New record size, increased distribution range, and threat category reassessment proposal for Tropidophis morenoi (Squamata: Tropidophiidae)

Full text

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Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
Received 18 August 2022
Accepted 23 November 2022
Distributed December 2022
Short Communication
New record size, increased distribution range,
and threat category reassessment proposal for
Tropidophis morenoi (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae)
Manuel Iturriaga,1 Evelyn Marichal,2 Armando R. Longueira,3 Carlos Hernández,1 and Carlos
A. Mancina1
1 Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática. Carretera Varona 11835 e/ Oriente y Lindero, Rpto Parajón, Boyeros, 11900, La Habana,
Cuba. E-mail: manueliturriaga83@gmail.com.
2 Centro de Investigaciones de Ecosistemas Costeros. Avenida de los Hoteles Cayo Coco, 69400, Ciego de Ávila, Cuba.
3 Sociedad Cubana de Zoología. La Habana, Cuba.
Phyllomedusa 21(2):235–242, 2022
© 2022 Universidade de São Paulo - ESALQ
ISSN 1519-1397 (print) / ISSN 2316-9079 (online)
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v21i2p235-242
Keywords: Central Cuba, Cuban dwarf boa, Extent of occurrence, IUCN, Threat category,
Trope Zebra.
Palavras-chave: Boa-cubana-anã, Categoria de ameaça, Cuba central, Extensão de ocorrência, IUCN.
The Zebra Trope, Tropidophis morenoi
Hedges, Garrido and Díaz, 2001, is one of 17
currently recognized species of Cuban dwarf boa
(Díaz and Cádiz 2020), with a north central Cuba
distribution (Henderson and Powell 2009,
Rodríguez-Schettino et al. 2013; Figure 1A).
This snake was previously placed in the T.
maculatus species group by Hedges (2002), but
Díaz and Cádiz (2020) transferred it to the T.
pardalis species group. It is not well represented
in museum collections and was described on the
basis of two specimens (CZACC 4.5492-93)
from Dolinas de Cueva de Humboldt, Caguanes,
Sancti Spíritus province (Hedges et al. 2001). A
third specimen (CZACC 4.12052) was reported
from the type locality, which was a size record
for species (Domínguez et al. 2006). Later,
Domínguez and Parada (2009) reported new
localities for this species including Loma de
Cunagua, Bolivia municipality and Alevinaje,
Morón municipality, both from Ciego de Ávila
province; and Coco Key from Sabana-Camagüey
archipelago (specimens CIEC 66-67; CIEC 150,
respectively). That provided the rst records for
Ciego Ávila province on the main island and
Sabana-Camagüey archipelago, extending the
distribution range 75.6 km E from the type
locality at Caguanes. With that addition, Coco
Key was shown to harbor the highest number of
Tropidophis species among Cuban keys
(Domínguez and Parada 2009, Rodríguez-
Schettino et al. 2013). Additionally, a specimen
(MNHNCu 5088) from Jobo Rosado, Jatibonico
municipality, Sancti Spíritus province was
reported by Díaz and Cádiz (2020), extending
the distribution range 17.4 km SW from
Caguanes.

