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Jurnal Sosioteknologi, Volume 21, No. 3, Desember 2022
Website: hps://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/sostek/index
ABSTRACT
Bahasa Kerinci is stable yet endangered, according to Indonesia’s Language
Development and Fostering Agency. No one can learn a local language because the
younger generation quit using it. This research seeks to determine Bahasa Kerinci
speakers’ linguistic attitude, its cause, and its extinction using dierential equation
models. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are used for this research.
Familiarity, social engagement, dialogue outside of intimacy, the relationship between
Bahasa Kerinci and other languages, preservation, and skill are the six domains of
language attitude analysis. The research found that teens in Kerinci Regency and
Sungai Penuh City had a neutral to positive language attitude with an average score of
0.599 from all domains. The results also showed that Kerinci Regency teenagers had a
more positive language attitude than Sungai Penuh City teens. The informal teaching of
Bahasa Kerinci and the atmosphere that supports it inuence teens’ linguistic attitudes.
Using dynamic mathematical models with three compartments (Bahasa Kerinci’s
monolingual speaker, Bahasa Indonesia’s monolingual speaker, and bilingual speaker)
and linguistic attitudes, Bahasa Kerinci’s extinction was simulated. Questionnaires
determine each parameter’s value, including number of speakers, degree of contact, and
linguistic attitudes. Maple software and the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method simulate
numerically. The simulation reveals that linguistic attitude maintains and even increases
bilingualism.
ABSTRAK
Badan Bahasa mengklasikasikan bahasa Kerinci sebagai bahasa yang stabil, tetapi
terancam punah. Kepunahan suatu bahasa daerah disebabkan oleh penutur generasi
muda yang mulai meninggalkan bahasa daerahnya sehingga tidak ada lagi yang
mewarisi kemampuan berbahasa daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari sikap
bahasa penutur bahasa Kerinci, penyebab dari sikap bahasa tersebut, dan memprediksi
kepunahan bahasa Kerinci dengan menggunakan sistem model persamaan diferensial.
Metode yang digunakan adalah metode gabungan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan
remaja di Kabupaten Kerinci dan Sungai Penuh menunjukkan sikap bahasa netral yang
Keywords:
language attitude, bahasa
kerinci, sociolinguistic, language
extinction model, dierential
equation model
Kata kunci:
sikap bahasa, bahasa Kerinci,
sosiolinguistik, model kepunahan
bahasa, model persamaan
diferensial
Using System of Dierential Equation Models to Examine the Impact of Speakers’
Language Attitudes on the Death of Bahasa Kerinci: Language and Math Studies
Pengaruh Sikap Bahasa Penutur terhadap Kematian Bahasa Kerinci dengan Model Sistem
Persamaan Diferensial: Kajian Bahasa dan Matematika
Faradhiba Salsabila1, Deden Usman Hadi2, Tyla Satri Widianingrum3, Bayu Setiawan4,
Raihan Dzul Pahlevi5, Nani Darmayanti6
Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia1, 2, 3, 6
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia4, 5
mahendrafakhri@telkomuniversity.ac.id
INFO ARTIKEL
ARTICLE INFO
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Introduction
Mother tongue is one of the many cultural dierences that exist in Indonesia.To quote from petabahasa.
kemdikbud.go.id, the Ministry of Education and Culture (2019) stated that there are 718 mother tongues
in Indonesia. A mother tongue is a language that is rst used by an individual to interact with others.
In Indonesia, mother tongue and local language are nearly identical.Nowadays, the local languages’
condition needs to be paid attention to. Speakers from the younger generation no longer master their
local language well, which leads to a decreased number of speakers of local languages. The Ministry of
Education and Culture (2020) mentioned that according to the study of language vitality up until 2019,
there were 11 languages considered extinct, ve considered critical, 24 considered endangered, three
considered declining, 19 considered stable yet endangered, and only 36 considered safe. This result
shows that it is necessary to undertake the protection of local languages to prevent their extinction.
Bahasa Kerinci is one of the seven local languages spoken in Jambi.Bahasa Kerinci is considered
stable but endangered. Harimansyah (2017) stated that a stable yet endangered language is one that has a
low number of speakers, both children and older ones. However, the local language can still be preserved
if the speaker continues to use the local language, such as by teaching it. Unfortunately, the teaching of
Bahasa Kerinci is yet to be evenly distributed in schools located in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh
city, whereas the teaching process may prevent the extinction of Bahasa Kerinci. This is because as
long as Bahasa Kerinci is taught in schools, there will be several percent of the population from every
period that learns about the language, and Bahasa Kerinci will not be considered endangered. Therefore,
research on the speaker’s language attitude is necessary since the result can be used as a reference to nd
the solution to maintaining the local language.
