Experiments with Constantan in gases: new measurements of thermal anomalies changing gas type and electric waveforms.

Abstract

This presentation summarizes the work that followed the previous ANV8 Workshop held in Assisi-Italy in December 2021. The “goal” of these workshops is having exchanges the attending Researchers who are invited to submit questions for 10 days after the date of the presentation. This interchange with peers is used to improve the notes and the presentation material that are made available soon afterward.
This his presentation concerns the study performed on a so called “inverse coaxial coil” reactor design that we have been developing since 2019.
We report an evaluation of the « anomalous heat excess » (AHE), at varying input power, made by “thermometry”, a technique that despite its limitations, allows to perform fast measurements. Thus, particularly useful for the initial screening of controlling parameters. We briefly discuss this calorimetric procedure which requires calibration runs at the beginning of the experiments, and before introducing active gases (H2, D2). To prevent and check the absence of the well-known artifacts that may affect this technique, we also perform measurements in gases featuring different thermal conductivity (such as Argon and Helium) or at low pressure (where the thermal conductivity of the gas phase reaches its minimum).
After the calibrations, and accuracy testing with Helium, Argon, or vacuum, we discuss the outcome of experiments where the constantan wires are heated with alternating currents (AC) of different waveform or shape. In the specific, we report the investigation of unipolar type alternating currents. We conclude that at constant input power, the use of an alternating current (AC) increases the AHE with respect to DC. Moreover, the unipolar negative power supply always produces the highest AHE, a result we consider of particular significance. Eventually, the new measurements confirm our previous reports on the compatibility between our results and the formation of hydrogen-enhanced super abundant vacancies (SAV), a hypothesis strongly advocated for by Prof. M. Staker.

Full text

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Experiments with Constantan in gases: new measurements of thermal
anomalies changing gas type and electric waveforms.
Francesco Celani
1,2,4, C. Lorenzetti1,2, G. Vassallo1,2,3,4, E. Purchi1,2, S. Fiorilla1,2, S. Cupellini1,2, M.
Nakamura1,2, P. Cerreoni1,2,4, R. Burri1, P. Boccanera1,2, A. Spallone1,2,4, E. F. Marano1,2, Ubaldo
Mastromatteo1,5
(1) ISCMNS_L1: Intern. Soc. of Cond. Matter Nucl. Science, Via Cavour 26, 03013 Ferentino (FR)-Italy;
(2) EU Project H2020: CleanHME;
(3) DIDI, Univ. of Palermo, 90128 Palermo (PA)-Italy;
(4) Ist. Naz. Fis. Nucl., Via E. Fermi 56, 00044 Frascati (RM)-Italy;
(5) ARGAL, Via S. Stefano 27B, 20008 Bareggio (MI)_Italy.
francesco.celani@lnf.infn.it; franzcelani@libero.it
Abstract
This presentation summarizes the work that followed the previous ANV8 Workshop held in Assisi-Italy in
December 2021. The “goal” of these workshops is having exchanges the attending Researchers who are invited
to submit questions for 10 days after the date of the presentation. This interchange with peers is used to improve
the notes and the presentation material that are made available soon afterward.
This his presentation concerns the study performed on a so called “inverse coaxial coil” reactor design that we
have been developing since 2019.
We report an evaluation of the « anomalous heat excess » (AHE), at varying input power, made by
“thermometry”, a technique that despite its limitations, allows to perform fast measurements. Thus, particularly
useful for the initial screening of controlling parameters. We briefly discuss this calorimetric procedure which
requires calibration runs at the beginning of the experiments, and before introducing active gases (H2, D2). To
prevent and check the absence of the well-known artifacts, that may affect this technique, we also perform
measurements in gases featuring different thermal conductivity (such as Argon and Helium) or at low pressure
(where the thermal conductivity of the gas phase reaches its minimum).
After the calibrations, and accuracy testing with Helium, Argon, or vacuum, we discuss the outcome of
experiments where the constantan wires are heated with alternating currents (AC) of different waveform or
shape. In the specific, we report the investigation of unipolar type alternating currents. We conclude that at
constant input power, the use of an alternating current (AC) increases the AHE with respect to DC. Moreover,
the unipolar negative power supply always produces the highest AHE, a result we consider of particular
significance. Eventually, the new measurements confirm our previous reports and their compatibility with the
formation of hydrogen-enhanced super abundant vacancies (SAV), a hypothesis strongly advocated for by Prof.
M. Staker.

