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Smithsonian
Scholarly Press
•
Catalog of Type Specimens
of Recent Caudata and
Gymnophiona in the National
Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution
Kenneth A. Tighe
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•
Catalog of Type Specimens
of Recent Caudata and
Gymnophiona in the National
Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution
Kenneth A. Tighe
Smit
hsonia
n
Scholarly Press
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2022
ABSTRACT
Tighe, Kenneth A. Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Caudata and Gymnophiona in the National Mu-
seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 654, vi+
91 pages, 1 table, 2022. — The known type specimens of Caudata and Gymnophiona in the collection ofthe
Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, pub-
lished through 2021, represent 288 names of taxa. The list is arranged alphabetically by family within Cau-
data and Gymnophiona and alphabetically by genus and species, as described originally within family. Each
entry provides both original and current accepted genus and species names, author(s), date of publication,
abbreviated type citation, page of original description, current type status, USNM (U.S. National Museum)
catalog number, number of specimens, locality, collector, and date collected. Also included for each taxon
are the published type locality; type material at other institutions; an etymology; and remarks on corrections
or additional data for original type records, changes in type status, and information pertaining to lost, ex-
changed, or destroyed specimens. An index of scientic names follows the catalog.
Key words: Caudata; Gymnophiona; type specimens; catalogs; National Museum of Natural History
Recommended citation:
Tighe, Kenneth A. 2022. Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Caudata and Gymnophiona in the National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 654.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
Cover images: Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the lectotype of Pseudotriton montanus. Photo by
James A. Poindexter II.
Published by
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This publication is a work of the U.S. Government and is therefore not eligible for copyright protection.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022944191
ISSN: 1943-6696 (online); 0081-0282 (print)
ZooBank registration: 18 November 2022
LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:426D2BE1-85F7-48B1-B6C6-64EBD0B4F1B9
Publication date (online): 9 December 2022
Ó The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard
for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992.
Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
FORMAT 3
CATALOG OF TYPE SPECIMENS 5
ORDER CAUDATA 5
Family Ambystomatidae 5
Family Cryptobranchidae 17
Family Hynobiidae 17
Family Plethodontidae 19
Family Proteidae 65
Family Rhyacotritonidae 66
Family Salamandridae 66
Family Sirenidae 68
ORDER GYMNOPHIONA 69
Family Caeciliidae 69
Family Dermophiidae 70
Family Herpelidae 71
Family Ichthyophiidae 71
Family Indotyphlidae 72
Family Rhinatrematidae 72
Family Scolecomorphidae 73
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 75
REFERENCES 77
INDEX OF TAXA 87
Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Mu-
seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Museum Support Center, MRC 534, 4210 Silver
Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USA.
Correspondence: TigheK @si .edu
Manuscript received 7 March 2022; accepted
11 May 2022.
INTRODUCTION
This volume is the second in a series of publications listing the type specimens of various
groups of recent amphibians and reptiles in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. The rst annotated catalog produced
was of the type specimens of extant crocodilians and turtles (Reynolds etal., 2007).
The collection of type specimens in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles is
among the largest in the world and is particularly important for early descriptions of
taxa from the Western Hemisphere. There are currently around 3,017 names of taxa and
more than 14,270 specimens in the amphibian and reptile type collection, including 2,352
primary types (holotype, lectotype, neotype, or syntype) representing 1,759 nominal taxa.
The rst comprehensive listing of all type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in
the National Museum of Natural History was done by Doris Cochran (1961). That
treatment dealt with 1,742 names of taxa. Since that publication, new types have been
deposited in the collection as researchers both within the museum and from other institu-
tions have described new species. In addition, new information on older type specimens
has accumulated. This type catalog follows the decision made by Reynolds et al. (2007)
that type catalogs for subunits (orders) of the collection would be more manageable. Fol-
lowing that decision, this catalog documents the type specimens of the orders Caudata
and Gymnophiona, totaling 288 nominal taxa and more than 2,670 specimens. Table 1
summarizes the number of taxa treated here and by Cochran (1961).
Primary type specimens of salamanders and caecilians were digitally photographed
for this project. In addition to their value in documenting taxonomic vouchers, the pho-
tographs will also provide a visual record of specimen condition and will be useful for
future evaluation of specimen conservation practices. Eventually, the digital images will
be linked to specimen records in the National Museum of Natural History electronic
catalog database and made available to researchers throughout the world.
The change in the ofcial title from the “United States National Museum” (USNM)
to the current ofcial name of “National Museum of Natural History” (NMNH) has
caused some confusion regarding the correct abbreviation for citing specimens cataloged
in the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles (Reynolds et al., 2007). Although no longer
reecting the ofcial name of the museum, USNM has always been and still remains the
Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent
Caudata and Gymnophiona in the
National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution
Kenneth A. Tighe
2
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
correct abbreviation for referencing the cataloged holdings in the
NMNH.
There is a series of double entries in the museum ledgers
for the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles that affects how
some salamander types have been cited, particularly in Cochran
(1961). Catalog numbers in the range of USNM 4684 to USNM
4737 had double entries. The rst series of entries started on 22
January 1861 and was completed before 28 January 1861. It is
not clear when the second set of entries was made. However, the
entries must have been made before 1868 because the holotype
of Plethodon croceater Cope, 1868 was originally entered under
a different name and then annotated to the new name after it was
published in early 1868.
In some instances, specimens originally cataloged with USNM
numbers have been exchanged to other repositories. Likewise,
some specimens originally cataloged at other institutions were
exchanged to the NMNH and are now identied with USNM
catalog numbers. These various changes of repositories are noted
with the appropriate collection abbreviation in the accounts for
each species. In addition, the location of type material listed in the
original description but not deposited in the NMNH is indicated
under “Other Type Material” using the museum abbreviations
as originally published. The present location of this material (if
known) is indicated in the remarks using the abbreviations for
museum collections recommended by Sabaj (2020), except for ab-
breviations that changed or were not provided by those authors.
For private collections and institutions that were not listed in
Sabaj (2020), the list of collections below includes the abbrevia-
tions used in original publications and the present deposition of
those collections, if known.
AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New
York, New York
ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
BCB Bryce C. Brown Private Collection (now at
BU- MMC)
BU- MMC Baylor University, Mayborn Museum Complex
(formerly Strecker Museum), Waco, Texas
BYU Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
CAS Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois (now CHAS)
CAS- SU California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,
California (formerly SU, Stanford University
collections, colocated with CAS)
CHAS Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago,
Illinois
ChM Charleston Museum, Charleston, South
Carolina
CFW Charles F. Walker, private collection (deposi-
tion unknown)
CJG Coleman J. Goin, private collection (now at CM)
CM Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania
CMC Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago,
Illinois (now FMNH)
CNHS Cincinnati Natural History Society, Cincin-
nati, Ohio (now at CMC)
CRBIIAP Colección Referencial de Biodiversidad del
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía,
Peru
CSB Clement S. Brimley, private collection (deposi-
tion unknown)
CSNH Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Cincin-
nati, Ohio (now at CMC)
CU Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (now
CUMV)
CUMV Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates,
Ithaca, New York
DBUF Department of Biology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida (now UF)
DMS David M. Sever Herpetological Collection
(now at UMMZ)
EDB Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
EHT- HMS Edward H. Taylor – Hobart M. Smith Collec-
tion (now deposited at FMNH, UIMNH, or
USNM)
ERA- WTN E. Ross Allen – Wilfred T. Neill Collection
(now at UF)
TABLE 1. Comparison of the number of taxa included in the
present catalog versus Cochran (1961).
