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Labor Loss Is An Entrepreneurship And Productivity Loss
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Late in 2019 the Minister of Labour in New Zealand’s Labour Government approved caps of 14,400 (2019/20) and 16,000 (2020/21) for recruitment of seasonal workers for the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme during the two financial years. The border closures linked with the COVID-19 pandemic meant that recruitment ceased on 19 March 2020 by which time 11,151 of the potential 14,400 RSE workers for the 2019/20 financial year had arrived. In the case of the approved allocation of 16,000 for the 2020/21 financial year, only 2,017 (12.6%) actually arrived between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021.
This report examines characteristics of the 2020/21 recruitment which was made possible by rarely approved border exceptions in New Zealand for temporary migrant workers. Seven questions relating to what have been termed the RSE Border Exemption 1 (BE 1) arrivals are addressed in the report:
1. Who were the RSE workers (BE 1 recruits) recruited during the 2020/21 financial year?
2. What was the previous work experience of the BE 1 recruits?
3. How many of the BE 1 recruits were also RSE workers in 2019/20?
4. How many of the BE 1 recruits were employed as RSE workers before 2019/20?
5. How were the BE 1 recruits distributed amongst the registered RSEs?
6. How many RSEs had joint ATR arrangements for their BE 1 recruits?
7. What was the regional distribution of the BE 1 recruits?
The report concludes with some brief reflections on what was an exceptional year for recruitment of RSE workers during the 2020/21 financial year.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of capital, raw materials, labor and production on business income for the Batu Bara songket cloth during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data analysis model used is multiple linear regression analysis. The population and sample of 65 craftsmen of Batu Bara songket cloth were used as research samples. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire (questionnaire) with a Likert scale. For data processing using the SPSS Version 22 application. The results showed that all variables of capital, raw materials, labor and production had a positive and significant impact on the business income of Batu Bara songket cloth. The variable that has the greatest influence in increasing business income for the Batu Bara songket cloth is labor.
The Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Scheme Country Report series is designed to make available to researchers and policy makers interested in New Zealand's largest managed seasonal labour migration initiative to date a wide range of data from official sources that we have accumulated during our 13 years of research on the RSE scheme. The reports are essentially data repositories rather than comprehensive academic analyses of seasonal migration in each of the participating countries. Their primary role is to present data relating to the individuals who have participated in the RSE scheme, and the moves that they made, often over successive years, in ways that have not been attempted before. The data will allow for more informed inter-country analysis of the scheme.
The Country Report on Kiribati’s participation in New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme contains previously unpublished data on three population universes:
1) the 289 I-Kiribati seasonal workers who arrived in New Zealand between 1 July 2019 and 19 March 2020 when the New Zealand Government closed the country’s international border to travellers who were not New Zealand citizens or did not have permanent residence status;
2) the 643 I-Kiribati men and women who have participated in the RSE scheme since its inception in July 2007;
3) the 1,971 arrivals of the 643 I-Kiribati men and women between 1 July 2007 and 19 March 2020.
The data used in tables in the report relating to these universes come from Kiribati’s Ministry of Employment and Human Resources (MEHR) and New Zealand’s Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE).
There are five sections in the report.
1.0 Introduction provides a specific context for the Kiribati Country Report and outlines the content of the various sections;
2.0 The situation in mid-March 2021 marks the first anniversary of the closing of New Zealand’s international border, with specific reference to the 289 I-Kiribati seasonal workers who have been unable to return to Kiribati since 19 March 2020;
3.0 Kiribati’s RSE workforce, 2019 and 2020 contains a review of data compiled by MEHR and MBIE for the last year of operation of the RSE scheme before borders closed;
4.0 Kiribati’s RSE workforce, 2007-2020 comprises more than half of the total length of the report and contains information on the 643 I-Kiribati individuals who have participated in the scheme, and their 1,971 arrivals in New Zealand, between 1 July 2007 and 19 March 2020;
5.0 A Final Comment contains a brief reflection on the situation for I-Kiribati seasonal workers in April 2021.
A short outline of the descriptive statistical measures contained in the report is included as an appendix.
