New species of Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846 and Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae) from the South Western Ghats of India

Abstract

Two new species of jumping spiders, Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., and Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n., are described from the South Western Ghats of India. Detailed morphological descriptions, diagnostic features and illustrations of copulatory organs are given. The current distribution of the genus Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846 and Habrocestum Simon, 1876 in India is also presented.

Full text

© ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2022
Arthropoda Selecta 31(4): 486–492
remains undetermined. Moreover, recent revisions have
revealed that the status of many species is yet question-
able, and some are to be considered synonyms of older
names [Caleb et al., 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022; Sudhin et
al., 2020]. Therefore, extensive surveys and studies
focusing on the taxonomy and phylogeny of salticids
are required to discover and understand the actual di-
versity of Indian salticids. While examining spiders
collected during field surveys in the southern part of
India, two unknown salticid specimens have been iden-
tified — one belonging to the spartaeine genus Co-
calus C.L. Koch, 1846 and another to the hasariine
genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876. Cocalus is a poorly
known salticid group, distributed mainly in the Orien-
tal and Australian Regions, and to date two species
have been reported from India [Wanless, 1981; Caleb,
Sankaran, 2022; WSC, 2022]. Habrocestum includes
small, ground-dwelling spiders, distributed mainly in
Africa and southern Eurasia. The genus currently has
three representatives in India, all of which have been
described from southern India [Sankaran et al., 2019;
Asima et al., 2022]. The present paper deals with the
description of two new species: viz., Cocalus shendur-
neyensis sp.n. (#), and Habrocestum mookambikaen-
sis sp.n. ($), from the South Western Ghats of India.
Material and methods
The collected spiders were preserved in 70% ethanol.
The morphological examination was carried out under a
Leica M205A stereozoom binocular microscope and images
were captured with a Leica DFC4500 camera and processed
using extended focus montage LAS software (version 4.1.2).
Distribution maps were prepared by using the online map-
ping software SimpleMappr [Shorthouse, 2010]. All mea-
ABSTRACT. Two new species of jumping spiders,
Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n. (#), and Habrocestum
mookambikaensis sp.n. ($), are described from the South
Western Ghats of India. Detailed morphological de-
scriptions, diagnostic features and illustrations of cop-
ulatory organs are given. The current distribution
of the genus Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846 and Habroces-
tum Simon, 1876 in India is also presented.
How to cite this paper: Sudhin P.P., Sen S., Caleb
J.T.D., Hegde V.D. 2022. New species of Cocalus
C.L. Koch, 1846 and Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Ara-
neae: Salticidae) from the South Western Ghats of
India // Arthropoda Selecta. Vol.31. No.4. P.486–492.
doi: 10.15298/arthsel. 31.4.09
РЕЗЮМЕ. Два новых вмида пауков-скакунчи-
ков, Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n. (#), и Habro-
cestum mookambikaensis sp.n. ($), описаны из Южно-
Западных Гат Индии. Приводятся подробные мор-
фологические описания, диагностические призна-
ки и иллюстрации. Показаны также современные
находки видов из родов Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846 и
Habrocestum Simon, 1876 в Индии.
Introduction
The family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 is the most
diverse taxon of Araneae, consisting of 6428 species in
664 genera worldwide [WSC, 2022]. As of now, a total
of 292 salticid species in 103 genera have been report-
ed from India [Caleb, Sankaran, 2022]. Of these, over
123 species are still known only from a single sex
[Caleb, 2019], indicating that the jumping spiders of
India are not well documented, and their true diversity
New species of Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846 and Habrocestum Simon,
1876 (Araneae: Salticidae) from the South Western Ghats of India
Íîâûå âèäû Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846 è Habrocestum Simon, 1876
(Araneae: Salticidae) èç Þæíî-Çàïàäíûõ Ãàò Èíäèè
Puthoor Pattammal Sudhin1*, Souvik Sen1, John T. D. Caleb2,
Vishwanath D. Hegde3
Ïóòîð Ïàòàììàë Ñóäõèí1*, Ñîóâèê Ñåí1, Äæîí Ò.Ä. Êàëåá2,
Âèøâàíàò Ä. Õåãäå3
1 Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata – 700053, West Bengal, India.
2 Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai –
602503, Tamil Nadu, India.
3 Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Jafferkhan Colony, Kozhikode – 673006, Kerala, India.
* Corresponding author. E-mail: sudhinpp@gmail.com
KEY WORDS: Aranei, description, jumping spider, new species, taxonomy, Kerala, Karnataka.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Aranei, описание, паук-скакунчик, новые виды, таксономия, Керала, Карнатака.

