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A Case Study on the Preliminary Study for Disaster Prevention of Storm Surge: Arrangement of Structures
Abstract
Climate change is accelerating worldwide due to the recent rise in global temperature, and the intensity of typhoons is increasing due to the rise in seawater temperature around the Korean Peninsula. An increase in typhoon intensity is expected to increase not only wind damage, but also coastal damage caused by storm surge. Accordingly, in this study, a study of the method of reducing storm surges was conducted for the purpose of disaster prevention in order to respond to the increasing damage from storm surges. Storm surges caused by typhoons can be expected to be affected by structures located on the track of typhoon, and the effects of storm surges were studied by the eastern coast and the barrier island along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in the United States. This study focused on this aspect and conducted related research, considering that storm surges in the southern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula could be directly or indirectly affected by Jeju Island, which is located on the track of typhoon. In order to analyze the impact of Jeju Island on storm surges, simulations were performed in various situations using a numerical analysis model. The results of using Jeju Island are thought to be able to be used to study new disaster prevention structures that respond to super typhoons.
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Dominant climatic factors controlling the lifetime peak intensity of typhoons are determined from six decades of Pacific typhoon data. We find that upper ocean temperatures in the low-latitude northwestern Pacific (LLNWP) and sea surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific control the seasonal average lifetime peak intensity by setting the rate and duration of typhoon intensification, respectively. An anomalously strong LLNWP upper ocean warming has favored increased intensification rates and led to unprecedentedly high average typhoon intensity during the recent global warming hiatus period, despite a reduction in intensification duration tied to the central equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Continued LLNWP upper ocean warming as predicted under a moderate [that is, Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5] climate change scenario is expected to further increase the average typhoon intensity by an additional 14% by 2100.
Seogwipo coastal zone is the area where they develop marine tourism resources, and extend port facilities. However, the area is in concern for great damage since it is in the area of most typhoon paths to Korea. This study analyzes the characteristics of the Jeju coastal zone through analysis on significant weather elements, such as typhoons. This research also examines the design water level by the storm surge of the Port Seogwipo. The design water level was calculated frequency analysis, including the highest water level, surge height by time, observed storm surge height at the approach of a typhoon, and the storm surge height by the result of numerical simulation. It also suggests the problem that cannot reflect the recent dramatic climatic changes. To settle, it is needed to use it in actual work-site operations through constant data management and numerical simulation of storm surges.
Wavo spectra were measured along a profile extending 160 km into the North Sea westward from Sylt for a period of ten weeks in 1969. Currents, tides, air-sea temperature differences and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer were also measured. the goal of the experiment (described in Part 1) was to determine the structure of the source function governing the energy balance of the wave spectrum, with particular emphasis on wave growth under stationary offshore wind conditions (Part 2) and the attention of swell in water of finito depth (Part 3). The source functions of wave spectra generated by offshore winds exhibit a characteristic plus-minus signature associated with the shift of the sharp spectral peak towards lower frequencies. The two-lobed distribution of the source function can be explained quantitively by the nonlinear transfer due to resonant wave-wave interactions (second order Bragg scattering). The evolution of a pronounced peak and its shift towards lower frequencies can also be understood as a self-stabilizing feature of this process. The decay rates determined for incoming swell varied considerably, but energy attenuation factors of two along the length of the profile were typical. This is in order of magnitude agreement with expected damping rates due to bottom friction. However, the strong tidal modulation predicted by theory for the case of a quadratic bottom friction law was not observed. Adverse winds did not affect the decay rate. Computations also rule out wave-wave interactions or dissipation due to turbulence outside the bottom boundary layer as effective mechanisms of swell attenuation. We conclude that either the generally accepted friction law needs to be significantly modified or that some other mechanism, such as scattering by bottom irregularities, is the cause of the attenuation. The dispersion characteristics of thw swells indicated rather nearby origins, for which the classical DELTA-event model was generally inapplicable. A strong Doppler modulation by tidal currents was also observed. (A)
Hurricane Felix passed over the Bermuda testbed mooring on 15 August 1995, providing a unique opportunity to observe the response of the upper ocean to a hurricane. In the vicinity of Bermuda, Felix was a particularly large hurricane with hurricane-force winds over a diameter of about 300-400 km and tropical storm-force winds over a diameter of about 650-800 km. Felix moved northwestward at about 25 km h-1 with the eye passing about 65 km southwest of the mooring on 15 August. Peak winds reached about 135 km h-1 at the mooring. Complementary satellite sea surface temperature maps show that a swath of cooler water (by about 3.5°-•4.0°C) was left in the wake of Felix with the mooring in the center of the wake. Prior to the passage of Felix, the mooring site was undergoing strong heating and stratification. However, this trend was dramatically interrupted by the passage of the hurricane. As Felix passed the mooring, large inertial currents (speeds of 100 cm s-1 at 25 m) were generated within the upper layer. The c-folding decay timescale of the inertial currents was about 9 days. The mixed layer depth was about 15 m before the arrival of Felix and deepened to about 45 m within three days after Felix's passage; the temperature at 25 m decreased by approximately 3.5°-4.0°C. Large-amplitude temperature oscillations (∼1.5°C) near the inertial period (inertial pumping effect) were set up by the hurricane in the seasonal thermocline resulting in vertical displacements of isotherms of approximately 15 m at 60-70 m. Comparative scale analyses of the upper-ocean responses to Hurricane Felix and Hurricane Gloria (1985) indicate that they have several similarities.