Present Cochran Published
Taxa and total catalog (1961) after 1961
Order Caudata
Ambystomatidae 47 38 6
Cryptobranchidae 1 1 0
Hynobiidae 7 5 0
Plethodontidae 189 112 65
Proteidae 7 7 0
Rhyacotritonidae 1 1 0
Salamandridae 10 8 1
Sirenidae 4 4 0
Order Gymnophiona
Caeciliidae 7 2 5
Dermophiidae 4 3 0
Herpelidae 1 0 1
Ichthyophiidae 5 5 0
Indotyphlidae 2 1 1
Rhinatrematidae 2 0 1
Scolecomorphidae 1 1 0
Total in both orders 288 188 80
NUMBER 654
•
3
FAS Frederick A. Shannon Herpetological Collection
(now at UIMNH)
FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
Illinois
FP Floyd E. Potter Jr., private collection (deposi-
tion unknown)
IRSNB Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique,
Brussels, Belgium
JWC John W. Crenshaw, personal collection
( deposition unknown)
KU University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles
County, Los Angeles, California
LSUMZ Louisiana State University Museum of
Natural Science, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
MBM Milton B. Mittleman, private collection
( deposition unknown)
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
MNHN Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris,
France
MNSS Museum of Natural and Social Sciences,
Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbon-
dale, Illinois
MPEG Museu Paraense “Emilio Goeldi,” Belém, Brazil
MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of
California, Berkeley, California
MZUF Museo di Storia Naturale, collezioni della
Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola,” Università
di Firenze, Florence, Italy
MZUSP Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
NCSM North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences,
Raleigh, North Carolina
NMF Mag. Undened acronym listed in Eiselt and Lanza
(1956)
NMW Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna,
Austria
OMNH Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka,
Japan
OSU Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
(now OSUMNH)
OSUM Museum of Biological Diversity, Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio
OSUS Oklahoma State University, Department of
Zoology, Stillwater, Oklahoma
OUVC Ohio University, Vertebrate Collection, Athens,
Ohio
OUZ Department of Zoology, Ohio University
(now OUVC)
PA Undened acronym listed in Mittleman
(1947)
PSM Slater Museum of Natural History, University
of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington
PV Percy Viosca Jr., private collection (deposition
unknown)
SCB Sherman C. Bishop, personal collection (now
at FMNH)
SDNHM San Diego Natural History Museum, San
Diego, California
SIUC Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois
SMF Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Natur-
museum, Frankfurt, Germany
SNHM Stanford University Natural History Museum
(now CAS- SU)
SU Stanford University, Stanford, California
TC Trapido–Clausen eld numbers (now at CU)
TCWC Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection,
College Station, Texas
TNHC Texas Natural History Collection, Texas
Memorial Museum, Austin, Texas
TU Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
UA Department of Biological Sciences, The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
UAZ University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
UCM University of Colorado Museum of Natural
History, Boulder, Colorado
UCR University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
UF University of Florida, Florida Museum of
Natural History, Gainesville, Florida
UIMNH University of Illinois Museum of Natural
History, Urbana, Illinois
UMMZ University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology,
Ann Arbor, Michigan
UR University of Rochester, Museum of Natural
History (now at FMNH)
USNM National Museum of Natural History ( formerly
the U.S. National Museum), Washington, D.C.
UTA University of Texas, Arlington, Texas
WCAB Werner C. A. Bowerman Herpetological
Collection (now at MZUSP)
FORMAT
The accounts are alphabetized by family within Caudata and
Gymnophiona. The species within each family are presented in
alphabetical order, and each is given exactly as the name appeared
in its original description, except that diacritical marks have been
deleted as recommended by the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature (1999), Article 27. Following Reynolds
et al. (2007), each entry in the catalog of types is formatted as fol-
lows, with the original name as published and USNM type speci-
men catalog numbers in boldface on their rst mention:
Original Name: Genus species subspecies Author, year
Current Name: [= Genus species subspecies Author, year; de,
authority, year: page]
4
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Abbreviated Type Citation: Author(s), year, serial or book title ab-
breviation, volume, number, specic page or pages on which
name appears.
Primary Type(s): USNM catalog number, locality data, collector(s),
date collected.
Type Locality: Exact locality as given in the original description
or lectotype designation and published restrictions.
Secondary Types: USNM catalog number, locality data, collector(s),
date collected. This section will precede type locality when
there are no USNM primary types.
Other Type Material: All known type specimens of the taxon at
other institutions as listed in the original description.
Etymology: Derivation of the name (if known).
Remarks: Any additional data concerning the original descrip-
tion or type specimens.
Each taxon is entered under the name provided by the origi-
nal author(s), followed by the author’s name and the year of pub-
lication. The currently recognized genus or species group name
follows the original name in brackets, followed by the rst citation
to use the currently accepted combination. If the species is cur-
rently accepted with the original name as described, that is indi-
cated by the phrase “currently accepted” followed by the citation
(or citations) that indicated that the species was valid. The next
line is an abbreviated type citation. The actual year of publication
is provided for each citation. Where the actual year does not coin-
cide with the year stated on the publication, the actual year of pub-
lication is followed by the year stated on the publication enclosed
in brackets. A list of the type material in the NMNH collection
appears below the citation. The USNM specimens referenced are
in the museum’s uid collections at present unless otherwise in-
dicated in the Remarks. Their type designation accords with the
original description and subsequent literature designations. The
categories for primary and secondary types used are holotype,
syntype(s), lectotype, neotype, paratype(s), and paralectotype(s) as
dened by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature (1999), Articles 73, 74, and 75. The USNM catalog num-
ber is followed by collection data, including locality, collector(s),
and date of collection. If the date of collection is unknown, the
date the specimen was cataloged at the USNM is indicated. The
exact type locality as given in the original description is enclosed
in quotation marks. It may be followed by additional explanatory
locality information or subsequent restrictions or corrections of
the type locality.
The section “Other Type Material” lists all known type
specimens at other institutions as listed in the original descrip-
tion. The etymology provided for each scientic name is based
on either the original description or an interpretation of how
the name was derived. Remarks may include contradictory data
about particular specimens, corrections of originally cited USNM
catalog numbers or a listing of how the specimen was originally
cited if not by USNM catalog number, information on specimens
exchanged to other institutions, a listing of how type specimens
from other institutions are presently cataloged (change in mu-
seum acronym or catalog number), and information pertaining
to lost or destroyed type specimens.
Arranged alphabetically by order, family, genus, species, and subspecies
ORDER CAUDATA
Family ambystomatidae
Amblystoma annulatum Cope, 1886
[= Ambystoma annulatum Cope, 1886; de, Stejneger and Barbour, 1917: 8]
Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 525.
Holotype: USNM 11564, no locality data, collector and date unknown, cataloged 16Oct
1881.
Type Locality: “Unknown”; restricted to “vicinity of Hot Springs, Arkansas” by Schmidt
(1953: 18).
Etymology: The name annulatum is from the Latin annulus, “ring,” and refers to the
ringed color pattern of the species.
Amblystoma aterrimum Cope, 1868
[= Dicamptodon aterrimus (Cope, 1868); de, Dunn, 1923b: 39; conrmed by Daugherty
et al., 1983: 679]
Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19: 201.
Holotype: USNM 5242, North Rocky Mountains, Montana, collected by S. P. Hildreth
and J. Mullan, 1860.
Type Locality: “North Rocky Mountains.” Cochran (1961) recorded the locality as
“crossing of Bitter Root River, North Rocky Mountains (Montana),” but the source
of this locality is unknown since the original ledger entry gives the locality only as
“N. Rocky Mts.”
Etymology: The name aterrimum is from the Latin ater, “black,” and - imus, “having the
quality of,” and refers to the black coloration of the dorsum of the specimen.
Amblystoma cingulatum Cope, 1868
[= Ambystoma cingulatum Cope, 1868; de, Stejneger and Barbour, 1917: 8]
Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19: 205.
Holotype: USNM 3786, Grahamville, Jasper County, South Carolina, collected by Bailey,
date unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Grahamville, S. Ca.”
Catalog of Type Specimens
6
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Other Type Material: Neotype: USNM 129396, Robertsville,
Jasper County, South Carolina, collected by Wilfred T. Neill,
17 Nov 1947. Neotype designation by Goin, 1950, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 31: 308.
Etymology: The name cingulatum is from the Latin cingulum,
“girdle,” and apparently refers to the coloration of the inter-
costal grooves mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: Goin (1950), in the belief that the holotype was lost,
designated USNM 129396 as the neotype of Amblystoma
cingulatum Cope, 1868, and it was listed as such in Cochran
(1961). However, USNM 3786 was only misplaced within
the collection. Since the holotype is still in existence, the
neotype designation is invalid.
Amblystoma copeianum Hay, 1885
[= Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825); de, Dunn, 1940: 156]
Hay, 1885, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 8: 209.
Holotype: USNM 14112, Irvington, Marion County, Indiana,
collected by G. H. Clark, 7 Apr 1885.
Type Locality: “Irvington, near Indianapolis.”
Etymology: The name copeianum is a patronym honoring Ed-
ward D. Cope, American herpetologist.
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by USNM number in the
original description.
Amblystoma decorticatum Cope, 1886
[= Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859); de, Titus, 1990: 110]
Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 522.
Holotype: USNM 14493, Port Simpson, British Columbia, Can-
ada, collected by T. H. Streets, 9 Dec 1885.