487
New spiders of Cocalus and Habrocestum from India
Figs 1–7. Somatic characters of Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., holotype # (1–3), and Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.,
holotype $ (4–7). 1, 4 — body, dorsal view; 2, 5 — ventral view; 3 — lateral view; 6 — carapace, lateral view; 7 — abdomen, lateral view.
Scale bars: 2 mm (1–3), 1 mm (4–7).
Рис. 1–7. Соматические признаки Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., голотип # (1–3), и Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.,
голотип $ (4–7). 1, 4 — тело, вид сверху; 2, 5 — то же, вид снизу; 3 — то же, вид сбоку; 6 — головогрудь, вид сбоку; 7 — брюшко,
вид сбоку. Масштаб: 2 мм (1–3), 1 мм (4–7).
are deposited in the National Zoological Collections of Zoo-
logical Survey of India (NZC-ZSI), Kolkata, India.
Abbreviations used in the text and figures are as follows:
ALE — anterior lateral eye, AME — anterior median eye,
C — cymbium, CD — copulatory duct, CO — copulatory
surements are in millimeters (mm). Description of the length
of palp and leg segments is as follows: total length [femur,
patella, tibia, metatarsus (except palp), tarsus]. The termi-
nology follows Reiskind [1969] and for leg spination fol-
lows Bossellaers & Jocque [2000]. The studied specimens

