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191
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 74(2): 191–205. 2022
doi: 10.26492/gbs74(2).2022-06
The orchid diversity of Banggai Kepulauan,
Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
D. Sulistiarini, F.I. Windadri, D. Sahroni, Sutikno & D. Surya
Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National
Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor km 46,
Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
dsulistiarini@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT. Few orchid studies have focused on the satellite islands of Sulawesi, including
the Banggai Kepulauan Archipelago. This study aims to understand the diversity of orchid
species in Banggai Kepulauan and to add data on the diversity of orchids in Sulawesi. We
identied 28 species of orchids from Banggai Kepulauan, of which two are endemic to
Sulawesi: Dendrobium jubatum Schuit. & de Vogel and Dendrobium rhodobalion Schltr.; four
species are only distributed in the eastern part of Indonesia: Cylindrolobus quadricolor (J.J.Sm.)
Rauschert, Dendrobium lanceolatum Gaudich., Dendrobium purpureum Roxb. and Habenaria
beccarii Schltr.; three species are new records for Sulawesi: Aphyllorchis acuminata J.J.Sm.,
Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb. and Tainia trinervis (Blume) Rchb.f.; and one species is a
new record for Banggai Kepulauan: Crepidium resupinatum (G.Forst.) Szlach.
Keywords. Endemic, ora, new records, Orchidaceae
Introduction
Sulawesi is an island situated directly east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Archipelago,
and south of the Philippines. Sulawesi is at the centre of a oristic mixture of elements
from Asia and Australia (Van Steenis-Kruseman, 1950). The island is megadiverse
with 7068 species of plants and fungi (Retnowati & Rugayah, 2019) and this number
will continue to increase as oristic studies and eldwork continue.
Orchid surveys have been carried out infrequently in Sulawesi. Schlechter
(1911) collected in Minahasa and Toli-Toli, on Mt Klabat, Mt Lokon, Mt Mahawo,
Mt Masarang, and in the mangroves of Toli-Toli. He recorded 234 species of orchids
(Schlechter, 1911). Later, Schlechter reported that there were 321 species of orchids in
Sulawesi and that 253 of these were endemic (Schlechter, 1925). Thomas & Schuiteman
(2002) increased the number of orchids recorded from Sulawesi. They reported 540
species, of which 286 species are endemic to the island. In the latest report, there are
499 species of orchids in Sulawesi (Rustiami, 2019).
So far, orchid studies have focused on the mainland island of Sulawesi
(Schlechter, 1911, 1925; Thomas & Schuiteman, 2002; Putri, 2006; Ramadanil, 2010;
Lestari & Santoso, 2011; Managanta & Pangli, 2014; Braem, 2015; Broto & Pratama,
2015; Hiola et al., 2015, 2019; Pemba et al., 2015; Puspitaningtyas, 2017, 2019a,
2019b; Sulistiarini et al., 2017; Wibowo & Juswara, 2017; Fahlil et al., 2018; Yubu
Gard. Bull. Singapore 74(2) 2022
192
et al., 2018; Lianarti, 2019; Metusala, 2019, 2020; Handoyo et al., 2020; Hartini &
Aprilianti, 2020; Tikuallo et al., 2020; Wololi et al., 2021). Few collecting trips have
been conducted on the satellite islands, and only two published orchid studies have
focused on one of these, namely Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi (Sulistiarini
et al., 2007; Sulistiarini, 2008). No information is available for Banggai Kepulauan,
Central Sulawesi, as yet.
A oristic exploration of Banggai Kepulauan was rst carried out by D.W. Horst
in 1899, although the number of collections made is unclear. Meanwhile, Kaudern in
1920, collected 20 species of plants in Banggai Kepulauan (Steenis-Kruseman, 1950).
An exploration of Banggai Kepulauan by Rahmadi et al. (2014) prioritised faunal
observations and not many plant specimens were collected. Therefore, the Research
Center for Biosystematics and Evolution of the National Research and Innovation
Agency of Indonesia (BRIN) conducted an exploration of Banggai Kepulauan in 2019.