Type Locality: “Port Simpson, Alaska”; corrected to “Port Simp-
son, British Columbia” by Bishop (1943: 126).
Etymology: The name decorticatum is from the Latin decoratus,
“adorned,” apparently in reference to the color pattern of
the specimen.
Amblystoma lepturum Cope, 1886
[= Ambystoma cingulatum Cope, 1868; de, Schmidt, 1953: 18]
Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 524.
Holotype: USNM 14583, no locality data, collector and date of
collection unknown, cataloged 1 Jul 1886.
Type Locality: “Unknown”; designated as “Jasper County, South
Carolina” by Schmidt (1953 :18).
Etymology: The name lepturum is from the Greek leptos, “thin,”
apparently in reference to the thin tail of this specimen men-
tioned in the original description.
Amblystoma obscurum Baird, 1868
[= Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825); de, Garman, 1884: 36;
conrmed by Dunn, 1940: 156]
Baird, 1868a, in Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 19: 192.
Holotype: USNM 3994, Des Moines, Polk County, Iowa, col-
lected by W. E. Moore, date unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Fort Des Moines, Iowa.”
Etymology: The name obscurum is from the Latin obscurus,
“dark” or “indistinct,” apparently in reference to the dark,
blotchy coloration of the type mentioned in the original
description.
Amblystoma paroticum Baird, 1868
[= Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859); de, Dunn, 1926b: 135–
136; conrmed by Dunn, 1944: 129]
Baird, 1868b, in Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 19: 200.
Holotype: USNM 4708, Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada,
collected by A. Campbell, 1859.
Type Locality: “Chiloweyuck, W. T”; corrected to “Chilliwack
Lake, British Columbia” by Snyder (1963).
Paratypes: USNM 4709 (= USNM 248869), Puget Sound, Wash-
ington, collector unknown, date of collection and catalog-
ing unknown; USNM 6634, Vancouver Island, coal mines,
British Columbia, Canada, collected by A. W. Hewson,
date of collection and cataloging unknown; USNM 7021,
Puget Sound, Washington, collector and date of collection
unknown, cataloged in 1867; USNM 4708 (in error, see Re-
marks), near Simiahmoo, collected by A. Campbell.
Etymology: The name paroticum is derived from the Latin paro-
tis, “near the ear,” in reference to the enlarged parotid glands
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 4709 and USNM 6634 were not listed in
Cochran (1961). USNM 4709 (now cataloged as USNM
248869 because of the double entries mentioned in the In-
troduction) was not listed in the table of specimens exam-
ined in the original description, but it was clearly mentioned
and compared to the type within the text of the description.
USNM 4707 was also mentioned near the end of the descrip-
tion, but this was probably a lapsus for USNM 4709 because
USNM 4707 was actually an Ambystoma from Racine, Wis-
consin, well outside of the range of Ambystoma gracile. The
identication of USNM 4707 could not be checked as the
specimen is apparently now lost and could not be found at
the National Museum of Natural History. USNM 6634 is
also lost; remarks in the original ledger at top of the page
above USNM 7001 read “6601–7000 assigned to Mr. Cope
in Phila, March 1867.” Apparently, the specimen with this
catalog number was not returned upon Cope’s death.
In the original description, there were an additional
two specimens listed under the number USNM 4708, but
with the data of “near Simiahmoo, A. Campbell.” There is
no indication in the original ledger entry for USNM 4708 of
any additional specimens with different locality data.
There are no other specimens of Ambystoma gracile col-
lected by A. Campbell at the National Museum of Natural
History. There was a single specimen, USNM 6287, cataloged
from “Simiahmoo, Puget Sound” and collected by C. B. R.
Kennerly, that might possibly be one of these two specimens,
but it is also lost.
NUMBER 654
•
7
Cochran (1961) listed USNM 4708 as USNM 4708a
because of the double entry in the catalog ledger mentioned
in the Introduction. This problem has now been solved, and
this specimen retains the number as published. Also, Cochran
(1961) listed USNM 4708a and USNM 7021 as cotypes (i.e.,
syntypes). It is very clear in the list of material in the origi-
nal description that USNM 4708 was considered the “type”
(i.e., holotype). Therefore, USNM 4709 (= USNM 248869),
USNM 6634, USNM 7021, and the additional specimens
listed as USNM 4708 must be considered paratypes.
Amblystoma platineum Cope, 1868
[= Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827); de, Lazell, 1971: 54]
Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19: 198.
Possible Syntypes: USNM 3998 and USNM 39444 (recataloged
from USNM 3988), Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, col-
lected by J. P. Kirtland, date unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Cleveland, Ohio.”
Other Type Material: Syntype: ANSP 1299. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name platineum is derived from the Latin pla-
tina, “silver,” in reference to the light gray coloration.
Remarks: In the original description, Cope (1868 [1867]) listed
USNM 7145 and USNM 4688 in the list of material exam-
ined. In the text of the description, Cope identied USNM
7145 as the “type,” whereas USNM 4688 is contrasted with
the type in three characters: distance between adpressed toes,
length of tail, and coloration. However, the original ledger
entry for USNM 7145 is a Cnemidophorus from Laredo,
Texas, collected by W. Butcher. Neither USNM 4688 nor
USNM 7145 can be found at the National Museum of
Natural History. Cochran (1961) listed USNM 3998 and
USNM 39444 (recataloged from USNM 3998) as syntypes
of Ambystoma platineum, but there is little evidence to sup-
port this. In fact, Cope (1868 [1867]) did list USNM 3998
in the list of material examined for A. jeffersonianum, al-
though he indicated that there were 12 specimens and that
one of those was USNM 7145. Cope (1889) again listed
USNM 3998 in his list of material for A. jeffersonianum
jeffersonianum but this time indicated that there were two
specimens. He also listed USNM 7145 and 4688 in the list
of material examined for A. jeffersonianum platineum in the
1889 publication. It is possible that both specimens are now
lost and that the specimens listed by Cochran (1961) are, in
fact, not part of the types. Fowler and Dunn (1917) listed
ANSP 1299 as the “type” of A. platineum. However, other
than having the same locality and collector as the data listed
for USNM 7145 in Cope (1868 [1867]), there is no evidence
that this specimen is part of the type series. Uzzell (1964)
examined all the pertinent material and summarized the his-
tory of this problem. He examined ANSP 1299 and reidenti-
ed it as an Ambystoma tremblayi (= A. laterale?). He also
examined both USNM 3998 and 39444 and determined that
they were A. jeffersonianum or A. platineum (in his usage,
this name applied to triploid females associated with diploid
A. jeffersonianum). He also felt that USNM 3998 originally
contained two specimens, not 12 as listed by Cope (1868
[1867]), and that one of the two was to be recataloged as
USNM 7145 to be the holotype, but the specimen was never
recataloged. None of the evidence or Uzzell’s conjectures on
the evidence show denitively that either of the two extant
USNM specimens is the syntype of A. platineum.
Amblystoma proserpine Baird and Girard, 1852
[= Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850; de, Shaffer and Mc-
Knight, 1996: 430]
Baird and Girard, 1852b, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6:
173.
Alleged Syntypes: USNM 4082 (three specimens), Tamaulipas,
Mexico, no further locality data, collected by L. A. Edwards,
date of collection unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858. (See
Remarks.)
Type Locality: “At Salado, four miles from San Antonio, Texas”
(six specimens) and “on the route from Montgomery, Mex-
ico” (specimens). Restricted to “Salado River. 4 miles east
of San Antonio, Bexar County,” Texas, by Smith and Taylor
(1950: 360).
Other Type Material: Syntypes: six specimens collected “at Sal-
ado, four miles from San Antonio, Texas” and additional
specimens collected “on the route from Montgomery, Mex-
ico.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name proserpine is derived from the name of
the Latin goddess Proserpina, wife of Pluto and queen of
the underworld. The name as originally published may have
been a lapsus for proserpina as Baird (1859b) used the name
Amblystoma proserpina, B. & G.
Remarks: The syntypes were not listed by number in the original
description. No specimens with the original locality data
presently exist at the National Museum of Natural History.
The data for USNM 4082 do not match any locality men-
tioned in the original description, although Cope (1889) pre-
sented measurements of one specimen of USNM 4082 and
indicated that it was the type of Amblystoma proserpine. In
addition, one specimen of USNM 4082 is clearly the speci-
men illustrated in Baird (1859b: plate 35, gures 7–14). It
is likely that Cope (1889) was misled into thinking that the
illustrated specimen in Baird (1859b) was the type and that
USNM 4082 specimens are not syntypes. Apparently, the syn-
types of Amblystoma proserpine are no longer in existence.
