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Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 19: 143-166, 2022 ISSN 1823-3902
E-ISSN 2550-1909
!
Research Article
Tree Species Diversity and Stand Structure in Selected Forest
Patches of Marilog Forest Reserve, Southern Philippines
Fulgent P. Coritico1,2*, Florfe M. Acma1,2, Romeo M. Tubongbanua Jr.1, Noe P.
Mendez2, Victor B. Amoroso1,2
1Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao
University, University Town, Maramag, Bukidnon, 8714 Philippines.
2Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University,
University Town, Maramag, Bukidnon, 8714 Philippines.
*Corresponding author: cfulgent@cmu.edu.ph
Received 19 April 2022|Reviewed 15 August 2022|Accepted 07 September 2022|Published 15 October 2022
https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3945
ABSTRACT
Tree species diversity and stand structure investigations were conducted in the
forest patches of Barangay Baganihan (site 1) and Mt. Malambo in Barangay Datu
Salumay (site 2), Marilog District, Southern Philippines. Thirty-three 20 × 20 m plots
were established at 1,197-1,345 masl in the sites. A total of 900 individuals
belonging to 33 families, 43 genera, and 65 species of trees were recorded. Analyses
of data revealed that the two sites could be categorised as montane forests based
on the forest structure and species composition. Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.
Rob., Syzygium tula (Merr.) Merr., and Astrocalyx calycina (S.Vidal) Merr. obtained
the highest species importance value index in site 1, while Palaquium sp., P.
philippense, and Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder in site 2. Shannon-Weiner
indices (H’) in sites 1 and 2 are relatively low with H’ = 1.22 and H’ = 1.38,
respectively. A total of eight threatened species were recorded, viz., A. calycina as
endangered; Agathis philippinensis Warb., Becarianthus pulcherrimus (Merr.)
Maxw., Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem., Dillenia megalantha Merr., P.
philippense and Shorea contorta S.Vidal as vulnerable; and Cinnamomum mercadoi
S.Vidal as other threatened species. A total of 14 endemic species of trees were also
recorded in the study sites. The biodiversity in the two sites is under severe threat
due to the different anthropogenic disturbances. A new population of A. calycina, a
monotypic genus in the Philippines, was collected and the flowers were documented
for the first time after a century. The present study is significant since it would help
elucidate the patterns of tree species composition and diversity in the forest patches
of Barangay Baganihan and Mt. Malambo in Barangay Datu Salumay. Further, this
paper adds to the rich biological diversity in Mt. Malambo by supporting its great
potential as an ecotourism site.
Keywords: angiosperms, Philippine endemics, species richness, threatened species,
tree profile, Mindanao
!
144 Coritico et al.
Introduction
Tropical forests have been recognized to harbour a significant proportion of
global biodiversity (Myers et al., 2000). It is also the most species-rich biome on
Earth harbouring over 50% of species on just 7% of the land area (Wilson, 1988).
The Philippines is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots (Lagenberger,
2004) and one of the world’s megadiverse countries with high degrees of species
richness and endemism (Ashton, 1993; Heaney & Regalado, 1998; Myers et al.,
2000). Plant diversity is threatened by different factors that include rapidly
changing land use patterns in tropical Asia (Sodhi et al., 2010), and more efforts
should be made to document its biodiversity (Webb et al., 2010).
Marilog Forest Reserve in Davao City, Philippines has rich floral diversity which
makes it a priority area for biodiversity studies by Conservation International.
The area has a very pleasant, cool and breezy climate due to its elevation and
presence of forest patches. Many have settled in the area to establish rest
houses and mountain resorts. However, several disturbances have been
documented, such as rampant small-scale logging activities, conversion of the
forest lands into agricultural use, the proliferation of residential and mountain
resorts, over-harvesting, trading of ornamental plants and spread of invasive
alien species, such as Piper aduncum L. Due to these disturbances, the forest
cover in the area has drastically changed and is now limited to a few remnants
forest patches.
The present study is significant in generating valuable baseline data to conserve
and manage the native tree flora in this tropical forest ecosystem. The results
of this research would provide valuable data for forest assessment and
identification of ecologically-useful species. This study was conducted to
determine the community composition, species diversity, and tree population
structure in the established plots in the forest patches of Barangay Baganihan
and Mt. Malambo in Barangay Datu Salumay, Marilog District, Southern,
Philippines.
Materials and Methods
Permit Statement
Necessary permits were obtained, such as Prior Informed Consent from the local
people of Marilog District and gratuitous permit from the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). A memorandum of agreement (MOA)
between Central Mindanao University (CMU) and the Manobo-Matigsalug Tribal
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 145
People Council for Elders of Davao, Inc. (MAMATRIPCEDI) was also done before
the conduct of the study.
Study Sites
This study was carried out in Barangay Baganihan (N 07° 27'13.74”– E
125°15’1.12”) and in Mt. Malambo, Barangay Datu Salumay (07°29’87” N,
125°15’22.23” E) (Figure 1), both at the northern part of Marilog District, Davao
City in March and May 2018, respectively. The two sites are found at the
montane forest at elevations ranging from 1,197-1,345 masl.
Figure 1. Study sites. A) Philippine map, B) Map of Mindanao Isl and, C) sampling plots in
the forest patches of Barangay Baganihan, Marilog District, D) sampl ing plots in Mt.
Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salu may, Mar ilog District.
!
!