The energy transfer equation for well developed ocean waves, under the influence of wind, is considered, and the conditions for the existence of an equilibrium solutions in which wind input, wave-wave interaction and dissipation balance each other are studied. The paper is presented in three parts - a summary of what is known about the source terms in the energy transfer equation; the energy balance for the conventional Parson-Moskowitz spectrum as a candidate of a quasi equilibrium solution, and in the last section of the results of numerical experiments are presented. (from paper)
Technology and Culture 43.3 (2002) 569-584
"God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands." The old adage summarizes—albeit in an immodest, not to say blasphemous, way—the popular Dutch view of their relationship to water. There is some truth in it: about half the country is below sea level and would be flooded without the dikes that hold back the waters of the rivers and the sea. But the relationship is not as straightforward—humans dominating nature—as the phrase suggests. It is, for example, mediated in complex ways by science and technology. In this essay I will focus on one recent crisis in this relationship between the Dutch and the sea, the disastrous flood of 1953, and its resolution through the Delta Plan, and in particular the building of the storm surge barrier in the Oosterschelde.
Technology has always played a central role in the relationship between the Dutch and the sea. From the earliest mound constructions, built to keep farm houses and outbuildings dry during the frequent floods, to windmills and steam-driven pumping stations the Dutch have actively tried to control their environment with technology. But the science and technology needed for the Delta Plan, and especially the research and high-tech solutions used in the construction of the Oosterschelde barrier, constituted a radical departure from centuries-old traditions.
During the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, relations between government agencies and private construction companies involved in the building and maintenance of dikes, locks, sluices, and other water control structures were subject to routines and procedures that provided for adequate checks and balances. The central government agency responsible for the water control system, the Rijkswaterstaat, typically designed harbors, dikes, sluices, bridges, and so on, and then contracted the construction out to private companies. These companies submitted bids, sometimes joining together in consortia when the project was big and complicated, and the company or consortium with the lowest bid received the contract. Once construction began, the Rijkswaterstaat monitored the process. This style of management was radically changed for the Oosterschelde project.
The earliest forms of democracy in the Netherlands were related to dike and sluice maintenance and management. From the twelfth century onward, specialized water boards (waterschappen), supervised by elected councils, assumed responsibility for local dikes and sluices. These boards constituted a highly decentralized form of democracy in which all landowners had voting rights, with the weight of each vote depending on the extent of the landowner's property. The Delta Plan can be seen as a fundamental change in the balance between local and national water politics.
The Delta Plan, and particularly the Oosterschelde project, precipitated a crisis involving three aspects of the relationship between the Dutch and the sea: technology, management, and political culture. I will argue, however, that in the end that crisis only reinforced the basic characteristics of this relationship.
On 31 January 1953, a Saturday night, ebb tide did not bring a lowering of the water level as it always does. Then, as the tide began to come in, a storm pushed the water to higher than normal levels. In the early morning of 1 February the sea reached the top of the dikes in Zeeland, at the southern end of the Dutch coast. Waves started to nibble at the back slopes of the dikes, which are not armored by stones, undermining them from the rear, and eventually the dikes broke. Quickly the breaches were scoured out by the seawater rushing into the polders, several meters below sea level (fig. 1).
Analyses later showed that it had been neither a particularly high spring tide nor an exceptionally strong storm. It had, however, been a long-lasting storm, and, crucially, one that had changed direction in a very particular manner at exactly the wrong moment. A northerly wind had first pushed the flood wave along the British coast toward the narrow channel between England and the Netherlands. Just as this tidal wave reached the Dutch coast the wind veered to the west, sending the water more forcefully against the coast.
It took several days before the extent of the disaster...