One of the aims of this exploration was to understand the diversity of orchid species
there and to add data on the diversity of orchids in Sulawesi. This study can be used by
stakeholders in Banggai Kepulauan to manage the island’s ora.
Materials and methods
A oristic exploration was conducted in June–July 2019 in Peleng and Bakalan Islands
of Banggai Kepulauan, Central Sulawesi, specically in the districts of Buko, Bulagi,
Bulagi Utara, Bulagi Selatan, Peling Tengah, Liang, Tinangkung, Tinangkung Selatan,
Tinangkung Utara and Totikum Selatan (Fig. 1).
The collection of orchids followed the methodology of Van Balgooy (1987). The
collections were photographed when owering and then dried as herbarium specimens
and stored at Herbarium Bogoriense. Spirit samples of owers were also prepared
using a mix of glycerin 40%, ethanol 96%, and distilled water at a ratio of 1:70:29
(Rugayah et al., 2004). Sterile specimens were also collected for a permanent record
of all orchids in Banggai Kepulauan. Identication was carried out by consulting
relevant literature and online resources, such as Comber (1990, 2001), Seidenfaden &
Wood (1992), SOF (2015), and POWO (2021), as well as by matching with the orchid
collections in Herbarium Bogoriense.
Information on the distribution of every orchid species was recorded and their
endemic status was determined. All data were analysed and presented descriptively.
Full descriptions of the newly recorded species were drafted, together with notes on
the habitat and conservation status in Indonesia. Photographs of some species are also
included.
Orchid diversity in Banggai Kepulauan
Twenty-eight species of orchids were found in Banggai Kepulauan (Table 1). Of
these, three collections have only been identied to genus level due to incomplete
193
Orchids of Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi
specimens: Dendrobium sp. (Diah Sulistiarini & Deni Sahroni 1438), Liparis sp.
(Diah Sulistiarini & Deni Sahroni 1452) and Renanthera sp. (Diah Sulistiarini & Deni
Sahroni 1452). The Dendrobium sp. is similar to D. acinaciforme Roxb., which has
at and laterally compressed leaves, but the leaves of Dendrobium sp. are narrower
and longer. The Liparis sp. is similar to Liparis parviora (Bl.) Lindl. but has different
leaves (L. parviora: lanceolate-oblong, acute vs Liparis sp.: obovate-oblong, obtuse).
The Renanthera sp. is similar to Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl. based on leaf
shape, but the Renanthera sp. has longer leaves and a more unequal tip.
The orchids of Banggai Kepulauan comprise about 5% of the total orchid
diversity of Sulawesi at about 499 species (Rustiami, 2019). The orchids of Banggai
Kepulauan are less diverse than on other smaller satellite islands. Wawonii Island in
Southeast Sulawesi (650 km2) (Rugayah et al., 2003), for example, is smaller than
Banggai Kepulauan (2488.79 km2) (BPSKBK, 2018) but has 91 orchid species
(Sulistiarini, 2008) (versus 28 species in Banggai Kepulauan). The orchid inventory
of Wawonii Island, however, began in 2003 (Sulistiarini, 2008). We believe that the
orchids of Banggai Kepulauan are under-collected and more exploration may yield
many new records there.
The orchid species with the highest population numbers in Banggai Kepulauan
are Dendrobium lanceolatum Gaudich. and Spathoglottis plicata Blume. Dendrobium
lanceolatum grows on the cliffs along the road in Banggai Kepulauan. This orchid has
white owers with purple veins and lips with wavy and purplish edges. Spathoglottis
plicata, meanwhile, has two colour variations in Banggai Kepulauan, white and pink,
and both grow in the same area on Gangsang Hill, Tinangkung Selatan District (Fig.