Unregulated population migration within the Pacific has serious security
and stability implications for the region, including Australia and New
Zealand. Drivers of unregulated population migration include
non-traditional security challenges such as changing environmental and
climatic conditions, disaster management, food and water scarcity, and
pandemics. Other drivers include man-made stresses such as civil
conflict and fragile and unstable governments, growing interest from
external actors, and organised crime. When several factors converge,
they act as a multiplier causing instability among nation states as
affected populations seek other sources of food, resources, stability or
safety. Unregulated population migration in the context of an interrelated
system can lead to instability in the Pacific. This Analysis argues there is
a need for an integrated and strategic perspective to achieve
comprehensive and cohesive policymaking and implementation to
enhance the security and stability of the Pacific as a strategic priority for
Australia
This is one of the first papers to review comprehensively the design and implementation of New Zealand's managed seasonal labour migration work policy that was implemented in April 2007. The authors include two of the senior policy makers involved in the launching and early administration of the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) work policy (Ramasamy and Krishnan) and two researchers who have been involved in evaluations of the RSE and related New Zealand immigration policies that have relevance for people living in Pacific Island countries. The paper covers the first year of operation of the RSE work policy.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamics between management approach, human resource systems and practices, and responses of seasonal workers.
Design/methodology/approach
After reviewing literature on contingent workers focusing on seasonal workers in particular, this paper presents a case study of how seasonal work is managed in a specific organisational context.
Findings
There is a noticeable gap between the organisation's initial approach to human resource management (during recruitment and induction) and the way employees are actually managed during the course of their employment. While seasonal employees may have low levels of organisational commitment as a consequence, nevertheless their commitment to colleagues, supervisors, and in some cases, clients has side‐benefits for the organisation.
Research limitations/implications
The research is based on a single case study and has illustrative value. The characteristics of seasonal work described in the case reflect a specific industry and organisational context.
Practical implications
The findings suggest that employers of seasonal workers should consider the influence of human resource management systems and practices on the expectations and experience employees have of work.
Originality/value
The paper makes an empirical contribution as seasonal work has received little attention to date. Moreover, as seasonal work potentially combines short‐term finite employment with longer‐term relational aspects, we are able to highlight the relevance of cyclical time to an understanding of how employees perceive and experience work.
In 2008 the Australian Government announced a new labour mobility scheme for Pacific workers, with the objective of meeting seasonal demand for low skilled labour in the horticulture industry and promoting economic development in Pacific Island Countries. Modelled on New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme, it is a significant departure from Australia’s long-standing preference for permanent migration that is non-discriminatory with respect to the country of origin. Any temporary migration programme that draws a workforce from developing countries has the potential to exploit vulnerable foreign workers, but the long term success of Australia’s pilot program makes it imperative that seasonal workers from the Pacific are not exposed to that danger. This article examines why the responsibility for protecting Pacific workers falls largely on Australia’s regulatory framework governing workplace relations, and how those laws, policies and processes can meet that challenge. Equality laws, occupational health and safety principles, dispute settlement procedures, and trade union involvement all form part of an institutional network that can assist this highly visible scheme to meet the expectations of participants both in Australia and in the Pacific.
This paper is concerned with the determinants and consequences of intercontinental migration over the past four centuries. It begins with a review of the history of primarily trans- Atlantic migration to the New World during the period of Colonial settlement. The contract and coerced migration from Europe and Africa gave way, from the 18th century, to an era of free European migration. The period 1850 to 1913 was one of mass migration, primarily from Europe to North America and Oceania and from parts of Asia (primarily India, China and Japan) to other parts of Asia, Africa and the New World. World wars, immigration restrictions and the Great Depression resulted in a period of low international migration (1913 to 1945). In the post-World War II period international migration again increased sharply, but with changes in the nature of the flows, and under the constraints of immigration controls. Europe joined North America and Oceania as a major destination, as did the oil producing Arab countries bordering the Persian Gulf. The paper then explores the reasons for this international migration. Important factors include the relative wages in the origin and destination, the cost of international migration, the wealth to finance the investment, chain migration (kinship and information networks), as well as government subsidies to and restrictions on the free flow of people. The impact of international migration is explored in the context of a two-factor and a three-factor aggregate production function. Implications are developed for the aggregate (average) impact, as well as for the impact on the functional and personal distributions of income. The gainers and losers from international migration are considered. With insights on impact, a political economy approach is used to analyze the determinants of immigration controls. The influence on policy of gainers and losers from immigration was mediated by institutional change and by interest group politics. The long run relationship between globalization and international migration is explored.
