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MAWLANA
BHASHANI
SCIENCE
AND
TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Santosh, Tangail - 1902
An Assignment
on
Gender issues in criminal justice system: An analysis
COURSE TITLE: GENDER, CRIME, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
COURSE CODE: CPS 4205
Submitted by:
Student name: Anisur Rahman
Student ID: CP18005
Session: 2017-18
Year: 4th Semester: 2nd
Submitted to: Mst. Nurjahan Khatun,
Associate Professor, Department of CPS, MBSTU
Date of Submission: 03.12.2022
DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY AND
POLICE science
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Gender issues in the crime processing system ....................................................................................... 3
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Women and girls as offenders ............................................................................................................ 6
Women and girls as victims ................................................................................................................ 7
Women professionals working in the crime-processing system. ....................................................... 7
The blurring of Boundaries of Women’s Experiences in Crime .......................................................... 8
Is Equal Treatment Fair Treatment? ................................................................................................... 8
“Doing Time”: Women’s Experiences in the Criminal Justice System .............................................. 10
Sentencing Policies............................................................................................................................ 10
Programming .................................................................................................................................... 11
Mother-Child Contact ....................................................................................................................... 11
Management Strategies .................................................................................................................... 11
Assisting Women Offenders ............................................................................................................. 11
Do No Harm ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Create Gender-Responsive Services ................................................................................................. 12
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Refences ................................................................................................................................................ 15
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Introduction
The phrase "criminal justice" is frequently used to refer to the procedures followed by system
employees (such as law enforcement officers, judges, and prison guards) and the handling and
care of crime victims and offenders. There is scant proof that the criminal "justice" system
treats female victims, offenders, and employees fairly or fairly. In actuality, there is an injustice
towards women and girls. Criminal justice focuses on system employees and how judgments
about victims and offenders are made, whereas criminology is focused on formulating ideas
about what leads to crime. Understanding the historical development is required before one can
comprehend the contemporary situation of women and girls or how gender affects crime and
criminal justice(THE WADSWORTH CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE SERIES, n.d.).
In the Criminal Justice system, women may treat as:
(1) women and girls as offenders,
(2) women and girls as victims, and
(3) women professionals working in the crime-processing system.
The topic of how women and girls sometimes do not cleanly fit into the categories of offenders,
victims, and experts in the criminal justice system is covered in this section. Instead, there is a
lot of overlap. It is not unexpected that many female professionals and offenders are survivors
of male abuse given the prevalence of violence against women and girls in society. Although
feminism has had noticeable effects on the curriculum, pedagogy, and campus climate, a recent
feminist analysis of education in "criminal justice" departments noted that "it has not been
enough to transform criminology/criminal justice education so that gender is a central
organizing theme." Education in feminist criminology and criminal justice appears to continue
to be on the periphery of the "male stream(Renzetti, 1993)."
For teaching about women's issues in the criminal justice system, it is imperative to use the text
Women in the Criminal Justice System: Gender, Race, and Class. Van Wormer and Bartollas
analyse how women are handled in the criminal justice system as perpetrators of harm, victims
of harm, and employees within the system in three main areas. Key issues including victim-
offender overlap, the pervasiveness of violence against women, the adulteration of Black girls,
and sexual harassment are skilfully covered by the authors. Because of the writers' use of case
studies and examples of recent criminal incidents, this book is interesting and simple to read.
P a g e | 2
Both students and lecturers will appreciate using this book to teach(van Wormer & Bartollas,
2021).
In many countries where criminal sanctions apply to curb sexual or religious “immorality,”
crime, etc. Adultery, sex offenses, dress violations, etc. Norms or Prostitution Only Punish
Women Or imbalanced. Some studies also suggest these women are accused of crimes of
morality or status They are treated more harshly than men, perhaps because they have it
transcends gender roles. In some jurisdictions, women have also been prosecuted for Adultery
when there is clear evidence of rape Occurring. Haft is also used in other countries as a form
of "protection" for rape victims to protect victims and ensure to testify in court against their
rapist. Although an exceptional case Depends on the situation, such measures should be taken
Every effort must be made in a limited period of time Ensure that measures are included that
are not included in protection detention. Such practices further victimize women and
discourage them from reporting rape or sexual abuse; It allows perpetrators to escape justice.