146 Coritico et al.
Establishment of Sampling Plots and Collection of the Specimens
A total of 33 20 × 20 m plots were established, of which 16 plots were in the
forest patches of Brgy. Baganihan and 17 plots in Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu
Salumay. The established plots represent the community characteristics of a
tropical montane forest in the Philippines. All trees with at least 10 cm in
diameter at breast height (DBH) in each plot were measured and by taking notes
of the x and y coordinates and crown cover. A minimum of four voucher
specimens for each species were collected using clipper/shear and trimming
cutters. Each specimen was placed inside plastic bags and labeled with
necessary information. Representative voucher specimens were deposited at the
Central Mindanao University Herbarium (CMUH).
Identification of the Specimens
Species of the voucher specimens were identified by cross-referencing,
monographs, floras, other scientific articles, online websites (e.g., Co’s Digital
Flora of the Philippines (Pelser et al., 2011 onwards), and compared using the
digitized plant specimens available in Global Plants on JSTOR. In addition, the
identification of some species collected was validated by the experts.
Classification followed the Angiosperms Phylogeny Group (APG), 2016.
Assessment of Conservation Status and Endemism
Information of the conservation status of trees was referred to Fernando et al.
(2022). In contrast, the endemism to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
(2019) and Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (Pelser et al., 2011 onwards).
Data Treatment and Analysis
Tree diversity was calculated using the formula of Shannon-Weiner diversity
index (Shannon and Weiner, 1963). All data to represent tree density and basal
area were pooled by each site. Calculation for frequency, relative frequency,
density, relative density and Importance Value Index (IVI) were derived from
Curtis & McIntosh (1951). The following formulae were used:
Density
=
number of species
Total area sampled
Relative Density
=
density for a species
x 100
total density for all species
Frequency
=
number of plots in which species
occur
total number of plots sampled
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 147
Relative Frequency
=
frequency value for a species
x 100
total frequency for all species
Dominance
=
basal area or volume for a
species
area sampled
Relative Dominance
=
dominance for a species
x 100
total dominance for all species
Importance Value Index
=
Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative
Dominance
Note: basal area equation is π r2 or π (dbh/2)2
Results and Discussion
Species Richness and Diversity
A total of 65 species belonging to 33 families and 43 genera of trees were
recorded (Table 1). The species richness of trees in the present study is lower
compared to Mt. Apo, North Cotabato with 68 species (Silverio, 2014) and
Pasonanca Natural Park, Zamboanga City with 78 species (Andas, 2015). The
families with the most number of species are Euphorbiaceae and Meliaceae with
five species each. These families were also commonly observed in the different
Mindanao Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Sites viz., Mt. Kitanglad, Mt.
Apo, Mt. Malindang and Mt. Hamiguitan (Amoroso et al., 2009; 2011; Zapanta et
al., 2019) and also in Balinsasayao, Sibulan, Negros Oriental (Amoroso et al.,
2017). The most dominant species found within the established plots in site 1
are Astrocalyx calycina (S.Vidal) Merr., Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)
Rehder, Lithocarpus submonticolus (Elmer) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. and Syzygium
tula (Merr.) Merr., while in site 2 are Palaquium sp., Palaquium philippense
(Perr.) C.B.Rob., Syzygium sp. 2, Dendrocnide sp. and Syzygium tenuirame
(Miq.) Merr. This study supported that the pattern of the species richness may
vary in different groups of plants (Kessler et al., 2011). Kromer et al., (2005)
also reported different patterns of species diversity among different plant
groups, such as epiphytic ferns, orchids and some tree species in tropical
America.
The forest type observed in the two sites can be classified as a montane forest
based on the classification of Fernando et al. (2008) and Amoroso et al. (2012).
Usually, the lower montane forests in the Philippines are characterised by the
presence of Lithocarpus spp., Syzygium spp., gymnosperms such as Agathis
!
148 Coritico et al.
philippinensis Warb., Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook.f. and tree ferns of family
Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae (Whitford, 1911; Gruezo, 1997; Buot & Okitsu,
1998; Fernando et al., 2004; Amoroso et al., 2011). There is also an abundance
of terrestrial and epiphytic ferns, lycophytes and bryophytes in the lower
montane forests (Ashton, 2003).
One of the forest types in the Philippines is commonly known as mossy forest,
with richness and abundance of mosses and liverworts which cover the tree
trunks and branches and even the forest floor (Whitford, 1911). It occurs in
mountains above 1,000 masl depending on the locality, size and height of the
mountain (Fernando et al., 2008). The upper montane forest is the most
common forest type in the Philippines together with the lower montane forest.
It is also one of the four definable forest formations on the higher tropical
mountains (Ashton, 2003). This montane forest is also similar to the different
mountain ecosystems in the Philippines that have similar species composition
and other structure and physiognomy characteristics, such as canopy height,
emergent trees, and presence of buttresses, vascular epiphytes and non-
vascular epiphytes. There is also a high abundance of terrestrial and epiphytic
ferns, lycophytes, bryophytes and other understory plants observed in this
vegetation.
Table 1. Checklist of trees in the forest patches of Barangay Baganihan and Mt. Malambo in
Brgy. Datu Salumay, Marilog Forest Reserve, Southern Philippines.