488 P.P. Sudhin et al.
Figs 8–12. Copulatory organs of Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., holotype # (8–10), and Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.,
holotype $ (11–12). 8 — right male palp, ventral view, 9 — same, retrolateral view, 10 — same, dorsal view; 11 — epigyne, ventral view;
12 — vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (8–10), 0.2 mm (11–12).
Рис. 8–12. Копулятивные ограны Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., голотип # (8–10), и Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.,
голотип $ (11–12). 8 — правая пальпа самца, вид снизу, 9 — то же, вид сбоку-сзади, 10 — то же, вид сверху; 11 — эпигина, вид
снизу; 12 — вульва, вид сверху. Масштаб: 0,5 мм (8–10), 0,2 мм (11–12).
Sudhin, Nafin, Sumesh et Sudhikumar, 2019 (#$). The
record of C. murinus from India was based on the female
specimen collected from Nagrakata Tea Estate, West Bengal
[Roy et al., 2016]. However, illustrations of the female
copulatory organs provided by Roy et al. [2016] do not
match with that of the lectotype of C. murinus: copulatory
opening very narrow and small (wider in C. murinus); epig-
yne nearly rectangular (almost pentagon in C. murinus) (cf.
fig. 22D in Roy et al. [2016] with Fig. 3C in Wanless
[1981]). Based on these observations, it is therefore safe to
conclude that the Indian record of C. murinus by Roy et al.
[2016] is mistaken, and that C. murinus is actually confined
to Indonesia (Sumatra). In addition, the identity of the fe-
male specimen from West Bengal, India is uncertain and a
re-examination is needed to validate its identity. It is there-
fore not likely that the male described below can be that of
C. murinus recorded by Roy et al. [2016].
DESCRIPTION. MALE. (Figs 1–3, 8–10, 13–14). Mea-
surements: body length 7.33. Carapace length 3.13, width
2.31. Abdomen length 4.14, width 1.56. Ocular area length
1.28, width 1.69. Eye diameters: AME 0.54, ALE 0.29,
PME 0.21, PLE 0.20. Eye interdistances: ALE–AME 0.07,
ALE–ALE 1.21, ALE–PME 0.29, PLE–PLE 1.33, PME–
PME 1.31, PME–PLE 0.33. Measurements legs: leg I 7.38
[2.04, 0.97, 1.99, 1.50, 0.88], II 7.47 [2.02, 1.04, 1.91, 1.66,
0.84], III 6.65 [1.91, 0.87, 1.46, 1.57, 0.84], IV 8.25 [2.29,
0.96, 1.96, 2.09, 0.95]. Leg formula: 4213. Leg spination:
femur I–II pl 2 rl 2 do 3, III–IV pl 3 rl 3 do 3; patella I–IV pl
1 rl 1; tibia I–II pl 3 rl 3 do 3 plv 3 rlv 3, III–IV pl 3 rl 3 do 2
plv 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I–II pl 3 rl 3 plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 3 rl 3 do
2 plv 2 rlv 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 do 2 plv 2 rlv 2; tarsus I–IV
spineless. Carapace moderately high, longer than broad, red-
opening, do — dorsal, E — embolus, FD — fertilization
duct, pl — prolateral, PLE — posterior lateral eye, PME —
posterior median eye, plv — prolateral ventral, rl — retrolat-
eral, RTA — retrolateral tibial apophysis, rlv — retrolateral
ventral, v — ventral, VTA — ventral tibial apophysis,
VTO — ventral tibial outgrowth.
Taxonomy
Cocalus C.L. Koch, 1846
TYPE SPECIES: Cocalus concolor C.L. Koch, 1846
Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n.
Figs 1–3, 8–10, 13–14, Map.
TYPE. Holotype # (NZC-ZSI-7715/18), INDIA, Kerala, Kol-
lam, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary (9°12′24″N, 77°11′94″E), 780
m a.s.l., 9.12.2021, P. Girish Kumar.
ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is an adjective de-
rived from the name of the wildlife sanctuary from where the
species was collected.
DIAGNOSIS. The male of C. shendurneyensis sp.n. can
be easily distinguished from those of all other Cocalus spe-
cies by the broader, longer RTA, and posteriorly oriented
finger-like projection with its curved distal region directed
retrolaterally (cf. Figs 9, 14 with figs 4C, 5C in Wanless
[1981], fig. 4 in Davies & Żabka [1989], figs 13, 17 in
Sudhin et al. [2019], and fig. 17 B in Cao et al. [2016]).
REMARKS. The genus Cocalus has two representatives
in India: viz., C. murinus Simon, 1899 ($) and C. lacinia