In some countries, especially developing countries, most women don't touch it Formal Judicial
System But are Confronted with an informal justice system that enables communities to
recognize it as more legitimate than formal courts and adapt to local customs. However, very
difficult to apply human rights standards to informal justice Women's rights are rarely
guaranteed. equality before the law. rather mostly informal justice the system is ruled by male
elders or communities and tends to perpetuate discrimination against Women who largely
exclude women from decision-making and retain patriarchal notions of what men are like and
women should act like themselves.(Discrimination against Women in Criminal Justice Systems
Treatment and Conditions of Detention for Women Must Be Gender-Sensitive, Says CEDAW 1, n.d.)
Men and women were treated differently by police, prosecutors, judges, jurors, probation
officers, prison officers, and parole boards. Mainstream criminologists have agreed for some
time that a defendant's race is an inappropriate classification for the system to handle, but it's
not. Asking if a person's gender is a similarly inappropriate consideration Unresolved. This is
because “contrary to allegations of racism, in the application of laws and sanctions, women It
has been subject to a historically consistent pattern of discrimination." In criminal handling
(EREZ, 1989).
P a g e | 3
Gender issues in the crime processing system
But guys have certainly molded our felony system, which echoes the contradictions felt
towards women: in some instances, they as evil and deceptive, in instances treating them as
childlike and defenseless. Currently, many authorities accord a variety of precedence to
women on troubles associated with speak me with sufferers of rape in assessment to guys.
Although the records of crook justice indicate that ladies were neglected currently there was
extraordinary consciousness of ladies’ rights and this has caused an extended wide variety of
ladies to become a member of the justice machine to be a part of the regulation implementing
frame that copes with the lady rape concerns. Although guys are taught to be useful in
implementing legal guidelines that protect girls from all varieties of home violence and rape
sufferers, their efforts have now no longer be realistic and this is why it's miles justifiable to
argue that girls are very critical in implementing legal guidelines that protect them from all
styles of violence, in addition, to speak to rape sufferers in an extra higher way.
It needs to be stated that guys are the perpetrators of rape hence they cannot without a doubt
enact legal guidelines a good way to guard girls from rape. Research indicates that a female
through the name of Turner become sold liquids by guys in a Fort Lauderdale bar now no
longer understanding that there had been a few strings connected however as she has become
drunkard guys used that possibility to rape her and, in the end, left her mendacity through the
roadside. The above tale sincerely depicts that no matter the bodily power of fellow girls they're
now no longer devoted to removing rape in our societies hence making girls stay the epicenter
in addressing rape concerns.
Regardless of the historic loss of documentation of sexism withinside the official choice-
making of alleged offenders, it has long been the case that the official marketers at each stage
of the device are “overwhelmingly male”. Unfortunately, accelerated hobby in lady offenders
because the Seventies has targeted extra on wondering whether or not the feminist motion
accelerated lady offending than on stimulating attention of the paucity of scholarly interest and
programmatic extrude directed at lady offenders. Crime processing refers to responses with the
aid of using the juvenile and crime-processing choice-makers, from the police to parole boards,
concerning the dealing with of alleged offenders. (For simplicity, the time period crime
processing will consist of the processing of fame offenses, even though technically those aren't
crimes.) Research on crime processing has been carried out at many one-of-a-kind degrees of
choice-making withinside the device (which includes arrest, pretrial, conviction as opposed to
acquittal, and sentencing) and in lots of jurisdictions. Since the Seventy, accelerated interest
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has been given to exploring whether or not intercourse discrimination in crime processing
exists. Unfortunately, this endeavor is hampered with the aid of using the reality that there
aren't any mechanically gathered facts for courtroom docket choice-making (for example,
sentencing period and conviction rates) in diverse states and jurisdictions, similar to the facts
the Uniform Crime Reports offer for police choice-making (for example, arrest rates) (Edwin