Family
Scientific Name
Common
Name
Site
1
2
Actinidiaceae
1. Sauraia sp.
/
Apocynaceae
2. Alstonia parvifolia Merr.
Dita-dita
/
/
3. Alstonia sp.
/
Araucariaceae
4. Agathis philippinensis Warb.
Almaciga
/
Burseraceae
5. Canarium asperum Benth.
Pili
/
6. Canarium sp.
Malabasag
/
/
Calophyllaceae
7. Calophyllum sp.
Palamanyal
/
Chloranthaceae
8. Ascarina philippinensis C.B.Rob.
Ascarina
/
/
9. L
/
Clethraceae
10. Clethra canescens Reinw.
/
Combretaceae
11. Terminalia catappa L., Mant.
Talisay-
talisay
(Manili)
/
Cunoniaceae
12. Weinmannia hutchinsonii Merr.
/
Dilleniaceae
13. Dillenia megalantha Merr.
Kalaambog
/
14. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe.
Kalagtimon
/
Dipterocarpaceae
15. Shorea contorta S.Vidal
Lawaan puti
/
Ebenaceae
16. Diospyros sp.
/
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 149
Elaeocarpaceae
17. Elaeocarpus sp.
Kalaw
/
Escalloniaceae
18. Polyosma sp.
Kanduli
/
Euphorbiaceae
19. Macaranga hispida (Blume)
Müll.Arg.
Aha
/
20. Macaranga sinensis
Baill.ex.Mull.Arg.
Hindang
/
/
21. Malutos sp.
Malutos
/
22. Omalanthus populneus Geiseler
/
23. Omalanthus fastuatus (Linden)
Fern.
/
Fabaceae
24. Archidendron clypearia (Jack)
Nielsen
Sili-sili like
/
Fagaceae
25. Lithocarpus submonticolus (Elmer)
Rehder, J. Arnold Arb.
Ulayan Red
/
26. Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)
Rehder
Ulayan
white
/
/
27. Lithocarpus sp.
/
Gentianaceae
28. Fagraea auriculata Jack
Banati
/
29. Fagraea blumei G.
Banati
/
Lauraceae
30. Actinodaphne apoensis (Elmer)
ined.
/
31. Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal
Kalingag
/
32. Cinnamomum uteli Kosterm
Kalingag
/
33. Litsea segregata Elmer
Dila sa
manok
/
Malvaceae
34. Grewia sp.
Alimoong
/
Melastomataceae
35. Astrocalyx calycina (S.Vidal) Merr.
Bahawbaw
/
/
36. Astronia ferruginea Elmer
/
37. Astronia sp.
Tungaw
/
38. Beccarianthus pulcherrimus (Merr.)
Maxw.
Palamanyal
/
/
Meliaceae
39. Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume)
Miq.
Mahalimoko
n
/
40. Dysoxylum parasitum (Osbeck)
Kosterm.
Kalaantos
/
41. Dysoxylum sp. 1
Lumbia,
Kalaantas
Red
/
/
42. Dysoxylum sp. 2
Kalaantas
White
/
43. Reinwardtia sp.
/
Moraceae
44. Ficus benguetensis Merr.
Tubog
/
/
45. Ficus benjamina L.
Baliti
/
/
46. Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.
Anonang
/
47. Ficus sp.
Anonang
/
Myrtaceae
48. Syzygium tenuirame (Miq.) Merr.
Lupit
/
/
49. Syzygium tula (Merr.) Merr.
Sagimsim
/
50. Syzygium sp. 1
/
!
150 Coritico et al.
51. Syzygium sp. 2
/
Phyllanthaceae
52. Bischofia javanica Blume
Ube
/
53. Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll.Arg.
Ulingon/Kari
is
/
54. Huberantha sp.
Balyok
/
Piperaceae
55. Piper aduncum L. Var
Buyo-buyo
/
/
Pittosporaceae
56. Pittosporum ramiflorum Zoll.
Rubiaceae
57. Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.
/
58. Psychotria sp.
/
Rutaceae
59. Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.
Kalaw/Buga
/
/
60. Melicope sp.
/
Sapotaceae
61. Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.
Rob.
Natu
/
/
62. Palaquium sp.
/
Staphyleaceae
63. Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer.
/
Theaceae
64. Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem.
/
Urticaceae
65. Dendrocnide sp.
Alingatong
/
It is noteworthy that the monotypic genus, Astrocalyx calycina (S. Vidal) Merr.
(Figure 2 (a)) was first recorded in the area. Its flowers were also documented
and collected for the first time since its first description in 1910. It is a tree
measuring 8-25 m tall with bole measuring 27-65 cm in diameter and with
elongated, star-like calyx lobes. This is an endemic and endangered species and
can only be found in the primary rainforests in the Philippine Islands (Mancera
et al., 2017). This species is previously known in different localities in the
country from 300–1830 masl in Luzon; Laguna (Mount Makiling); Rizal, Quezon,
Camarines Norte and Sorsogon, Catanduanes, Visayas; Samar and Leyte,
Mindanao; Lanao del Norte, Bukidnon (Mount Kitanglad Range), and Davao del
Sur (Mount Apo). However, because of the different threats due to
deforestation, over-exploitation of forest resources and conversion of natural
lowland forests to agricultural lands, this species has been listed under the
endangered category. Fortunately, there are still 55 individuals of A. calycina
found in the area. This is commonly known as “Bahawbaw” by the local people
and is also a habitat for various species of epiphytic ferns Asplenium apoense
Copel., Davallia wagneriana Copel., D. repens (Lf) Kuhn, Elaphoglossum
blumeanum J.Sm., Hymenophyllum acanthoides (Bosch) Rosenstock,
Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl, Oleandra neriiformis Cav., Aglaomorpha
heraclea (Kunze) Copel., Selliguea albidosquamata (Blume) Parris and
Haplopteris alternans (Copel.) S.Linds. & C.W.Chen), and lycophytes:
Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring and Phlegmariurus salvinioides (Herter)
Ching), and many species of mosses and liverworts (Plagiochila spp., Bazzania
spp.).