2). Dendrobium purpureum Roxb. with pink owers is distributed from Sulawesi
to New Guinea (Govaerts et al., 2021). In Banggai Kepulauan, it is only found in
Taman Kehati Kokolomboy. We also observed Trichoglottis geminata (Teijsm. &
Binn.) J.J.Sm., an epiphytic orchid that is widely distributed in the Malesian region
and is only found in Tinangkung of Banggai Kepulauan. This species is characterised
Fig. 1. Map of plant collection areas in Banggai Kepulauan, Central Sulawesi. Black dots mark
the collecting localities.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 74(2) 2022
194
by strap-shaped leaves arranged alternately all along the stem and the inorescences
are located opposite the leaves, supporting one greenish or yellowish ower with
transverse red or pink stripes on the sepals and petals and the middle of the white lip
has a purplish spot. Aerides inexa Teijsm. & Binn., meanwhile, was rst discovered
in the Gowa area, Makassar, South Sulawesi based on a Tolson specimen that is now
possibly stored in Leiden (Wood & Cribb, 1994; they say ‘holo. ?L’). In Banggai
Kepulauan, a vegetative specimen of this species was found in the forest around Lake
Paisu Pok. It was identied based on the monopodial stem and strap-shaped leaves and
by matching with photos from GBIF (https://gbif.org/species/2811142).
Two endemic species have also been found, Dendrobium jubatum Schuit. & de
Vogel and D. rhodobalion Schltr., a sterile specimen of the former in Mandok Village,
Bulagi Utara, and a sterile specimen of the latter with yellow stems and oval leaves in
the forest around Lake Paisu Pok. Cylindrolobus quadricolor (J.J.Sm.) Rauschert and
Habenaria beccarii Schltr., species previously only known from mainland Sulawesi
and Maluku (Thomas & Schuiteman, 2002; Govaerts et al., 2021), have been found
in Banggai Kepulauan. Cylindrolobus quadricolor is an epiphytic orchid found in the
forest around Lake Paisu Pok hanging from trees, with alternate, opposite, lanceolate,
and pointed leaves all along the stem, and solitary owers located in the axils of the
leaves. They are white with a reddish brown pedicel.
There are three new records for Sulawesi, namely Aphyllorchis acuminata
J.J.Sm., Dendrobium acinaciforme and Tainia trinervis (Blume) Rchb.f. Aphyllorchis
acuminata was previously listed as endemic to Maluku (Thomas & Schuiteman, 2002).
Crepidium resupinatum (G.Forst.) Szlach. was reported from Sulawesi by Margonska
et al. (2012). This species, however, is a new record for Banggai Kepulauan although
there are taxonomic problems which will hopefully be resolved with molecular studies
(Margonska, 2021, pers. comm.). Two species originally described from Java have
also been found in Banggai Kepulauan, viz. Bulbophyllum laxiorum (Blume) Lindl.
and Habenaria medusa Kraenzl.
Three orchid species are known to be widely cultivated in Banggai Kepulauan,
namely Cymbidium nlaysonianum Lindl., Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume and
Vanilla planifolia Andrews. The rst two are planted by residents in their gardens,
while the last species is cultivated for its fruit. Sastrapradja et al. (1976) mentioned that
Phalaenopsis amabilis and Spathoglottis plicata are widely cultivated as ornamental
plants in Indonesia. In addition to its role as an ornamental plant, the leaves of
Phalaenopsis amabilis are reported to be edible (Arditti, 1992) and were reportedly
eaten as vegetables by the Javanese in ancient times (Latif, 1960). However, in Banggai
Kepulauan this orchid is only grown as an ornamental. Heyne (1987) mentioned that
in Maluku the stems of Dendrobium purpureum (called anggrek kesumba by local
people) and the pseudobulbs of Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume (called
anggrek bunga putri by local people) were used to treat inammation of the nails.
Examples of orchid species found in the Banggai Kepulauan are presented in Fig. 2–4.
More precise typication of the names of the new records below should await
monographic studies of the taxa.
195
Orchids of Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi
Table 1. List of orchids species collected from Banggai Kepulauan.
Species Distribution in Banggai
Kepulauan
Distribution in the
world
Note
Aerides inflexa Teijsm.
& Binn.
Paisu Pok Lake, Bulagi Utara Borneo to Sulawesi
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Aphyllorchis acuminata
J.J.Sm.
