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Smart Fraction Theory: A Comprehensive Re-evaluation

Authors:
  • Ulster Institute for Social Research

Abstract and Figures

Previous studies have found that the ability of a country’s cognitive elite is generally more predictive than the average ability. However, these studies have relied on sub-optimal methods. Here, the authors tested smart fraction theory, as it is known, using a pre-residualization approach, which obviates the problem of collinearity. For outcome variables, they utilised the 51 indicators of the Social Progress Index, as well as 6 economic variables. Like in previous research, the authors operationalized the ability of the intellectual class as the 95th percentile score. Consistent with smart fraction theory, they found evidence that the ability of the intellectual class does influence outcomes over and above that of the average ability. For the 93 countries with available data, average ability explained 57% of the variation in country performance. Adding the 95th percentile score increased this to 66%. The authors discuss their findings in light of the existing literature.
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󰅺󰎛󰂶󰂶󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰎛󰃊󰎛󰂹󰆼󰆻󰂺󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾󰃈󰆼󰇀󰇁󰇄󰆼󰆾󰆾󰆻󰄀󰆼󰆻󰆻󰇁󰆾
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
COMPARATIVE
SOCIOLOGY
󰂺󰃈
Smart Fraction Theory
A Comprehensive Re-evaluation
Emil O. W. Kirkegaard󰃊󰂹󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆼󰄀󰇀󰇁󰆻󰇂󰄀󰆻󰆾󰆽󰆼
󰂶󰂶
emil@emilkirkegaard.dk
Noah Carl󰃊󰂹󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆽󰄀󰆿󰆿󰆿󰆽󰄀󰇄󰇄󰆾󰇄
󰂶󰂶
noah_carl3742@hotmail.com
Abstract
󰄘
󰂺󰂶󰄀
󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰄀󰂶  󰂺󰄀
󰂶5󰆔󰂶󰆙
󰂺󰂶
  󰆜󰆘󰂺  
󰂶         
󰂺󰆜󰆖
󰂶󰆘󰆚󰈱󰂺
󰆜󰆘󰆙󰆙󰈱󰂺
󰂺
Keywords
󰄍󰄍   󰄍󰄍
󰄍
󰇁󰇂󰇃 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
Supplementary Materials
󰂶󰂹󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆜󰆘
1 Introduction
      󰂶     
󰂶 󰂶󰂶󰂺
      󰂶  
󰄘󰃍󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆓󰃎󰄘
󰂺󰂶󰄀
󰂶󰄀
󰂶󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺󰄀
   󰃍󰂶 󰆔󰆚󰆚󰆙󰃎󰂶    
󰂶  󰃍  󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂷
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺

󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰂶     󰂺󰇟
          
󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓󰂶
   󰄀    
󰃍󰃎󰃍
󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆘󰂷󰂶󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆘󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆖󰃎
󰂶Test Scores as Measures of
Human Capital and Forecasting Tools:
󰄍
󰄍󰄀
󰂶
   󰂶        
󰂶󰂺

󰆞 󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂶󰂶󰄀
   󰄖󰄘󰂶   󰂺
󰂺
󰇁󰇂󰇄
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
 
󰂶󰂺
         
󰄀󰂺󰄀
 󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂶  
󰂶
󰂺
󰄖󰄘󰂺󰄀
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂷
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰄘
󰂺󰂷
󰂶󰂺
󰂶
󰂺
   󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆓󰂶󰂺 󰆔󰆔󰆗󰃎 󰄀
󰂹
 
 󰄀
󰂺󰄘

󰂺󰂶󰄀
󰂶
 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 󰄀
󰂶󰂶
󰄘   󰂶 󰂶   󰂶 
󰂶
󰂶
   󰂶󰂶 󰂶 
󰂺
󰂶󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂹
     
󰄀󰂺
󰂶󰂶     
󰇁󰇃󰆻 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂺       
󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰂺
󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓󰃎󰂹
󰂶  

󰂺󰄀
󰂶󰂶

󰂺
󰃍󰃎󰄘󰄀

󰂶
󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕
The Smart Fraction Theory of  and the Wealth of Nations 󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺󰃍󰃎
󰂶󰂺
󰂶
󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂷󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰄀
󰄀
or󰆜󰆘󰂶󰂺