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 151
Dillenia megalantha Merr. (Figure 2 (b)) is also an interesting species found in
the area. It is a medium-sized tree up to 25 m tall, about 50 cm in diameter,
with bright yellow flowers. This species has edible fruits eaten by the local
people. It has been listed recently as a vulnerable species based on the IUCN
assessment of 2020. This species can be found in Quezon, Albay, Sorsogon (Mt
Bulusan), Samar, Dianagat, Mindanao; Zamboanga peninsula, Agusan del Norte
(Mt Urdaneta), Surigao del Norte and in Mt. Apo, Davao which is the type locality
(Pelser et al., 2011).
Piper aduncum L. (Figure 2 (c)) was found growing rampantly within Marilog
District. This species is considered as an invasive alien species (IAS) and may
compete with the indigenous species present in the area. It is now widely
distributed in different parts of the country especially in Mindanao Island,
because the seeds of this species are easily dispersed by wind and birds
(Bonaccorso et al., 2002). However, the trunks and branches of this species are
known to be inhabited by unique ferns, such as Lecanopteris deparioides
(Cesati) Baker (Ant fern) and many other species of ferns and mosses.
The montane species, such as Lithocarpus submonticolus (Elmer) Rehder, J.
Arnold Arb. and L. caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder are known as “Ulayan” in the
area and commonly harvested for timber and charcoal making. Furthermore,
Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal “Kalingag” is also frequently extracted from the
forest for its medicinal uses.
Figure 2. Some noteworthy species of trees in the areas. A) Astrocalyx calycina (S.Vidal)
Merr., B) Dillenia megalantha Merr., and C) Piper aduncum L.
!
!
152 Coritico et al.
The Shannon diversity index in site 1 was H’ = 1.22 and site 2 was H’ = 1.22.
These diversity indices are higher compared to the other mountain ecosystems
in Mindanao, viz., Leaño (2004) in Mt. Malindang with H’=0.51, Silverio (2014)
with H’ = 0.59 in Mt Apo, Demetillo (2003) in Mt. Lumot with H’=0.90, and closely
resembles with Polizon (2006) in Mt. Hamiguitan with H’ = 1.24 and to the
protected forest of Mount Masinggi, Indonesia with H’= 1.19 (Mokoginta, 2016).
However, the result was relatively lower compared to Causaren et al. (2017) in
the Remaining Forest Fragments in Cavite, Luzon Island with values ranging from
range of H’ = 1.5 to H’ = 3.5; Malabrigo et al. (2018) in Mt. Calavite Wildlife
Sanctuary, Mindoro Island with H’= 4.41, and in Pasonanca Natural Park with H’
= 1.68 (Andas, 2015). It is also lower compared to the tropical forest of Congo
(Ifo et al., 2016; Ekoungoulou et al., 2018), Pahang National Park, Malaysia
(Suratman, 2012) and in Northern and Eastern Thailand (Podong & Poolsiri, 2013;
Glumphabutr et al., 2006).
The low species diversity in the forest patches of the two sites is due to the
anthropogenic activities present in the area as observed by the authors during
repeated botanical expeditions. The area is presently subjected to small scale
logging, conversion of the forests to agricultural lands, residential areas and
mountain resorts, overharvesting and trading of ornamental plants from the
wild, and proliferation of invasive species. Tree species diversity in tropical
forests differs significantly from one location to another mainly because of the
variation in ecology, habitat, and disturbance (Neumann & Starlinger, 2001;
Padalia et al., 2004). Forest degradation due to anthropogenic activities or
human impacts was also cited as the main driver of the decreasing diversity of
plants (Malabrigo et al. 2018; Naidu & Kumar, 2016). Woody plant species are
critical components of the forest ecosystem and documenting the patterns of
tree diversity and distribution provides a good database, useful for management
measures in the forest ecosystem (Naidu & Kumar, 2016).
Species Composition
The current result revealed that the species with the highest importance value
in the areas are P. philippense, S. tula, A. calycina, L. submonticolus, and L.
caudatifolius in site 1 and Palaquium sp., P. philippense, L. caudatifolius,
Diospyros sp., and S. tenuirame in site 2 (Table 2). This conforms to the
vegetation type described in Mt. Apo, North Cotabato (Silverio, 2014), Mt.
Halcon Range in Mindoro (Merrill, 1907), Mt. Kiamo, Bukidnon (Coritico &
Amoroso, 2017) that the montane forests are typically dominated by the
Palaquium spp., Lithocarpus spp. and Syzygium spp. Some of the species with
high species IV (e.g., Canarium asperum Benth., Melicope triphylla (Lam.)
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 153
Merr.and P. philippense) were also observed in the permanent plots in Mindanao
LTER Sites (Amoroso et al., 2014). The seeds and fruits of these tree species
might be easily carried by animals or other seed dispersal agents and would
eventually grow provided there is enough moisture. These tree species may also
have an essential role in regulating ecosystem stability as cited by Tagupa
(2006). The species with high IV determine the principal species present in the
sampling area and ultimately dominate and provide overall estimates of the
influence of the different plant species in a particular community. Thus, it plays
an essential role in a particular community. Removal or loss of the said species
of plants would significantly affect the biological and physical structure and
function of the ecosystem (Amoroso et al., 2011).