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Assisi Nel Vento 11. December 17-18, 2022. Domus Pacis, Loreto-Italy.
IL PRINCIPIO FEMMINILE
Experiments with Constantan in gases: new measurements of thermal
anomalies changing gas type and electric waveforms.
Francesco Celani
1,2,4, C. Lorenzetti1,2, G. Vassallo1,2,3,4, E. Purchi1,2, S. Fiorilla1,2, S. Cupellini1,2, M. Nakamura1,2, P. Cerreoni1,2,4, R.
Burri1, P. Boccanera1,2, A. Spallone1,2,4, E. F. Marano1,2, Ubaldo Mastromatteo1,5
(1) ISCMNS_L1: Intern. Soc. of Cond. Matter Nucl. Science, Via Cavour 26, 03013 Ferentino (FR)-Italy;
(2) EU Project H2020: CleanHME;
(3) DIDI, Univ. of Palermo, 90128 Palermo (PA)-Italy;
(4) Ist. Naz. Fis. Nucl., Via E. Fermi 56, 00044 Frascati (RM)-Italy;
(5) ARGAL, Via S. Stefano 27B, 20008 Bareggio (MI)_Italy.
francesco.celani@lnf.infn.it
franzcelani@libero.it

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OUTLINE
• Short introduction.
• Design and set-up of the current “290-1050 K reactor” at INFN-LNF.
• Study of the reactor temperature dependence versus gas composition.
• Effect of gas mixtures on values of Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE).
• Effect of electric stimuli and waveform shape on AHE
1
.
• The potential generation of Hydrogen-enhanced Super Abundant Vacancies (SAV) induced by electromigration excitation
(as per Mike Staker work).
• On-going test. Isotopic effect.
• Conclusions and future work.
• Acknowledgments, funding, disclaimer.
1
focused on mild, simple, and high efficiency stimuli; thus, avoiding the frequent break of the Constantan wire observed in previous experiments. The wires
surface is oxidized to produce a spongy texture and coated with Low Working Function materials (LWF). In practice, the wires are “dipped” into a solution of LWF
precursors comprised of Cu-Ni-Mn-Fe salts.

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Motivation
• This presentation summarizes the work that followed the previous ANV8 Workshop held in Assisi-Italy in December
2021
2
. The “goal” of these workshops is having an interaction with the Researchers attending via web. In fact, they are
invited to submit questions for 10 days after the date of the presentation. This exchange with peers will be used to
improve the notes and the presentation material that are made available soon afterward.
Introduction to the experimental set-up
• The reactor used for the experiments is based on a design that we developed since 2019. We call it “inverse coaxial coil”
and it is described in Figs. 1, 1A, 2, 3.
3
• The energetic balance, at varying input power, was made by “thermometry” (since it enables much faster measurements
with respect to the most widely recognized flow-calorimetry). This calorimetric procedure requires reference or
calibration runs at the beginning of the experiments, and before introducing active gases (H2, D2).
2
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27006.6683
3
The key-aspects of such Figures were shown also at: ICCF24 Solid-State Energy Summit (Mountain View-USA, July 25-28 2022;
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23991.60321; https://youtu.be/bhsFOb0muCs);
IWAHLM15 (Assisi-Italy, 26-28 September 2022; DOI: 2610.13140/RG.2.2.14014.36160/1; https://youtu.be/gCxRk2NMYS ).