Amblystoma tenebrosum Baird and Girard, 1852
[= Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Baird and Girard, 1852); de,
Good, 1989: 728]
Baird and Girard, 1852c, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6:
174.
Holotype: USNM 4710, Oregon, no further locality data, collec-
tor unknown, collected in 1841.
Type Locality: “Oregon.”
8
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Etymology: The name tenebrosum is from the Latin tenebrosus,
“dark” or “gloomy,” apparently in reference to the brown
and nearly black marbled coloration mentioned in the origi-
nal description.
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by USNM number in the
original description, but USNM 4710 is the “type” accord-
ing to Yarrow (1882: 152) and Cope (1868 [1867]: 204).
Amblystoma trisruptum Cope, 1868
[= Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850; de, Dunn, 1940: 158]
Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19: 194.
Holotype: USNM 4068, Ocate Creek, New Mexico, collected by
J. Potts, date unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Ocate River, N. M.”
Etymology: The name trisruptum is derived from the Latin tres,
“three,” and ruptus, “break,” apparently in reference to the
intertooth intervals between the four groups of palatine
teeth mentioned in the original description.
Amblystoma xiphias Cope, 1868
[= Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825); de, Dunn, 1940: 156]
Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19: 192.
Holotype: USNM 14470, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, col-
lected by L. Lesquereaux, date unknown, cataloged 6 Mar
1886.
Type Locality: “Columbus, Ohio.”
Etymology: The name xiphias is from the Greek xiphos, “sword,”
apparently in reference to the long tail mentioned in the
original description.
Remarks: The holotype was erroneously published as USNM
4135 (USNM 4135 was actually an Eumeces fasciatus from
“Eastern U.S.” and is now apparently lost). The holotype
was cataloged as USNM 14470 on 6 Mar 1886 with a re-
mark written in “Type.” Later, someone wrote in “= 4135,”
and then later someone crossed that out and wrote in “Old
no. illegible, but not 4135.”
Ambystoma andersoni Krebs and Brandon, 1984
[currently accepted; de, Liner, 1994: 8]
Krebs and Brandon, 1984, Herpetologica, 40: 238.
Paratypes: USNM 206926–206935, ditch leading from Laguna
de Zacapu, Michoacan, Mexico, collected by R. Brandon
and R. Altig, 24 May 1970.
Type Locality: “Laguna de Zacapu, 2000 m elevation, Micho-
acan, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: AMNH A100096. Paratypes:
AMNH A100095, A100097– A100108, A100820–A100827,
A101541–A101545; TU 29068–29084.
Etymology: The name andersoni is a patronym honoring JamesD.
Anderson, American herpetologist and the rst to recognize
the uniqueness of this taxon.
Ambystoma cingulatum bishopi Goin, 1950
[= Ambystoma bishopi Goin, 1950; de, Pauly et al., 2007: 424]
Goin, 1950, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 31: 300.
Paratypes: USNM 42861, 57389, 57390, Mobile, Mobile County,
Alabama, collected by J. Hurter, 15 Mar 1910.
Type Locality: “About ve miles north of Pensacola, Escambia
County, Florida.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CM 29137. Paratypes: AMNH
54742; ANSP 26274, 26275; CAS 15550, 15551; CJG
1869; CM 29138–29144; DBUF 344, 2627; ERA- WTN
14004 (32 specimens); JWC 293; MCZ 26754, 26755; SCB
1546, 1547; TU 11824; UMMZ 73989, 77062, 100695,
100982, 100983.
Etymology: The name bishopi is a patronym honoring Sher-
manC. Bishop, American herpetologist.
Remarks: AMNH 54742 is presently cataloged as AMNH A- 54742.
CAS 15550 and 15551 are presently cataloged as CA 15550
and 15551. The paratype CM 29143 was exchanged to Wer-
ner C. A. Bokermann and cataloged as WCAB 38032 (pres-
ently at Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo).
The paratype CJG 1869 was listed as alive in the original
description. That specimen and JWC 293 could not be lo-
cated, and their nal deposition is unknown. DBUF 344
(now UF344) was published (in error) as DBUF 34 in the
list of paratypes but was correctly listed as DBUF 344 in the
table of counts and measurements in the original descrip-
tion; DBUF 34 (now UF 34) is actually a Lithobates cates-
beianus from Alachua County, Florida (Kenneth L. Krysko,
Florida Museum of Natural History, personal communica-
tion, 14 Jan 2010). Twenty- nine out of 32 specimens from
ERA- WTN 14004 are now cataloged as UF 17521–17549.
Then, UF 17530, 17538, and 17542 were later exchanged to
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where they are pres-
ently cataloged as MCZ A- 44653–44655. Apparently, the
additional three specimens out of ERA- WTN 14004 were
sent to the American Museum of Natural History, where
they are presently cataloged as AMNH A- 108453–108455.
SCB 1546 and 1547 are now cataloged as FMNH 84171
and 84172.
Ambystoma episcopus Baird, 1850
[= Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825); de, Cope, 1868a [1867]:
179]
Baird, 1850 [1849], J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 1: 293.
Holotype: USNM 43, Kemper County, Mississippi, collected
by D. C. Lloyd, date of collection unknown, cataloged at
USNM in 1856.
Type Locality: “Kemper County, Mississippi.”
Etymology: The name episcopus is from the Latin episcopus,
“overseer” or “bishop.”
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by USNM number in the
original description. However, USNM 43 is the probable
holotype, as the locality data and collector do match the
original description. Unfortunately, this specimen cannot
be compared to the original description as it has been lost.
The specimen may have been available to Hallowell (1858b)
NUMBER 654
•
9
as his account of this species includes details that were not
mentioned in the original description.
Ambystoma uvinatum Taylor, 1941
[= Ambystoma rosaceum Taylor, 1941; de, Smith and Taylor,
1948: 13]
Taylor, 1941d, Copeia, 1941: 144.
Paratype: USNM 137205, Mojárachic, Chihuahua, Mexico, col-
lected by I. W. Knobloch, 1940. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Mojárachic, Chihuahua, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 25383. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 25384–25395. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name uvinatum is derived from the Latin u-
vius, “river,” and the Latin sufx - atus, “having the nature
of,” apparently in reference to the stream habitat of the type
specimens.
Remarks: USNM 137205 (formerly UIMNH 27234) was re-
ceived in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History and cataloged on 27 Oct 1955. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 25392 in the original description. The
holotype, EHT- HMS 25383, is presently in the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is now cataloged as
FMNH 100108. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 25384–
25395 are now cataloged as FMNH 100324–100331. Ad-
ditional paratypes from EHT- HMS 25384–25395 were
deposited at the University of Illinois Museum of Natural
History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH 27231–
27234. UIMNH27234 was later exchanged to the U.S. Na-
tional Museum (see above), and UIMNH 27233 was later
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where
it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 29616.
Ambystoma granulosum Taylor, 1944
[currently accepted; de, Tihen, 1958: 35]
Taylor, 1944a, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 30: 57.
Paratypes: USNM 116633–116647, 11 km W of Toluca, México
State, México, collected by H. M. Smith, 10 Sep 1939;
USNM 116648–116653, 15 km W of Toluca, México State,
México, collected by H. M. Smith, 11 Sep 1939; USNM
137206, same locality data as holotype, collected Aug 1939.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “km. 74, about 12 miles northwest of Toluca,
México, México.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 29805. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 24042–24250, 29804.
Etymology: The name granulosum is from the Latin granum,
“seed,” and the Latin sufx - osus, “nature of,” in reference
to the granular nature of the skin mentioned in the original
description.
Remarks: USNM 137206 (formerly UIMNH 27230) was re-
ceived in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History and cataloged on 27 Oct 1955. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 29804 in the original description. The
original description states “collected with type”; however,
the collection date of the holotype in the original description
was 10 Sep 1939, not Aug 1939 as recorded in the original
ledger entry for USNM 137206. The holotype, EHT- HMS
25805, is presently in the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory, where it is now cataloged as FMNH 100106. Some
of the paratypes EHT- HMS 24042–24250 are presently
cataloged as FMNH 98784, 100278–100283, 102749,
102750–102837, 103720, 103756, 103764, 103771,
103772, 103775, 113817–113846, and 126498. Additional
paratypes from EHT- HMS 24042–24250 were deposited
at the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History,
where they were cataloged as UIMNH 22821–22835 and
27227–27230. Later, UIMNH 22831 was exchanged to the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as CM 39980; UIMNH 22833 was exchanged to
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 29615; UIMNH 22835 was exchanged
to the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where
it is presently cataloged as UMMZ 117244; and UIMNH
27229 was exchanged to the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH 75761. As
mentioned above, UIMNH 27230 was exchanged to the
U.S. National Museum, where it is presently cataloged as
USNM 137206. However, this does not account for all of
the paratypes from EHT- HMS 24042–24250; 64 specimens
could not be located and must be considered missing.
