A COMPARATIVE PHENOTYPE AND GENOTYPE STUDY OF THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE SALMONELLA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CHICKEN MEAT IN BAKU, AZERBAIJAN AND TYLER, TEXAS, USA
Abstract
A COMPARATIVE PHENOTYPE AND GENOTYPE STUDY OF THE ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE SALMONELLA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CHICKEN MEAT IN BAKU,
AZERBAIJAN AND TYLER, TEXAS, USA
Asaf M.Omarov1, Ali Azghani2, Siala Rustamova3, Saida Aliyeva4, Javid Mammadov5
1Khazar University, Life Sciences department, Baku, Azerbaijan
2 The University of Texas at Tyler, Biology department, Tyler, The USA
3Veterinary Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan
4. The ADA University, Baku, Azerbaijan
5 Javid Mammadov, Baku, Azerbaijan Poultry Company
INTRODUCTION
The modern intensive integrated livestock production systems require regular antibiotics used at farms to
maintain animal health and production. The use of antibiotics in food animal production has been implicated
as a contributing factor to the emergence of drug resistance in human foodborne pathogens(Davies & Wray,
1997). Certain antibiotics, when given in low, subtherapeutic doses, are known to improve feed conversion
efficiency (more output, such as muscle or milk, for a given amount of feed) and may promote greater
growth, most likely by affecting gut flora (By Christopher D. Reinhardt, 2013). The regular and
irresponsible use of antibiotics in modern veterinary practices is associated with the emergence of different
multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. These MDR pathogens of animal origin may be disseminated to humans
via the wider environment including food products, sewage, and agricultural system. Salmonella is an
important pathogen highly associated with poultry products such as eggs and chicken meat(Velasquez et al.,
2018)
Salmonella organisms may become resistant to antimicrobials by modifying or inactivating the antimicrobial
agent, modifying the antimicrobial target, the action of the efflux pumps, or cell membrane permeability.
(Hawe et al., 2022; Mulvey et al., 2006) Genomic events constitute a central process in the mobilization of
genetic elements and associated mobile antibiotic resistance antibiotic resistance-encoding genes in different
settings (Burrus & Waldor, 2004). The movement of bacteria from the environment to animals and humans
(and vice-versa) contributes to an increase in the mobilome (mobile gene pool) (Kav et al., 2012). These
genetic exchanges have been significantly reported among human and animal guts (Devirgiliis et al., 2011).
Material and Methods
The fresh chicken meat was collected from retail markets in the city of Tyler, Texas, and Baku, Azerbaijan.
The samples were processed in Dr. Azghani’s Laboratory at the University of Texas at Tyler and the
Laboratory of Khazar University, Baku Azerbaijan.
TSB, TSA, Mueller-Hinton Agar, and MacConkey Agar were used for Salmonella spp. isolation and
counting CFU. Difco Salmonella O antiserum Poly A – I and Vi serum was used as a screening test, PCR
(16S) was implemented for conformation. QIAamp ® DNA Mini and Blood kit was used for DNA
extraction. Cefotaxime 30ug, Imipenem 10ug, Colistin 10ug, Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid 20ug/10ug,
Aztreonam 30ug, Chloramphenicol 30ug, Sulfamethoxazole+Trimethoprim 23.75ug/1.25ug, Ciprofloxacin
5ug, Gentamicin 10ug antibiotic discs were used for phenotypical identification to AMR ability to isolated
Salmonella spp. 16S, blaIMP blaNDM-1 mcr-1 aadB genes are considered a gene of interest, Cyber green
Super Mix was used for the recognition AMR genes.
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Results
1. AMR Salmonella spp. was detected in both countries
2. Mobile genetics elements were separated from isolated Salmonella spp.
3. Bacteria isolated from Azerbaijan and Tyler (the USA) demonstrated different phenotypes and genotypes
AMR ability
4. Different mobile genetic elements were detected based on phenotype antibiotic resistance variation in
Salmonella spp.
