Article

Yaşayan Kültürel Miras: Sermayelendirme ve Değerleme [Living Cultural Heritage: Capitalization and Valorization]

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Abstract

Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren ana hatları belirginleşen yeni iktisadi düzende ayakta kalabilmenin yollarından birinin de boş zaman, kültürel özgünlükler ve ekonomik yaratıcılık temelli üretimden geçtiğini keşfeden toplumlar, kültürel miras ekolojilerinden de bir kaynak olarak sürdürülebilir biçimlerde nasıl yararlanabilecekleriyle yakından ilgilenmeye başlamıştır. Böylece kültürel miras unsurlarının hem yenilik, teknoloji, hız, ilerleme ve gelecek kavramlarıyla ilişkilendirilen modernleşme projesini yavaşlattığını hem de bağlamında korunması, muhafazası ve gelecek nesillere aktarımı için sarf edilen kaynaklar (zaman, iş gücü ve para) bakımından önemli bir gider alanı olduğunu savlayan yaklaşımlar da tedricen tedavülden kalkmıştır. Bunların yerine kültürel mirasın yöresel, bölgesel ve ulusal ekonomilere katkı sağlama potansiyelini edimselleştirici politikalar ikame edilmiş ve bu konuda görece kısa sürede geniş bir literatür dâhi oluşturulmuştur. Bu gelişmelere rağmen yaşayan mirasın ekonomik değere nasıl tahvil edilebileceğiyle ilgili pratik metodolojilerin, modellerin ve stratejilerin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması hususlarında ise henüz yeterince yol katedilebilmiş değildir. Kültürel miras yönetimiyle de doğrudan alakalı olan bu eksikliğin giderilmesi amacıyla son birkaç yıldır Pierre Bourdieu’nun yeniden içeriklendirdiği sermaye teorisinin yaşayan mirasın ekonomik sermayeye çevrimine nasıl katkı sağlayabileceği sorgulanmaktadır. Kültürel mirası, sermaye teorisi özelinde yorumlayan bu güncel perspektif, somut veya somut olmayan kültürel kaynakların ekonomik değere tahvilinde ise değerleme pratiklerinden yararlanmaktadır. İşte mirasbilim alanındaki bu güncel yönelime katkı sağlamayı amaçlayan ve Bourdieu’nun sermaye teorisinin bir mercek gibi kullanılacağı bu çalışmada da önce yaşayan mirasın özüne yaklaşılarak (zoom in) bir kültürel sermaye formu olduğu gösterilecek, sonra uzaklaşılarak (zoom out) bu sermaye formunun küresel miras endüstrisi, pazarı, piyasası ve ekonomisi alanında uluslararası aktörler arasında süren güç oyunlarındaki rolü ve etkisi hakkında değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır. Bir sonraki bölümde ise kültürel değerleme sürecinin temel aşamalarına, uygulamalı halkbilimi kapsamında sıkça tartışılan geleneksel kültüre yönelik yaygın ticarileştirme stratejilerine ve yaşayan kültürel mirasın değerlemesi açısından da kritik bir önem arz eden yaratıcılık temelli kültür politikalarına değinilecektir. Son olarak kültürel yaratıcı endüstrilerin yaşayan mirasın değerlemesine, korunmasına ve sürdürülebilirliğine ne şekilde katkı sağladığına dairçözümlemelere yer verilecektir.

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