M. Schur, 1984) .
Most legal guidelines had been gender-impartial, and apart from affirmative motion legal
guidelines, gender-precise legal guidelines have more and more end up gender-impartial over
time. To provide an explanation for the gender hole withinside the crook justice system, want
to speak about the reasons of the disparate remedy of male and lady defendants. A few legal
guidelines that have been meant to be gender-impartial have handled men and women vary of
their applications. prostitution as an instance of institutionalized intercourse discrimination in
crook legal guidelines and crime processing. Evidence suggests that a female and a person have
been handled in another way withinside the same case. Females are handled greater harshly
than men for comparable offenses. The reasoning at the back of this perception is that offending
women have violated gender roles in addition to legal guidelines; thus, “lady defendants could
be sanctioned now no longer simplest for his or her offenses however additionally for his or
her irrelevant intercourse position behavior”. Women have been much less cabin a position to
good buy and greater inclined to plead guilty, which might also additionally have been because
of their restricted get admission to attorneys, education, and experience. who devote robberies,
assaults, and so on. Therefore, girls who devote traditionally “masculine crimes” are
anticipated to be handled greater harshly than men (Chesney Lind 1987). Women’s prisons are
typically a farther distance from pals and households due to their sporadic and remoted
locations, making visits from children, different households, and pals greater difficult,
specifically for the poor. Women prisoners do now no longer offer the technical as male
prisoners provided. There are three general forms of sex discrimination in criminal laws:
(1) implementing and applying gender-specific laws,
(2) applying gender-neutral laws differently to female and male defendants, and
(3) applying gender-neutral laws in a manner that values males’ victimizations
more seriously than females’ victimizations.
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Fathers these days have remained as site visitors withinside the lives of their kids and this has
denied many kids they enjoy and love in their fathers. This shows that fathers have assumed
their duties and as a substitute, they had been left to ladies. What want to be understood is that
the 2 mothers and father are crucial withinside the boom method of an infant and the steerage
of kids as their own circle of relatives makes them have considered their mother and father as
individuals who are involved with the stay of their kids. By the distinctive feature of the reality
that fathers have remained as vacationers withinside the lives of their kids it serves as an
amazing indicator that they're now no longer beneficial in imposing legal guidelines that could
deal with gender inequality in our societies and at the equal time they don’t have worries of
speak with sufferers however instead forget about them consequently making ladies to stay
because the maximum commendable character in imposing legal guidelines that could accurate
ordinary sexual injustices in our societies.
Objectives
The objective of this study is to enhance our knowledge which is socially constructed by the
patriarchal dominating society. Society established gender issues by treating males and women.
So, the objective refers as like:
✓ The role of the criminal justice system in gendered issues.
✓ The causes of gendered issues.
✓ The social visualization on gendered issues.
✓ The treatment of women in the criminal justice system.
✓ Fair treatment of gender issues.
✓ Rehabilitation program.
✓ Community assessment.
✓ To know about gender-responsive services.
In developing suitable offerings that simply recall and reply to gender and cultural factors, we
want first to re-study our modern-day crook justice guidelines. We can then paintings to modify
the guidelines in order that the reaction to girls’ offending is one that emphasizes human needs,
in particular those who replicate the realities of girls’ lives. Rather than focusing entirely on
punitive sanctions, we are able to start to systematically don't forget the least restrictive suitable
options for incarceration. The financial savings to society from a discount in girls’
P a g e | 6
imprisonment and from progressed reintegration of woman offenders into the network will
advantage now no longer simplest the girls themselves but additionally generations to come.
Analysis
The gift booklet is designed to supplement present gear that UNODC has developed, a number
of which give steering at the ratification and implementation of the normal prison units in
opposition to terrorism, and others which can be centered on strengthening particular
components of the crook justice responses to terrorism, which include from a human rights
perspective. The booklet additionally enhances the wider paintings of UNODC in
mainstreaming gender throughout all its programs, practices, and policies, as pondered in its
Guidance Note for UNODC Staff: Gender Mainstreaming withinside the Work of UNODC,
and the Gender Equality Strategy for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the
United Nations Office in Vienna (2018–2021). Legal and coverage pointers are provided,
primarily based totally on worldwide requirements and promising practices of worldwide,
regional, and decided on countrywide bodies, to be able to help the customers in addressing a
number of the important thing gender troubles springing up withinside the crook justice
reaction to terrorism. The guide follows a multidisciplinary approach, integrating quality
practices from the fields of counter-terrorism, crook justice, advertising of women’s rights and
equality, and the removal of violence in opposition to women(UNODC, 2019).
To address gender issues in the criminal justice system women or girl’s treatment in these areas
should be analyzed. There are three major areas of women and girls’ invisibility related to the
criminal justice system. these are the following:
❖ Women and girls as offenders,
❖ Women and girls as victims, and
❖ Women professionals working in the crime-processing system.
Women and girls as offenders
Gender is the strongest factor indicating a person's likelihood to break the law. Researchers
rarely thought it was necessary to include females in their samples. The criminological theory
P a g e | 7
has tended to view women as "driven" to crime. Women prisoners are at particular risk of rape,
sexual assault, and humiliation (THE WADSWORTH CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE
SERIES, n.d.).