Table 2. The five highest Importance Value Index (IVI) species derived from the pooled data of
all plots in Site 1 in Brgy. Baganihan and Site 2 in Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salumay.
Species
Density/ba
Basal area/ba
Frequency
Relative
Density (%)
Relative
Frequency
(%)
Relative
Dominance
(%)
IV
Rank
SITE 1
Palaquium philippense
(Perr.) C.B. Rob.
69
1769
16
14.44
7.58
15.63
37.64
1st
Syzygium tula (Merr.)
Merr.
62
1920
16
12.97
7.58
16.96
37.51
2nd
Astrocalyx calycina
(S.Vidal) Merr.
55
1380
14
11.51
6.64
12.19
30.33
3rd
Lithocarpus
submonticolus (Elmer)
Rehder, J. Arnold Arb.
43
1054
15
9.00
7.11
9.31
25.41
4th
Lithocarpus
caudatifolius (Merr.)
Rehder
34
818
12
7.11
5.69
7.23
20.03
5th
TOTAL
16
SITE 2
Palaquium sp.
57
2837
13
6.02
6.02
17.18
29.22
1st
Palaquium philippense
(Perr.) C.B. Rob.
38
1672
11
5.09
5.09
10.13
20.31
2nd
Lithocarpus caudatifolius
(Merr.) Rehder
22
979
11
5.09
5.09
5.93
16.12
3rd
Diospyros sp.
24
713
12
5.56
5.56
4.32
15.43
4th
Syzygium tenuirame (Miq.)
Merr.
25
986
2
3.24
3.24
5.97
12.45
5th
TOTAL
17
!
154 Coritico et al.
Forest Structure
The mean stand density was 30 individuals/20 x 20 m2. The highest stand density
in site 1 was observed in plot 16 (39 individuals/20 x 20 m2), while the lowest
stand density was observed in plots 2 and 9 (21 individuals/20 x 20 m2 each).
The other plots showed moderate densities. For site 2, the highest stand density
was observed in plot 15 (33 individuals/20 x 20 m2) and the lowest was observed
in plot 3 (16 individuals/20 x 20 m2). The established plots comprised of tree
species reaching up to 40 m high and with highest diameter of 90 cm DBH. In
site 1, the highest mean diameter was at plot 1 with 26.0 cm, and the least in
plot 14 with 17.5 cm, and the highest mean height was recorded at plot 2 with
20.8 m and the least in plot 6 with 11.5 m. In site 2, the highest mean diameter
was obtained by plot 17 with 40.6 cm, and least in plot 1 with 18.8 cm, and the
highest mean height was obtained by plot 17 with 21 m and the least in plot 14
with 13.0 m (Table 3). The total mean height of trees in the current study is
comparably lower than the studies conducted in other mountain sites in the
Philippines, viz., Andas (2015) with mean height of 18.82 m in the montane
forest of Pasonanca Natural Park, Zamboanga City; Tagupa (2006) with 16.57 m
in Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental; and Silverio (2014) with 23 m in Mt. Apo,
North Cotabato. These differences may be consistent with the report of Amoroso
et al. (2011) that as altitude increases, the mean number of individuals, mean
height and dbh decreases.
Table 3. The total number of species and individuals, and mean diameter and height of trees
in all the plots in in Site 1 in Brgy. Baganihan and Site 2 in Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salumay.
Plot
Number
Total
number
of
species
Total
number of
individuals
Mean (
±
SE)
Diameter
(cm)
Min
Diameter
(cm)
Max
Diameter
(cm)
Mean
Height
(m)
Min
Height
(m)
Max
Height
(m)
Site 1
1
17
33
26.0
10
45
20.8
5
25
2
13
21
25.4
10
95
20.8
5
21
3
14
20
24.0
10
95
16.6
7
26
4
14
28
19.0
10
120
13.1
8
29
5
13
38
21.2
10
100
9.49
10
25
6
14
30
21.3
10
120
11.5
10
25
7
14
26
22.5
10
80
14.0
9
25
8
10
27
21.0
10
140
12.7
8
25
9
10
21
22.6
10
70
13.0
10
23
10
16
33
24.0
10
200
14.1
10
35
11
15
33
23.6
10
80
12.0
10
26
12
18
38
19.2
10
75
12.7
10
25
13
15
31
24.2
10
100
14.0
8
25
14
14
37
17.5
10
60
13.3
10
22
15
10
33
25.0
10
100
17.1
10
27
16
14
39
22.1
10
95
13.6
10
30
Total
221
Total
488
Mean
22.4
Mean
10
Mean
98.4
Mean
14.3
Mean
8.75
Mean
25.9
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 155
Site 2
1
14
28
18.8
10
45
14.4
5
25
2
11
27
31.5
10
95
14.5
5
21
3
11
16
34.5
10
95
16.3
7
26
4
14
23
36.0
10
120
17.1
8
29
5
9
28
34.4
10
100
16.1
10
25
6
9
18
33.5
10
120
17.9
10
25
7
11
20
26.6
10
80
16.6
9
25
8
12
25
35.8
10
140
16.6
8
25
9
8
26
23.0
10
70
17.1
10
23
10
8
24
33.8
10
200
15.5
10
35
11
11
20
22.1
10
80
15.2
10
26
12
11
18
28.4
10
75
18.5
10
25
13
9
27
28.3
10
100
18.4
8
25
14
7
32
23.4
10
60
13.0
10
22
15
7
33
34.8
10
100
18.8
10
27
16
11
27
34.8
10
95
18.8
10
30
17
11
30
40.6
12
90
21.0
18
29
Total
174
Total
422
Mean
28.6
Mean
10.1
Mean
97.9
Mean
16.8
Mean
9.3
Mean
26.1
For the height classes of trees in site 1, out of 478, a total of 255 individuals
(53.4%) attained a height range of 11–20 m, followed by 171 individuals (35.8%)
with height ranging from 1-10 m, 42 individuals (8.8%) with 21-30 m height
range, and the least with only 10 individuals are the tallest trees with height
ranging from 31-40 m. In terms of diameter, species with diameter range of
11-20 cm had the highest records with 203 individuals comprising 42.5% and the
least are species with 51-102 cm with one to six numbers of individuals. The
species with the widest DBH recorded in the area include P. philippense, S. tula,
M. triphylla and L. caudatifolius ranging from 61-90 cm, while the tallest
species include P. philippense with 40 m and Syzygium spp. with 30-35 m. For
the height classes of trees in site 2, trees in the area reached about 31-40 m
tall. About 67% of all individuals fall under 11-20 m height. The tallest trees in
the area are L. caudatifolius and Weinmannia sp. with a mean height of 35 m.