󰂶󰂺󰆜󰂺
󰂶󰆔󰆕󰆓󰂶
󰂶󰂶󰂺󰆓󰆘
󰂺
󰂶󰂺
󰂶󰂺
󰂶
  󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂷 󰂶  󰂶 󰂶  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂷
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂷󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶
󰇁󰇃󰆼
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰆜󰆘
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰂹 󰄀
󰄍󰂺󰆖󰆜󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰄀󰂹󰂶󰄀
󰂷
󰂶       
󰂺
2 Data
Cognitive ability.      󰄘  Cognitive
Capitalism󰂶          
󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶  
󰆘󰂶󰆘󰆓󰃈󰂶󰆜󰆘󰂺󰂶
 󰄀
󰂺󰆜󰆜󰂺
󰄘󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂺
  󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰂶󰃎󰂶   
󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺󰃍󰃎󰄀
󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂶󰂺
 
󰂶󰄀󰂺󰇠󰂶
  󰆜󰆘      󰂶   
󰂺
󰆜󰆘󰂶
󰂺  󰃍󰃎
󰂶󰂺

󰆟 󰃈󰄀
    󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂶     
󰂶󰄀
󰂺󰂶󰆕󰂶
󰂶󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰇁󰇃󰆽 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂺󰂶
󰈺󰆘󰆓󰆓󰂶󰆘󰃈󰆜󰆘󰆚󰆓󰈱
󰆘󰆓󰂺󰆔󰄍b
󰂺
󰆼󰄍 󰂺
󰄘Cognitive Capitalism󰂺󰂶
󰆜󰆘󰃍
󰃎󰂺
󰂺
󰇁󰇃󰆾
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
     
󰄖󰄘󰂶󰃍
󰆖󰂺󰆙󰆚󰃎󰂺󰄖󰄘󰂶
󰂶
󰃍󰄖󰄘󰃎󰂺󰂶
     󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺  󰂶 

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰂶󰃍󰆔󰂺󰆖󰆗󰃎󰂶
󰂺
󰂹    󰂶  
󰂺󰄀
󰂶󰄀
󰂶
 󰂺󰆕
󰂺
   󰂶       
     󰆜󰆘    󰂺  
󰆽 󰂶
󰂺
󰇁󰇃󰆿 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂶 󰂶
󰂺󰂶
   󰄀
󰂺󰂶
󰄘󰃍󰄀
󰃎󰂶󰂺

󰂺󰄖󰄘󰂶󰄀
󰆘󰂺󰂶
󰂺
       󰂺 
󰆔󰂶󰆜󰆘󰂶󰆘󰄀
󰂶󰂺󰆔
󰄖󰄘󰂶  󰄀
󰄖󰄘󰂺󰆕󰄀
󰂺
National Performance󰂺        
󰃍󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰃎󰂶󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀󰃎󰂺    
 󰆖  󰃍   󰂶    󰃈
󰂶󰃍󰃎󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰆘󰆔󰃍󰂺󰂺󰄀
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂺
󰂺󰄀
󰂶
󰂶      󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆓󰄍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈
󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂶󰎛󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰃎󰂺         
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂶󰂺
󰆔󰆓
󰃍󰈺󰆔󰆚󰆖󰃎󰂶 󰂺󰇡
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛 󰃍󰂹󰃈󰃈
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃎󰂺
󰆠 󰃍󰂺󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺
󰇁󰇃󰇀
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂶 
󰂺
    󰆗󰆜󰈱   󰂺  󰆖    
󰂺     󰂶  󰄀
󰂺󰄘
       󰂶   󰄀
          󰂺 󰂶 
󰂺󰆜󰆜󰆚󰂶󰂺󰂶
󰂶
󰃍󰃎󰂺
Spatial Data󰂺   
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰅨󰂺󰂺󰎛󰎛󰄘
󰂶 
          
󰂺󰂶
󰄀󰂶󰃍󰄀
󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰂶󰂺
󰂺
󰆗󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆓󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰄍󰆓󰆗󰄍󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰅨󰅨󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺
󰆾 󰂺
󰇁󰇃󰇁 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
3 Results
3.1 Correlation Distributions
    󰂶       
      