In Indonesia, previous research on language attitudes toward local languages has been conducted
numerous times.Syahriyani (2017) explained that although the language attitude of Javanese with the
Banten dialect is leaning towards positive, a shift has happened in that community caused by age,
economic development interaction, and education development factors. Ernanda (2018) showed that the
language attitude in Pondok Tinggi society cannot be considered positive. Wagiati et al. (2017) revealed
that the teenagers’ language attitudes in Bandung Regency towards the Sundanese language are positive
in the kinship, closeness, neighborhood, and transactional domains but negative in the educational and
governmental domains. Three previous studies only looked at language attitudes toward local languages
from a linguistic standpoint and used qualitative methods.
Mathematical models regarding the extinction of a language have also been discussed by
several researchers. Abrams and Strogatz (2003) made a language extinction model, but with only two
compartments: dominant and non-dominant languages. Mira and Paredes (2005) added a bilingual
compartment to the language extinction model and tted it to the Galician language. In this model, the
population can directly move between monolinguals without changing into bilinguals when language
similarities are present, even though the sudden overlooking of the native language is an illogical case.
cenderung positif dengan rata-rata nilai 0,599 dari seluruh ranah. Terdapat dua faktor
yang memengaruhi sikap bahasa para remaja tersebut, yaitu pengajaran bahasa Kerinci
secara informal dan faktor lingkungan yang mendukung pemilihan bahasa Kerinci.
Simulasi numerik mengenai kepunahan bahasa Kerinci dilakukan menggunakan model
matematika dinamik dengan tiga kompartemen (penutur monolingual bahasa Kerinci,
monolingual bahasa Indonesia, dan penutur bilingual) dan menambahkan faktor sikap
bahasa. Nilai tiap parameter diperoleh dari hasil kuesioner, seperti proporsi jumlah
penutur, tingkat kontak antarpenutur dan sikap bahasa. Simulasi numerik dilakukan
dengan metode Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg dan software Maple. Simulasi numerik
menunjukkan sikap bahasa berpengaruh dalam mempertahankan populasi bilingual
bahkan dapat meningkatkan populasi bilingual pada angka tertentu.
https://doi.org/10.5614/sostek.itbj.2022.21.3.6
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Yunita and Syafwan (2016) applied Mira and Paredes’ model to Malay. Diaz and Switkes (2021) made a
language extinction model with three compartments and gradual shifting but only used contact parameters
and assumption data. These four studies only discussed the mathematical models from the mathematical
side without considering the language aspect or using quantitative methods.
Based on the aforementioned explanation, the research about language attitudes to date has been
done in the linguistic eld with qualitative methods, while the research about the language extinction
model has been done using quantitative methods. Not much of the language attitude research uses
combined methods, even when it can be done to make the result more valid. Language attitude research
can be collaborative with mathematical elds. Dierential equation models can measure the growth of
the Bahasa Kerinci, bilingual, and Bahasa Indonesia speaker populations, hence predicting the extinction
time of a language. As a result, the novelty of this research is combining the linguistic and mathematical
elds in studying language attitude and its relationship with language extinction.
Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to map the language attitudes of Bahasa Kerinci’s
young speakers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city, identify the causes of those attitudes, and
predict Bahasa Kerinci’s extinction in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city according to the speakers’
language attitudes using dierential equation models. Through this research, it is hoped that both the
authorized institution and society will be able to predict the death of a language caused by a negative
language attitude and possibly change the language attitude to be more positive.
Method
A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is used for this research. The collection of primary
data was done by using open-ended and closed-ended questions. The research instrument used in this
survey is an online questionnaire that is distributed to the young speakers of Bahasa Kerinci, namely,
12- to 22-year-old teenagers who live in Sungai Penuh City and Kerinci Regency. Kerinci’s emergency
respondents consist of 46 young speakers from the Kerinci ethnic group and 4 young speakers who are
not from the Kerinci ethnic group. Sungai Penuh City’s respondents consist of 45 young speakers from
the Kerinci ethnic group and 24 young speakers who are not from the Kerinci ethnic group. The analysis
of language attitudes only used the answers from respondents who are in the Kerinci ethnic group, while
the analysis of mathematical models used the answers from both categories.
The data collection technique for the closed-ended questions is cluster random sampling for the
interpretation of quantitative data. The data collection method for the open-ended questions is purposive
sampling, with junior high, high school, and college students as the criteria. This open-ended question is
about the interpretation of qualitative data.