Taman Kehati Forest, near
Kokolomboy Sub-Village,
Leme-leme Darat Village,
Buko
Maluku and Sulawesi
(Govaerts et al., 2012;
report in this paper)
New record
for Sulawesi
Bulbophyllum
laxiflorum (Blume)
Lindl.
Pemda Forest, Tinangkung Indochina to W and C
Malesia (Govaerts et al.,
2021)
-
Crepidium acuminatum
(D.Don) Szlach.
Bukit Kautu, Tinangkung Tropical and subtropical
Asia to N Australia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Crepidium resupinatum
(G.Forst.) Szlach.
Along the road near Saiyong
Village to Gansal Village,
Tinangkung
Indonesia; Papua New
Guinea; Oceania:
Solomon Islands,
Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga,
Samoa, New Zealand,
and French Polynesia
Islands
(Margonska et al., 2012)
New record
for Banggai
Kepulauan
(Margonska,
pers. comm.)
Cryptostylis arachnites
(Blume) Hassk.
Taman Kehati Forest, near
Kokolomboy Sub-Village,
Leme-leme Darat Village,
Buko
Tropical and subtropical
Asia to SW Pacific
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Cylindrolobus
quadricolor (J.J.Sm.)
Rauschert
Danau Paisu Pok, Bulagi
Utara
Sulawesi to Maluku
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Cymbidium bicolor ssp.
pubescens (Lindl.) Du
Puy & P.J.Cribb
Tabing Village, Tinangkung
Selatan
Andaman, Nicobar
Islands to W and C
Malesia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Cymbidium
finlaysonianum Lindl.
Ambelang Village,
Tinangkung; Batang Village,
Tinangkung Utara; Danau
Paisu Pok, Bulagi Utara
Indochina to Malesia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
Dendrobium
acinaciforme Roxb.
Luk Sagu, Tinangkung Utara Assam, Cambodia,
SE China, E Himalaya,
Hainan, Laos, Malaya,
Maluku, New Guinea,
Thailand and Vietnam
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
New record
for Sulawesi
Dendrobium jubatum
Schuit. & de Vogel
Mandok Village, Bulagi Utara Sulawesi
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
Endemic to
Sulawesi
Gard. Bull. Singapore 74(2) 2022
196
Table 1 (continued).
Species Distribution in Banggai
Kepulauan
Distribution in the
world
Note
Dendrobium
lanceolatum Gaudich.
Alul Village, Bulagi; Saleati
Village, Liang
Sulawesi to New Guinea
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Dendrobium
purpureum Roxb.
Bulagi Sulawesi to New Guinea
(Kepulauan Aru)
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Dendrobium
rhodobalion Schltr.
Paisu Pok Lake, Bulagi Utara Sulawesi
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
Endemic to
Sulawesi
Dendrobium sp. (Diah
Sulistiarini & Deni
Sahroni 1438)
Desa Mandok, Bulagi Utara Banggai Kepulauan -
Eulophia nuda Lindl. Bungin Village, Tinangkung
(Bakalan Island)
Tropical and subtropical
Asia to W Pacific
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Grammatophyllum
scriptum (L.) Blume
Kampung Baru Village,
Tinangkung Selatan
Sulawesi, Maluku,
Borneo, Lesser Sunda
Islands, Philippines, New
Guinea, Solomon Island,
and Fiji (Thomas &
Schuiteman, 2002)
-
Habenaria beccarii
Schltr.
Toi-toi Village, Bulagi
Selatan
Sulawesi to Maluku
(Thomas & Schuiteman,
2002)
-
Habenaria medusa
Kraenzl.