This paper explores the social support of Timorese workers under the Australian Seasonal Workers Programme (SWP). The SWP, which allows citizens from Pacific Island countries and Timor‐Leste to work in Australian agriculture for six to nine months, has become the major source of remittances for seasonal workers from Timor‐Leste. The paper describes how access to the internet and the availability of social media devices can help to maintain long‐distance family relationships, support migrants' well‐being and alleviate the effects of socio‐spatial segregation to some extent. However, the need to earn remittances in a fixed period of time forces them to accept a trade‐off in the quality of their social and personal lives in rural Australia. According to the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM), isolation and separation from families are part of a rational household strategy to accumulate remittances. This paper argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the social costs borne by workers and left‐behind households and that the sustainability of the SWP depends to a large extent on the ability of workers to find ways of meeting their needs for social support. The analysis is based on data from participant observation and semi‐structured interviews with 50 Timorese seasonal workers in Australia and Timor‐Leste.
The authors discuss innovation potential in tourism industries and ski resorts in light of migrant seasonal workers. It is argued that seasonal workers may on given occasions be highly important for innovation, in contrast to dominant perceptions of employees in tourism. This is due to some segments of seasonal workers’ unique position as boundary spanners between destinations and communities of practice. One premise for this is that lifestyle work motives and dedication to leisure activities dominates their decision to take on seasonal work. Seasonal workers’ mobilities between destinations render them a role as “vehicles of knowledge flows” and their work position as front-line personnel as well as good knowledge of customer needs, gives them opportunity to disclose weak product elements and transfer knowledge between destinations.
Close to 17,320 workers participate in the Seasonal Worker Programme, a temporary migration scheme between Australia and selected island countries in the Pacific. This article looks at the ways in which seasonal migration affects the social lives of migrants from Tonga and Vanuatu, in their households and communities. It explores the various barriers that women face as a result of this scheme, highlighting, in particular, imbalances in the gendered division of labour caused by the absence of males due to migration. It argues that focusing solely on the economic development discourse of seasonal labour programmes is problematic because it fails to take into account the normative dynamics and general context of seasonal workers. Such an approach also fails to take into consideration the rights of migrants to live with their families, and not to have to make choices that are shaped by physical separation from their families and communities. The article concludes with recommendations for policy reform that address the existing gender inequalities of seasonal worker programmes in the Pacific by putting work, care, and the everyday maintenance of the seasonal worker household at the centre of its analysis.
This article explores knowledge transfers in international migration and development through insights from Pacific Island seasonal workers participating in Australia's Seasonal Worker Programme (SWP). We discuss actual and potential horticultural knowledge transfers that are enabled when circular migrants are engaged in agriculture in their place of migration origin and destination. Transfers identified by seasonal workers themselves include: technologies to improve horticultural production, exposure to different crop types, and techniques to improve crop yields. We argue that SWP migrants should be reframed as knowledge holders (not ‘unskilled’ or ‘low‐skilled’ labourers), and reflect on how knowledge transfers can be better supported to enable benefits for communities of origin and destination.
This paper takes issue with various theoretical perspectives that examine waste within the context of consumption, distribution, or excretion, yet fail to address capitalism as a totalizing mode of production. In failing to do this, these theories are not able to make the conceptual leap to the human-as-waste. By contrast, this paper engages in a production-level theoretical standpoint and argues that capitalism, in its reduction of labor to a factor of production, speaks a logic of human disposability. On the one hand, the body of the laborer is used up or wasted at accelerated rates so as to secure the most profit. On the other hand, the exigencies of capitalist profit-making may lead to this factor of production being excreted (as a form of waste) into unemployment or underemployment, creating surplus populations that are separated partially or fully from domains of capitalist exchange and social life. This rethinking of labor as a factor that is expended or excreted allows for a re-examination of both waste and capitalism, and points toward the natural and historical limits of the capitalist mode of production.
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