The questionnaire was distributed in every sub-district where Bahasa Kerinci speakers live.As
a result, the obtained samples can represent a proportion or comparison of the total population.The
distribution in every sub-district was done to prevent the possibility of achieving the same application
characteristic if the sample is collected only from a certain area. Although the inspected samples were
teenagers, the language used in their family was also questioned. This is to collect data on Bahasa Kerinci
monolinguals and add the number of population samples.
The data from the closed-ended questions will be processed using descriptive and inferential
statistical methods. The result of descriptive statistics may strengthen the qualitative analysis resulting
from the open-ended questions, while the result of inferential statistics will be inserted into the dierential
equation models to predict the future population.
In the descriptive statistics process, the data from the Likert scale is processed using Microsoft
Excel into a language attitude index from 0 to 1 in order to make it generally easier to comprehend. And
then, the data is visualized in a bar graph. If the value of the data’s language attitude index is getting
closer to 1, the more positive the language attitude is. The following is the converted data from the Likert
scale to determine the language attitude.
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1: 0 – 0.200 = Very negative
2: 0.201 – 0.400 = Negative
3: 0.401 – 0.500 = Neutral leaning to negative
3: 0.501 – 0.600 = Neutral leaning to positive
4: 0.601 – 0.800 = Positive
5: 0.801 - 1 = Very Positive
The data is applied to dierential equation models in an inferential statistical stage. The appropriate
mathematical model was built by developing the previously developed model by Maria and Jennifer
in 2021. This dierential model or dynamic system was chosen because not much past data, such as in
stochastic or regression models, is needed, although if the past data is available, the model’s result will
be better. This model is considered applicable for Bahasa Kerinci because it is able to generate some
possibilities that happen according to Bahasa Kerinci’s situation. The model and variables need to be
adjusted to the present factors in the location. With that, to represent the dynamic population of Bahasa
Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci’s speakers, some assumptions are necessary, such as:
• The population of Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Kerinci, and both languages’ speakers are represented
by and..
• The population that only speaks Bahasa Indonesia can become speakers of both languages if they
socialize with Bahasa Kerinci’s speakers, and vice versa.
• The socialization level between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci’s monolingual speakers is
assumed to be the same.
• The shift of monolingual speakers into bilingualism and vice versa is aected by the value of each
language’s social status and the degree of contact between individuals.
• Bilingual individuals who rarely use Bahasa Kerinci may forget their language skills. This is
represented in the model as Bahasa Kerinci’s negativity.
This research develops the newest language extinction model by considering the factors that
aect the shift of speakers in Bahasa Kerinci other than the contact between populations that have been
explained in the assumption model. The model is completed by using a dynamic system and Maple
software to simulate the change in the amount of future population in a graph and equilibrium point.
Language Attitude
Garvin and Mathiot (cited in Rahayu, 2014) explained the three characteristics of language attitude,
which are language loyalty, language pride, and awareness of the norm. The society that has loyalty to
their language will make an eort to always maintain their language and prevent other languages from
inuencing it when necessary. The society that takes pride in its language will keep using it as a symbol
of its identity and unity. The society that is aware of the language norm will always use it according to
this valid principle.
Dierential Equation
An equation involving one or more functions (bound variables) and their derivatives towards one or more
free variables is called a dierential equation (Pamuntjak & Santoso, 1990). A dynamic equation model
of Bahasa Minang and Bahasa Indonesia’s speakers’ population used as a reference for this research
model was developed because that model had yet to include the bilingual population.
...(1)
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An ordinary dierential equation is autonomous if there is no explicit dependence on the vari-
able. This can be seen from equation (1). Equation (1) is an autonomous dierential equation since,
implicitly, it is not aected by the t-time variable t.
Dynamic System
A dynamic system is a discipline initiated by Jay W. Forester. A “dynamic system” is a method used
to describe, model, and simulate a system that changes over time. A dynamic system has four basic
components, which are feedback information theory, an experimental approach to system analysis,
a digital computer, and the process of making decisions. The purpose of this research is to analyze
the population’s competition between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci and how the form of the
population will change for the next few years. Consequently, the research about Bahasa Kerinci’s
continuity and existence used a dynamic competition model between two languages. This research
analyzes the competition that happens between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci and those changes
over time by considering parameters such as population growth rate, mortality rate, and transmission
contract ratio between languages.
Discussion
Familiarity Domain
The familiarity domain covers the choice of language and the application of language norms that the
respondents use for their daily interactions in the closest environment. They use Bahasa Kerinci when
they converse with their parents, siblings, and friends. However, they are yet to completely understand
the application of Bahasa Kerinci’s norms in their conversation. The following is an explanation of the
family domain according to the available result in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Familiarity Domain’s Bar Graph
Graph’s information:
(1) Talking to parents, (2) talking to siblings, (3) talking to friends, (4) the use of norms between parents and children,
(5) the use of norms between younger siblings and friends.
Teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city maintain their local language, Bahasa Kerinci,
by using it daily. On the other hand, awareness of language norms in the familiarity domain is not fully
applied. There is a dierence in the way the younger ones talk to the older ones, the ones of the same age,
and the older ones talk to the younger ones. This distinction is made to demonstrate respect or familiarity
with the other person.This dierence is regulated by that language’s norms. Not using the norms is an
action that contradicts the principle of language norms.
The average teenager has a 0.720 attitude toward language loyalty and a 0.441 awareness of the
norm.As a result, the respondents’ language attitude toward language loyalty is positive, while their
awareness of the norm is neutral to negative.Even so, the overall average of the teenagers’ language
attitude is 0.608, which makes it considered positive.
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Social Domain
Teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city displayed a positive attitude in the social domain.
However, the teenagers use Bahasa Kerinci according to who they talk to; therefore, they do not use it
when they talk to someone who does not speak Bahasa Kerinci and is not a part of the Kerinci ethnic
group. The detailed average score of language attitude in a social domain can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Social Domain’s Graph.
Graph’s information:
(1) The use of language when joking, (2) the use of language when angry, (3) the use of language when talking to Bahasa
Kerinci’s non-speaker, (4) feelings when using Bahasa Kerinci, (5) Bahasa Kerinci as identity,
(6) the use of Bahasa Kerinci to the people from other ethnic group.
The data shown in situations (1), (2), and (3) are forms of language loyalty. Joking and being angry
in situations (1) and (2) are two spontaneous and unplanned conditions. The use of Bahasa Kerinci has
become so attached to the teenagers’ daily lives that they continue to use it when they joke or get angry.
In situation (3), teenagers do not use Bahasa Kerinci when they know that the other person does not speak
Bahasa Kerinci. This is because the teenager adjusts themselves to the other person’s condition to make
the communication smooth.
The information displayed in situations 4), 5), and 6) is part of the language pride.Teenagers in
Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city do not feel unproud to use their local language and consider it part
of their identity as members of the Kerinci ethnic group. This attitude is in accordance with the language
pride principle, which is to make the language thrive and make it a symbol of the society’s identity
(Garvin & Mathiot, cited in Kasmawati et al., 2021). However, the teenagers do not use Bahasa Kerinci
when they talk to people from dierent ethnic groups, regardless of whether they can speak Bahasa
Kerinci or not. In other words, the teenagers switch their language when talking to people from dierent
ethnic groups. This is contrary to the principle of “language pride,” which states that the language, in this
case Bahasa Kerinci, should be used as part of the Kerinci ethnic group’s identity.
The average language attitude of teenagers in terms of language loyalty in the social domain is
0.480, while in terms of language pride it is 0.730. According to those averages, the teenagers’ language
attitudes in terms of language loyalty for the social domain are neutral to negative, while their language
pride for the social domain is positive. Overall, the average language attitude of teenagers in the social
domain is 0.605, which is considered neutral to positive.
Conversation Outside of the Closeness Domain
Negative language attitudes are shown by teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city in the
conversation outside of the closeness domain. Teenagers use other languages, like Bahasa Indonesia,
more often than Bahasa Kerinci when they converse with other people outside of their close circle.
Language attitude in this domain is divided into nine situations by considering the interlocutor’s side and
also the situation when that conversation happens. This is shown in depth through Figure 3.
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Figure 3 Conversation Outside of Closeness Domain
Graph’s information:
Conversation situation: (1) conversing with teachers in school, (2) conversing with friends in school, (3) conversing in
a transaction, (4) conversing in a formal setting, (5) conversing with new people, (6) convenience in pronunciation, (7)
conveying opinion, (8) comfort in using Bahasa Kerinci to converse with people from dierent ethnic group,
(9) showing identity as someone who speaks Bahasa Kerinci when in a dierent place.
Teenagers tend to use other languages (such as Bahasa Indonesia) compared to Bahasa Kerinci
when they communicate with teachers (with an average of 0.266) and friends (with an average of 0.456)
at school. This is because Bahasa Indonesia functions as the auxiliary language in Indonesia’s education
system (Wagiati et al. 2017). Furthermore, negative attitudes are also shown during a transaction (with
an average of 0.415). Teenagers tend to use other languages compared to Bahasa Kerinci when they talk
to the shopkeeper. Teenagers have a negative attitude when they are in a formal setting (with an average
of 0.302) and when they converse with new people (with an average of 0.291).