󰂶󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰂶
 󰂺󰂶 
󰃍󰆘󰂶 󰆜󰆘  󰃎  󰆘󰆔
󰂺󰄀
󰂺󰂶
   󰂶     
󰂺󰆔󰂺
󰂶
󰆜󰆘󰂶󰂺󰄀
󰃍󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰃍󰄀
󰂺󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂺
3.2 General Factor of the Social Progress Index
󰂶
󰂹 󰂷󰄀
󰆜󰆘󰂷󰄀
󰆘󰂷󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰆕󰂺
󰆼 󰆘󰆔
󰂶󰂺󰈺
󰂺
Mean Median   Min Max
 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆥 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆠 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆣
󰆦󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆠 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆦 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆤
󰆦󰆢󰂺 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆣 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆥 󰄍󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆝
󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆣 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆢
󰆢󰂺 󰄍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣 󰄍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆟 󰄍󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆡
󰇁󰇃󰇂
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
 󰂺  󰂶󰆕 
󰂺󰄘
󰂹   󰂶󰇢 
󰆜󰆘󰆙󰆓󰄍󰆚󰆓󰈱󰂷󰆘
󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰆜󰆘󰂶
󰂺󰂶󰆕
󰂺
󰂶󰂹
󰂶󰄀
 󰂺       
󰂶󰆜󰆘󰃍p󰈽󰆓󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔󰃎󰂶
󰆡 󰂹󰄖󰄘󰂶󰄖󰄘󰂶󰄖󰄘󰂺
󰆽 󰂺
󰂺󰂶󰂺
󰆞 󰆟 󰆠 󰆡
Regression residualization
 󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆤󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆦󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆝󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆟󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆥󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆝󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆟󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆦󰆢
󰂺
󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆦󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆝󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆢󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆡󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆢
󰂺
󰄍󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆝󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆞󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝󰆣󰃎
󰆟󰂺 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆤󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆢󰆣 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆦󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆢󰆣
󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠
Direct residualization
 󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆤󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆦󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆞󰂺󰆝󰆣󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆡󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆥󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆞󰂺󰆞󰆠󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆞󰆠󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆦󰆢
󰂺
󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆦󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆝󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆣󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆞󰆠󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆢
󰂺
󰄍󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆞󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆥󰆠󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝󰆥󰃎
󰆟󰂺 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆤󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆢󰆣 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆦󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆢󰆣
󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠
󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂶󰃻󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂶󰃻󰃻󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔
󰇁󰇃󰇃 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
 󰆘    󰃍󰆔 󰂺󰆖  
p󰂺󰆓󰆕󰂶󰆕󰂺󰆗p󰈾󰂺󰆖󰆓󰃎󰂺
󰂶without
󰂺󰆕󰂺
󰆜󰆘
󰂶󰂺󰄀
󰂺
3.3 Indicators of the Social Progress Index
󰂶󰄀󰂺
󰂶 󰂺
󰆕󰂶
󰂺󰂶
󰆕 󰂶   
󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂺󰆖󰂺
󰆕󰆜󰆘󰄀
  󰆘    󰃍 p󰈽 󰆓󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔󰃎󰂶
󰆜󰆘󰂺󰄀
󰂺󰂶󰆜󰆘
󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆖󰆜󰈱󰂶󰆛󰈱
󰆘󰂶󰆙󰈱󰆘
 󰆜󰆘 󰂺󰂶   
󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰃍󰆖
󰃎󰂺
󰆾 󰂺󰂺
󰆔󰈺󰂷󰆕󰈺󰈴󰆜󰆘󰂷󰆖󰈺󰈴
󰆘󰂷󰆗󰈺󰈴󰆘󰈴󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰆞 󰆟 󰆠 󰆡
󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆤󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆞󰆠 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆥󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆞󰆣
 󰈱󰈽󰂺󰆝󰆞󰂺
󰆞
󰈱󰈽󰂺󰆝󰆞󰂺
󰆞
󰈱󰈽󰂺󰆝󰆞󰂺
󰆟
 󰆠󰆦󰂺󰆟󰈱 󰆤󰂺󰆥󰈱 󰆢󰂺󰆦󰈱
󰇁󰇃󰇄
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
3.4 Economic Outcomes
󰆜󰆘󰄘
󰂶󰆙 
󰂺
󰂺󰆗󰂺
 󰂶         
󰂺
3.5 Other Outcomes
󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎 
󰄀
󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎  󰄀
       󰃍󰃎󰂺 󰂶
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎     󰂶
󰄀
󰂺󰃍󰄀
󰂶
󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃎
󰂶󰂶
󰆜󰆘󰂺󰆘  󰂺
󰂶󰈽󰆓󰂺󰆓󰆔󰈽󰆓󰂺󰆓󰆘󰂺󰂶󰄘
󰂶
󰂺󰆜󰆘
󰆔󰈱   󰂺
󰂺
󰆿 󰂺󰆔󰈺
󰂷󰆕󰈺󰈴󰆜󰆘󰂷󰆖󰈺󰈴󰆘
󰂷󰆗󰈺󰈴󰆘󰈴󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰆞 󰆟 󰆠 󰆡
󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆤󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆡󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆦󰆡 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆠󰆡
 󰈱󰈽󰂺󰆝󰆞󰂺
󰆞
󰈱󰈽󰂺󰆝󰆞󰂺
󰆞
󰈱󰈽󰂺󰆝󰆞󰂺
󰆟
 󰆥󰆠󰂺󰆠󰈱 󰆞󰆣󰂺󰆤󰈱 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰈱
󰇁󰇄󰆻 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
3.6 Spatial Analyses
󰄀
󰃍
    󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂷
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂺
   󰄀
󰂹󰂶
 󰂺   󰄘 󰂶 
󰄘󰄀󰂶󰄘󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰄀
󰈺󰂺󰆙󰆔󰂺󰆗
󰂺
󰇀 󰂺
󰂺󰂶󰂺
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 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆞
󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆞󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆥
󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆝󰆣󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
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󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆞
󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆤󰆡 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆦󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆥󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆟󰆤 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆢󰆦 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆦󰆠
󰅵
 󰆝󰂺󰆥󰆠
󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆝󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆦
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󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆥
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󰆦󰆢
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󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆦
󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆠󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆦󰆝 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆦󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆡󰆟󰆟 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆝󰆤 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆟󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆣󰆠


󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆟󰆦󰆡 󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆥󰆥 󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆝󰆠󰆡󰆦 󰈽󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆝󰆞 󰈽󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆝󰆞 󰈽󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆝󰆞
󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂶󰃻󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂶󰃻󰃻󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔
󰇁󰇄󰆼
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
  󰂶󰄀    
     󰂺      
󰂺󰂶
󰆜󰆘󰆘󰆕
󰂺󰄀
󰂺󰆖󰆜󰈱
󰃍󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰃎󰆜󰆘󰄀
󰂶󰆛󰈱󰆘󰂶󰄀󰆕󰈱
󰆘󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰂶󰆙󰂺
  󰆕         
󰃍󰂺󰆕󰃎󰂶󰄘󰆕󰆘󰈱󰂶
   󰄀
󰂺 󰂶       󰆜󰆘  󰄀
     󰂶      
󰃍󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰆿 󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰆖󰂺
󰇁󰇄󰆽 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
4 Discussion
 󰃍󰃈
󰂶󰄖󰄘󰂶󰄖󰄘󰂶󰃎󰄀
     󰃍 
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂶󰄀
󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂷󰂺󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺
 󰄘  
󰂶󰄀󰂺
󰂶󰄀
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂷󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺

󰄀󰂶
󰂶󰂶󰂺
󰂶󰂶
 󰆙󰆓󰂶󰂺
   󰂶   󰄀
󰄀
󰂺
󰂺
󰇁 󰂺󰂺
󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰆞 󰆟 󰆠 󰆡
 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆠󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆣󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆞󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆞󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆢󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆟󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
 󰆝󰂺󰆢󰆤󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆥󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆟󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆦󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆝󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆤󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆞󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆣󰆦󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆦󰆢
󰂺
󰆝󰂺󰆟󰆥󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆢󰆡󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆠󰆤󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆢󰃻󰃻󰃻󰃎
󰆢
󰂺
󰄀󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆤󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆤󰆣󰃎 󰆝󰂺󰆞󰆣󰃍󰆝󰂺󰆝󰆦󰆣󰃎
󰆟󰂺 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆡󰆞 󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆞󰆦 󰆝󰂺󰆣󰆢󰆢 󰆝󰂺󰆤󰆟󰆢
󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠 󰆦󰆠
󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂶󰃻󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂶󰃻󰃻󰃻󰈺󰈽󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔
󰇁󰇄󰆾
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂶       󰂺 
󰂺󰆜󰆛
󰂺    
    󰂺
󰂶󰄀
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶
󰂺󰄘󰆜󰆘
󰂺
 
