-0$3*$%
(%&+(*-
$3%(*&&
P&
+((((*(*%&
GAACBAAAGC+%*HGD
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!5+6*!7
4((*(%%
*%$(%*$
*%&7$*$*%%%*$%(
(%(*$%%(*&
+*%(*$
(%&
(($?-"RF( *3(%
**-"(3& *%%H((
(& (%H((%*(
)*%E%-3&1
$*((
*%%$%%&
4#E*$(*&+(
($*$*%
%*(*0&
6#($(($$
((%$&
+*8(9(%-?3(

+,+($%
($#$%%)(((%
(&6$((%$$%
%(%*&
+*%+$%((%&'
*%*%
%&
+((%**$(*$
$(&
Absence of a writing system
6*%%(-C$*+$%3
((((($%*$(&'
(*%%%$(& 
%&
1(*C$F$%
((*($%
(($*&F%(((
(%%(
%$(&
4%%$(%$$
$(,%$,&
+((($%%&1(*
((*(5*89
((((%%&
+%(*%$(&'$
%%(
%*$%&
<$(%&
+%$(%$*,((
1&2&-$')3&4%$(.1&2&-%3&
<5(%F+*-HS1&2&"3- (
103*$+TT*-HH1&2&(3-+TT*3&
6((*(,%5&6(
(*,$(&
!,%$(&4$(*
(-*%*3*$(*-
$(**8%93&?5
%&
+)((-012&3*
0
+,+($%
$%%-%
%%3$%$M
Conclusion
4$**((*%$5
((&15$$$-
%(3&B5&7
(5&
,$5(((&,$(
**(@$5%*$%*&+
5%(
5&
!"#$%$5(
*%%%F$%&
G%5%$%*
5@%(($&
?$-$3
*$$*$%
&6*(
%(%$(&
>%(%(
((*$(%
&
References
6%"&U&-A.3&4
89!&&,:,N$&
6%"&1B&U&-3&%H!<+$,@
,&:+*9*)-3&
61&,%&17&,&7&4&,B%+&&+(V&7&
W1$F&"&-3&6,%(%%%$?
7&8/*-3DD.D.&
16&7&-.3&2&;<((<(<"&:>**>*
,&
16&7&-3&=>4!-(/(?(
H
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7(7(& 8&,:N$,&
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6-7&3&&@&
&&-&/3&V1&
16&-3&X+(Y($*%%%M+(%
,-DH1273&'&2UB&B-7&377
9 8 
7AB444?477C8-&&A/A3&6&
12&V&6&-.,3&D*D *
@*&(:;;&(;$
$**$%*%AC
,&G2&U2$,2%B&-3&+G%$,
'&'2&2&G&"(&,B% & 2&,-7&3
!E*(8F5D&
4-&C/3&,F'&:&C.D;26,&HADC
"(&U% &-A3&BB(,(?,&
'EE&4-&CA/A3&:&C;AC.H0HD
ZC
"(&  &G2&<&2&,B%&U,2&-3&2
%%((D12&'!*(
5&4-&/.3&,F
'&:&C.D;26,&HAD
G &V&"&-D3&7E%%(
(*&9-3CC.C.H&:&C; CHCDA0
G1&-.3&," :61G%$,%2
"G$&G:9*)-3DC/.&
G6&2($V&F(&U66&-C3&(6(
,%1$&' &6&B-7&3D*/*-&/3&
:&D;1D.DH;A
G<&U7V"&-AAC3&6*$$%* 
 :65%%%(((*
&/8.-3CC/.A&:&D; DC-AD30D
B&,"&"(,&B&U6&-AAA3&+*$%4
1- 3 :65%%%(((*
&&F-03A/H.&
B(+&-3&,@4?1F$&9'+(A.H/AC&
D
+,+($%
,2&2E(%&U1%2&-3& (:%
5,&'2&,&"(&,B%
7&4& & U?&-7&3!D*
&-&AA/00D3&:&C.D;26,&DD
,B%&7&4&(&V&U,2&-3&F%,$&
'2&,&"(&,B%7&4& & U?&-7&3!