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• In our case we use Helium at the same pressure that will be used later with the active gases (0.5-1 Bar).
• The temperature was measured using K type thermocouples at the external wall of the thick glass reactor, Fig. 1 and 1A
and on the inside of the internal coil.
Please note that the reactor surface was shielded with several layers of a thick Al foil having its side toward the
ambient coated with an high emissivity, thermally resistant, matt paint
4
.
4
The purpose is to approach a black-body emission (i.e., that follows closely the Stefan-Boltzmann law), apart for the conduction and convection
phenomena. The maximum temperature of the reactor can reach close 900 °C on the inside, while the outer reactor wall approaches 350 °C. Maximum
power applied was >170 W. Wire’s weight is 0.45 g.

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Fig. 1. Scheme of the reactor body. The container consists of a tick-walled (3.2 mm) borosilicate glass, specifically
designed/tested for high-temperature and mild pressure experiments by “Vetreria Scientifica Spaziani-Italy”.

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Fig.1A. a schematic rendering of the reactor comprised of some details on the wire geometry and its electrical characteristics
at the beginning of experiments.

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A picture of the Reactor
Fig. 2. Picture of the reactor, the (large) Hall effect probe used for pulsed operations is on the right. For safety reasons, the
reactor is shielded with a stainless steel (SS) net. Fig. 3 shows the structure of the inner core.

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View of the “active parts” of Reactor
Fig. 3.
Details of reactor’s inner core. Standard/simplified set-up used for pulsing test to avoid unexpected interferences due to Cu tapes and
SS tube. Scheme of the coaxial coil with its inner Fe counter-electrode. The coil, wire length of 158 cm, had usually 75 turns; reduced to 26
because HV insulation problematics and powders added into the glassy sheath. The present core, in respect to ICCF23 version (published by
JCMNS 36, (2022), pg. 408-435. ISSN 2227-3123) is a simplified version without IR screening (by Al foil, Cu tapes) and thermal insulation.

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AHE estimation
The AHE (W) is derived from experimental data (exp) using the following formula:
AHE =
%
DText!"#
Pw −DText$!%
Pw
.
DText$!%
Pw ∗Pw
Where:
• DTint [°C]: Temperature difference between Internal reactor Temperature (at the centre of the coil) and Ambient.
• DText [°C]: Temperature difference between External reactor Temperature (measured in front to the centre of coaxial coil) and Ambient.
• DTint/Pw [°C/W]: DT internal divided the input power (Pw) applied.
• DText/Pw [°C/W]: DT external divided the input power (Pw) applied.
• FitDT/Pw: The experimental data of points are fitted using a polynomial of the 4° order using the software Kaleidagraph. Usually, each curve
consists of 10-17 experimental measurements. Therefore, the use of 4th order polynomial is acceptable. Typical R values of fittings: > 0.999.
• The Reference (Ref.) or Calibration run is performed at the very start using an He atmosphere. Please note that the reference run requires
a prior cleaning of the reactor. This is performed by heating it for several hours at a temperature of 500 °C while applying a dynamic vacuum.

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Main Results
An overview of the results is shown in the following figures
Fig. 4. Calibration. Over-view of Internal temperatures (Tint, left) and ratio of DT over Pin input (right), range from 5 up to
170 W (where possible). Because safety reasons, the thermal temperatures were limited to about 800 °C. Apart vacuum, the
usual gas pressure used (He, Ar, Ar/He mixture 55/45) were of the order of few bar.
Fig. 5. Calibration Similar to Fig. 4 but with power range in the interval 0—80 W: it is possible to observe, in a better way,
details at low power.
Fig. 6. Calibration. Similar to Fig. 4 but with power range in the interval 70—170 W to observe, in a better way, details at high
power.
Fig. 7. Values of AHE (anomalous heat excess), normalised to He (with their internal temperature behaviour shown as
reference), in the series of experiments based on: H2 pure (exp#1, #4); mixing of Ar/He (ratio 55/45); mixing of Ar=H2 (ratio
50/50).
Fig. 8, 9, 10: circuitry; a typical oscilloscope snapshot; results with 50 Hz excitation.

