Thesis

Éclairer le musée d’art : histoire, enjeux et fonctions. De l’éclairage muséographique, au design lumière et à la médiation sensorielle lumineuse

Authors:
  • Cerlis (Université de Paris/Université Sorbonne Nouvelle/CNRS)
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Abstract

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les fonctions de l’éclairage muséographique pour les musées d’art, dans les disciplines de recherche de la muséologie et des sciences de l’information et de la communication. Elle part du constat que la littérature scientifique considère l’éclairage principalement pour ses fonctions techniques de conservation préventive et de visibilité. Pourtant, depuis plus d’un siècle, d’autres domaines comme l’architecture, le théâtre et le cinéma ont montré l’influence de la lumière dans l’espace, la perception et l’expérience. Cette recherche se penche alors sur la pratique, le concept, la réception et l’application de l’éclairage muséographique pour les collections, à partir d’un corpus de musée en Europe. En s’appuyant sur une approche compréhensive de la conception et de l’expérience, l’auteure s’attache particulièrement à trois fonctions de l’éclairage muséographique : la fonction ostensive (monstration de l’espace et de l’œuvre), la fonction cognitive (influence dans la construction de sens et le raisonnement) et la fonction esthétique (stimulation d’états sensibles et contemplatifs). Pour ce faire, elle adopte une posture historique et contemporaine, en analysant les résultats de plusieurs études de cas, d’entretiens auprès de concepteurs lumière et de responsables de musées, d’enquêtes sur la cognition incarnée des visiteurs, ainsi que d’observations participantes. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les apports de l’éclairage muséographique dans l’affirmation du musée et de son identité, dans l’agencement du parcours de visite, dans la création d’une ambiance, dans la réception des œuvres d’art, et en conséquence dans la construction de sens du visiteur. L’auteure soulève ainsi la possibilité d’un champ théorique sur l’éclairage muséal, qui porterait sur les enjeux de son développement, de son processus de création, de sa réception et de ses effets sur l’expérience de visite et l’apprentissage. Plus particulièrement, elle propose une discussion sur deux nouveaux concepts : le « design lumière » et la « médiation sensorielle lumineuse ». --- This Ph. D dissertation studies museum lighting functions for art museums, in the disciplines of museology, and information and communication sciences. It starts from the observation that the scientific literature considers lighting mainly for its technical functions of preventive conservation and visibility. However, for more than a century, other fields such as architecture, theater and cinema have shown the influence of light in space, perception and experience. Thus, this research examines the practice, concept, reception and application of museum lighting for collections, by relying on a corpus of European museums. Based on comprehensive approach to design and experience, the author focuses on three functions of museum lighting: ostensive function (showing the space and the works of art), cognitive function (influence in the construction of meaning and reasoning) and aesthetic function (stimulation of sensitive and contemplative states). For this purpose, she adopts a historical and contemporary posture, analyzing the results of several case studies, interviews with lighting designers and museum managers, surveys on the embodied cognition of visitors, as well as participant observations. These results highlight the contributions of museum lighting in the affirmation of the museum and its identity, in the arrangement of the tour, in the creation of an atmosphere, in the reception of works of art, and consequently in the construction of meaning. Thus, the author raises the possibility of a theoretical field on museum lighting, which would study the issues of museum lighting development, the creative process, reception, and the effects on the visiting experience and learning. More specifically, it proposes a discussion of two new concepts: “light design” and “light sensory mediation.”

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... 2 Le « design lumière » assume en conséquence un rôle métaphorique majeur dans la valorisation de l'art sacré. Nous entendons par là « l'intention, la conception et le signe d'une écriture spatiale par le média lumière au musée, qui repose sur un raisonnement allié à une sensibilité du concepteur lumière et à une technologie d'éclairage, et qui pourrait inclure une application de médiation 5 . » Certes, la lumière naturelle permet de voir les oeuvres, les artefacts, les trésors exposés et elle rend le visiteur conscient de l'espace qui l'entoure 6 . ...
... L'éclairage artificiel peut en outre intégrer une dimension théâtrale et festive liée à la liturgie et aux rituels de célébration. La Crystal Cathedral de Garden Grove (1980 ; Californie) conçue par Philip C. Johnson Vers une méthode d'investigation 5 Quels sont les intentions et les impacts de ces nouvelles stratégies d'éclairage sur la présentation et l'expérience de l'architecture et de l'art sacré ? Nous tentons de répondre à cette question à partir de trois études de cas appliquées à des lieux sacrés encore en fonction. ...
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La lumière naturelle dans l’architecture chrétienne relève d’une acception spirituelle qui se fonde sur une longue tradition. Depuis une cinquantaine d’années, l’éclairage électrique bouleverse, quant à lui, la mise en valeur des œuvres d’art religieux qui y sont exposées. En s’appuyant sur l’étude de trois projets récents réalisés dans des lieux sacrés – la chapelle de la reine Théodelinde à Monza (2015), la Scuola Grande de San Rocco à Venise (2018) et la basilique Saint-Pierre de Rome (2018) –, l’article interroge les intentions et les impacts de ces nouvelles stratégies d’éclairage LED sur la présentation et l’expérience de l’architecture et de l’art sacré patrimonialisés. Les résultats font émerger trois procédés : (i) structuration et focalisation, (ii) flexibilité de scènes lumineuses et (iii) haut rendement des couleurs et des matières. Ces stratégies sont fondées sur des fonctions ostensives (monstration de l’espace et de l’œuvre, restauration visuelle), cognitives (construction de sens, narration) et esthétiques (stimulation d’états sensibles et contemplatifs). Les dispositifs d’éclairage qui en résultent semblent s’inscrire dans une muséologie du sensible et s’apparentent à des dispositifs de médiation sensorielle lumineuse. Cela pourrait à l’avenir servir d’inspiration pour la mise en valeur et l’interprétation du patrimoine et des collections patrimoniales des musées.
... Therefore, it was necessary to conduct broader investigations into these two components: design and experience. This approach aimed to move away from a strictly technical and functional view of museum lighting and to explore alternative perspectives in museology and information and communication sciences (Gobbato, 2022a). ...
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This paper raises the possibility of museum lighting as a tool for ‘mediation’ within museums. It studies its functions in the process of interpreting, transmitting and receiving collections. Based on a comprehensive approach to design and experience, the author focuses specifically on three possible functions: ostensive function (to show space and artworks), cognitive function (to influence the construction of meaning and reasoning), and aesthetic function (to stimulate sensitive and contemplative states). To explore the mediating functions of lighting in both design and experience, she discusses the findings from several case studies (30 European museums), interviews with lighting designers and museum managers (54), as well as participant observations (4 months) and surveys on embodied cognition and experience (26). Three concepts emerge that could contribute to new research studies in the field of museology, specifically focusing on exhibition design and the visitor experience: ‘museum lighting design,’ ‘light sensory index’ and ‘luminous sensory mediation.’
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