This report describes the use of model ADCIRC-2DDI, a two- dimensional, depth-integrated, finite-element-based hydrodynamic circulation code. ADCIRC-2DDI solves the shallow-water equations in their full nonlinear form and can be forced with elevation boundary conditions, zero normal boundary fluxes, variable spatial and temporal free surface stress and atmospheric pressure forcing functions in addition to Coriolis and tidal potential forcing terms. The algorithms that comprise ADCIRC-2DDI allow for extremely flexible spatial discretizations, which results in a highly effective minimization of the discrete size of any problem. Furthermore, these algorithms show good stability characteristics, generate no spurious artificial modes, have no inherent artificial damping, and are extremely efficient. The resulting model can be applied to computational domains ranging from the deep ocean to estuaries. Furthermore, the model is able to efficiently run months to years of simulation while providing detailed intra-tidal response characteristics. A compete description of all user aspects is given in this document, including code setup and a description of all input and output files. Both model-specific and general modeling practices are discussed. Finally, two examples are presented. Sample input and output files for these examples are included in Appendices A and B. Circulation model, Numerical model, Finite element method, Two-dimensional model, Hydrodynamic model, User's Manual.
The damage caused by typhoons is gradually increasing due to the climate change recently. Hence, many studies have been conducted over a long period of time on various factors that determine the characteristics of storm surge, and most of relationships have been discovered. Because storm surge is complexly determined by various factors, it often show different results and draw different conclusions. For this reason, this study was conducted to understand the various characteristics of storm surge caused by changes in the forward speed of typhoons. This study was carried out with a numerical model, and the effect of forward speed could be analyzed by simplifying other factors as much as possible. When forward speed is increased, storm surges caused by typhoons tended to increase gradually. The storm surge showed a wide and gentle increase at a slow speed, but a narrow and steep one at a fast speed. In the case of the same forward speed, it was found that the storm surge was significantly influenced by the water depth of actual sea area. It was confirmed that the change in forward speed after passing Jeju Island did not significant affect on the storm surge in the south coast of Korea.
Youn, D. and Park, Y.H., 2021. Climate change: Characteristics of storms around Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 256–260. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.
Many studies have shown that the intensity and frequency of storms are increasing due to global warming. Because storms are affected by many factors, such as the climate and sea, the relationships of some factors still need to be studied for better understanding. Most recent storm studies have focused on increasing the accuracy of numerical model simulations; however, this study employs statistical methods to find the correlation among factors that determined storm characteristics. Correlation analysis was conducted using certain factors in the ocean and atmosphere. The analysis was conducted using R software for statistical computing of the selected storms passing near the Korean Peninsula, considering the difficulty of storm study. Typhoons occurring in the last 40 years were analyzed, and the relationships of many variables were calculated. The number of typhoons heading for Korea has increased, but the increment of their intensity was not apparent in the observational data. Unlike previous methods, this work was conducted for typhoons that passed through a defined area on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. In the region between 30° and 35° N, typhoon paths changed to move northeast instead of being dominated by the Westerlies. Typhoons starting at lower latitudes and more easterly locations tend to develop into strong typhoons, and typhoons starting at lower latitudes tend to be larger.
Storm surges are key drivers of coastal flooding, which generate considerable risks. Strategies to manage these risks can hinge on the ability to (i) project the return periods of extreme storm surges and (ii) detect potential changes in their statistical properties. There are several lines of evidence linking rising global average temperatures and increasingly frequent extreme storm surges. This conclusion is, however, subject to considerable structural uncertainty. This leads to two main questions: What are projections under various plausible statistical models? How long would it take to distinguish among these plausible statistical models? We address these questions by analyzing observed and simulated storm surge data. We find that: (1) there is a positive correlation between global mean temperature rise and increasing frequencies of extreme storm surges; (2) there is considerable uncertainty underlying the strength of this relationship; and (3) if the frequency of storm surges is increasing, this increase can be detected within a multi-decadal time scale (≈ 20 years from now).
Despite allegations of corruption, delays and overspending, the construction of the Venice Flood Barrier has an end in sight. The final phase in the construction of the massive barrier system that will protect Venice and its lagoon from high waters was marked, ironically, by flooding. In the summer of 2013, the first four modules of the MOSE project - named after the biblical leader who parted the Red Sea - were installed at the Lido inlet, one of the three waterways connecting the lagoon with the Adriatic Sea. The system comprises a series of modular gates that, when filled with water, rest on the seafloor; they will be raised by filling them with compressed air.
The SWAN + ADCIRC shallow-water circulation model, validated for Hurricane Ike (2008), was used to develop five synthetic storm surge scenarios for the upper Texas coast in which wind speed was increased and landfall location was shifted 40 km westward. The Hurricane Ike simulation and the synthetic storms were used to study the maximum water elevations in Galveston Bay, as well as the timing and behavior of surge relative to the hurricane track. Sixteen locations indicative of surge behavior in and around Galveston Bay were chosen to for analysis in this paper. Results show that water surface elevations present in Galveston Bay are dominated by the counterclockwise hurricane winds and that increasing wind speeds by 15% results in approximately 23% (+/− 3%) higher surge. Furthermore, shifting the storm westward causes higher levels of surge in the more populated areas due to more intense, higher shore-normal winds. This research helps to highlight the vulnerability of the upper Texas Gulf Coast to hurricane storm surge and lends insight to storm surge and flood mitigation studies in the Houston–Galveston region.