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Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
According to Tolson and Henderson (1993),
despite the large number of species of
Tropidophis in Cuba, many are known from few
specimens, and their distributions are poorly
understood. In the last decade, the reports of
distribution records for several Cuban dwarf
boas have increased (e.g. Fong and Armas 2011,
Torres et al. 2013, 2016, Díaz et al. 2014,
Iturriaga and Olcha 2015, Cajigas et al. 2018,
Rodríguez-Cabrera et al. 2020, 2021, Rodríguez-
Cabrera and Teruel, 2022). The addition of new
localities increases our knowledge about natural
history and lls gaps in records from eld
observations that allow for the implementation
of management and conservation programs
(Torres et al. 2013, Díaz et al. 2014, Tanaka et
al. 2018). We herein report new locality records
and morphological data of T. morenoi, and we
propose to reassess its conservation status.
During a eld expedition to Caguanes National
Park, in the north of Central Cuba, on 22 August
2017, a speleological group visited Cueva del
Abono (22°2246.429 N, 78°5856.744 W) in
Judas´ hill, Yaguajay municipality, Sancti Spíritus
province. The group found two specimens of T.
morenoi, but only one, a male, was captured
(Figure 1B). Each individual was resting on a
rock at the entrance to the cave. The captured
specimen was identied by Michel Domínguez
and deposited in the Institute of Ecology and
Systematics, Havana Cuba (CZACC 4.13169).
This locality is approximately 15.2 km airline E
from the type locality. The cave is located within
semideciduous forest on limestone (Figure 1C),
in a mountain system formed by three small
adjacent kartsic hills with a maximum height of
33.4 m a.s.l., an area of 0.5 km2, and a distance
of 1.5 km from the coastline. In the past, this
area was dedicated to growing sugar cane, but is
now used for grazing and agriculture, and there
is also abundant secondary vegetation. We took
the linear measurements and meristic characters
of the collected male specimen and it represents
a new size record, with 429 mm snout–vent
length (SVL), and 479 mm total length (TL).
The previous record was 359 mm SVL and 416
mm TL for an adult female, (Domínguez et al.
2006). The morphological data on the specimens
are in Table 1.
A eld expedition by biologists from the
Coastal Ecosystems Research Center (CIEC) in
April 2012 collected an adult male in the city of
Morón (22°0634.025 N, 78°37 38.213 W),
Morón municipality and a pregnant female in the
elevations of Punta Alegre (22°1440.227 N,
78°4727.958 W), Chambas municipality, both
from Ciego Ávila province. The latter locality is
completely covered by sicklebush Dichrostachys
cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. (Fabaceae) presently.
The rst specimen was deposited in the
herpetological collection of CIEC (CIEC 55)
(Figure 2A), and the last one was kept in
captivity for two weeks until it had three
ospring. The mother was later released at its
point of capture and the ospring were kept in
captivity for a month. They were fed frogs of the
genus Eleutherodactylus and small Anolis sagrei
Duméril and Bibron, 1837. Later, they were
euthanized and deposited in the herpetological
collection of the CIEC (CIEC 78-80) (Figure
2B). On another eld expedition, a third
specimen was sighted at El Coy (22°1847.830
N, 78°40 20.280 W), Isla de Turiguanó, Morón
municipality, Ciego de Ávila province. This
locality is lowland with mangroves and swamp
forests. These reports represent one and three
new geographic records of T. morenoi for Sancti
Spíritus and Ciego de Ávila provinces,
respectively, and increase the number of localities
within its distribution range (Díaz and Cádiz
2020).
Table 1 summarizes the linear measurements
and morphological characters of T. morenoi
specimens deposited in the herpetological
collections of IES and CIEC. All individuals
were similar to one another; and the
morphological characteristics agree in general
with the description of the holotype and paratype
(Hedges et al. 2001), although there are some
small variations. The specimen CIEC 55
measures 258 mm SVL and tail length 39 mm;
its dorsal scale rows formula is very dierent,
Iturriaga et al.

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Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
Figure 1. (A) Previous and new records (red and green circles, respectively): (1) Cueva de Humboldt, Cayo Caguanes,
Sancti Spíritus province; (2) Loma de Cunagua, Ciego de Ávila province; (3) Alevinaje, Ciego de Ávila
province; (4) Coco Key, Sabana-Camagüey archipelago; (5) Jobo Rosado, Sancti Spíritus province; (6) Cueva
del Abono, Judas´hill, Caguanes, Sancti Spíritus province; (7) city of Morón, Ciego de Ávila province; (8)
Punta Alegre, Ciego de Ávila province; (9) El Coy, Isla de Turiguanó, Ciego de Ávila province. Area of extent
of occurrence, and modeling of potentially lost areas by 2050 (orange zone) and 2100 (blue zone) of T.
morenoi. Photo: Dariel López. (B) Adult male Zebra Trope (Tropidophis morenoi, CZACC 4.13169) photo
by ARL. (C) Area under a sinkhole with associated vegetation in Cueva del Abono, Judas’ hill, Yaguajay
municipality, Sancti Spíritus province. Photo: Raudel del Llano.
A
CB
New distributional and conservation data for Tropidophis morenoi