Ambystoma lacustris Taylor and Smith, 1945
[= Ambystoma velasci (Dugès, 1888); de, Brandon, 1988: 428]
Taylor and Smith, 1945, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 95: 532.
Holotype: USNM 117410, Lake Texcoco, Mexico, Mexico, col-
lected by H. M. Smith, 2 Mar 1939.
Type Locality: “Lake Zumpango, México” (in error, veried
against H. M. Smith’s eld ledger); corrected to “Lake Tex-
coco, Mexico, Mexico” by Cochran (1961: 6); this change
was also veried by Brandon (1988: 428).
Paratype(s): USNM 116736–116749, 116751, 116753–116755,
Zumpango, México State, México, collected by H. M. Smith,
3 Mar 1939; USNM 116750, 116752, Zumpango, México
State, México, collected by H. M. Smith, 6 Sep 1939.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 22894–22910.
Etymology: The name lacustris is derived from the Latin lacus,
“body of standing water,” in reference to the lake habitat of
this species.
Remarks: USNM 116745 was not listed in Cochran (1961), al-
though it was listed in the original description. Apparently,
this is because the specimen was not present at the U.S. Na-
tional Museum in 1961. An annotation in H. M.Smith’s
eld catalog for his eld number 6294 reads “Sent to E. H.
Taylor” and also that it was cataloged as USNM 116745.
It appears that this specimen may actually have been sent
to Taylor prior to the entry into the USNM catalog ledger.
There is a specimen at the Field Museum of Natural History
(FMNH 118801) with the same eld number (S6294) as the
10
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
one that was recorded in Smith’s eld catalog and the USNM
catalog ledger, but there is no indication in Taylor’s collec-
tion catalog that the specimen was ever cataloged at the U.S.
National Museum or was a paratype of Ambystoma lacustris
(Alan Resetar, Field Museum of Natural History, personal
communication, 12 Jan 2010). It is possible that this resulted
from a cataloging error at the U.S. National Museum and
that this specimen was never actually cataloged there. The
paratypes EHT- HMS 22895, 22897, 22900, 22901, 22903,
22904, 22906, 22907, and 22910 are presently cataloged as
FMNH 126693–126701, whereas EHT- HMS 22894, 22898,
22902, 22905, and 22909 were deposited at the University
of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they were cata-
loged as UIMNH 27307–27311. Later, UIMNH 27308 was
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it
is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 29614; UIMNH 27310 was
exchanged to the University of Michigan Museum of Zool-
ogy, where it is presently cataloged as UMMZ 117246; and
UIMNH 27311 was exchanged to the American Museum of
Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as AMNH
A- 59524. The paratypes EHT- HMS 22896, 22899, and
22908 could not be located and must be considered missing.
Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928
[currently accepted; de, Hardy and Anderson, 1970: 1]
Bishop, 1928b, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 43: 157.
Holotype: USNM 75058, low grounds of Black River near Dunn,
Harnett County, North Carolina, collected by W. Mabee, 12
May 1923.
Type Locality: “Low grounds of the Black River near Dunn, N. C.”
Etymology: The name mabeei is a patronym honoring W. Mabee,
the collector of the holotype.
Remarks: Bishop (1928b) mentioned a second specimen, a larva
63 mm in length collected by C. S. Brimley at Andrews, North
Carolina, May 1908. However, he only tentatively identied
this specimen to his new species, and it should probably be
considered a referred specimen rather than a paratype. The
present whereabouts of this specimen are unknown.
Ambystoma macrodactyla Baird, 1850
[= Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Baird, 1850; de,
Mittleman, 1948: 92]
Baird, 1850 [1849], J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 1: 292.
Syntype: USNM 4042, Astoria, Clatsop County, Oregon, collected
by J. K. Townsend, date unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Astoria, Oregon.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: “Specimens in the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,” according to the original
description.
Etymology: The name macrodactyla is from the Greek macros,
“long,” and daktylos, “toe,” in reference to the long toes
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: The original description was based on “Specimens in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia”; however,
Malnate (1971) does not list any syntypes. There is no men-
tion of any USNM specimens in the original description.
USNM 4042 was received from the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, and cataloged as “Amblystoma macro-
dactyla” with a locality of “Astoria.” Later, the remark
“Cotype” and the collector’s name, “Dr. J. K. Townsend,”
were written in the ledger. According to Ferguson (1963),
USNM 4042 may be the only surviving syntype.
Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum Ferguson, 1961
[currently accepted; de, Ferguson, 1963: 1]
Ferguson, 1961, Am. Midl. Nat., 65: 313.
Holotype: USNM 142228, near a small lake 0.5 mile N of An-
thony Lakes, Union County, Oregon.
Type Locality: “Near a small lake located 0.5 miles N. Anthony
Lakes (SW 1/4 Sec. 7, R37E, T7S), Union Co., Oregon, (Elev.
7100 feet).”
Paratypes: USNM 142229–142246, same data as holotype. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name columbianum is derived from the distribu-
tion of this taxon within the Columbia River drainage basin.
Remarks: USNM 142241 was exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology on 15 Nov 1961 and is presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 35562.
Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum Ferguson, 1961
[currently accepted; de, Ferguson, 1963: 2]
Ferguson, 1961, Am. Midl. Nat., 65: 316.
Holotype: USNM 142212, Crater Lake National Park, edge of
Crater Lake, ~100 yards W of boat landing in Eagle Cove,
Klamath County, Oregon, elevation 6170 feet, collected by
D. E. Ferguson and O. W. Johnson, 28 Jul 1956.
Type Locality: “100 yards W. of the boat landing in Eagle Cove
of Crater Lake, Klamath Co., Oregon, (Elev. 6170 feet).”
Paratypes: USNM 142213–142227, same data as holotype. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name sigillatum is from the Latin sigillatus,
“adorned with gures,” apparently in reference to the bro-
ken dorsal stripe and dorsal spots referred to in the original
description.
Remarks: USNM 142222 was exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology on 15 Nov 1961 and is presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 35563.
Ambystoma maculatum Hallowell, 1858
[= Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850; de, Cope, 1868a
[1867]: 184]
Hallowell, 1858a [1857], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 9:
215. Also described as new by Hallowell, 1858b, J. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 3: 355.
Possible Holotype: USNM 14481, New Mexico, no further lo-
cality data, collected by A. McClellan, date of collection un-
known, cataloged 6 Mar 1886.
Type Locality: “New Mexico.”
NUMBER 654
•
11
Etymology: The name maculatum is from the Latin maculatus,
“spotted,” in reference to the spotted coloration.
Remarks: The holotype was probably originally in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, although
that is not clearly indicated in the original description. Cope
(1868 [1867]) indicated that the type was in the “Mus. Acad-
emy.” However, Malnate (1971) did not list any specimens of
Ambystoma maculatum Hallowell, 1858. Gehlbach (1966)
questioned whether USNM 14481 was the holotype, despite
the match of locality and collector. His examination of the
specimen revealed that it is slightly longer than reported by
Hallowell (1858a [1857]): total length of 378 inches ver-
sus 3½ inches, which brings into question whether USNM
14481 is the holotype or not. In addition, the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, lists ANSP 1300 as the prob-
able holotype of this taxon.
Ambystoma mavortia Baird, 1850
[= Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Baird, 1850; de, Irschick
and Shaffer, 1997: 44–45]
Baird, 1850 [1849], J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 1: 292.
Holotype: USNM 3990, New Mexico, no further locality data,
collected by J. Le Conte, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “New Mexico” (probably the Rio Grande val-
ley between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas; see
Gehlbach, 1967: 2).
Etymology: The name mavortia is derived from the Latin god
Mars (derivative mavortial, “warlike”).
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by number in the original
description, although the type was recorded as “one speci-
men procured in New Mexico by Dr. Wislizenus while at-
tached to Col. Doniphan’s expedition.” USNM 3990 was
rst listed as the type by Yarrow (1882: 149). The type sta-
tus of this specimen was questioned by Cochran (1961), ap-
parently because of the difference in collector between the
original description and the original ledger entry.