In Figure 3, the teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city have an average score of 0.488
for their language attitude. This demonstrates that the speaker’s language attitude toward Bahasa Kerinci
in conversations with people outside of the closeness domain is neutral to negative.In this domain, other
languages are used more often than Bahasa Kerinci. This is because Bahasa Kerinci is local. To prevent
the interlocutors from not understanding the conversation, teenagers use other languages more, such as
Bahasa Indonesia.
Situations 1-5 belong to the language attitude, which is language loyalty, whereas situations 6-9
belong to the language pride.According to those scores, the average score of teenagers’ loyalty towards
Bahasa Kerinci in the conversation outside of the closeness domain is 0.346, which makes the language
attitude considered negative, while their language pride in this domain is 0.666, making their language
attitude considered positive.
Domain Relationship Between Bahasa Kerinci and Other Languages
Teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city show neutral to positive language attitudes towards
Bahasa Kerinci and its relation to other languages. In certain situations, some teenagers mix Bahasa
Kerinci with other languages when communicating. When conveying something dicult, the speaker
tends to change the language to something that is easier for the other person to understand. However,
when they are in a dierent place, some teenagers would rather decrease the use of Bahasa Kerinci
and prefer to use the more familiar language in that area, which could be the local language or Bahasa
Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia is chosen because people use it more often than the local language, since
it is uncertain whether the interlocutors can speak the same local language or not. The detailed average
language attitude in this domain can be seen in Figure 4.
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Figure 4 Relation between Bahasa Kerinci and Other Languages Domain
Graph’s information:
Situation: (1) Mixing other language during a conversation, (2) The frequency of using Bahasa Kerinci while in other place,
(3) Bahasa Kerinci’s competition during globalization, (4) The frequency of using Bahasa Kerinci compared to Bahasa
Indonesia, (5) The convenience in learning Bahasa Kerinci.
Situations (1) and (2) are included in the language loyalty aspect, while (3), (4), and (5) are included
in the language pride aspect. According to the aforementioned description, teenagers’ language attitudes,
especially in the language loyalty aspect for this domain, are neutral to negative, with an average score of
0.467. However, this is dierent from their language pride because their attitude toward language in this
aspect is positive, with an average score of 0.664. Overall, the language attitude when it comes to Bahasa
Kerinci and its relationship with other languages is neutral to positive. This is shown through the average
score of teenagers’ language attitudes, which is 0.585 in every situation.
Bahasa Kerinci’s Preservation Domain
Teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city show a positive attitude in the preservation domain.
The language attitude in this domain covers seven situations when the young speakers have the chance
to preserve the language, such as teaching it to other people or being taught by the old speakers. The
following is the description of this domain according to the available result in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Bahasa Kerinci’s Preservation Domain
Graph’s information:
(1) Aware of Bahasa Kerinci’s daily use as a way to preserve the language, (2) voluntarily teaching Bahasa Kerinci to a
newly moved in friend or neighbor, (4) considering it easy to learn Bahasa Kerinci, (5) having the interest to master
Bahasa Kerinci, (6) being taught Bahasa Kerinci in accordance with the applied principle,
(7) teaching Bahasa Kerinci according to the applied principle
The data in situations (1) and (2) is part of language loyalty. This is shown through the teenagers’
awareness to use their local language, Bahasa Kerinci, daily as a way to preserve it. Other than that,
they voluntarily teach Bahasa Kerinci to new people who do not speak Bahasa Kerinci yet. The data in
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situations (4) and (5) is part of language pride. This is shown through their awareness as a part of the
Kerinci ethnic group; they have the interest to master Bahasa Kerinci and consider it easy to learn it.
The data in situations (6) and (7) is part of awareness of the norm. This is shown through the teaching of
Bahasa Kerinci in accordance with the applied principles, both from the parents and from themselves to
younger people.
The average of teenagers’ language attitudes in the loyalty aspect is 0.776 and is considered a
positive attitude. In the language pride aspect, the average is 0.819, which is considered very positive. In
the awareness of the norm aspect, the average is 0.768 and is considered positive. Overall, the average
of teenagers’ language attitudes in the preservation domain is 0.788, making it considered a positive
attitude. Therefore, the teenagers’ language attitude in this domain has the highest positive score among
the other domains.