5. Various resistance to unique antibiotics were dissimilar for these countries
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This study assessed the chemical compositions of some naturally occurring forages used as ruminant feed during the raining season of Aliero local government area, Kebbi State. A total of eight (8) pasture species were sampled comprising of four (4) grasses; Pennisetum pedicellatum, Mitracarpus hiristus, Eragrostis tremula and Digiteria alata, three (3) forbs and one (1) legume; Monechma ciliatum, Commelina banghalensis, Ipomoea kotschyana and Euphorbia convolvuloides, respectively. All the parameters measured showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the treatments. Digitaria alata had the highest dry matter (99.00%) while the highest crude protein (11.93%), nitrogen free extract (52.07%), and ether extract (3.50%) were recorded for Euphorbia convolvuloides. Ipomoea kotschyana had the highest crude fiber (20.50%) and ash (11.50%). The values recorded for the mineral compositions indicated that the legume (Euphorbia convolvuloides) the higher sodium, calcium and magnesium concentrations (132.50mg/g, 0.85g/mg and 1.65mg/g respectively) while the grass (Mitracarpus hiristus) and the forbs (Monechma ciliatum) species had the highest potassium (4200mg/g) and phosphorus concentrations (5.18mg/g) respectively. This study showed that mixture of forages in the diet of ruminants may optimize nutrients and minerals intake for growth and development.
The Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar, Galliformes) is one of the most important game birds in its native range, spanning from the Balkans to eastern Asia, and the regions of Europe, North America and New Zealand where it was introduced. Previous studies found two main genetic lineages of the species forming an eastern and a western clade. Chukar Partridges are raised in game farms and released to supplement natural populations for shooting in the USA, Canada, Greece, and Turkey. To explore intraspecific genetic structure, phylogeography, and possible genetic admixture events of A. chukar in Turkey, we genotyped individuals from fourteen wild and five captive populations at two mitochondrial and ten microsatellite DNA loci in. Wild and farmed Chukar Partridge samples were analyzed together to investigate possible influences of intraspecific hybridizations. We found that the farmed chukars, which mainly (85%) cluster into the eastern clade, and wild ones were genetically distinct. The latter could be separated into six management units (MUs), with partridges from Gökçeada Island in the Aegean Sea forming the most divergent population. Intraspecific hybridization was detected between wild and captive populations. This phenomenon causes rampant introgression and homogenization. The phylogeographic analysis revealed admixture among wild populations; nevertheless, this did not impair pointing to Anatolia as likely having a “refugia-within-refugia” structure. We recommend that the genetic structure of Chukar Partridge and its MUs be taken into account when developing the policy of hunting, production, and release to preserve the genetic integrity of this species.
A study to determine the occurrence and distribution of parasitic helminthes of veterinary importance in faecal
samples from cattle was carried out at the abattoirs in Delta North, Delta State. Samples were collected from slaughter
slabs at Agbor and Asaba. A total of 325 samples were examined for helminth parasites. Differential parasite count,
faecal floatation and direct faecal smear technique were used to analyse the faecal samples. The identified species
revealed the presence of helminths of three classes which include the Nematodes, Trematodes and Cestodes with
a total of 10 species respectively. The occurrence of parasitic helminths in the samples at various locations showed
significant (P<0.05) differences between the different helminths species and location respectively. The level of
prevalence of parasitic helminths encountered include Ascaris sp. 25 (10.5%), Bonustomum sp. 19 (8.0%), Coopera
sp. 11 (4.6%), Ostertagia sp. 15 (6.3%), Strongyloides sp. 23 (9.7%), Trichuris 35 (14.8%), Trichostrongyle sp. 13
(5.5%), Paraphostimum sp. 18 (7.6%), Fasciola sp. 60 (25.3%) and Taenia sp. 18 (7.6%). The results obtained
showed high prevalence of helminth parasites which could be due to the free ranging and grazing system and poor
animal husbandry practices. However, cattle should be well inspected and at necessary point treated for parasitic
diseases. Proper management practices and sanitary measures at slaughter slabs should strictly be employed as
this will help check environmental contamination.
Research in basic and clinical neuroscience of music conducted over the past decades has begun to uncover music’s high potential as a tool for rehabilitation. Advances in our understanding of how music engages parallel brain networks underpinning sensory and motor processes, arousal, reward, and affective regulation, have laid a sound neuroscientific foundation for the development of theory-driven music interventions that have been systematically tested in clinical settings. Of particular significance in the context of motor rehabilitation is the notion that musical rhythms can entrain movement patterns in patients with movement-related disorders, serving as a continuous time reference that can help regulate movement timing and pace. To date, a significant number of clinical and experimental studies have tested the application of rhythm- and music-based interventions to improve motor functions following central nervous injury and/or degeneration. The goal of this review is to appraise the current state of knowledge on the effectiveness of music and rhythm to modulate movement spatiotemporal patterns and restore motor function. By organizing and providing a critical appraisal of a large body of research, we hope to provide a revised framework for future research on the effectiveness of rhythm- and music-based interventions to restore and (re)train motor function.