Moreover, DBH reaches about 150–200 cm in width. The species with the widest
DBH is Weinmannia sp. at 200 cm. Figures 3 and 4 represent the height and
diameter classes of all tree species recorded in the established plots in sites 1
and 2.
!
156 Coritico et al.
Conservation Status and Endemism
There are eight threatened and 14 endemic species recorded in the forest
patches of Brgy. Baganihan and Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salumay. The
threatened species include Astrocalyx calycina as endangered; Agathis
philippinensis, Becarianthus pulcherrimus, Camellia lanceolata, Palaquium
philippinense and Shorea contorta as vulnerable, while Cinnamomum mercadoi
as other threatened species based on Fernando et al. (2022). Dillenia
megalantha was recently assessed by IUCN (2020) as a vulnerable species. The
endemic species consists of viz., Actinodaphne apoensis, Alstonia parvifolia,
Astrocalyx calycina, B. pulcherrimus, Cinnamomum uteli, D. megalantha, D.
Figure 3. Height classes of tree species in the established plots. A) site 1: Forest patches
in Barangay Baganihan, B) site 2: Mt. Malambo, B arangay Datu Salu may.
!
Figure 4. Diameter classes of tree species in the established plots. A) site 1: Forest patches
in Barangay Baganihan, B) site 2: Mt. Malambo, B arangay Datu Salu may.
!
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 157
philippinensis, Lithocarpus submonticolus, Cinnamomum mercadoi, Litsea
segregata, Syzygium tula, Aidia pulcherrima, P. philippense, and Weinmannia
hutchinsonii.
The threatened species of trees in the two sites are comparatively lower
compared to the threatened species in the forest fragments in Cavite with 39
species (Causaren et al., 2018). The endemism is also low compared to the study
of Causaren et al. (2018) with 19 endemic species and Lillo et al. (2019) in Mt.
Lantoy, Agrao, Cebu with 76 Philippine endemics and eight species being island
endemics. The preservation of the forest patches in Brgy. Baganihan and Mt.
Malambo is very crucial for conservation of the remaining threatened and
endemic species of plants.
Management recommendation
Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) activity was employed to support the
remaining natural habitat of the disturbed forest patches in Barangay Bahanihan
Figure 5. Some threatened and endemic species of trees in the forest patches of Brgy.
Baganihan and Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salumay, Marilog District. A) Astrocalyx calycina
(S.Vidal) Merr., B) Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal, C) Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe., D)
Ficus benguentense Merill., E) Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob., F) Piper aduncum
L.
!
158 Coritico et al.
and Mt. Malambo, Barangay Datu Salumay. The trees with the highest IVI in the
two sites, such as P. philippense, S. tula, A. calycina, L. submonticolus, L.
caudatifolius, Palaquium sp., L. caudatifolius, Diospyros sp., and S. tenuirame
were prioritized for ANR, and the wildlings of these species were collected as
base models. As it is a low-cost and straightforward method for forest
restoration (Shono et al., 2007), ANR activity will help conserve the natural
forest patches in the areas as it increases forest cover and attains the recovery
of the native ecosystem or some of its functions. With some assistance, native
species of trees that have adapted to the natural conditions achieve accelerated
growth by natural progression, leading to the recovery of native ecosystems
(FAO, 2019). Monitoring of high conservation value of the threatened and
endemic tree species found in the study sites should be given specific attention.
Conclusions
The forest patches of Brgy. Baganihan and Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salumay can
be categorised as montane forests based on forest structure and species
composition. The species index in this study is low compared to the other sites,
mainly because of its ecological reasons. However, the sites have Philippine
endemic and threatened species, such as A. calycina, P. philippense, and D.
philippinensis to name a few. It is highly recommended that the protection and
conservation of these areas should be enhanced. Conservation action to
propagate the Philippine endemic and threatened species is crucial with in situ
and ex situ conservation. Results of this study will be used to support the
designation of the areas as local conservation sites by the officials of the local
government units of Brgy. Baganihan and Brgy. Datu Salumay for long-term
conservation and protection of biological diversity.