489
New spiders of Cocalus and Habrocestum from India
Figs 13–16. Copulatory organs of Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., holotype # (13–14), and Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.,
holotype $ (15–16). 13 — right male palp, ventral view, 14 — same, retrolateral view; 15 — epigyne, ventral view; 16 — vulva, dorsal
view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (13–14), 0.2 mm (15–16).
Рис. 13–16. Копулятивные орагны Cocalus shendurneyensis sp.n., голотип # (13–14), и Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.,
голотип $ (15–16). 13 — правая пальпа самца, вид снизу, 14 — то же, вид сбоку-сзади; 15 — эпигина, вид снизу; 16 — вульва, вид
сверху. Масштаб: 0,5 мм (13–14), 0,2 мм (15–16).
tegular furrow and retrolateral striae; embolus robust, hook-
shaped, with the pointed tip curving inwards, towards the
alveolar cavity (Figs 8–10, 13–14).
DISTRIBUTION. The type locality only (Map).
Habrocestum Simon, 1876
TYPE SPECIES: Habrocestum pullatum Simon, 1876
Habrocestum mookambikaensis sp.n.
Figs 4–7, 11–12, 15–16, Map.
TYPES. Holotype $ (NZC-ZSI-7678/18), INDIA, Karnataka,
Udupi, Anejhari Butterfly Camp, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary
(13°49′40″N, 74°48′06″E), 81 m a.s.l., 31.08.2021, V.D. Hegde.
— PARATYPE: INDIA: 1$ (NZC-ZSI-7679/18), from the same
sanctuary (13°70′49.4″N, 75°05′50.8″E), Shimoga, 609 m a.s.l.,
16.12.2021, S. Sen.
ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is an adjective de-
rived from the name of the wildlife sanctuary from where the
species was collected.
DIAGNOSIS. The female epigyne of H. mookambikaen-
sis sp.n. is most similar to that of H. namibicum Wesołowska,
2006, from which it can be easily distinguished by the pos-
teromedially placed copulatory openings, and short, broad
copulatory ducts. The vulva is most similar to that of H.
laurae Peckham et Peckham, 1903, from which it can be
distinguished by the large globular spermathecae, medially
placed, elongated fertilization ducts and the absence of pos-
dish brown, covered with white hairs; eye field densely
covered with golden-brown hairs, eye bases black; fovea
moderately long, black, longitudinal, lying behind PLEs at
middle (Figs 1, 3). Clypeus low, vertical, covered with gold-
en-brown hairs. Chelicerae reddish brown, frontal face with
light brown hairs (Figs 2, 3), pro-and retromargins with
three teeth, fangs medium-sized, light reddish brown. En-
dites yellowish brown, scopulate with dull white inner tips,
margin of endites with narrow dark brown lines (Fig. 2).
Labium brown, scopulate, with pale yellow tip (Fig. 2).
Sternum nearly oval, yellowish brown, covered with short
white hairs (Fig. 2). Abdomen light reddish-yellow, elon-
gate, posteriorly narrowing, covered with short white hairs,
anteromedially with a pair of light brown longitudinal stripes,
and medially with a pair of light brown lateral markings
(Fig. 1); lateral abdomen with light brown longitudinal lines
extending the entire length of abdomen (Fig. 3); venter light
yellowish brown, densely covered with short brown hairs,
medially and laterally with a pair of yellowish dotted lines
(Fig. 2). Spinnerets pale yellow, posterior pair light brown
(Figs 1, 2). Legs pale yellow, with light brown markings on
femora and tibiae. Palp densely covered by hairs; cymbium
and tegulum reddish brown, other segments light reddish
yellow; tibia base with a flap-like ventral outgrowth; VTA
thumb like with sub-acute tip; RTA broad and elongated,
finger-like protuberance posteriorly directed with its curved
distal region directed at 4 o’clock position in ventral view;
cymbium broad, moderately long, distally flat, with posteri-
or triangular extension; tegulum ovoid, reddish brown with