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Fig. 4. Overview of internal reactor temperature (Tint, on the left ) versus input power (Pw varying between 5-170 W), the figure reports also the ratio
(Text-Troom)/Pw). Notably, the internal temperature increases by decreasing the thermal conductivity of the gases (Vacuum>Ar>Ar/He>He: i.e. highest
temperature is obviously measured in Vacuum). Also, the ratio DT/Pin reaches the highest values with He atmosphere. These measurements are in full
agreement with accepted models of thermometry (despite the real “reactor” may show some heat losses at its extremities, that in our case are not
accounted for).

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Fig.5. Plot similar to Fig. 4: the input power range restricted to 0-80 W to observe, more easily, the lower-side of applied power. All the data have the
expected sequences of behaviour except the value using vacuum at power level as low as <20 W. In such conditions, the side effect of un-used portion
of long reactor/flange, and limited external insulation, could have some effects. Anyway, experiments by He always show the expected results. We note
that He was the reference gas by us adopted to evaluate AHE, if present, in the experiments using H2, pure and/or mixed with Ar, by any type of power
supply’s shape (i.e. DC; 50 Hz: Sinusoidal Symmetric, Unipolar Positive, Unipolar Negative).

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Fig. 6. Similar comments as reported in Fig. 4 but shown behaviours at higher sided of power (60-175 W) applied. For safety reasons, to avoid dangerous localised
hot spot, we limited the input power under low thermal conduction gas to 700-800 °C. Moreover, with the maximum power planned to be used, 170 W, i.e. 377
W/g of 200 µm diameter wire, the maximum temperature measured was about 590 °C because of He gas’s high thermal conductivity.

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Fig. 7. Apart the experiment H2#1 that was the first (Hydrogen loading), the experiment with Ar=H2 is note-worthy because shows, at the
same time, large increasing of internal temperature (in respect to H2 and He experiments) and the external one (comparison H2#4 vs
Ar=H2). The comparison Ar/He (red colour) vs Ar=H2 (blue colour) clearly shows the key effect of H2, stored into the bulk (also SAV effect
induced by electromigration??) and/or sponge surface of Constantan, related to AHE generation.

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Fig. 8. Power circuitry to obtain variable voltages (Variac), galvanically disconnected (Transformer T1) from the 50 Hz line, with waveform shapes
of: Sinusoidal Symmetric (SS); Unipolar Positive (UP) and Unipolar Negative (UN), by proper high-power direct diodes (RURG 8060) and reverse
(BY299) to inhibit possible reverse voltages. Measured: voltage, current both independently (by True RMS Multimeter) and in-phase V*I to compute
injected power (by 100 MHz Oscilloscope). About current measurement, used Hall-effect probe, DC coupled. Other instruments set to DC+AC option.
Results from both kinds of instrumentations are recorded and cross-checked, once thermal equilibrium (<1 h) was reached.

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Fig. 9. Typical waveform of the Unipolar Negative pulse. Integral of input power is computed by the oscilloscope (Fluke 196C, 100 MHz) and shown
in the display (e.g. 116 W). Voltage is shown in red colour (50 V/div, shown RMS value of 63.0 V; peak voltage is as high as 120 V), Current in blue (1
A/div), computed in-phase (V*I) power in green (50 W/div). Duty cycle is 50%. The real waveform is not pure ideal sinusoid at 50 Hz because some
distortions due to: Variac, decoupling Transformer, power diode in the specific case.