238
Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
because the anterior and middle counts of scale
rows are less than in the type series and
specimens CZACC 4.12052 and CZACC
4.13169. The ventral scale count ranges from
190 to 199, although the specimen CZACC
4.13169 has the lowest count with 187 scales.
Subcaudal scale counts are between 41 and 44,
although specimens CZACC 4.12052 and CIEC
55 have the lowest counts with 38 and 37,
respectively. The specimen CZACC 4.13169 has
nine supralabials and 10 infralabials on each
side, the remainder of specimens have 10
supralabials and 11 infralabials. All specimens
exhibit very similar ground and dorsal color
pattern, and rows of spots. CIEC 78 and 80 have
the fewest body spots. The tail tip is whitish
yellow, light beige, tan or yellowish tan.
The addition of new locality records for T.
morenoi increases the area of occupancy (AOO)
by 36 km2, from the 16 km2 given by Rodríguez-
Schettino (2012). The known and new localities
cover an extent of occurrence of 1530 km2 by
Figure 2. (A) Adult male of Zebra Trope, Tropidophis morenoi, (CIEC 55), (B) and three juvenile specimens (CIEC 78-
80). Photos by EM.
AB
means of the minimum convex polygon (Fig
1A). The nine localities where this species occurs
can be assigned to ve threat-based locations
according to the topographic features of
landscape and main known threats (Figure1 A).
Location 1: Jobo Rosado, is a Managed-
Resources Protected Area, located in the
mountainous system of Meneses-Cueto´s
Mountain Range and belongs to the Special
Regions of Sustainable Development of
Bamburanao-Turquino (CNAP 2013). The main
threats are logging, excessive ecological tourism,
agriculture, livestock and expansion of human
settlements (González et al. 2015). Location
2: is Judas´ hill, Caguanes National Park and
Isla de Turiguanó. These localities are situated in
lowlands, with mangroves and swampy areas,
very close to the north coast of Sancti Spíritus
and Ciego de Ávila provinces. The main threats
are livestock, agriculture, and expansion of
human settlements. Location 3: Cunagua hill is
a mountain range with a surface area of 24.2 km2
Iturriaga et al.

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Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
Table 1. Main linear measures and meristic characters of specimens of Tropidophis morenoi of herpetological collections from Institute of Ecology and
Systematics (CZACC) and Coastal Ecosystems Research Center (CIEC). * Linear measurements and meristic data of specimen CZACC 4.12052 not
available, the body anterior third is damaged. ** Data of specimens CIEC 78-80 not available.
Characters Holotype Paratype CZACC 4.
12052 CZACC 4.
13169 CIEC 55 CIEC 78 CIEC 79 CIEC 80
Sex Female Female Female Male Male Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile
Snout–vent lenght 295 285 359 429 258 116 122 107
Tail lenght 42 44 57 50 39 20 13 20
Total lenght 337 329 416 479 297 136 135 127
Head width 7.2 6.4 * 7.6 6.6 4.1 4.0 4.3
Neck width 5.2 4.2 * 4.9 4.8 2.5 2.3 2.3
Head width/Neck width 1.38 1.52 * 1.56 1.38 1.64 1.74 1.87
Eye width/Head width 0.24 0.27 * 0.25 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.19
Dorsal scale rows
formula 23-23-17 23-23-17 21-23-17 21-23-16 20-20-17 ** ** **
Ventral scales 198 199 *187 195 191 195 190
Subcaudal scales 42 44 38 41 37 43 41 43
Supralabials 10i/10d 10i/10d * 9i/9d 10i/10d 10i/10d 10i/10d 10i/10d
Scales in contact with
eye 4--5 4--6 * 8i/8d 7i/7d 7i/7d 7i/7d 7i/7d
Infralabials 11i/11d 11i/11d * 10i/10d 11i/11d 11i/11d 11i/11d 11i/11d
Preoculars 1i/1d 1i/1d * 1i/1d 1i/1d 1i/1d 1i/1d 1i/1d
Postoculars 3i/3d 3i/2d * 3i/3d 3i/3d 3i/3d 3i/3d 3i/3d
Ground color Whitish beige Whitish beige Tan Whitish beige Beige Beige Beige Beige
Dorsal pattern Narrow bands Narrow bands Narrow bands Narrow bands Narrow
bands Narrow
bands Narrow
bands Narrow bands
Ventral pattern Spots Spots Spots Spots Spots Spots Spots Spots
Spot rows 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Body spots 38i/39d 38i/38d 35i/38d 31i/30d 34i/33d 31i/32d 33i/33d 31i/31d
Tail spots 4i/5d 8i/6d 5i/4d 5i/5d 6i/6d 5i/5d 6i/6d 5i/6d
Tail tip Whitish
yellow Whitish yellow Tan Yellowish tan Light beige Yellowish
tan Yellowish
tan Yellowish tan
New distributional and conservation data for Tropidophis morenoi