490 P.P. Sudhin et al.
Map. Collecting localities of the Indian Cocalus and Habrocestum species.
Карта. Точки находок индийских видов Cocalus и Habrocestum.
intermixed with long black hairs, a row of long black hairs
behind the anterior eyes; fovea short, black, longitudinal,
lying behind PLEs at middle (Figs 4, 6). Clypeus low, verti-
cal, yellowish brown, covered with light brown hairs. Cheli-
cerae small, reddish brown, promargin with two teeth and
retromargin with five teeth (Fig. 5). Endites yellowish brown,
scopulate, with paler tips (Fig. 5). Labium yellowish brown,
distally with black setae (Fig. 5). Sternum yellow covered
with light brown hairs (Fig. 5). Abdomen oval, dorsum with
several light grey patches and laterally with transverse dot-
ted lines on brown background (Figs 4, 7); venter light grey,
with a pair of median lines, posterior tip with light brown
patch (Fig. 5). Spinnerets brown with paler tips. Legs light
yellow, all femora ventrally with a row of trichobothria (Fig.
6). Epigyne longer than wide, heavily sclerotized, sparsely
covered with long grey hairs; copulatory openings situated
posteromedially and separated by thick septum; copulatory
ducts short, broad, laterally diverging, entering the posterior
region of spermathecae; spermathecae, large, bilobed, ante-
rior lobe large and globular, posterior lobe small, nearly
round, and highly sclerotized; fertilization ducts long, ori-
ented laterally, positioned at the middle region of spermath-
ecae (Figs 11–12, 15–16).
DISTRIBUTION. The type locality only (Map).
Discussion
In India, Salticidae is the most speciose family,
with a total of 292 species in 103 genera having been
reported/described to date [Caleb, Sankaran, 2022].
However, in some regions of India this diverse family
has not received appropriate attention by taxonomists,
especially in the Western Ghats (WG), one of the world
tero-medial epigynal pocket (cf. Figs 11–12, 15–16 with fig.
36 in Prószyński [1987] and figs. 34–37 in Wesołowska
[2006]).
REMARKS. H. kerala Asima, Caleb, Babu et Prasad,
2022 was described from the males [Asima et al., 2022], and
therefore there may be grounds for believing that the female
described here could be conspecific to the male of H. kerala.
However, female specimens collected recently by A. Asima
(pers. comm., 30.07.2022) from the type locality of H. kera-
la are identical by their body colour pattern to the male
described (see Asima et al. [2022: fig. 4]), and moreover, in
their copulatory organs, they are most similar to those of H.
hantaneensis Kanesharatnam et Benjamin, 2016 from Sri
Lanka. Hence, the female holotype of H. mookambikaensis
sp.n. is not conspecific to H. kerala, of which the female
will be later described elsewhere.
DESCRIPTION. FEMALE (Holotype, NZC-ZSI-7678/
18) (Figs 4–7, 11–12, 15–16). Measurements: body length
3.83. Carapace length 1.91, width 1.47. Abdomen length
1.92, width 1.36. Ocular area length 0.86, width 1.25. Eye
diameters: AME 0.41, ALE 0.24, PME 0.08, PLE 0.20. Eye
interdistances: AME–AME 0.02, ALE–AME 0.03, ALE–
ALE 0.84, ALE–PME 0.29, PLE–PLE 0.98, PME–PME
1.14, PME–PLE 0.16. Measurements of palp and legs: palp
1.45 [0.52, 0.27, 0.20, 0.46], leg I 2.99 [0.95, 0.54, 0.71,
0.33, 0.46], II 2.68 [0.92, 0.45, 0.57, 0.39, 0.35], III 3.38
[1.24, 0.43, 0.75, 0.59, 0.37], IV 3.41 [1.08, 0.38, 0.73,
0.78, 0.44]. Leg formula: 4312. Leg spination: femur I–III
pl 1 do 3, IV do 3; patella III pl 1 rl 1, IV rl 1; tibia I pl 1 plv
3 rlv 3, II pl 2 plv 3 rlv 3, III–IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1;
metatarsus I–II plv 2 rlv 2, III–IV pl 2 rl 2 do 1 plv 2 rlv 2;
tarsus I–IV spineless. Carapace dark reddish brown, high
with steep posterior slope; margin of carapace with black
lines; eye field black, covered with short golden-brown hairs,

491
New spiders of Cocalus and Habrocestum from India
biological hotspots that is known to harbor a highly
diverse, endemic flora and fauna. Some 90 salticid
species in 52 genera have been reported from the WG
[Sen, Sureshan, 2020; Maddison et al., 2020; Paul et
al., 2020; Sudhin et al., 2021; Jose, Sudhikumar, 2022]
representing 30% of the total Indian diversity of Salti-
cidae. Of them, 42 species (46%) are endemics [Sen,
Sureshan, 2020; Caleb, Sankaran, 2022]. Compared to
few vertebrate [Vijaykumar et al., 2016] and inverte-
brate groups [Bharti et al., 2021; Johnson et al., 2022]
whose diversity has been fairly studied, the salticid
taxonomy and diversity in the WG is yet to be fully
explored. Therefore, extensive surveys and studies are
required to discover a real diversity of the salticids
occurring in the WG.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have
no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: No ethical issues were raised during
our research.
Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful to Dr Dhriti
Banerjee, Director, Zoological Survey of India for her en-
couragement, moral support and providing us with neces-
sary facilities to carry out the work. We also thank the Chief
Conservator of Forest and Chief Wildlife Warden, Karnata-
ka and Kerala State Forest Departments for providing a
necessary permission and support during the surveys. We
sincerely thank Dr P. Girish Kumar., Scientist-D of the
Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre,
Kozhikode, for collecting the new Cocalus species from
Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Thanks to Mr. Chan-
dan Bera, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for his cura-
torial assistance. We thank the editor Dr. Dmitri V. Logunov
(Manchester, UK) for the constructive comments and sug-
gestions to the manuscript.
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