Women and girls as victims
The crimes that women and girls are most likely to experience are violent, humiliating, and
dangerous. If any woman or girl would be a rape victim, she suffers repeat victimization in the
several legal sectors of the criminal justice system. Most young girls grow up with strong
messages about dangerous men lurking in alleys and behind bushes. Some commentators argue
that female victims of domestic violence and sexual assault have negative experiences with the
criminal justice system. Victims of sexual assault are more likely than victims of physical
assault to be dissatisfied with the police and courts. They complain more about police
insensitivity, but they are not more likely to complain about leniency or skepticism of their
charges(THE WADSWORTH CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE SERIES, n.d.).
Women professionals working in the crime-processing system.
Professional women are perceived as dangerous because she questions established beliefs about
the role and place of women in society. Despite efforts by law schools and police departments
to hire more women, the rates of women in these occupations are still quite low. Women work
as correctional officers, policewomen, women lawyers, and judges. Resistance is based
primarily on the attitude that women are unsuitable because working with male offenders
requires "macho" men.
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The blurring of Boundaries of Women’s Experiences in Crime
Many incarcerated ladies have skilled victimizations just like the ones defined by ladies’
professionals (and ladies in general). Recent studies have recognized walking far from
domestic and drug use as ladies’ and women’s way of managing and surviving abuse of their
houses. The “escape” alternatives open to ladies and women who're being sexually and/or
bodily victimized are regularly illegal. For example, women who run far from abusive houses
regularly come to be depending on prostitution for financial survival and on pills that will numb
the pain. This survival way, in turn, regularly results in incarceration. There is developing
documentation that ladies’ prisoners have incorrect innately excessive facts of victimization,
typically incest, rape, and battering, earlier than their incarceration. The US. prisons residence
many battered ladies’ survivors who killed their batterers as a final resort. Although the crime-
processing gadget has did not reply to battered ladies as victims, it has answered harshly to
them as “offenders.” However, those ladies not often have any crook report earlier than the
homicide, they may be nearly usually those who notify the police of the homicide, and the
homicide nearly usually happens all through a battering incident in which the sufferer is
performing in self-defence. These ladies normally acquire longer sentences than guys who kill
their wives. In the decade, governors from Ohio, Illinois, Maryland, and Texas obtained great
press for commuting the sentences of ladies who had served time after killing their abusive
companions in self-defence (THE WADSWORTH CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE
SERIES, n.d.).
Is Equal Treatment Fair Treatment?
Numerous feminist writers have proven and documented the patriarchal nature of our society
and the style of methods wherein the patriarchal values serve masculine wishes de Beauvoir,
1968; Friedan, 1963; Millett, 1970). In developing suitable offerings for girls withinside the
crook justice system, it's miles vital that we have first well-known and recognize the
significance of gender differences, in addition to the gender-associated dynamics inherent in
any society: “Despite claims to the contrary, masculinist epistemologies are constructed upon
values that sell masculine wishes and desires, making all others invisible” (Kaschak, 1992, p.
11). Women are regularly invisible withinside the many aspects of the correctional system, and
this invisibility can act as a shape of oppression.
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As mentioned, the present-day version of justice -- referred to as the “equalization” approach
emphasizes parity after which makes use of a male standard. Therefore, extended incarceration
of girls takes the vicinity of options to prison. “Gender-blind” mandatory sentencing statutes,
especially for drug regulation violations, make contributions to the growing number of girls in
prison. This is what Lahey calls “equality with a vengeance.” Under the male version of justice,
the precise can be a truthful remedy. However, as Heidensohn factors out, the same remedy
might not be the truthful remedy, for the reason that social fact is that girls can also additionally
have exclusive financial needs, can also additionally be victimized, and might in different
approaches be in exclusive conditions than male defendants.
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“Doing Time”: Women’s Experiences in the Criminal Justice System
Gender makes a distinction in phrases of the effect of preferred correctional procedures. There
are several regions wherein everyday exercise withinside the crook justice system ignores
behavioral and situational variations among girl and male offenders. The pages that comply
with gift examples of women’s gendered reveal in withinside the correctional system.