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the Commission on Higher Education through the
Discovery-Applied Research and Extension for Trans/Inter-disciplinary
Opportunities (DARE-TO) Research Grant. We thank the officials of the DENR
Region XI for the permit. The Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in
Mindanao (CEBREM), Central Mindanao University (CMU) and Barangay officials
of Baganihan and Datu Salumay, Marilog District, Davao City for logistical
support, and the assistance of the Matigsalug Manobo Tribal People Council of
Elders Davao, Inc. (MAMATRIPCEDI).
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 159
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Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 163
Appendix 1. Summary table of the diversity indices of trees in the forest patches of Barangay Baganihan, Marilog District.
Scientific Name
No. of
Individual
Occurrence
Total
DBH
Density
Relative
Density
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
Dominance
Relative
Dominance
IV
Diversity
Values
Alstonia parvifolia Merr.
10
8
206
2.092
0.500
3.791
0.032
1.820
7.703
2.092
0.032
Agathis philippinensis Warb.
2
2
98
0.418
0.125
0.948
0.015
0.866
2.232
0.418
0.018
Canarium asperum Benth.
20
10
345
4.184
0.625
4.739
0.054
3.047
11.971
4.184
0.046
Canarium sp.
6
3
92
1.255
0.188
1.422
0.014
0.813
3.490
1.255
0.017
Ascarina philippinensis C.B.Rob.
5
3
93
1.046
0.188
1.422
0.015
0.821
3.289
1.046
0.017
Terminalia catappa L., Mant.
4
4
97
0.837
0.250
1.896
0.015
0.857
3.589
0.837
0.018
Dillenia megalantha Merr.
5
4
120
1.046
0.250
1.896
0.019
1.060
4.002
1.046
0.021
Polyosma sp.
16
9
331
3.347
0.563
4.265
0.052
2.924
10.536
3.347
0.045
Macaranga hispida (Blume) Müll.Arg.
1
1
15
0.209
0.063
0.474
0.002
0.132
0.816
0.209
0.004
Macaranga sinensis Baill.ex.Mull.Arg.
10
9
160
2.092
0.563
4.265
0.025
1.413
7.771
2.092
0.026
Lithocarpus submonticolus (Elmer)
Rehder, J. Arnold Arb.
43
15
1054
8.996
0.938
7.109
0.165
9.310
25.415
8.996
0.096
Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)
Rehder
34
12
818
7.113
0.750
5.687
0.128
7.226
20.026
7.113
0.082
Fagraea auriculata Jack
8
6
181
1.674
0.375
2.844
0.028
1.599
6.116
1.674
0.029
Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal
10
6
176
2.092
0.375
2.844
0.028
1.555
6.490
2.092
0.028
Litsea segregata Elmer
13
8
177
2.720
0.500
3.791
0.028
1.563
8.075
2.720
0.028
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen
2
2
36
0.418
0.125
0.948
0.006
0.318
1.684
0.418
0.008
Grewia sp.
3
1
56
0.628
0.063
0.474
0.009
0.495
1.596
0.628
0.011
Astrocalyx calycina (S.Vidal) Merr.
55
14
1380
11.506
0.875
6.635
0.216
12.190
30.331
11.506
0.111
Astronia sp.
3
2
25
0.628
0.125
0.948
0.004
0.221
1.796
0.628
0.006
Beccarianthus pulcherrimus (Merr.)
Maxw.
7
3
97
1.464
0.188
1.422
0.015
0.857
3.743
1.464
0.018
(Continued on next page)
!
164 Coritico et al.
Appendix 1 (continued)
Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq.
11
4
162
2.301
0.250
1.896
0.025
1.431
5.628
2.301
0.026
Dysoxylum sp.
8
6
168
1.674
0.375
2.844
0.026
1.484
6.001
1.674
0.027
Ficus benguetensis Merr.
2
2
20
0.418
0.125
0.948
0.003
0.177
1.543
0.418
0.005
Ficus benjamina L. Mant.
5
3
323
1.046
0.188
1.422
0.050
2.853
5.321
1.046
0.044
Ficus sp.
10
5
205
2.092
0.313
2.370
0.032
1.811
6.273
2.092
0.032
Syzygium tula (Merr.) Merr.
62
16
1,920
12.971
1.000
7.583
0.300
16.960
37.513
12.971
0.131
Syzygium tenuirame (Miq.) Merr.
8
6
107
1.674
0.375
2.844
0.017
0.945
5.462
1.674
0.019
Bischofia javanica Blume
3
3
78
0.628
0.188
1.422
0.012
0.689
2.738
0.628
0.015
Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll.Arg.
15
10
278
3.138
0.625
4.739
0.043
2.456
10.333
3.138
0.040
Huberantha sp.
5
3
125
1.046
0.188
1.422
0.020
1.104
3.572
1.046
0.022
Piper aduncum L. Var
3
2
36
0.628
0.125
0.948
0.006
0.318
1.893
0.628
0.008
Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.
20
13
573
4.184
0.813
6.161
0.090
5.061
15.407
4.184
0.066
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.
Rob.
69
16
1769
14.435
1.000
7.583
0.276
15.626
37.644
14.435
0.126
TOTAL
478
11321
0.074
100
13.187
100
1.768
100
300
1.220
!
Tree species diversity & stand structure in Marilog Forest Reserve, Philippines 165
Appendix 2. Summary table of the diversity indices of trees in Mt. Malambo, Barangay Datu Salumay, Marilog District.
Scientific Name
No. of
Individuals
Occurrence
Total DBH
Density
Relative
Density
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
Dominance
Relative
Dominance
IV
Diversity
Values
Actinodaphne sp.