As aging continues to grow in our society, sarcopenia and associated fall risk is considered a public health problem since falling is the third cause of chronic disability. Falls are negatively related to functionality and independence and positively associated with morbidity and mortality. The cost of treatment of secondary injuries related to falls is high. For example, one in ten fall incidents leads to bone fractures and several other comorbidities. As demonstrated by several experimental studies, adopting a more active lifestyle is critical for reducing the number of fall episodes and their consequences. Therefore, it is essential to debate the proven physical exercise methods to reduce falls and fall-related effects. Since muscle mass, muscle strength, bone density, and cartilage function may play significant roles in daily activities, resistance training may positively and significantly affect the elderly. This narrative review aimed to examine current evidence on existing resistance training using resistance machines and bodyweight or low-cost equipment for the elderly and how they are related to falls and fall-related consequences. We provide theoretical links between aging, sarcopenia, and falls linking to resistance training and offer practical suggestions to exercise professionals seeking to promote regular physical exercise to promote quality of life in this population. Exercise programs focusing on strength may significantly influence muscle mass and muscle strength, minimizing functional decline and risk of falling. Resistance training programs should be customized to each elderly according to age, sex, and other fundamental and individual aspects. This narrative review provides evidence to support recommendations for practical resistance training in the elderly related to intensity and volume. A properly designed resistance training program with adequate instructions and technique is safe for the elderly. It should include an individualized approach based on existing equipment (i.e., body weight, resistance machines). Existing literature shows that exercise performance towards 2–3 sets of 1–2 exercises per major muscle group, performing 5–8 repetitions or achieving intensities of 50–80% of 1RM, 2–3 times per week should be recommended, followed by training principles such as periodization and progression. Bearing this in mind, health and exercise professionals should combine efforts focusing on efficient strategies to reduce falls among the elderly and promote higher experiences of well-being at advanced stages in life.
Although polypharmacy is common among patients on hemodialysis (HD), its association with prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the association between the number of prescribed medicines and all-cause mortality in patients on HD, accounting for essential medicines (i.e., antihypertensives, antidiabetic medicines, and statins) and non-essential medicines. We evaluated 339 patients who underwent maintenance HD at Nagasaki Renal Center between July 2011 and June 2012 and followed up until June 2021. After adjusting for patient characteristics, the number of regularly prescribed medicines (10.0 ± 4.0) was not correlated with prognosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.05, p = 0.60). However, the number of non-essential medicines (7.9 ± 3.6) was correlated with prognosis (HR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.10, p = 0.009). Adjusting for patient characteristics, patients who were prescribed more than 10 non-essential medicines were found to have a significantly higher probability of mortality than those prescribed less than five non-essential medicines, with a relative risk of 2.01 (p = 0.004). In conclusion, polypharmacy of non-essential medicines increases the risk of all-cause mortality in patients on HD. As such, prescribing essential medicines should be prioritized, and the clinical relevance of each medicine should be reviewed by physicians and pharmacists.
Polypharmacy characterizes ongoing prescription of multiple medications in a patient. Following the demographic change and growing number of elderly patients, polypharmacy is of major concern due to the associated risks and even mortality. Many causes made this geriatric syndrome more common in the past decade. First, the management of comorbidities is often lacking in disease-specific guidelines. Second, multimorbidity is rising due to the ageing population. Third, deprescribing methods are sparse, and results are conflicting. This mini review integrates the effects of polypharmacy on mortality and morbidity, the causes and confounders of polypharmacy, and presents a practical stepwise manual of deprescribing. The work is based on a literature search for randomized control trials and reviews in English and German from 2015 onwards in the PubMed database, with integration of relevant citations as a result of this search.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diagnosed when kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. Primary care clinicians should refer people at risk of ESRD to nephrology to optimize disease management. Kidney transplantation typically yields the best patient outcomes, although most patients are treated with dialysis. The decision to initiate dialysis is best made through shared decision-making. Because most patients with ESRD elect to receive hemodialysis, the preservation of peripheral veins is important for those with stage III to V chronic kidney disease. A palliative approach to ESRD is a reasonable alternative to dialysis, particularly for individuals with limited life expectancy, with severe comorbid conditions, or who wish to avoid medical interventions. For patients with ESRD, vaccination against seasonal influenza, tetanus, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus (through 26 years of age), and Streptococcus pneumoniae is advised. Routine cancer screening for patients not receiving kidney transplantation is discouraged. Controlling blood pressure in patients receiving dialysis improves mortality. Volume control through adequate dialysis and sodium restriction can help optimize hypertension treatment in these patients. Insulin is the preferred treatment for patients with ESRD and diabetes mellitus requiring medication. Patients should be monitored for signs of protein-energy wasting and malnutrition. Clinicians must be aware of the many medical complications associated with ESRD.