Bail
The unique idea concerning bail became to offer public protection. Nevertheless, ladies who
devote much less critical crimes nevertheless need to be put up on bail with the intention to
live out of prison. The assignment of creating bail is specific for guys and ladies. Most girl
offenders are poor, undereducated, and unskilled, with sporadic employment histories. A
survey of girl prison inmates withinside the United States discovered that almost two-thirds
have been unemployed when arrested, whilst fewer than one-1/3 of male inmates have been
unemployed (Collins & Collins, 1996). Women emerge as deprived because of their typical
decreased socioeconomic status. Unlike guys, few ladies have companions who would possibly
put-up bail for them. In a take, a look at of girl pretrial prison detainees, the bulk of topics have
been nonviolent offenders who were jailed due to the fact they couldn't pay bail for
misdemeanors (Teplin, Abram, & McClelland, 1996). Another take look discovered that, of
the ladies who were hired earlier than incarceration, many have been at the decrease rungs of
the financial ladder, with the simplest 37 percent operating at a valid job. In addition, the U.S.
Census Bureau reviews that ladies withinside the U.S. earn seventy-four percent of what guys
earn for comparable jobs. For African-American ladies, the parent is even decreased by sixty-
seven percent (U.S. Census Bureau, 1996). When bail is ready similarly for ladies and guys,
it's far as a result clearly extra tough for ladies to make bail than it's far for guys.
Sentencing Policies
Mandatory minimum sentencing statutes for drug offenses have significantly increased the
number of women in U.S. prisons. Between 1995 and 1996, female drug arrests increased by
95 percent, while male drug arrests rose by 55 percent. African-American women have
experienced the greatest increase in the percentage of inmates for drug crimes. The passage of
harsh mandatory minimums for federal crimes has disadvantaged women. Women in prisons
used more drugs than men and used them more frequently.In 1991, only 28 percent of women
convicted of federal felonies were given straight probation. Female drug couriers can receive
federal mandatory sentences ranging from fifteen years to life.
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Programming
The U.S. Congress and the courts have mandated that female offenders be given access to
services of the same quality and quantity as those provided for males. Litigation involving what
are known as "parity cases" has exposed the lower quality of correctional services for women.
Mother-Child Contact
The number of children with a mother in prison nearly doubled between 1991 and 1999. In
1999, an estimated 126,000 children in the U.S. had a mother who was in prison. 54 percent of
mothers in state prisons reported not having had visits with their children since admission. The
1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act mandates the termination of parental rights once a child
has been in foster care for fifteen or more of the preceding twenty-two months.
Management Strategies
Female inmates are more than three times as likely as male inmates to report having
experienced physical or sexual abuse at some time in their lives. Standard correctional
procedures can act as "triggers" to retraumatize women who have post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Pollock: Female offenders have histories of sexual and/or physical abuse that appear
to be "instigators of delinquency, addiction, and criminality".
Assisting Women Offenders
As noted, a first-rate subject withinside the crook justice literature is the query “What works?”
However, due to the fact, women offenders were invisible in a great deal of the research, we
endorse that some other query should be addressed first, and that is “What is the work?”
(Covington & Bloom, 1999). The following is our proposed reaction to this query.
Prevention
We want to create a network reaction to the troubles that affect women’s lives and boom their
danger of incarceration. A collection of attention agencies had been carried out with women
withinside the crook justice device for the National Institute of Corrections Gender-Responsive
Strategies: R search, Practice, and Guiding Principles for Women Offenders Project:
✓ family factors
✓ sexual and/or physical abuse
✓ school problems
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✓ early sexual activity
✓ association with delinquent peers and gangs
✓ substance abuse
Do No Harm
Alternatives to custody security must be developed. Dependence and helplessness are two
things that push women into the criminal justice system in the first place, and a regulated
environment like a prison by its very nature encourages them. In addition, rules and procedures
modeled after those applied in male jails are frequently harmful to women. According to
Girshick (1999), the prison becomes the child's punitive parent, controlling them with rules and
punishments. It is simpler to control female prisoners when they are treated like dependent
children, and the women themselves feel infantilized.
Create Gender-Responsive Services
We want to offer ladies withinside the device offerings that, in each context (structure and
surroundings) and content, are complete and relate to the realities in their lives. Programs want
to think about the bigger social problems of poverty, abuse, race, and gender inequalities, in
addition to man or woman elements that affect ladies withinside the crook justice device
(Bloom, 1996). Services additionally want to be conscious of the cultural backgrounds of ladies
(Bloom & Covington, 1998). Culture can be described as a framework of values and ideals and
a way of organizing revel. Being culturally touchy method being touchy to variations in
ethnicity -- which include variations in language, customs, values, and ideals -- so that it will
create an experience of inclusivity.