11
5
176
0.595
2.315
0.238
2.315
0.021
1.066
5.696
0.021
Alstonia parvifolia Merr.
2
1
29
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.003
0.176
1.102
0.005
Alstonia sp.
12
7
272
0.833
3.241
0.333
3.241
0.032
1.648
8.129
0.030
Arthocarpus sp.
1
1
23
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.003
0.139
1.065
0.004
Ascarina philippinensis C.B. Rob.
6
4
122
0.476
1.852
0.190
1.852
0.014
0.739
4.443
0.016
Ascarina sp.
18
8
406
0.952
3.704
0.381
3.704
0.048
2.459
9.867
0.040
Astronia ferruginea (Elmer)
3
1
100
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.012
0.606
1.532
0.013
Beccarianthus sp.
1
1
20
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.002
0.121
1.047
0.004
Calophyllum sp.
10
6
368
0.714
2.778
0.286
2.778
0.044
2.229
7.785
0.037
Canarium sp.
19
7
529
0.833
3.241
0.333
3.241
0.063
3.204
9.686
0.048
Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal.
18
9
372
1.071
4.167
0.429
4.167
0.044
2.253
10.587
0.037
Clethra sp.
6
1
72
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.009
0.436
1.362
0.010
Dendrocnide sp.
28
7
523
0.833
3.241
0.333
3.241
0.062
3.168
9.649
0.047
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe.
7
3
253
0.357
1.389
0.143
1.389
0.030
1.532
4.310
0.028
Diospyros sp.
24
12
713
1.429
5.556
0.571
5.556
0.085
4.319
15.430
0.059
Dysoxylum parasitum (Osbeck)
Kosterm.
5
3
136
0.357
1.389
0.143
1.389
0.016
0.824
3.602
0.017
Dysoxylum sp. 1
3
3
75
0.357
1.389
0.143
1.389
0.009
0.454
3.232
0.011
Dysoxylum sp. 2
3
2
153
0.238
0.926
0.095
0.926
0.018
0.927
2.779
0.019
Elaeocarpus sp.
8
6
246
0.714
2.778
0.286
2.778
0.030
1.490
7.046
0.027
Fagraea sp.
3
3
66
0.357
1.389
0.143
1.389
0.008
0.400
3.178
0.010
Ficus benguentense Merill.
24
10
474
1.190
4.630
0.476
4.630
0.056
2.871
12.130
0.044
Ficus benjamina L.
3
3
255
0.357
1.389
0.143
1.389
0.030
1.545
4.322
0.028
Ficus sp. 1
11
8
361
0.952
3.704
0.381
3.704
0.043
2.187
9.594
0.036
Ficus sp. 2
5
4
185
0.476
1.852
0.190
1.852
0.022
1.121
4.824
0.022
(Continued on next page)
!
166 Coritico et al.
Appendix 2. (continued)
Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder
22
11
979
1.309
5.093
0.524
5.093
0.117
5.930
16.115
0.073
Lithocarpus sp.
21
8
673
0.952
3.704
0.381
3.704
0.080
4.077
11.484
0.057
Macaranga sinensis Baill. Muell. Arg.
33
7
605
0.833
3.241
0.333
3.241
0.072
3.665
10.146
0.053
Malutos sp.
23
8
530
0.952
3.704
0.381
3.704
0.063
3.210
10.618
0.048
Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.
2
1
49
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.006
0.297
1.223
0.008
Melicope sp.
2
1
35
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.004
0.212
1.138
0.006
Nauclea sp.
1
1
10
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.001
0.061
0.986
0.002
Omalanthus populneus Geiseler
1
1
14
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.002
0.085
1.011
0.003
Omalanthus sp.
4
2
50
0.238
0.926
0.095
0.926
0.006
0.303
2.155
0.008
Palaquium philippinense (Perr.) C.B. Rob.
38
11
1672
1.309
5.093
0.523
5.093
0.199
10.128
20.313
0.101
Palaquium sp.
57
13
2837
1.548
6.019
0.619
6.019
0.338
17.185
29.222
0.131
Piper aduncum L.
6
4
85
0.476
1.852
0.190
1.852
0.010
0.515
4.219
0.012
Pittosporum sp.
3
2
65
0.238
0.926
0.095
0.926
0.008
0.394
2.246
0.009
Psychotria sp.
9
5
175
0.595
2.315
0.238
2.315
0.021
1.060
5.690
0.021
Saurauia sp.
1
1
28
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.003
0.170
1.096
0.005
Shorea contorta S.Vidal
1
1
40
0.119
0.463
0.048
0.463
0.005
0.242
1.168
0.006
Syzygium tenuirame (Miq.) Merr.
25
7
986
0.833
3.241
0.333
3.241
0.117
5.972
12.454
0.073
Syzygium sp. 1
3
2
95
0.238
0.926
0.095
0.926
0.011
0.575
2.427
0.013
Syzygium sp. 2
31
5
1100
0.595
2.315
0.238
2.315
0.131
6.663
11.293
0.079
Thea sp.
4
2
77
0.238
0.926
0.095
0.926
0.009
0.466
2.318
0.011
Turpinia sp.
2
2
100
0.238
0.926
0.095
0.926
0.012
0.606
2.458
0.013
Weinmannia sp.
9
6
375
0.714
2.778
0.286
2.778
0.045
2.271
7.827
0.037
TOTAL
529
216
16509
0.026
100
10.286
100
1.965
100
300
1.378