Skill domain in Bahasa Kerinci
According to the applied principle, the language attitude in this domain covers writing and reading
local script, called Incung, and also the skill to use Bahasa Kerinci. The language attitude shown by the
teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city in this domain is a positive attitude. The following is
the explanation of the Bahasa Kerinci skill according to the available result in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Bahasa Kerinci Skill Domain
Graph’s information:
(1) A good Bahasa Kerinci skill, (2) ability to read Incung, (3) ability to write Incung, (4) communicating with Bahasa
Kerinci while considering the level in it, (5) the dierent way of communicating with older and younger people,
(6) understanding the rules when speaking in Bahasa Kerinci, (7) always talk in Bahasa Kerinci accurately, orderly,
and in accordance with the principles.
The data shown in the Bahasa Kerinci skill domain is part of awareness of the language norm.
They have a good Bahasa Kerinci skill, understanding the rules when speaking in Bahasa Kerinci, and
always using Bahasa Kerinci accurately, orderly, and in accordance with the principles. This can be
seen from how the teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city always think about the level of
Bahasa Kerinci when they are speaking in that language and how it is dierent when they communicate
with older and younger people. They are, however, not uent in writing and reading Incung.Overall, the
average score for the Bahasa Kerinci skill domain is 0.580, considered neutral to positive.
Domain-based Classication
According to the preceding explanation, teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city have either
a neutral to positive or a positive attitude in almost every domain, with the exception of conversations
outside of the closeness domain. This is shown through the displayed score of language attitude in Figure
7.
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Figure 7 Domain Classication graph
The most positive of the teenagers’ language attitudes is in the Bahasa Kerinci skill domain. This
demonstrates that teenagers care about Bahasa Kerinci.On the other hand, the conversation domain
becomes the one with the most negative language attitude among the other domains. This is because
the teenagers are still adapting to their surrounding environment, such as when they talk to teachers or
friends at school in a transactional setting, in formal settings, or when they meet new people.
Residence-based Language Attitude
Teenagers who live in Kerinci regency have dierent language attitudes than teenagers in Sungai Penuh
city, as seen from the principle of language attitudes. The following is an explanation for the language
attitudes of teenagers from Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city.
Figure 8 Regency-based Language Attitude Graph
According to several principles of language attitude, teenagers who live in Sungai Penuh City have
a lower language attitude than teenagers who live in Kerinci Regency. Especially in language loyalty,
teenagers in Kerinci Regency have a positive attitude, while it is negative for teenagers in Sungai Penuh
city.
This dierence between teenagers in Sungai Penuh city and Kerinci regency is indivisible from
social factors. The city’s society, including Sungai Penuh city, is more heterogeneous than in Kerinci
regency. Moreover, as a part of the city society, teenagers in Sungai Penuh city are more individualistic
compared to the teenagers in Kerinci regency. This is in accordance with Syukir’s statement (cited in
Jamaludin, 2017) that the city’s society has population density that leads to social heterogeneity. Other
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than the many competitions in the city environment, this heterogeneity evokes an individualistic character
(Syukir, cited in Jamaludin, 2017). The dierence in that social factor caused the language attitudes of
teenagers in Sungai Penuh city to fade more than those in Kerinci regency.
The Roots of Young Bahasa Kerinci Speakers› Language Attitude
The neutral to positive language attitude shown by the teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh
city is caused by several factors, including the teaching of Bahasa Kerinci, government policy, and the
language selection in the speaker’s environment.
Most teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city have learned Bahasa Kelinci since they
were little. This is supported by the 89% of the respondents who answered that they were taught by their
parents, while the formal learning of Bahasa Kerinci in a school environment is yet to be maximized to
support the positive attitude towards the language, especially for conversations in formal settings. The
data shows that only 10.9% of respondents answered that their school oers Bahasa Kerinci as a subject.
Baker (in Wardani et al., 2013) said that language attitudes are obtained and nurtured through the learning
process and can also be modied with language experience. In this case, education also has a certain role
to play in shaping the speakers’ language attitudes to be more positive.
Governments, through their policies, also play a role in shaping society’s language attitudes. The
data shows that 31.8% of the respondents stated that there is government policy regarding Bahasa Kerinci
training. This shows that the local government has supported the establishment of a positive language
attitude and made an eort to protect the local language. However, this is not enough to increase a more
positive attitude toward the language.
An environment that supports the selection of Bahasa Kerinci also supports that language attitude.
86.8% of the respondents stated that they chose Bahasa Kerinci because it is used in their environment.
Pated (2021) stated that, according to the principle, the daily use of local languages is a way to informally
participate in language development. On the other hand, teenagers who rarely use Bahasa Kerinci use
Bahasa Indonesia and local languages (Malay and Minangkabau) in their daily lives.