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Fig. 10. Experiment with Ar=H2. Comparison of AHE (normalized to runs with He), versus input power, in the case of: DC polarization (green), 50 Hz
Sinusoidal Symmetric (SS, light green), Unipolar Positive (UP, blue), Unipolar Negative (UN, grey). UP gave larger values of AHE with respect to DC (range
40-140 W); UN was the best for all values of input power. A possible explanation is the larger value of peak voltage needed to get the same input power
(UN=UP>SS>DC). Such observation reconfirms our previous data on the advantages of High-Power pulses as stimuli to increase AHE. The unipoloar
negative pulse stimulation (UN) reconfirms previous data on negative pulse’s effectiveness regarding AHE. As comparison, we also report the measures
in pure H2 (best results with run #4). With respect to experiments with direct current (DC), the beneficial effect of higher internal temperature due to Ar
is evident.

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Discussion and next steps.
1) We have shown that the reactor developed at INFN-LNF, despite its simple construction and the use of a thermometric
energy balance, is sufficiently reliable for the purpose of the planned experiments. Notably, the results (runs in vacuum,
Ar, Ar-He, He) are in full agreement with theoretical expectations (for an input power above 20 W).
2) By comparing experiments performed in pure H2 at rather low temperature, versus Ar-H2 mixtures at higher temperature,
we verified that an increase of the internal temperature, (up to the point where the Low Working Function materials start
emitting electrons, i.e. >500 °C), enables to increase AHE.
3) The positive effect of electron emissions and surface ionization is correlated with an increase of AHE, which is estimated
measuring the temperature of the external reactor wall. This increase of AHE can compensate the energy dissipation on
the extremities of the reactor, including the flanges, where the temperature is not measured. Therefore, we consider
that our AHE estimation is conservative
5
.
4) We observe that an appropriate “annealing” procedure in H2 significantly increases the value of AHE
6
.
This conclusion can be drawn from simple experiment with pure H2, where the input power and temperature are slowly
increased
7
and decreased over several hours. This results in an increasing AHE with the increasing number of cycles.
5
prone to underestimate AHE rather than the opposite
6
as it can be observed on Fig. 7 by comparing the first and fourth runs in hydrogen (H2#1 versus H2#4).
7
The annealing consists in leaving the wires the wire at high temperature (130-170 W input power) for a period varying between 16 and 64 hours.

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Moreover, our results confirm the previous observation, reported at ICCF24 and IWAHLM15, on the compatibility of our
results with the formation of hydrogen-enhanced super abundant vacancies (SAV) due to the prolonged
electromigration along the wires. Interestingly, Prof. M. Staker advocates for the role of SAV, previously observed on Pd
wires, also in Nickel or its alloys (Constantan Ni-Cu-Mn).
5) We confirm again (Fig. 7) that the H2 is the key element to get AHE, also when mixed with Ar.
6) The key-experiments (reported on Fig. 10), with Ar-H2 mixtures at a pressure of 1 bar, shows that the AHE depends on
the waveform of the power supply.
a. We observe that, at constant input power, the use of an alternating current (AC) increases the AHE with respect
to DC (green curve). Such result could be related to the higher values of Voltage (and Current), which occurs at
the “peak” (in pure sinusoidal symmetrical shape the peak is about 1.41 times larger than its RMS value). In the
case of “unipolar-pulsed” power supply, this effect is further increased since the effective duty cycle is 50%.
Therefore, during the active phase of the pulse its intrinsic energetic content must be twice
8
.
b. In the case of unipolar-pulses, the lower values of voltage regarding negative pulse are related to some further
“loading” of Hydrogen inside the bulk of Constantan wire, due to the negative voltage. As largely reported in the
8
In the case of Ar=H2, the values of peak voltages needed to obtain about 170 W of input power were: DC=-73 V; Symmetric Sinusoidal=+-110 V; Unipolar Positive=+149
V; Unipolar Negative=-146 V.