Context refers to the entirety withinside the surroundings: work, own circle of relatives, class,
subculture, race, responsibilities, the probability of experiencing violence and discrimination,
get entry to health care and education, felony status, and so on (Tavris, 1992). Typically, ladies
have much less in phrases of earnings, power, get entry to clinical and felony treatment, and
the like, whilst having a greater own circle of relatives and family responsibilities than men
(Epstein, 1988). Only ladies revel in being pregnant and childbirth and the overpowering
majority of parental caretakers are ladies. Low-earning ladies are regularly the only caretakers
in their children and of aged own circle of relative members. These contextual elements create
the realities of ladies’ lives and the various variations in needs, behaviors, and reviews among
ladies and men. The attention of context additionally method the surroundings wherein the
carrier is provided. The subculture of corrections (i.e., the surroundings created via way of
P a g e | 13
means of the crook justice device) is regularly in struggles with the subculture of treatment. As
mentioned, the corrections subculture is primarily based totally on management and security.
Treatment, however, is primarily based totally on the priority for protection and on change
(Covington, 1998b). Creating powerful gender-responsive offerings has to encompass
developing surroundings thru web page selection, group of workers selection, and program
improvement that displays know-how of the realities of ladies’ lives and addresses the unique
problems of participants (Bloom & Covington, 2000).
Conclusion
As this bankruptcy suggests, gender performs an important position at some stage in the crook
justice process. An evaluation of ladies’ lifestyles instances and of the backgrounds of woman
offenders withinside the machine makes clear that there are greater powerful methods to save
you and cope with ladies’ illegal activity than are presently in use. Criminal justice exercises
should be stepped forward with the aid of using addressing ladies’ pathways into the crook
justice machine, their variations in offense styles from the styles of male offenders, their stories
in the crook justice machine, and their responses to applications.
It is crucial to re-examine the gendered results of public regulations that criminalize substance
abuse, which frequently brings about the overrepresentation of ladies in U.S. jails and prisons.
Mandatory minimum-sentencing statutes for drug offenses have had a devastating impact on
ladies and feature unfairly punished them in addition to their children. Standard gender-
impartial correctional processes have additionally deprived ladies in that such processes do
now no longer do not forget the histories of abuse of many woman offenders. The crook justice
machine needs to end up trauma-knowledgeable a good way to offer powerful interventions
and offerings for ladies.
At present, each supply of programming for ladies’ offenders and the sorts of offerings
provided fall quickly of what's needed. For example, due to the fact ladies in treatment discover
recuperation complex with the aid of using trauma, child-care issues, insufficient social support
systems, and shortage of economic resources, programming for ladies needs to take those issues
into account. Additionally, it's miles important that applications offer suitable screening and
evaluation of the needs (now no longer risks) of character clients, at the side of a variety of
offerings designed to satisfy the one’s needs.
In developing suitable offerings that honestly do not forget and reply to gender and cultural
factors, we want first to re-examine our contemporary crook justice regulations. We can then
P a g e | 14
paint to regulate the one’s regulations in order that the reaction to ladies offending is one that
emphasizes human needs, especially those who mirror the realities of ladies’ lives. Rather than
focusing completely on punitive sanctions, we are able to start to systematically don't forget
the least restrictive suitable options to incarceration. The financial savings to society from a
discount in ladies’ imprisonment and from stepped forward reintegration of woman offenders
into the network will advantage now no longer best the ladies themselves, but additionally
generations to come.
P a g e | 15
Refences
Discrimination against women in criminal justice systems Treatment and conditions of detention for
women must be gender-sensitive, says CEDAW 1. (n.d.). www.penalreform.org
Edwin M. Schur. (1984). Labeling women deviant: Gender, stigma and social control. The Social
Science Journal, 23(2), 236–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(86)90050-9
EREZ, E. (1989). GENDER, REHABILITATION, AND PROBATION DECISIONS*. Criminology, 27(2), 307–
327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01034.x
Renzetti, C. M. (1993). On the margins of the malestream (or, they still don’t get it, do they?):
Feminist analyses in criminal justice education. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 4(2), 219–
234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511259300086111
THE WADSWORTH CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE SERIES. (n.d.).
UNODC. (2019). Handbook on gender dimensions of criminal justice responses to terrorism (2019).
van Wormer, K. S., & Bartollas, C. (2021). Women and the Criminal Justice System. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003173939