Language attitude is closely related to language selection. Fishman (cited in Ernanda, 2018) stated
that someone’s choice of the language that they use to communicate depends on who the interlocutors
are and when that communication happens. Teenagers’ language selection in Kerinci regency and Sungai
Penuh city is inuenced by how their environment chooses the language to communicate. In this case,
around 95.60% of adults use Bahasa Kerinci for various reasons, such as passing it down from generation
to generation, making it easier to understand when communicating, and because Bahasa Kerinci is the
language of the Kerinci people. On the other hand, other respondents answered that the adults in their
environment do not use Bahasa Kerinci because there are a lot of people from other places who do not
understand Bahasa Kerinci. Teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city use Bahasa Kerinci
more because their environment uses it more as well, compared to other languages.
The selection of Bahasa Kerinci for teenagers in Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city is
connected with the language teaching done by the older speakers to their children. 92.30% of respondents
mentioned that the adults around them teach their children Bahasa Kerinci. This is due to the fact that
Bahasa Kerinci is a communication device that preserves the local language and is the most procient
in Bahasa Kerinci. Meanwhile, other respondents answered that the adults do not teach Bahasa Kerinci
because they are not from Kerinci and therefore prefer to teach Bahasa Indonesia and English.
The impact of the older speakers teaching Bahasa Kerinci to their children is that the language is
still used by the young speakers in their environment. This is according to the 93.40% of respondents
who answered that the teenagers around them use Bahasa Kerinci. 6.6% of other respondents stated that
teenagers use Bahasa Indonesia or Bahasa Minang more frequently, as well as other languages such as
slang.
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The Modeling of Bahasa Indonesia’s Dynamics with Bahasa Kerinci
In building the mathematical model to represent the dynamics of Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci’s
speaker populations, several assumptions were needed. The population is represented by and the
population that only uses Bahasa Indonesia can become speakers of both languages if they socialize with
Bahasa Kerinci speakers, and vice versa. The degree of socialization between monolingual speakers of
Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci is assumed to be the same. Monolingual individuals can become
bilingual speakers if there is social contact happening between both individuals, and vice versa. The
shifting of a monolingual population into a bilingual population and the other way around is aected by
each language’s social status values. Bilingual individuals who rarely speak Bahasa Kerinci may forget
their language ability, represented in the model as Bahasa Kerinci’s positivity. The social status of a
language is a percentage of the use of that language in society, represented in the model as and parameters
for Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Kerinci. A schematic graph of the shifting population of a language’s
speakers will then be represented in three compartments, as displayed in Figure 9.
Figure 9 The Shift of Speakers’ Population model schematic graph.
Graph’s information:
: Population of Bahasa Indonesia speakers, : Population of Bahasa Kerinci speakers, : Population of bilingual speakers
: the degree of socialization between monolingual speakers, : Bahasa Kerinci’s negativity, : The degree of contact
between Bahasa Indonesia and bilingual speakers, : the degree of contact between Bahasa Kerinci and bilingual speakers,
: The degree of Bahasa Indonesia’s social status, : The degree of Bahasa Kerinci’s social status.
The total population at any given time is denoted as follows. The degree of socialization between
monolingual speakers is represented by the parameter; if both can socialize, then they will become
bilingual. Language attitude is represented by a parameter on the model, and since the result of the
questionnaire shows that Bahasa Kerinci’s language attitude is more positive, it will therefore maintain
the bilingual condition, where the bilingual population prefers to speak and preserve Bahasa Kerinci.
parameter is the degree of contact between bilingual and monolingual speakers. parameter is each
language’s social status, not only through shifting contact but also through social factors of language,
similar to the previous models (Mira and Paredes’ models). The shifting happens because it is important
to use other languages in certain places, such as the workplace or a market.
Equilibrium Point
Fixed points analysis in the model’s dierential equation can be determined using the following formula.
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Since the size of a population at one time is , then . Substitute
into the model to reduce the system into two equations like the following.
With the help of Maple, four equilibrium points are achieved, which are:
Equilibrium point depicts the whole population’s condition is bilingual speakers. and points are
the conditions where only one language is used. point is the condition of both speaker’s population of
monolingual and bilingual, coexisting.