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Archaeological consideration of maritime connectivity has ranged from a biogeographical perspective that considers the sea as a barrier to a view of seaways as ancient highways that facilitate exchange. Our results illustrate the former. We report three Late Neolithic human genomes from the Mediterranean island of Malta that are markedly enriched for runs of homozygosity, indicating inbreeding in their ancestry and an effective population size of only hundreds, a striking illustration of maritime isolation in this agricultural society. In the Late Neolithic, communities across mainland Europe experienced a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry, pointing toward the persistence of different ancestral strands that subsequently admixed. This is absent in the Maltese genomes, giving a further indication of their genomic insularity. Imputation of genome-wide genotypes in our new and 258 published ancient individuals allowed shared identity-by-descent segment analysis, giving a fine-grained genetic geography of Neolithic Europe. This highlights the differentiating effects of seafaring Mediterranean expansion and also island colonization, including that of Ireland, Britain, and Orkney. These maritime effects contrast profoundly with a lack of migratory barriers in the establishment of Central European farming populations from Anatolia and the Balkans.
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This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-2007-2013) (Grant agreement No. 323727).
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This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-2007-2013) (Grant agreement No. 323727).
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The observations around the period of the autumn equinox at Mnajdra South in 2020 clarified the role of light and shadow and its evolution during sunrise and over several days. The discovered holes in appropriate positions under the altar in the far end apse show that the altar was equipped with a screen underneath. During the sunrise the combination of light and shadow marks 9 events. Eight of them are determined by the altitude of the sun and one by the azimuth. The role of the shadow stone near Ħaġar Qim remains unclear. The temple builders had an easy way to predict the autumn equinox a couple of days ahead using the combination of light and shadow. A possible link with the tally stones of Mnajdra East is considered. This paper describes the observed events and the role of the various elements of the temple in the play of light and shadow.
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The idea that prehistoric, megalith‐building communities used cylindrical, wooden rollers to transport enormous stones – the ‘roller hypothesis’ – is ubiquitous within archaeological literature and public discourse on megalithic architecture. The likelihood that such devices were actually used to transport megaliths during prehistory remains highly questionable, yet the roller hypothesis has now dominated discussions of the subject for some 400 years. At its heart lies the assertion that fewer people were needed to transport large stones with rollers than without them. A review of experimental and ethnographic studies of megalith transport casts doubt on this central claim and suggests that simpler, better‐attested and more reliable methods were probably used. So when and why did the roller hypothesis become so popular? The historiography of the idea reveals how its advocates succeeded in rationalizing it within wider, paradigmatic beliefs about their contemporary worlds and the deep past. The roller hypothesis is bound up in outmoded, even jingoistic perspectives of megalithic construction and the evolution of technology. To advance our understanding of megalithic construction a more critical stance is herein advocated.
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The pillars at the entrance of the inner apse of one of the cluster of Neolithic temples at Mnajdra, Malta display rows of drilled holes which have been interpreted as a tally of days. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the number of holes in the rows on the east pillar coincides well with a sequence of intervals between the heliacal rising of bright stars or star groups. Is this remarkable correspondence simply a chance occurrence, or do the drilled holes represent material evidence of deliberate time reckoning by means of heliacal star risings in the Neolithic age? This question has led to the statistical investigation described in this paper, which takes into account the heliacal risings of all stars of magnitude 2.0 or brighter visible from Malta 5000 years ago as well as the Pleiades and the Hyades star clusters, which attracted the attention of other ancient cultures. The paper presents and discusses the method used and the challenges involved in the investigation. The results show that with a tolerance of ±1 day for uncertainty in the calculated heliacal rise days, the probability of achieving an exact correspondence between a random ordering of the tally and a series of star rises is 0.0014. With a wider tolerance of ±2 days the probability is 0.011. The final section discusses the significance and implications of these results.
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This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-2007-2013) (Grant agreement No. 323727).
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During the Late Neolithic period, Malta witnessed an extraordinary flowering of monumental architecture, and the creation of buildings that are considered to be the earliest known stone monuments to achieve such architectural complexity and sophistication, anywhere in the world. The influence of geology and geomorphology on the culture that created these monuments is discussed, with reference to two case studies, representing the two principal types of monument known, namely megalithic buildings raised above the ground and the largely rock-cut funerary complexes. It is argued that geology and geomorphology shaped the ways the Neolithic islanders inhabited the landscape and transformed it into a culturally meaningful space, and even shaped their worldviews and lifeways.