240
Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
and a height of 321 m a.s.l., located 14 km SE
airline from La Laguna de la Leche, inland of
Ciego de Ávila province and bordered by
lowlands (Nerey-Contreras et al. 2014). It is a
Faunal Refuge Protected Area that is aected by
forest res, felling of remaining forests for
grazing and sugar cane cultivation, and expansion
of human settlements (Lima-Moreno et al.
2019). Location 4: The city of Morón, Alevinaje
and Punta Alegre are located in the plain area of
inland of Ciego Ávila province, and suer the
greatest anthropic disturbances from aquaculture,
agriculture, grazing, gypsum mining and human
construction. Location 5: Coco Key is located in
Sabana-Camagüey archipelago, 15 km from the
main island. The main threat to this locality is
tourism and fragmentation of semideciduous
forest patches from construction of two main
roads and various buildings.
All Cuban dwarf boas are included in
appendix II of CITES (UNEP-WCMC 2021),
and also in the appendix I of resolution 160/2011
of Minister of Science, Technology and
Environment of Cuba. They are found in 29.4%
of protected areas of the National System of
Protected Areas of Cuba (Rodríguez-Schettino et
al. 2015). In the Red Book of Vertebrates of
Cuba (González-Alonso et al. 2012), T. morenoi
was one of 11 threatened species of Tropidophis
included, with an AOO of 16 km2 and unknown
population size. The main threats were anthropic
activities and sea-level rise; therefore, it was
assessed as Critically Endangered by Rodríguez-
Schettino (2012). Meanwhile, Fong (2021) listed
this species as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List,
due to its restricted range, in three locations with
these main threats: agricultural activities,
tourism development and continuing decline in
the extent and quality of existing habitat.
According to the IUCN criteria (IUCN Standards
and Petitions Committee 2019), we believe that
T. morenoi could be reclassied as Endangered
(EN) under criterion B.1, and the subcriterion a
(number of locations ≤ 5) and biii (continuing
decline in quality of habitat); contrary to
proposals of Rodríguez-Schettino (2012) in the
Red Book of Vertebrates of Cuba, and Fong
(2021) for IUCN. We suggest that the
conservation status of the species and EOO be
reassessed by IUCN appropriately.
We reviewed the management plans of Ciego
de Ávila province, and the habitat loss and
fragmentation are more serious for those
localities outside of jurisdiction of National
System of Protected Areas of Cuba (Lima-
Moreno et al. 2019). Despite the level of
disturbance in some areas, the records of T.
morenoi from localities such as the city of Morón
and Alevinaje provide hope for the conservation
of this species, and highlight the resilience that
the dwarf boas show in disturbed areas (e.g.
Torres et al. 2013, Díaz et al. 2014, Rodríguez-
Cabrera et al. 2021). Fong (2021), also mentioned
that the collection of specimens for the illegal
pet trade is another threat for T. morenoi.
Although there are currently no species of Cuban
dwarf boa cited on pet trade lists (Altherr et al.
2019), the surveillance and measures
implemented by the Cuban authorities need to be
stricter to prevent any illegal trading. Finally, we
predict by future projections that for 2050 and
2100, 24% (371 km2) and 29% (447 km2) of the
total EOO of T. morenoi will be lost, respectively,
in areas very close to the coast (Figure 1A).
Therefore, the sea-level rise should be considered
as a potential threat to those populations in the
lowlands near the north coast of Sancti Spíritus
and Ciego de Ávila provinces. The situation is
similar for Tropidophis celiae Hedges, Estrada
and Diaz, 1999, a species with a restricted
distributional range, very close to the north coast
of western Cuba (Rodríguez-Cabrera and Teruel
2022). According to Iturralde-Vinent and Serrano
(2015), there are many localities prone to coastal
ooding due to sea-level rise in the Cuban
archipelago, and the implementation of measures
to face this threat are necessary. In summary,
comprehensive species extinction risk
assessments are necessary to provide an
appropriate threat category and implement
species-specic conservation programs;
especially for this species of dwarf boa, for
which there is currently no management plan
(Fong 2021).
Iturriaga et al.

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Phyllomedusa - 21(2), December 2022
Acknowledgments.—We are very grateful to
the speleological group “Cayo-Barien” for
logistical support during eldwork. MI thanks
Michel Domínguez, National Museum of Natural
Sciences of Madrid, Spain, for the identication
of specimen CZACC 4.13169, and EM thanks
Alain Parada, for the identication of specimens
deposited in the CIEC herpetological collection
of Cayo Coco, Ciego de Ávila province. We
thank to Julio Pavel García-Lahera from
Botanical Garden of Sancti Spíritus, Sancti
Spíritus province, for access to the management
plan of the Managed-Resources Protected Area
“Jobo Rosado”. We also thank Sonia Seuc,
Florida, USA, Luis F. de Armas, San Antonio de
los Baños, Artemisa province, Cuba, Tim Lyons,
ABQ BioPark Center for Species Survival,
Alburquerque, New Mexico, USA for critically
reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript. MI
thanks to Ansel Fong, BIOECO, Santiago de
Cuba, Cuba for helpful advice on IUCN criteria
and assessments, and encouraging to publish this
note. Collection permits and Environmental
Licenses to carry out eldwork were kindly
authorized by the Ocina de Regulación y
Seguridad Ambiental (ORSA), Playa
municipality, Havana, Cuba.
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