Table I Parameter Value Achieved from Questionnare’s Data Calculation
Variabel Denisi Nilai
Population of Bahasa Indonesia speakers 0.287
Population of Bahasa Kerinci speakers 0.139
Population of bilingual speakers 0.574
Parameter Denisi Nilai
Socialization between monolingual speakers 0.519
The degree of Bahasa Indonesia’s social status 0.692
The degree of Bahasa Kerinci’s social status 0.308
Contact Between Bahasa Indonesia and Bilingual speakers 0.623
Contact between Bahasa Kerinci and Bilingual speakers 0.780
Bahasa Kerinci’s Negativity 0.099
Model simulation is done on Maple with Runge-Kuta-Fehlberg method, using real data of
the questionnaire and assumption data to see the impact of used parameters to the language speaker’s
dynamic population. Figure 10 shows the change results against time as the following:
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Figure 10 Result of Long-term Numeric Simulation Graph
In the graph above, the horizontal axis is the time period, and the vertical axis is the population’s
comparison value. Bahasa Kerinci’s monolingual population will decrease and nally become extinct
around the 10th century. This population will become extinct as only the older speakers are left, and with
the importance of using Bahasa Indonesia being high, the speakers from remote areas, with the majority
of them being Bahasa Kerinci’s monolingual speakers, will have to learn Bahasa Indonesia and become
bilingual speakers. Moreover, the population of Bahasa Indonesia’s monolingual speakers will continue
to increase because of its higher social status. Bilingual speakers’ population will increase because of
the shift from Bahasa Kerinci’s monolingual to bilingual speakers, then decrease due to the very small
Bahasa Kerinci’s monolingual population, and the importance of using this language will also decrease.
Also, a simulation will be run with the graph in Figure 11a for a neutral language attitude score and the
graph in Figure 11b for a negative language attitude score.
Figure 11a dan Figure 11b Numeric Simulation using Assumption Data of Dierent Language Attitude
Figure 11a displays the parameter assumption, whose value depicts the neutral language attitude
condition. The bilingual population experienced a more signicant decrease compared to when the
language attitude is leaning towards positivity. Because the value of this parameter, which depicts the
language attitude condition in society, is higher than the real data in Figure 11b, the bilingual population
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will continue to grow while the monolingual population of both languages will decrease until it is nearly
zero. The dierence between bilingual population growth and the dierent language attitude value is
shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12 Comparison of Bilingual Population’s Growth Graph
Conclusion
According to the intensity of Bahasa Kerinci’s application in every domain, it can be concluded that
the language attitude of the teenagers from Kerinci regency and Sungai Penuh city is neutral leaning
to positive, with an average of 0.599. In the familiarity, social, Bahasa Kerinci and its relationship to
other languages, and Bahasa Kerinci skill domains, respondents showed a neutral leaning to a positive
language attitude. In the conversation outside of the closeness domain, teenagers in Kerinci regency
and Sungai Penuh city showed neutral leanings to negative language attitudes with an average score of
0.488 for their language attitudes. Based on their residence, teenagers in Kerinci regency showed a more
positive attitude compared to teenagers in Sungai Penuh city. This can be seen from the average score of
0.631 for teenagers in Kerinci regency, while the teenagers in Sungai Penuh city have an average score
of 0.579, which shows a neutral leaning to a positive attitude.
There are two factors that determine whether the language attitude is positive or negative, which are
the teaching of Bahasa Kerinci and the environment factor that supports the selection of Bahasa Kerinci.
Moreover, the dierence in language attitudes between both places is caused by the more heterogeneous
society of Sungai Penuh city compared to Kerinci Regency’s society. This heterogeneity resulted in the
society’s individualistic nature.
The numerical simulation results show that Bahasa Kerinci’s monolingual population will become
extinct around the 10th period, while bilinguals will survive but decline and eventually become extinct
over a longer period. Positive language attitudes are inuential in the preservation of Bahasa Kerinci
by maintaining a bilingual population; even at 0.75, the bilingual population will keep on increasing
and become the dominant population. Other than language attitude, the model is also aected by the
importance of using a language and the degree of contact in society.
This research needs to be continued with more informants and a wider range of research locations,
reaching through every layer of society. This research in language and mathematical elds will hopefully
be able to evolve further, especially the extension towards the problem discussed in this research. The
following study is expected to be able to predict the extinction time of Bahasa Kerinci by using this study
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as a starting point and then looking for data on the number of Bahasa Kerinci speakers, which may lead to
a more precise tting. Subsequently, by adding the immigration factor of people from outside of Kerinci
to the model, perhaps the newcomers will inuence the use of Bahasa Kerinci.
Acknowledgement
The research team expresses gratitude towards everyone who participated in helping the research and
writing process of this article, especially Dikti (Indonesia’s Directorate General of Higher Education) for
holding the PKM and funding this research, Universitas Padjadjaran who facilitated the research, Ms.
Nani Darmayanti, M.Hum, Ph.D. as the supervisor who has given many advices throughout the research
and writing process of this article, Dr. Nursanti Anggriani, S.Si., M.Si. who has directed the research
team in making the mathematical models, and the respondents who have lled in the questionnaires for
this research.
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