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case of Constantan (since 1987, Dresden University-Germany), the Hydrogen loading reduces the values of the
material resistivity. We observed routinely such effect since 2011.
c. As further observation, the unipolar NEGATIVE pulse always produced the best values of AHE. Such behaviours
are in agreements with our previous studies (since 1994 with Pd wires) using negative High Peak Power Pulses
(HPPP). In the case of Constantan, the pulse duration was typically 10 microseconds and repetition rate in the
range of 1-2.5 kHz, as published also in the ICCF23 Proceedings (by JCMNS).
d. Eventually, the comparison of the AHE obtained by positive and negative pulses respectively, is one of the
strongest pieces of evidence that mistakes in the estimation AHE by thermometry are unlikely to occur, at least in
our current experimental set-up.
7) Further experiments will be devoted to study, systematically:
• The isotopic effect (Hydrogen versus Deuterium), using pure Deuterium and its mixtures with Ar. For instance,
the first experiments, made on 15-16 December 2022, using concentrated Deuterium at a pressure of about 2
bars, shows that, under unipolar negative pulse, there is a 20-25%
9
. increase of AHE with respect to previous
“best” experiment under Ar-H2 atmosphere.
9
Some experiments in that sense started already with the highest temperature possible in our reactor (corrensponding to a Pw of 130, 150, 170
W).

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• The effects of the frequency and duty cycle of the input pulse, although it will require more sophisticated, and
costly, instrumentation
10
.
It seems that the systematic approach that we have adopted, enables to identify, and quantify the most important
parameters that control the production of AHE (step by step). To date we are confident that this is a winning although
time-consuming approach.
• Eventually, we believe that only more work, manpower, and funds will enable understanding whether the “LENR”
phenomenology has a place in science and technology, other than a mere curiosity. Considering the potential at
stake, we consider this a bet worth taking.
• Mankind needs new sustainable forms of energy. LENR has the potential to be the answer to this demand.
10
If we limit the tests at the 50 Hz line frequency in Italy, we can design an high-power circuitry to reduce the pulse duration; thus, maximizing the
peak power.

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Acknowledgments
• We are indebted to a Metallurgical Company in the North-Eastern part of Italy (NEMC). This company provided some financial support and
since 2011 performed experiments in their own Laboratories (by their Scientist and Technicians). These experiments provided an independent
verification of some key findings and enabled to increase our confidence on the reported results.
• Since 2017 we initiated also a multiple collaboration with NEMC and SIGI-Favier (Italy-France), to design an original hybrid sheath obtained by
crossing Glass and Alumina–Quartz fibres. Sheaths are used for wire’s electric insulation. They can continuously operate up to 1200 °C. Thanks
to a tailored geometry, may adsorb significant amounts of Atomic Hydrogen. They are porous, holes of micrometric dimension: one of the key
aspects of our experimental set-up.
• Special thanks to the Scientists involved in the CleanHME European project, chaired by Konrad Czerski (Szczecin University, Poland). In particular,
for the fruitful collaboration with Prof. Bo Hoistad and Collaborators (Uppsala University, Sweden) as well as with Dr. Andras Kowacs (Broadbit
Company). Dr-Augusto Marcelli at INFN-LNF, helped us, from 2 years, about scientific suggestions, bureaucratic problematics (due to the EU-
INFN collaboration): his scientific advices were fruitful.
• We are indebted with Prof. Mike Staker (Loyola Univ. USA) that provided us key information on SAV phenomenology.
• The high-power decoupling transformer used for sinusoidal/unipolar 50 Hz experiments was provided by electrotechnical group at INFN-LNF,
chaired by Eng. Ruggero Ricci. Suggestions from him and his Collaborators were really useful to us.
• Many thanks to Carl Page (founder of Anthropocene Institute and organiser of ICCF24), for his continuous suggestions to SIMPLIFY our
procedures for AHE production. Recent experiments are going toward such direction.

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Funding
This work has received partial funding from the European Union’s Horizon2020 Framework Program, under Grant
Agreement #951974.
This work has received partial funding also from: NEMC, Innovationgen Srl, Anthropocene Institute.
Disclaimer
The work reported in this document was written under the sole responsibility of the Authors and does not represents
necessarily the opinion nor position of the whole CleanHME project.