Tinangkung Village,
Tinangkung
Sumatra, Borneo, Java,
and Sulawesi
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Liparis sp. (Diah
Sulistiarini & Deni
Sahroni 1452)
Puiso Pok, Bulagi Utara Banggai Kepulauan -
Oberonia lycopodioides
(J.Koenig) Ormerod
Along the road to Alul
Village, Bulagi
Indochina to Malesia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Phalaenopsis amabilis
(L.) Blume
Sosom Forest, Bulagi Malesia to Papuasia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Renanthera sp. (Diah
Sulistiarini & Deni
Sahroni 1452)
Paisu Pok Lake, Bulagi Utara Banggai Kepulauan -
Spathoglottis plicata
Blume
Gangsang Village,
Tinangkung Selatan
Tropical and subtropical
Asia to Pacific
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Tainia trinervis
(Blume) Rchb.f.
Taman Kehati Forest, near
Kokolomboy Sub-Village,
Leme-leme Darat Village,
Buko
Borneo (Sabah),
Philippines (Mindoro),
Maluku (Ternate) to N
and NE Queensland
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
New record
for Sulawesi
197
Orchids of Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi
Table 1 (continued).
Species Distribution in Banggai
Kepulauan
Distribution in the
world
Note
Thrixspermum
centipeda Lour.
Batang Village, Bambanga,
Tinangkung Utara
Assam to S China and
Malesia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Trichoglottis geminata
(Teijsm. & Binn.)
J.J.Sm.
Bukit Kautu, Salakan,
Tinangkung
C and E Malesia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
-
Vanilla planifolia
Andrews
Totikum Selatan
S Mexico to Colombia
(Govaerts et al., 2021)
Cultivated
Fig. 2. Spathoglottis plicata Blume. A. White owers. B. Pink owers. C. Co-occurrence of
both colour variants in Gangsang Hill, Banggai Kepulauan. (Photos: Deni Sahroni)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 74(2) 2022
198
Fig. 3. Orchid species from Banggai Kepulauan. A. Cylindrolobus quadricolor (J.J.Sm.)
Rauschert. B. Dendrobium lanceolatum Gaudich. C. Cymbidium nlaysonianum Lindl.
D. Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume. E. Habenaria beccarii Schltr. F. Phalaenopsis
amabilis (L.) Blume. (Photos: Deni Sahroni)
199
Orchids of Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi
The new records
1. Aphyllorchis acuminata J.J.Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 9: 441 (1928).
– TYPE: [Indonesia], Buru, Wai Eno, Toxopeus s.n. (L). (Fig. 4A)
Terrestrial, 50–150 cm high, roots thickened, puberulous. Stem straight, sheaths 5–8,
clasping the stem. Inorescence many-owered, to 40 cm long, purple; bracts patent to
reexed, lanceolate, acute, pale purple. Flowers suberect, white, 5–8 cm apart; pedicel
13–14 mm long, purple; median sepal lanceolate, acute, glabrous, c. 1.2 cm long;
lateral sepals lanceolate, acute, glabrous, c. 1.2 cm long; petals similar to the sepals,
lanceolate, along the centre of the inner surface with a purple stripe, c. 1.2 cm long; lip
with the hypochile short, c. 0.2 cm long, epichile c. 0.8 cm long, acute, inner part at
the margin with yellow-brownish stripes; column semiterete, glabrous, c. 0.5 cm long.
Distribution. This species is now only known from Maluku and Banggai Kepulauan,
especially on Peleng Island.
Habitat and ecology. The species was found in secondary forest at an elevation of
600–700 m.
Specimen examined. Photos taken in Taman Kehati Kokolomboy, Leme-leme Darat Village,
Buko District, Banggai Kepulauan Regency, Peleng Island, Central Sulawesi, 1°17′29.5″S
122°52′15.2″E, 600–700 m, 6 Jul 2019, by I Putu Gede P. Damayanto.
Notes. It is found in Banggai Kepulauan, specically only on Peleng Island in Taman
Kehati (Biodiversity Park) Kokolomboy, Leme-leme Darat Village, Buko District.