󰂺
       
  󰂶  

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺
󰆘󰆜󰆘󰃍
󰆘󰃎󰂺
 󰃍󰂺 󰆕󰃎󰂶     
󰂺󰃍󰄀
󰃎
󰂶󰆖󰆓󰄍󰆗󰆓󰈱
󰂺
         
       elite    
󰂺󰂶
󰂶
 󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰂺
  󰂶 
󰂺
Limitations.󰂶
    󰄀
󰂺
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂶  󰂺󰂶   
      
󰂶󰂺󰆘
󰆜󰆘    󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶󰃎
   󰂶    
󰂶
󰂺
󰂺
󰇁󰇄󰆿 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂶  󰄀   󰄘 Cognitive Capitalism
󰆔󰆓󰆓󰂺󰄀
 
󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺󰄀󰄀
󰂺   󰂶
󰂺
  
󰂺󰂶󰄘󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂶󰄀
󰆔󰆜󰆘󰄀󰂶󰆜󰆚󰆜󰆜
󰄘󰂺
󰂶
      󰂺    󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆜   󰆛󰂺󰆓󰆘󰂶
󰂶   󰆓󰂺󰆚󰆗󰂺    󰄀
󰃍󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆙󰆕󰆘󰂺󰂶
    󰂺 󰂶  
󰄀
   󰂺          󰆕󰂶
           
 󰂺  
󰂶󰆜󰆘
󰂺
󰂶      󰆜󰆘    
     󰂶    
       󰂺 󰂶 󰂹 
󰂺

󰂶󰂺
󰂶󰄀󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰄀
󰆔A󰄍other󰄀
󰂶󰂺
󰂺
 󰄀
󰄀
󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂶
󰂺
󰂶
󰄀󰄀󰂺
󰇁󰇄󰇀
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄

󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂺Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity
and poverty󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺 󰄀     
󰂺International Journal of Educational Development󰂶53󰂶󰆔󰆕󰆛󰄍󰆔󰆖󰆙󰂺󰂺󰂺
󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶 󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺 󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺󰄀󰄀
󰂺Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences󰂶115󰃍󰆖󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆚󰆕󰆚󰆘󰄍
󰆚󰆕󰆛󰆗󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆖󰃈󰂺󰆔󰆛󰆓󰆔󰆕󰆖󰆛󰆔󰆔󰆘󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂿 World of Labor󰂺󰂺
󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆛󰆘󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆖󰆕󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶 󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶  󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂹
󰄀󰂿 Paper󰃍󰂺󰆚󰆚󰆗󰆙󰆜󰂷󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆚󰆚󰆗󰆙󰆜󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺Intelligence
and the Ease of Doing Business: Does Intellectual Class Facilitate Leadership and
Entrepreneurship?󰃕󰃖󰂺󰂶󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆚󰆚󰆘󰆓󰆖󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺
󰄖󰄘󰄀
󰂺Intelligence󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆚󰂺󰆓󰆜󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂹
   󰂺 Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics󰂶 30󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶
󰆔󰆗󰆛󰄍󰆔󰆙󰆖󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆚󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆕󰆙󰆓󰆔󰆓󰆚󰆜󰆔󰆛󰆚󰆙󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆖󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺󰂹
    󰂿 Mankind Quarterly󰂶 59󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰆘󰆚󰄍󰆛󰆙󰂺 󰂺
󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆗󰆙󰆗󰆙󰆜󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺󰆘󰆜󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆘󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰄘󰂹
        󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂶Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health
󰃍󰂺󰆖󰆖󰆚󰄍󰆖󰆘󰆙󰃎󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰄀󰆜󰆗󰄀󰆓󰆓󰆚󰄀󰆓󰆖󰆕󰆜󰄀󰆕󰅨󰆔󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂹󰂿
Intelligence󰂶41󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂶󰆙󰆛󰆛󰄍󰆙󰆜󰆛󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺󰆓󰆚󰂺󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺
󰇁󰇄󰇁 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂹
󰂺Mankind Quarterly󰂶60󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆙󰆓󰄀󰆗󰃈󰆕󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶 󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂹
 