Ambystoma nebulosum Hallowell, 1853
[= Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum Hallowell, 1853; de,
Irschick and Shaffer, 1997: 44–45]
Hallowell, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 209.
Lectotype: USNM 4702, San Francisco Mountain, Coconino
County, Arizona, collected by S. W. Woodhouse, date of col-
lection unknown. Lectotype designation by Lowe (1955:
244).
Type Locality: “New Mexico”; corrected by Hallowell (1854:
144, 1858b: 352) to “San Francisco mountain, New Mex-
ico” (near Flagstaff, Coconino County, Arizona; at the time,
New Mexico Territory encompassed this region).
Other Type Material: Paralectotype: ANSP 1294. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name nebulosum is derived from the Latin nebu-
losus, “cloudy” or “dark,” in reference to the dark color-
ation of the body mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: The syntypes were not mentioned by number in the
original description. The syntypes were USNM 4702 and
ANSP 1294 according to Lowe (1955), who selected USNM
4702 as the “lectoholotype.” Cochran (1961) cited USNM
4702a as the holotype. Whether she was misled by Lowe’s
designation of a lectoholotype or whether she felt that the
USNM specimen was the one that had its measurements
recorded in the original description and therefore was the
“type” is not clear. What is clear is that Hallowell recorded
two specimens without clearly designating either as the type,
and therefore, Lowe’s selection of USNM 4702 as lectotype
is valid.
Ambystoma ordinaria Taylor, 1940
[= Ambystoma ordinarium Taylor, 1940; de, Smith and Taylor,
1948: 13]
Taylor, 1940a [1939], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 422
Paratype: USNM 134276, 4 miles west of El Mirador, near
Puerto Hondo, Michoacán, Mexico, collected by E. H. Tay-
lor, 3 Sep 1938. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Small stream at an elevation of about 9,000 feet,
four miles west of El Mirador, near Puerto Hondo, Micho-
acán, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 16367. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 16364–16366, 16367A, 16368–16370, 16372–
16382, 16384–16386.
Etymology: The name ordinaria is from the Latin ordinarius, “of
regular or usual manner,” apparently in reference to the or-
dinary or regular color pattern of this species.
Remarks: USNM 134276 (formerly UIMNH 27321) was received
in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum of Natu-
ral History and was cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was listed
as EHT- HMS 16384 in the original description. The holo-
type, EHT- HMS 16367, is presently in the Field Museum
of Natural History, where it is now cataloged as FMNH
100055. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 16364–16366,
16367A, 16368–16370, 16372–16382, and 16384–16386
are presently cataloged as FMNH 126572–126578. Addi-
tional paratypes from EHT- HMS 16364–16366, 16367A,
16368–16370, 16372–16382, and 16384–16386 were de-
posited at the University of Illinois Museum of Natural His-
tory, where they were cataloged as UIMNH 27315–27321,
30653, 30654, and 32581. UIMNH 27321was later ex-
changed to the U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH
27319 was exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, where it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 29613.
UIMNH 27320 was exchanged to the Field Museum of
Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH
75762. UIMNH 27318 was exchanged to the Senckenberg
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, where it is presently
cataloged as SMF 53180. However, this does not account
for all of the paratypes; EHT- HMS 16377, 16381, and
16382 could not be located and must be considered missing.
In addition to the above specimens, EHT- HMS 16363 was
12
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
cataloged as UIMNH 27314 and was listed as a paratype
by Smith et al. (1964). This specimen was then exchanged to
the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as CM 39982 and listed in their database as
a paratype. However, EHT- HMS 16363 was not in the list of
paratypes in the original description.
Ambystoma rosaceum nigrum Shannon, 1951
[= Ambystoma rosaceum Taylor, 1941; de, Anderson, 1961: 375]
Shannon, 1951, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 101: 466.
Holotype: USNM 123581, ~0.5 mile E of El Salto, ~3 miles
below 75 foot falls in El Salto Creek, Durango, Mexico, col-
lected by R. Miller, 8 May 1946.
Type Locality: “El Salto, Durango.”
Etymology: The name nigrum is from the Latin nigrum, “black”
or “dark,” in reference to the dark coloration of the holo-
type mentioned in the original description.
Ambystoma rosaceum sonoriensis Shannon, 1951
[= Ambystoma rosaceum Taylor, 1941; de, Anderson, 1961: 375]
Shannon, 1951, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 101: 468.
Holotype: USNM 17253, 32 miles S of Nogales, Pinetos Camp,
Mexico, Sonora, collected by P. Jouy, 14 Jun 1891.
Type Locality: “Sonora, Mexico, 32 miles south of the Arizona
border.”
Paratypes: USNM 17254–17256, same data as holotype, except
USNM 17256 was collected 17 Jun 1891. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name sonoriensis is derived from the type local-
ity of Sonora, Mexico. Frost (2021) pointed out the incorrect
gender of the subspecies name, which should be sonoriense.
Remarks: USNM 17254 was exchanged to the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology on 7 Aug 1958 and is presently cataloged
as MCZ A- 30598. USNM 17256 was exchanged to the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (Smith et
al., 1964: 6), where it is now cataloged as UIMNH 34758.
However, the details of this exchange were apparently lost
prior to 1961 since there was no mention of the specimen in
Cochran (1961).
Ambystoma stejnegeri Ruthven, 1912
[= Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei Baird, 1850; de, Mittle-
man, 1948: 92]
Ruthven, 1912, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 41: 517.
Holotype: USNM 48598, Bloomeld, Davis County, Iowa, col-
lected by G. H. Berry, 27 Jul 1906.
Type Locality: “Bloomeld, Davis County, Iowa.”
Paratype: USNM 48599, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: UMMZ 41971, 41972.
Etymology: The name stejnegeri is a patronym for Leonhard
Stejneger, American herpetologist and former curator of her-
petology at the U.S. National Museum.
Remarks: Mittleman (1948) and Ferguson (1963) questioned
the type locality of “Bloomeld, Davis County, Iowa.”
However, Ruthven (1912) indicated that he wrote to the
collector to verify the locality record and the collector sent
an additional three specimens and habitat data, indicating
that it was unlikely an error in recording the locality. Reeve
Bailey examined the type specimens and veried that they
were indistinguishable from western Ambystoma macro-
dactylum (Gregory Schneider, University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology, personal communication, 19 Aug 2009).
Bailey also visited the type locality, and although he did not
manage to collect additional specimens, he did come up with
a reasonable explanation for the presence of this northwest-
ern species in Iowa. The type locality is adjacent to a rail-
road where logs and lumber were off- loaded. Bailey believes
that specimens were introduced with logs carried by rail
from the Northwest.
Ambystoma subsalsum Taylor, 1943
[currently accepted; de, Smith and Taylor, 1948: 11; conrmed
by Webb, 2004: 125–131]
Taylor, 1943a, Copeia, 1943: 152.
Paratypes: USNM 116702, Alchichica, Puebla, México, collected
by H. M. Smith, 21 Mar 1940; USNM 116703, 116704,
134277, Laguna Alchichica, Puebla, México, collected
by E. H. Taylor and D. M. Forbes, 14–15 Aug 1942. (See
Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Lake Alchichica, Puebla.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 22139. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 24013, 24014, 28357–28390. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name subsalsum is from the Latin prex sub- ,
“under,” and salsus, “salty,” in reference to the brinish water
of Lake Alchichica, the type locality.
Remarks: USNM 116702 was listed as “U. S. National Museum
No. 12989”; this number is actually an H. M. Smith eld
number. The correct number was listed in the heading for
gure 1 in Taylor (1943a). USNM 116703 and 116704 were
listed as EHT- HMS 28366 and 28379, respectively. USNM
134277 was received in exchange from the University of
Illinois Museum of Natural History (formerly UIMNH
27326) and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was listed as
EHT- HMS 28367 in the original description. USNM
116702–116704 were not listed in Cochran (1961), appar-
ently because they were never received at the National Mu-
seum of Natural History. The specimens were at the Field
Museum as FMNH 136930–126932 (Brandon et al., 1982
[1981]). They were returned to the National Museum of
Natural History in 1981. The holotype, EHT- HMS 22139,
is presently in the Field Museum of Natural History, where
it is cataloged as FMNH 100007. Some of the paratypes
EHT- HMS 24013, 24014, and 28357–28390 are now cata-
loged as FMNH 126514–126536 and 126930–126932.
Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS 24013, 24014, and
28357–28390 were deposited at the University of Illinois
Museum of Natural History, where they were cataloged
as UIMNH 27323–27333. UIMNH 27326 was later ex-
changed to the U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH
NUMBER 654
•
13
27325 was exchanged to the Carnegie Museum of Natural
History, where it is now cataloged as CM 39981. UIMNH
27329 was exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, where it is now cataloged as MCZ A- 29612. UIMNH
27330 was exchanged to the University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology, where it is now cataloged as UMMZ
117245. UIMNH 27331 was exchanged to the American
Museum of Natural History, where it is now cataloged as
AMNH A- 59525. UIMNH 27332 was exchanged to the
Field Museum of Natural History, where it is now cataloged
as FMNH 75763.
Ambystoma taylori Brandon, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982
[currently accepted; de, Liner 1994: 9]
Brandon, Maruska, and Rumph, 1982 [1981], Bull. S. California
Acad. Sci., 80: 116.
Paratypes: USNM 116702, Alchichica, Puebla, México, collected
by H. M. Smith, 21 Mar 1940. USNM 116703, 116704,
134277, Laguna Alchichica, Puebla, México, collected by
E. H. Taylor and D. M. Forbes, 14–15 Aug 1942; USNM
336886–336896, Laguna Alchichica, 19°25′N, 71°24′W,
Puebla, México, collected by R. Altig, 21 Dec 1970. (See
Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Laguna Alchichica, Puebla, México, ca. 24 km
SW Perote.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 212392. Paratypes: CM
39981; FMNH 75763, 126514–126536, 126930–126932;
MCZ 29612; UIMNH 27323, 27324, 27327, 27328,
27333, 48988; UMMZ 117425.
Etymology: The name taylori is a patronym for Edward H. Tay-
lor, American herpetologist and original describer of the
Lake Alchichica population.
Remarks: USNM 116702–116704 were listed as FMNH 126930–
126932 in the original description. USNM 336886–336896
were listed as SIUC H- 3207–3220 in the original description.
Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli Dunn, 1940
[= Ambystoma mavortium diaboli Dunn, 1940; de, Irschick and
Shaffer, 1997: 44–45]
Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 160.
Paratype: USNM 13394, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, collected by
R. Bell, 21 Apr 1883.
Type Locality: “Devil’s Lake, North Dakota.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 50156. Paratypes:
UMMZ 50157. Original description lists “69 adults from
North Dakota (10 from Devil’s Lake) . . . Twenty larvae from
North Dakota . . . From Canada I have seen 18.”
Etymology: The name diaboli is from the Latin diabolis, “devil,”
in reference to the type locality, Devil’s Lake.
Remarks: According to the original description, Dunn saw a
total of 107 specimens (including USNM 13394, although
he doubted the locality data for that specimen). He gave no
indication where most of these specimens were deposited,
and many may not agree that all the materials examined are
paratypes. However, in the original description, he discussed
variation in size and coloration and gave a geographic range
for this taxon. By the denition in Article 72 of the Inter-
national Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), all the
specimens examined must be considered part of the type
series and are therefore paratypes. Only one other possible
paratype was found by querying other museums. MCZ
A- 15047 is listed in their database as a possible paratype.
Ambystoma tigrinum slateri Dunn, 1940
[= Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum Baird, 1850; de,
Irschick and Shaffer, 1997: 44–45]
Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 159.
Holotype: USNM 108982, 5 miles SE of Coulee Dam, Grant
County, Washington, collected by J. R. Slater, date of collec-
tion unknown, cataloged 9 Apr 1940.
Type Locality: “Five miles southeast of Coulee Dam, Grant
County, Washington.”
Etymology: The name slateri is a patronym for Professor James
R. Slater, collector of the holotype.
Remarks: USNM 108982 was listed as College of Puget Sound
2489 in the original description. According to the original
description, Dunn saw a total of 205 specimens. He gave no
indication where most of these specimens were deposited,
and many may not agree that all the materials examined are
paratypes. However, in the original description, he discussed
the geographic distribution and life history stages of the
specimens examined as well as variation in coloration and
gave a geographic range for this taxon. By the denition in
Article72 of the International Code of Zoological Nomen-
clature (International Commission on Zoological Nomencla-
ture, 1999), all the specimens examined must be considered
part of the type series and are therefore paratypes. No para-
types were found by querying other museums.
Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Lowe, 1954
[= Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi Lowe, 1954; de, Irschick
and Shaffer, 1997: 44–45]
Lowe, 1954, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 67: 243.
Paratype: USNM 134131, J. A. Jones Ranch, mouth of Parker
Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Ari-
zona, collected by C. H. Lowe Jr., 4 Nov 1950.
Type Locality: “J.A. Jones Ranch, in Parker Canyon, southwest
side of the Huachuca Mountains, ca. 5,000 feet, Santa Cruz
County, Arizona.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UA 665. Paratypes: UA 666–
671; “one each to each of the following: F. A. Shannon Her-
petological Collection, Wickenburg, Arizona; University of
California, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; Chi-
cago Natural History Museum; U. S. National Museum.”
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name stebbinsi is a patronym honoring Rob-
ertC. Stebbins, American herpetologist.
14
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Remarks: The holotype UA 665 is presently cataloged at the
University of Arizona, Museum of Natural History, as UAZ
53728. The six paratypes UA 666–671 are presently cata-
loged as UAZ 21204 and 53723–53727. The paratype de-
posited at the U.S. National Museum is listed above. The
paratypes deposited at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
and the Chicago Natural History Museum are presently cat-
aloged as MVZ 57057 and FMNH 72597, respectively. The
one paratype deposited in the F. A. Shannon Herpetological
Collection was later deposited at the University of Illinois
Museum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged
as UIMNH 66936.
Dicamptodon copei Nussbaum, 1970
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum, 1983: 1]
Nussbaum, 1970, Copeia, 1970: 506.
Holotype: USNM 166784, Maratta Creek, 85 m upstream from
bridge on State Highway 504, SW Quarter Sec. 3, T.9 N, R.4
E., 46°17′N, 122°18′W, 840 m elevation, Cowlitz County,
Washington, collected 20 Jun 1969.
Type Locality: “Mar(r)atta Creek, 85 m upstream from bridge on
state highway 504, SW 1/4 Sec. 3, T. 9 N., R. 4 E., 46° 17′N,
122° 18′W, 840 m elevation, Cowlitz County, Washington.”
Paratypes: USNM 166785, 166789, 166792, 166793, 166795,
same locality and collector as holotype, except collected 21
Aug 1967; USNM 166786, 166787, same locality and col-
lector as holotype, except collected 22 Aug 1968; USNM
166786, 166794, 166796–166798, 166801, 166804,
166808, 166809, 166813, same locality and collector as
holotype, except collected 10 Jun 1963; USNM 166790,
166791, 166799, 166800, 166802, 166803, 166805–
166807, 166810–166812, 166814, same locality and collec-
tor as holotype, except collected 17 Sep 1967. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name copei is a patronym honoring Edward D.
Cope, American herpetologist.
Remarks: USNM 166799, 166802, and 166809 were exchanged
to the Field Museum of Natural History on 14 Jan 1974 and
are now cataloged as FMNH 196741–196743, respectively.
USNM 166786, 166807, and 166811 were exchanged to the
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County on 14Jan
1974 and are now cataloged as LACM 99480–99482, re-
spectively. USNM 166810 was exchanged to the Museum
of Comparative Zoology on 19 Apr 1976 and is presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 89457.
Rhyacosiredon leorae Taylor, 1943
[= Ambystoma leorae (Taylor, 1943); de, Brandon, 1989: 18;
conrmed by Reilly and Brandon, 1994: 656–662]
Taylor, 1943b, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29: 345.
Paratypes: USNM 116629–116632, 24 km W of Texmelucan,
Puebla, México, collected by D. M. Forbes, 7 Oct 1939.
Type Locality: “Mountain stream near Río Frío, México, either in
the state of Puebla or México (Balsas River drainage system).”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 22560. Paratype:
EHT- HMS 22561. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name leorae is a matronym for Leora T. Forbes,
wife of the collector of the type series.
Remarks: The holotype, EHT- HMS 22560, is presently in the
Field Museum of Natural History, where it is now cata-
loged as FMNH 100041, whereas the paratype, EHT- HMS
22561, is presently cataloged as FMNH 100739.
Rhyacosiredon rivularis Taylor, 1940
[= Ambystoma rivulare (Taylor, 1940); de, Brandon, 1989: 18;
conrmed by Reilly and Brandon, 1994: 658]
Taylor, 1940b, Herpetologica, 1: 171.
