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Status of Parcel Fragmentation in Nepal
Abstract
transfer, mortgage their own land. Parcel fragmentation is the division of a parcel into two or more parcels. This research was carried out to analyse the current status of parcel fragmentation in Nepal. According to the findings of this research, parcel fragmentation in Nepal is haphazard mainly focussing on urban and peri urban arears consequently parcel being irregular in shape & smaller in size and ultimately incrementing huge number of land owners with in fixed area. In the context of Nepal, factors that drive parcel fragmentation are cultural, social, legal, economical, frequent disasters, geographic variations, unmanaged migrations, haphazard land use planning amongst others. The uncontrolled and unmanaged parcel fragmentation in Nepal is the major challenge for land use planning and its implementation. Dense parcel fragmentation has created land related disputes. it is recommended that the government should reformulate and implement the proper land use policy as well as its supporting acts that encourage landconsolidation in agricultural zone and reducing haphazard parcel fragmentation in urban and peri urban areas.
... Population growth is one of the main factors in land fragmentation, and the policies and legal provisions adopted to control land fragmentation are also important [71]. Singh Air indicated that in Nepal, factors that drive parcel fragmentation were cultural, social, legal, economic, frequent disasters, geographic variations, unmanaged migrations, and haphazard land use planning, amongst other things [72]. ...
Because of the influence of climate change and human activities, an in-depth analysis of land use/cover change (LUCC) and its drivers in Nepal is important for local community forestry management and sustainable development. This paper analyzed the direction, magnitude, and rate of LUCCs and their spatial aggregation, as well as landscape fragmentation in Nepal, from 1995 to 2020 using the ESA/CCI (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative) dataset. A total of 10 factors including population, socioeconomic development, climate factors, and forest management factors were selected to determine the dominant driving factors affecting LUCC in Nepal by Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression analysis. Our study showed that climate change, human activities, and forest management (e.g., community forestry) all influenced LUCC. In Nepal, land use/cover shifted among forest, shrub, grassland, and cropland from 1995 to 2020, mainly from forest to cropland. The most significant LUCC in recent decades has been caused by the expansion of cropland and urbanization. The area of coniferous and broadleaf forests decreased from 1995 to 2001 due to deforestation and forest degradation, and recovered gradually after 2001, which was attributed to the successful practice of community forestry in Nepal. Accelerated urbanization was also found in Nepal, and the significant expansion of construction land came mainly came from cropland. Land fragmentation in Nepal was severe and exhibited spatial aggregation characteristics. Human activities played a greater role in LUCC in Nepal than climate factors. The community forestry, GDP growth, and precipitation were positive driving factors for increases in forest area, while the development of the services sector and rising temperature were negative driving factors.
Since the late 1990s, a new model of urban development has been promoted in Vietnam. So-called 'new urban areas' are being built on the agricultural lands at the periurban interface of cities across the country. These large-scale redevelopments feature commodity housing and public services, along with commercial and office space. Foreign scholars have criticised the lack of integration between these built environments and existing urban agglomerations. The resulting urban fragmentation is commonly blamed on the imposition of a foreign model of urban development that promotes a break with previous urban space production mechanisms. This paper provides a nuanced view on these ideas by exploring the history of housing policy in Vietnam and in the region of Hanoi in particular. This approach underscores the locally situated nature of the new urban area experiments. At the same time, it reveals the need to explore ongoing shifts in the way various groups straddling the state, markets and society interact in contemporary urban space production processes.
The fragmentation of agricultural land is basically concerned with farms which are poorly organized in location and space. Attempts a literature review of the topic, and discusses the definitions given to land fragmentation and five methods for its quantitative measurement. The extent and causes of the processes on a global scale are reviewed. Highlights the disadvantages of fragmentation, especially the economic, social, and administrative aspects. A number of situations where the process is seen as an adaption to the local environment are given, as well as means of overcoming the process by intensive cultivation. Discusses whether or not consolidation is the best remedial option.-R.Land
Land fragmentation is a major problem in many countries around the world since it may hinder rational agricultural development and sustainable rural development. Land consolidation, the popular land anagement approach for solving land fragmentation, is currently implemented in the majority of EU countries and in many parts of the world. The research reported in this book focuses on the design and development of land consolidation planning support system comprised of four modules: LandFragmentS measures land fragmentation in an agricultural context; LandSpaCES Design automates land redistribution; LandSpaCES Evaluation assesses alternative land redistribution plans and; LandParcelS automates land partitioning. These four modules compose LACONISS, a prototype LAndCONsolidation Integrated Support System for planning and decision making that integrates GIS, artificial intelligence techniques including both expert systems (ES) and genetic algorithms (GAs) and multi-criteria decision methods (MCDM) that involve many attributes and objectives. The whole system has been applied to a case study area in Cyprus.