󰂺 Psychological Reports󰂶 119󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶 󰆗󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆗󰆕󰆚󰂺 󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆚󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆖󰆖󰆕󰆜󰆗󰆔󰆔
󰆙󰆙󰆘󰆜󰆛󰆘󰆗󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺     󰂺
Entity󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺
    󰂺  Open󰂶 1󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂶 󰆕󰆖󰆖󰆕󰆛󰆘󰆛󰆗󰆔󰆘󰆘󰆜
󰆜󰆜󰆚󰆕󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆚󰆚󰃈󰆕󰆖󰆖󰆕󰆛󰆘󰆛󰆗󰆔󰆘󰆘󰆜󰆜󰆜󰆚󰆕󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂺󰂿
󰄀 󰂺 World Cultures󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈
󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂺Journal of Methods and Measure-
ment in the Social Sciences󰂶4󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆜󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺    󰂹  
󰂺Mankind Quarterly󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺    󰂺 Intelligence󰂶 36󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂶 󰆗󰆜󰆘󰄍󰆘󰆓󰆔󰂺 󰂺
󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺󰆓󰆔󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂹󰄘󰄙
󰄛      󰂿 Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology󰂶86󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆚󰆗󰄍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆕󰆕󰄍󰆖󰆘󰆔󰆗󰂺󰆛󰆙󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔󰆚󰆗󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆘󰃎󰂺Schooling, labor force quality, and economic growth󰂺
󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺The knowledge capital of nations: Education
and the economics of growth󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺 󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺󰄀
󰂺Intelligence󰂶39󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂶󰆖󰆓󰆖󰄍󰆖󰆔󰆓󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺󰆓󰆘󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰄀󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺      
   󰂹   󰂺 Personality and
󰂶149󰂶󰆔󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆚󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺󰆓󰆘󰂺󰆓󰆗󰆘󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆓󰃎󰂺Bias in mental testing󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺     󰂹󰂺
Asian Development Review󰂶28󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂺󰄀󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆔󰆔󰆘󰆗󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆙󰆙󰆓󰂺
󰇁󰇄󰇂
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  
󰂹󰃍󰃎󰂺Journal of
Economic Growth󰂶11󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆚󰆔󰄍󰆜󰆖󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆛󰆚󰄀󰆓󰆓󰆙󰄀󰆚󰆗󰆓󰆚󰄀󰆕󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂹󰄀
 󰂺   󰂺 󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆕󰆙󰆚󰆚󰆘
󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺󰆓󰆜󰂺󰆓󰆛󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺 󰂿
󰆔󰆕󰂺Mankind Quarterly󰂶59󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆘󰆜󰄀󰆖󰃈󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺  󰂶  󰂹   
  󰂺 Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences󰂺 󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆖󰆚󰃈
󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆔󰆛󰆔󰂺
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂶󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂺󰆕󰂺󰃈󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰂺󰂶󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆘󰃎󰂺   
󰂺Economics Letters󰂶47󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶
󰆕󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆕󰆕󰆘󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰆓󰆔󰆙󰆘󰄀󰆔󰆚󰆙󰆘󰃍󰆜󰆗󰃎󰆓󰆓󰆘󰆖󰆜󰄀󰂺
󰂶󰂺 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆖󰃎󰂺    󰂺
The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈
󰄀󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆖󰆕󰄀󰆓󰆓󰆔󰆖󰆔󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺The global bell curve: Race, , and inequality worldwide󰂺
󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺 The intelligence of nations󰂺    
󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺󰂹󰂺Mankind
Quarterly󰂶60󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆗󰆙󰆗󰆙󰆜󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺󰆙󰆓󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆔󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃎󰂺󰄀
󰂺American Economic Review󰂶󰆖󰆖󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆗󰆖󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰃎󰂺Human accomplishment: The pursuit of excellence in the arts and
sciences, 800  to 1950󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺Worldwide, Median Household Income About $10,000󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆔󰆙󰆙󰆕󰆔󰆔󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰄀󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂺 󰂺
ArXiv:Physics/0407137󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆓󰆗󰆓󰆚󰆔󰆖󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺󰄀
󰂿󰄀
󰂺Intelligence󰂶44󰂶󰆜󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆕󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺󰆓󰆖󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂺
󰇁󰇄󰇃 
󰆽󰆼󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆽󰃎󰇁󰇂󰇂󰄍󰇁󰇄󰇄
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰂶    
󰂹󰂺󰂶
53󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆓󰆛󰄍󰆔󰆔󰆖󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰂺󰆓󰆚󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺 Cognitive capitalism: Human capital and the wellbeing of