A finite element (FE) model is used to study tides and hurricane storm surge in the Gulf of Mexico in the region ranging from the Mississippi Sound to the northwest coast of Florida. Issues that are emphasized include the use of large domains, the importance of a high degree of grid resolution in coastal regions of interest, the use of meshes with highly varying nodal densities to minimize the size of the discrete problem, and the use of the generalized wave-continuity equation (GWCE) for FE-based solutions to the shallow-water equations. The computations presented are unprecedented in their scope, level of localized detail, and degree of grid-size variability. The GWCE-based FE model leads to very accurate and efficient flow solutions.
Sea surface temperature (SST) decreases and mixed layer depth (MLD)
increases occur in crescent-shaped patterns with respect to the moving
storm center. The largest SST decreases occur in the right-rear quadrant
of the storm at an average distance of 1.5 times the radius of maximum
wind (RMAX). Storms moving slower than 3 m/s produce SST decreases of
3-5(DEGREES)C within one-half day of storm passage while faster moving
storms produce only 1-3(DEGREES)C decreases. Very little change occurs
in the left quadrant of the storm. The largest MLD increases of 24 m
occur at 2.0 times RMAX to the right of the center. The largest MLD
decreases of 12 m occur at 0.5 times RMAX. The observations suggest that
SST decreases continue at a location to the right of the storm track
became larger for a period of 0.6 to 1.4 days after the storm forcing
has moved away. A residual vertical circulation appears to be sustained
for some time after storm passage which continues to transport colder
water upward beneath the storm track and warmer water downward beyond
two times RMAX to the right of the track. Following the initial
response, the residual SST and MLD patterns are modulated by an
internal, inertia -gravity wave response. Wake patterns at larger
distances and longer periods (two-to-five inertial periods) after the
storm passage reflect scales of variation consistent with inertial
wavelengths. For some intense storms, a transition region exists on the
order of one-to-two inertial wavelengths, where a 100-200 km scale of
variation in the SST and MLD patterns is most pronounced. It is
speculated that this may be a harmonic of the longer inertial wavelength
excited by finite amplitude effects due to the extreme magnitude of the
forcing. Temperature versus depth cross-sections normal to slow-moving
storms, and at inertial wave crests in the wake of fast-moving storms,
show that upward isotherm displacement occurs at the center of the track
from the MLD to a depth of 150 m. At about two RMAX to the right of the
storm, large subthermocline temperature increases are present to a depth
of 100 m and are associated with MLD increases. In large, slow-moving
storms, SST decreases induced by a storm can cause a reduction in the
sensible heat flux by up to a factor of four, and in latent heat flux by
up to a factor of two. Inner core SST decreases of 2(DEGREES)C, or more,
in 24 hours were correlated with filling rates of central pressure
(PMIN) of 0.7 to 2.4 mb/hr for 6-24 hours in seven storms that were
studied.
38. Operation of the 'Maeslant Barrier': (storm surge barrier in the Rotterdam New Waterway). Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of Knowledge
- R Bol
Bol, R. (2005). 38. Operation of the 'Maeslant Barrier': (storm
surge barrier in the Rotterdam New Waterway). Flooding and
Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of
Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, UK.
Coastal Defence Cost Estimates. Case Study of the Netherlands
- M M Hillen
- S N Jonkman
- W Kanning
- M Kok
- M Geldenhuys
- J K Vrijling
- M J F Stive
Hillen, M.M., Jonkman, S.N., Kanning, W., Kok, M., Geldenhuys,
M., Vrijling, J.K. and Stive, M.J.F. (2010) Coastal Defence Cost
Estimates. Case Study of the Netherlands, New Orleans and
Vietnam, TU Delft, Netherlands.
Effects of typhoon's characteristics on the storm surge at Gyeongnam Coastal Zone
- J H Kang
- S J Park
- S R Moon
- J T Yoon
Kang, J.H., Park, S.J., Moon, S.R. and Yoon, J.T. (2009). Effects of
typhoon's characteristics on the storm surge at Gyeongnam
Coastal Zone. Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean
Engineers, 21(1), 1-14 (in Korean).
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Misc. Paper CERC-91-2
- J M Smith
Smith, J.M. (1991). Wind-wave generation on restricted fetches.
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Misc.
Paper CERC-91-2, USA.