The expansion of the cities into the rural-urban fringes is creating direct and indirect impacts with those living there facing new challenges and opportunities in meeting their life needs and accommodating the by-products of urbanization. Although urbanization in these areas provides opportunities for employment, better housing, education, knowledge and technology transfer, and ready markets for the agricultural products, increase in population places enormous stress on natural resources and existing social services and infrastructure. This paper, using a multiple theoretical framework and qualitative research approach, attempts to describe the positive and adverse effects of urbanization on land use planning, livelihood and environment in rural-urban fringes, using the Town Council of Karuri, within Nairobi rural-urban fringe, Kenya, as a case study.
Already during the Land Reform, land properties of several land parcels were formed in the rural areas. Another factor that benefits to the fragmentation of farm properties is development of land market because buying or renting land for farm size building, it is not always possible to find adjacent land plot. Consequently, the land fragmentation not only makes land management difficult, but also increases the transport costs. With this rural land tenure system, competitive and efficient agricultural production cannot be discussed, so a large part of rural areas remains untreated. It was found that there is a strong correlation between the area of land parcels and their management - the smaller the area of a land parcel by the agricultural land, the greater the chance that it would not be managed, and vice versa, the greater the area, the more it is cultivated, that is, managed. Land consolidation is performed as the farm land use optimization activities in other countries. Land consolidation can be one of the efficient means for rural development, it can encourage formation of competitive agricultural production structure, giving farmers the opportunity to create holdings with a small number, but bigger size and better-shaped land plots. Thus, more income and opportunities to expand types of farming are created.
As of 31 March 2006 altogether 80.9 percent of the area of Estonia (4522.7 thousand hectares) has been registered in the Land Cadastre. The total number of registered parcels (cadastral units) is approximately 500 thousand (by cadastral data of Estonian Land Board). The reasons of land fragmentation in Estonia are different but the ideology of land reform is playing notable role in it. It is stated in the Land Reform Act (State Gazette 1991, 34, 426) that: Land is returned according to its former boundaries unless otherwise provided by this Act, planning and land readjustment requirements or by agreement between adjacent neighbors who are entitled subjects… The restitution of land to its former boundaries was the common practice even though there were the options to follow the planning or land readjustment requirements. The chance to prepare land consolidation plans was used very seldom and on relatively small areas. We can not talk about good practice and good experiences of land consolidation projects in Estonia at present. The Estonian state authorities (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Board) are not concerned with the issues of land consolidation. The dominating ideology is that the free market (including free land market) can solve most problems of development. Therefore few people are speaking about land consolidation in Estonia at present. The main aim of this contribution is to analyze some aspects of land fragmentation in general. The presented opinions in this paper are based on the experiences of the ongoing investigation the land fragmentation issues in rural areas of Estonia. Not all the aspects of land fragmentation are covered in this paper. The attention is been paid to the following issues:
This study Contested Lands: Land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania. Case Studies of the Loliondo and Sale Division in the Ngorongoro District concentrates on describing the specific land disputes which took place in the 1990s in the Loliondo and Sale Divisions of the Ngorongoro District in northern Tanzania. The study shows the territorial and historical transformation of territories and property and their relation to the land disputes of the 1990s'. It was assumed that land disputes have been firstly linked to changing spatiality due to the zoning policies of the State territoriality and, secondly, they can be related to the State control of property where the ownership of land property has been redefined through statutory laws. In the analysis of the land disputes issues such as use of territoriality, boundary construction and