nations󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺󰂹󰂺Comparative
Sociology󰂶17󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆕󰆜󰄍󰆙󰆜󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆙󰆖󰃈󰆔󰆘󰆙󰆜󰆔󰆖󰆖󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆕󰆖󰆗󰆔󰆗󰆘󰆔󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺   󰂶   
󰂺 Comparative Sociology󰂶 19󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰆖󰆜󰄍󰆙󰆛󰂺 󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆙󰆖󰃈󰆔󰆘󰆙󰆜󰆔󰆖󰆖󰆓󰄀󰆔󰆕󰆖
󰆗󰆔󰆘󰆕󰆔󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰄀󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂺Intelligence󰂶51󰂶󰆜󰆛󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆛󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆙
󰃈󰂺󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺󰆓󰆙󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆕󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃎󰂺     󰂶
󰄀
󰂺 Talent Development & Excellence󰂶 1󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆔󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰃈
󰅨󰅨󰆔󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆜󰅨󰆓󰆖󰅨󰅨󰅨󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶 󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂹
󰂶󰄀
󰂺Psychological Science󰂶22󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂶󰆚󰆘󰆗󰄍󰆚󰆙󰆖󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆚󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆜󰆘󰆙󰆚󰆜󰆚󰆙󰆔󰆔󰆗󰆓󰆚󰆕󰆓󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺     󰄀
󰃍󰃎󰄘󰄀
󰂺Excellence. Essays in Honour of Kurt. A. Heller: Lit, Münster󰂶󰆖󰆓󰆖󰄍󰆖󰆕󰆔󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆚󰆚󰆙󰃎󰂺The Wealth of Nations: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations󰂺󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺 : Visualization and
Imputation of Missing Values󰂺󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺r󰄀󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈
󰂺󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺 󰂺The Measurement of Intelligence󰂶
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... We leave open whether the cognitive elite plays a decisive role, as suggested, for example, by smart fraction theory (e.g. Kirkegaard and Carl, 2022;La Griffe du Lion, 2002;Rindermann, Sailer and Thompson, 2009;Wai and Rindermann, 2017). In the graphical display, the regression line is represented by a horizontal line and a rising or falling branch. ...
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Intelligence is by far the most important human trait. This holds true at the level of individuals as well as at the level of nations. The average cognitive performance of their inhabitants is the most important determinant of the social, cultural, and economic development of nations. The article considers cognitive ability of nations from the perspective of psychometric intelligence research, international student assessment studies, and Piaget’s developmental psychology. Based on up-to-date data, the national IQ of 205 countries is estimated. Then it is shown that national IQs are closely related to a wide range of variables from different domains of life. Overall, it is demonstrated that the central findings of psychometric intelligence research hold unchanged. A special feature is the consideration of non-linear relationships. Using a specific threshold model derived from Piagetian developmental psychology, it is shown that the importance of national IQs is greater than previously known.
... 9. The predictions can be different for different levels of abilitythe level of ability of the intellectual classes, which are particularly important for the development of society (Coyle et al., 2018;Kirkegaard & Carl, 2022), could develop less well (Dutton & Woodley of Menie, 2018). ...
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Since Lynn and Vanhanen's book IQ and the Wealth of Nations (2002), many publications have evidenced a relationship between national IQ and national prosperity. The strongest statistical case for this lies in Jones and Schneider's (2006) use of Bayesian model averaging to run thousands of regressions on GDP growth (1960-1996), using different combinations of explanatory variables. This generated a weighted average over many regressions to create estimates robust to the problem of model uncertainty. We replicate and extend Jones and Schneider's work with many new robustness tests, including new variables, different time periods, different priors and different estimates of average national intelligence. We find national IQ to be the "best predictor" of economic growth, with a higher average coefficient and average posterior inclusion probability than all other tested variables (over 67) in every test run. Our best estimates find a one point increase in IQ is associated with a 7.8% increase in GDP per capita, above Jones and Schneider's estimate of 6.1%. We tested the causality of national IQs using three different instrumental variables: cranial capacity, ancestry-adjusted UV radiation, and 19 th-century numeracy scores. We found little evidence for reverse causation, with only ancestry-adjusted UV radiation passing the Wu-Hausman test (p < .05) when the logarithm of GDP per capita in 1960 was used as the only control variable.