2. Crepidium resupinatum (G.Forst.) Szlach., Fragm. Flor. Geobot., Suppl. 3: 131
(1995). – Epidendrum resupinatum G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. 61 (1786). – TYPE: Society
Islands, J.R. Forster & G. Forster s.n. (BM). (Fig. 4B)
Terrestrial herbs up to 9 cm tall. Pseudobulbs small, each bearing 4–7 leaves, close
together, covered with leaf sheaths, pale green. Leaves oblong to broadly lanceolate,
5–14 × 2.5–5 cm, acute-acuminate, thin-textured, oblique, veins prominent; petiole
2–5.5 cm long, at the base broadly clasping the stem. Inorescence terminal, a raceme,
up to 50 cm tall, bearing many owers (more than 30); bracts c. 4 mm long, acute.
Flowers non-resupinate, dark purple, 10–12 (from auricle apex to lip apex) × 6–7 mm;
pedicel with ovary 4–5 mm long, twisted; median sepal obovate, 5–7 × 0.5–2 mm,
obtuse; lateral sepals ovate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, obtuse; petals linear, 5–6 × 0.5–1 mm,
obtuse; lip 10–12 × 6–7 mm, orbicular with auricles 5–6 mm long, apex acute with
8-dentate margin; column rectangular, 1.5–2 × 1–1.5 mm, with lateral appendages
near the apex; pollinia 4.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 74(2) 2022
200
Distribution. This species was previously known from Papua New Guinea to the South
Pacic. It has now also been found in Banggai Kepulauan (Tinangkung District),
Central Sulawesi.
Habitat and ecology. The species was found in secondary forest at an elevation of
105–290 m.
Specimens examined. INDONESIA: Central Sulawesi: Banggai Kepulauan, Tinangkung
District, 290 m, 29 Jun 2019, Diah Sulistiarini & Deni Sahroni 1285 (BO); Tinangkung
District, 30 Jun 2019, Seni Kurnia Senjaya 12 (BO); Tinangkung District, along the road near
Saiyong Village to the Gansal Village, 1°23′03.0″S 123°18′19.0″E, 105 m, 29 Jun 2019, I Putu
Gede P. Damayanto 788 (BO).
Notes. This species is a new record for Banggai Kepulauan (Margonska, pers. comm.).
3. Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 487 (1832). – TYPE:
[Indonesia], Ambon (no specimen traced). (Fig. 4C)
Epiphyte, fasciculate, erect, c. 35 cm tall. Stem for the basal 1–3 nodes terete, the
part above attened, c. 0.5 cm wide, covered with leaf sheaths. Leaves at, laterally
compressed, thick and eshy, subfalcate, 3.5–9 × 0.8–1.2 cm, acute; sheath 1.5–3 cm
long. Inorescence in the upper part of the stem, at a node, bearing one ower. Flower
resupinate, c. 9 mm wide, pale yellow; pedicel and ovary c. 0.5 cm long; median
sepal narrowly triangular-oblong, subacute, c. 4.5 × 2.8 mm; lateral sepals obliquely
triangular, subacute, c. 9.5 × 3 mm, mentum obtuse; petal oblong, subacute, c. 4 ×
1.1 mm; lip oblong-spathulate, emarginate, undulate and slightly crenulate on front
margins, c. 11 × 4.3 mm, callus plate-like, longitudinally extending to apex, 3-ridged;
column c. 1.2 mm long, rostellum retuse, anther cap cucullate, oblong, truncate,
glabrous; pollinia 4 (description of the ower partly from Yukawa & Ohba, 1999).
Distribution. This species is found in northeastern India, Cambodia, southeastern
China, the eastern Himalaya, southern China, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Maluku,
New Guinea, Thailand and Vietnam (Govaerts et al., 2021—but see note below).
There are no previous records of this species in Sulawesi. We observed the species in
Banggai Kepulauan, Central Sulawesi, in Luk Sagu, Tinangkung Utara District.
Habitat and ecology. This species grows in secondary forest at an elevation of 2 m.
Specimen examined. INDONESIA: Central Sulawesi: Banggai Kepulauan, Tinangkung Utara
District, Luk Sagu, 1 Jul 2019, Diah Sulistiarini & Deni Sahroni 1403 (BO).