property claims, in geographical space, are highlighted. Generally, from the 1980s onwards, increases in human population within both Divisions have put pressure on land/resources. This has led to the increased control of land/resource, to the construction of boundaries and finally to formalized land rights on village lands of the Loliondo Division. The land disputes have thus been linked to the use of legal power and to the re-creation of the boundary (informal or formal) either by the Maasai or the Sonjo on the Loliondo and Sale village lands. In Loliondo Division land disputes have been resource-based and related to multiple allocations of land or game resource concessions. Land disputes became clearly political and legal struggles with an ecological reference.Land disputes were stimulated when the common land/resource rights on village lands of the Maasai pastoralists became regulated and insecure. The analysis of past land disputes showed that space-place tensions on village lands can be presented as a platform on which spatial and property issues with complex power relations have been debated. The reduction of future land disputes will succeed only when/if local property rights to land and resources are acknowledged, especially in rural lands of the Tanzanian State. Väitöskirja Contested Lands: Land disputes in semi-arid parts of northern Tanzania. Case Studies of the Loliondo and Sale Division in the Ngorongoro District tarkastelee Pohjois-Tansanian alueella asuvien karjanhoitaja-maasaiden ja maanviljelijä-sonjojen välisiä maakiistoja muuntuneen tilallisuuden, paikan, territoriaalisuuden, omistusoikeuden ja maalakia koskevan teoriasovelluksen avulla. Maakiistat juontavat juurensa kolonialistisen hallinnon ajoilta, jolloin alkuperäisille asukkaille koko Ngorongoron piirikunnassa joko myönnettiin tai heiltä poistettiin omistusoikeus maahan ja luonnonvaroihin. Kun Tansania itsenäistyi vuonna 1961, valtio panosti maauudistuksiin. Valtion toimenpiteet ovat aiheuttaneet maanomistusoikeudellisia ja tilaa koskevia muutoksia. Tansanian pohjoisosissa painopisteeksi on nostettu luonnonsuojelu, suurriistan metsästys ja turismi. Valtio on vuosikymmenien ajan esimerkiksi perustanut luonnonsuojelualueita ns. abstrakteiksi tiloiksi, joissa maan ja/tai luonnonvarojen käyttöä ja hallintaa on rajoitettu ja määritelty. Tässä maankäytön ja hallintaoikeuksien muutosprosessissa paikallisten asukkaiden historiallisia maanomistusoikeuksia on jätetty huomioimatta. Taloudellis-liberaaliselta 1980-luvulta lähtien maan arvo ja kysyntä on kasvanut luonnonsuojelualueilla. Maankäyttö on kiinnostanut niin tansanialaisia kuin ulkopuolisia sijoittajia. Etnisten ryhmien perinteisten maa-alueiden hallinta on kaventunut. Paikat alueellisine rajoineen, joilla on ollut oma historiansa, ovat muuttuneet ja menettäneet merkitystään. Tämä on vaikuttanut etnisten ryhmien elämäntapaan. 1980-luvulta alkaen Loliondon maasai-karjanhoitajien liikkuva ja yhteisöllinen laidunnus- ja maankäyttö sekä oikeudet luonnonvaroihin olivat uhattuina. 1990-luvulla laidunmaa-ala edelleen kaventui maaluovutusten vuoksi. Perinteisesti hallittu yhteisöllinen karjanlaidunnustapa vaikeutui. Maa- ja luonnonsuojelupoliittiset uudistukset, alati kasvava väestö ja pahenevat kuivuuskaudet ovat myös lisänneet alueen maankäytön ongelmia. Erityisesti tilanne monimutkaistui, kun riistanhoitoalueen metsästysoikeus (1993) annettiin 10 vuodeksi Arabiemiirikuntien kansalaiselle. Mutkallinen maankäytön tilanne johti laillisten maaoikeuksien korostamiseen ja uusien rajojen muodostamiseen. Ristiriidat - rajakiistat, maan- ja luonnonvarojen omistuskiistat tai kiistat luonnonvarojen käyttöoikeuksista - kärjistyivät alueella. Pahimmat ristiriidat ovat johtaneet väkivaltaisiin yhteenottoihin heimojen välillä. Tansanian maaseudun monimuotoisia maakiistoja voidaan vähentää, jos ja kun paikallisten etnisten ryhmien maan- ja luonnonvarojen omistusoikeudet tunnustetaan laillisesti.
Corruption in the public sector erodes tax compliance and leads to higher tax evasion. Moreover, corrupt public officials abuse their public power to extort bribes from the private agents. In both types of interaction with the public sector, the private agents are bound to face uncertainty with respect to their disposable incomes. To analyse effects of this uncertainty, a stochastic dynamic growth model with the public sector is examined. It is shown that deterministic excessive red tape and corruption deteriorate the growth potential through income redistribution and public sector inefficiencies. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that the increase in corruption via higher uncertainty exerts adverse effects on capital accumulation, thus leading to lower growth rates.
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