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This paper offers a review of some of the empirical literature on economic growth and discusses its recent evolution in light of developments in intelligence research and genomics. The paper also undertakes the first regression analysis of economic growth to use the most up-to-date version (VI.3.2) of David Becker's data set of international IQ scores. The analysis concerns the growth of 94 countries from 1995-2016. The new regression analysis replicates the results of Jones and Schneider (2006) in finding IQ to have a robust impact on economic growth. Political and economic institutions are represented in the regressions via a country's "degree of capitalism" (aka "economic freedom"), which is found to have an impact that is positive and statistically significant. A change from communism to a market economy does much to increase growth, but the paper finds diminishing returns to free markets. Countries whose people are mostly of sub-Saharan African descent have low average IQ scores, but the paper finds that other factors also have lessened economic growth not only in Africa, but in Haiti and Jamaica as well. Rushton and Jensen (2005, 2010) put forth the hypothesis that average IQ differences across ethnic groups are 50% due to genetic differences, and 50% due to differences in natural and social environments. Applied to international IQ scores, the paper finds the hypothesis to be very reasonable.
Book
A rigorous, pathbreaking analysis demonstrating that a country's prosperity is directly related in the long run to the skills of its population. In this book Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann make a simple, central claim, developed with rigorous theoretical and empirical support: knowledge is the key to a country's development. Of course, every country acknowledges the importance of developing human capital, but Hanushek and Woessmann argue that message has become distorted, with politicians and researchers concentrating not on valued skills but on proxies for them. The common focus is on school attainment, although time in school provides a very misleading picture of how skills enter into development. Hanushek and Woessmann contend that the cognitive skills of the population—which they term the “knowledge capital” of a nation—are essential to long-run prosperity. Hanushek and Woessmann subject their hypotheses about the relationship between cognitive skills (as consistently measured by international student assessments) and economic growth to a series of tests, including alternate specifications, different subsets of countries, and econometric analysis of causal interpretations. They find that their main results are remarkably robust, and equally applicable to developing and developed countries. They demonstrate, for example, that the “Latin American growth puzzle” and the “East Asian miracle” can be explained by these regions' knowledge capital. Turning to the policy implications of their argument, they call for an education system that develops effective accountability, promotes choice and competition, and provides direct rewards for good performance.
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The Good Country Index ( GCI ) measures countries’ contributions to global prosperity in domains such as peace, climate and health. It is known that political institutions and wealth can enhance a country’s ability to be ‘good’. However, past research has shown that the cognitive ability of a society – and of its intellectual classes in particular – as well as education and background factors such as culture and evolutionary history, may be particularly important for socio-economic development. Using correlations, cross-sectional path analyses and longitudinal path analyses, we examined the GCI ’s relationships with the following variables: average cognitive ability, cognitive level of intellectual classes, evolutionary history, culture (indicated by religion), consanguinity, education, politics (rule of law, freedom, democracy) and wealth ( GDP per capita). There was considerable overlap between measures of politics and the GCI (e.g., freedom; empirically r = .76 to .84). The most important variable for explaining international differences in the GCI was the cognitive level of intellectual classes (around r = .72), followed by indicators of culture ( r = .64 to .69). Benefits and limitations of the intellectual class approach are discussed.
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The present register-based study investigated the influence of familial factors on the association of IQ with educational and occupational achievement among young men in Denmark. The study population comprised all men with at least one full brother where both the individual and his brothers were born from 1950 and appeared before a draft board in 1968–1984 and 1987–2015 (N = 364,193 individuals). Intelligence was measured by Børge Priens Prøve at age 18. Educational and occupational achievement were measured by grade point average (GPA) in lower secondary school, time to receiving social benefits at ages 18–30, and gross income at age 30. The statistical analyses comprised two distinct statistical analyses of the investigated associations: A conventional cohort analysis and a within-sibship analysis in which the association under investigation was analysed within siblings while keeping familial factors shared by siblings fixed. The results showed that an appreciable part of the associations of IQ with educational and occupational achievement could be attributed to familial factors shared by siblings. However, only the within sibling association between IQ and GPA in lower secondary school clearly differed from the association observed in the cohort analysis after covariates had been taken into account.