201
Orchids of Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi
Fig. 4. New distribution records. A. Aphyllorchis acuminata J.J.Sm. B. Crepidium resupinatum
(G.Forst.) Szlach. C. Dendrobium acinaciforme Roxb. D. Tainia trinervis (Blume) Rchb.f.
(Photos: A, D, I Putu Gede P. Damayanto; B, C, Seni Kurnia Senjaya)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 74(2) 2022
202
Notes. According to Yukawa & Ohba (1999), records of Dendrobium acinaciforme
Roxb. from mainland Asia should be referred to D. spatella, leaving D. acinaciforme
only in Maluku. The collection by Diah Sulistiarini & Deni Sahroni 1403 from Banggai
Kepulauan is more similar to the collections from Maluku. For example, the collection
from Banggai Kepulauan has been matched to the collection Ramlamto 380 which was
cited by Yukawa & Ohba (1999) as Dendrobium acinaciforme. In Banggai Kepulauan,
this species has only been found in the secondary forests of Luk Sagu.
A type specimen has not been traced. If there are no extant specimens, the
illustration in Rumphius, Herb. Ambon. 6: 110, t. 51, f. 2 could be chosen as the
lectotype.
4. Tainia trinervis (Blume) Rchb.f., Bonplandia 5: 54 (1857). – Mitopetalum trinerve
Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 185 (1856). – TYPE: ‘In sylvis Tandite’, Korthals s.n. (L
[L0062471]). (Fig. 4D)
Terrestrial, c. 30 cm tall. Pseudobulbs cylindrical, slightly swollen towards the base,
with a scale at the node, persistent. Leaves: petiole 0.3–1.35 cm long; blade elliptic,
9.5–26.7 × 2.9–8.1 cm, acute. Inorescence terminal, 28–69.9 cm long, bearing
many owers. Flowers resupinate; median sepal elliptic, 9–12.5 × 1.5–2 mm, obtuse,
yellow-greenish; lateral sepals elliptic, 8.5–11 × 5–6.5 mm, obtuse, yellow-greenish;
petals obliquely elliptic to triangular, 8.5–11 × 1.5–2 mm wide, obtuse, greenish yellow
with brown spots on the margin; lip blade 3-lobed, median lobe almost triangular to
orbicular, 2–3.5 × 4–5 mm, lateral lobes obliquely triangular, 1–2 mm long, adaxial
surface with 3 keels; column top part truncate to semi-orbicular; pollinia 8.
Distribution. In Indonesia, this species is distributed in Kalimantan, Maluku and Papua.
Recently, this species has also been found in Banggai Kepulauan, Central Sulawesi, in
Taman Kehati Kokolomboy, Leme-leme Darat Village, Buko District.
Habitat and ecology. This species grows in secondary forest at an elevation of 646–
700 m.
Specimen examined. INDONESIA: Central Sulawesi: Peleng Island, Banggai Kepulauan
Regency, Buko District, Taman Kehati Kokolomboy, Leme-leme Darat Village, 1°17′21.8″S
122°52′11.7″E, 646–700 m, 3 Jul 2019, I Putu Gede P. Damayanto & Agus Haryadi 857 (BO).
Notes. This species has only been found once in Banggai Kepulauan, in the secondary
forest of the Taman Kehati.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors would like to thank the Head of the Research Center
for Biology, BRIN, who gave permission to the authors to explore the Banggai Kepulauan
Archipelago. Acknowledgments also go to the DIPA Small Islands Project that provided
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Orchids of Banggai Kepulauan, Sulawesi
funding for the research. Sincere thanks to I Putu Gede P. Damayanto, Seni Kurnia Senjaya,
D. Girmansyah, A. Hariadi, I. Sumanta, K. Rahmawati, S. Jakalalana, and M.S. Hidayatullah
for their help during the eldwork in Banggai Kepulauan. We thank the people of Banggai
Kepulauan for sharing information during the eldwork. Thanks go to Hanna B. Margonska
(Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of
Gdańsk, Poland) for valuable information and discussion of the orchid species of Sulawesi.
We also thank Liam A. Trethowan (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK) for help with English
language editing.
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