Paratype: USNM 137209, 8 miles W of Villa Victoria, México,
México, collected by E. H. Taylor, 11 Sep 1938.
Type Locality: “About 13 km. west of Villa Victoria, México, in
a small stream in pine forest.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 16388. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 16387, 16389–16393. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name rivularis is derived from the Latin rivu-
lus, “small stream,” in reference to the stream habitat of this
species.
Remarks: USNM 137209 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (formerly
UIMNH 27241) and cataloged on 27 Oct 1955. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 16390 in the original description. The
holotype, EHT- HMS 16388, is presently in the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is cataloged as FMNH
100003, whereas the paratypes EHT- HMS 16389, 16391,
and 16392 are presently cataloged as FMNH 100837–
100839. The paratype EHT- HMS 16387 is presently cata-
loged as UIMNH 27240, EHT- HMS 16390 was cataloged
as UIMNH 27241 and then later exchanged to the U.S.
National Museum (see above), and EHT- HMS 16393 was
cataloged as UIMNH 27242 and then later exchanged to
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 29617.
Rhyacosiredon zempoalaensis Taylor and Smith, 1945
[= Ambystoma altamirani Dugès, 1895; de, Reilly and Brandon,
1994: 657]
Taylor and Smith, 1945, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 95: 527.
Holotype: USNM 116617, Lakes of Zempoala, Morelos, México,
collected by H. M. Smith, 22 Feb 1939.
Type Locality: “At the Lakes of Zempoala, Morelos, México, in a
nearly dry lake bed, elevation about 10,000 feet.”
Paratypes: USNM 116614, same locality and collector as ho-
lotype, collected 21 Feb 1939; USNM 116615, 116616,
116618–116623, same data as holotype; USNM 116624–
116628, same locality and collector as holotype, collected
24 Feb 1939.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 22172–22190,
24630–24634.
Etymology: This species was named for the Lakes of Zempoala,
the type locality.
Remarks: The date of collection of the holotype, USNM 116617,
was published as 24 Feb 1939, but H. M. Smith’s eld notes
NUMBER 654
•
15
give the date of collection as 22 Feb 1939. USNM 116615
was exchanged to W. C. A. Bokermann on 29 Apr 1968
(present whereabouts unknown). Some of the paratypes
EHT- HMS 22172–22190 and 24630–24634 are presently
cataloged as FMNH 104132–104142 and 126489–126492.
Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS 22172–22190 and
24630–24634 were deposited at the University of Illinois
Museum of Natural History, where they were cataloged
as UIMNH 27245–27250. Later, UIMNH 27250 was ex-
changed to the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is
presently cataloged as FMNH 75775. UIMNH 27249 was
exchanged to Stanford University, where it was cataloged as
SU 17789. It was later transferred to the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, where it is presently cataloged as CAS- SU
(Amp) 17789. UIMNH 27248 was exchanged to the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, where it is presently cata-
loged as MCZ A- 29618. UIMNH 27246 was exchanged
to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum,
where it is presently cataloged as SMF 53184. The para-
types EHT- HMS 22172, 22176, and 22187 could not be
located and must be considered missing.
Salamandra granulata De Kay, 1842
[= Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827); de, Cope, 1868a
[1867]: 195]
De Kay, 1842a in Holbrook, 1842, N. Am. Herpetol., 2nd ed.,
5: 63.
Syntypes: USNM 3981 (two specimens), New York, no further
locality data, collector and date of collection unknown,
cataloged 2 Aug 1858. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “The northern districts of New York.”
Etymology: The name granulata is derived from the Latin gra-
num, “seed” or “pellet,” in reference to the granulated skin
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: Adler (1976) discussed whether De Kay (1842a) in
Holbrook (1842) or De Kay (1842b) was published rst
and concluded that De Kay (1842a) in Holbrook (1842)
appeared in print rst. Whichever was published rst, the
syntypes were not listed by number in either of the descrip-
tions. De Kay (1942a) listed measurements of a single speci-
men with a total length of 6 inches, 9 lines (approximately
6¾inches), whereas De Kay (1942b) listed the same series
of measurements and then mentioned another smaller speci-
men (or specimens; the text switches from plural to singular)
with a length of 3 inches, 3 lines (approximately 3¼ inches).
Cope (1868a) listed USNM 3989 (apparently in error) as
the type of Salamandra granulata. This was apparently a
lapsus for USNM 3981 because the original ledger entry for
USNM 3981 has “De Kay’s Orig.” in remarks, and the origi-
nal ledger entry for USNM 3989 is blank, and no specimen
with this number can be found. However, the original led-
ger entry had the identication of “Amblystoma opacum.”
This was later crossed out, and the identication “Amblys-
toma jeff. jeff.” (= Ambystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonia-
num) was entered above the original entry. This confusion is
probably due to the fact that there were apparently two jars
with specimens tagged USNM 3981. Yarrow (1882) listed
one specimen of “Amblystoma opacum” and two specimens
of “Ambystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonianum” under the
number USNM 3981. The specimen of Ambystoma opacum
was recataloged as USNM 39440 on 19 Feb 1910 but still
has its original catalog tag numbered 3981 attached. At
this time, there are two specimens of Ambystoma jefferso-
nianum presently tagged as USNM 3981. The larger one is
approximately 6 inches in total length, and the smaller is
~2¾inches. Both have had the tip of the tail broken off, but
the pieces are still present, enabling the measurements re-
corded above. The discrepancies between the measurements
recorded in De Kay (1842b) and the recent measurements
are probably due to shrinkage during the approximately
150 years that the specimens have been in preservative.
Salamandra jeffersoniana Green, 1827
[= Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green, 1827); de, Dunn, 1918:
458]
Green, 1827, Contrib. Maclurian Lyc. Arts Sci., 1: 4.
Possible Holotype: USNM 3968, western Pennsylvania, collected
by J. Green, date unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Near Chartier’s creek in the vicinity of Jefferson
College at Cannonsburg,” Washington County, Pennsylvania.
Etymology: The species is named after Jefferson College.
Remarks: The type was not listed in the original description, but
it is clear from the original description that it was based
on a single specimen. USNM 46 was a specimen of Am-
bystoma jeffersonianum collected at Canonsburg, Penn-
sylvania, “from Dr. Green’s Cabinet,” and according to the
remarks in the original ledger entry was the “Type of sp.”
Unfortunately, no specimen can be found bearing the cata-
log number USNM 46. USNM 3968 was stated to be the
“type” by Yarrow (1882: 150) and Cope (1889: 94). The
original ledger entry for USNM 3968 gives the locality as
“Western Penna.”; Cochran (1961) recorded the locality as
“near Chartier’s Creek, at Canonsburg, Washington County,
Pennsylvania,” and these locality data are also penciled into
the ledger in Cochran’s handwriting. This was apparently
based on the assumption that USNM 3968 is the holotype
and therefore must be from the type locality. Pyron and
Beamer (2020) compared USNM 3968 to the gure of the
presumed holotype, plate 1 in Green (1927), and concluded
that USNM 3968 and the gured specimen were the same
and therefore USNM 3968 is actually the specimen that
Green used in his original description.
Salamandra lurida Sager, 1839
[= Ambystoma tigrinum (Green, 1825); de, Cope, 1868a [1867]:
179]
Sager, 1839, Am. J. Sci. Arts, 36: 323.
Holotype: USNM 39442, Detroit, Michigan, collected by A. Sager,
date of collection unknown, cataloged (as USNM 3899)
2Aug 1858. (See Remarks.)
16
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Type Locality: None given.
Paratypes: USNM 3899, 3970, Detroit, Michigan, collected by
A. Sager, date of collection unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Etymology: The name lurida is from the Latin luridus, “pale yel-
low,” in reference to the pale yellow ventral pigmentation.
Remarks: Sager (1839) did not indicate how many specimens he
had of his new form, but he presented measurements of only
one specimen. USNM 3899 (two specimens) and USNM
3970 were cataloged with the remarks “Type of lurida ?.”
The original entry for USNM 3899 had two specimens, one
of which agreed in measurements with Sager’s description
of Salamandra lurida. This specimen was considered to be
the holotype and was recataloged on 23 Feb 1910 as USNM
39442. It is not clear whether that specimen should be con-
sidered the holotype or whether all three specimens should
be considered syntypes.
Siredon dumerilii Dugès, 1870
[= Ambystoma dumerilii (Dugès, 1870); de, Brandon, 1992: 1]
Dugès, 1870, Naturaleza, 1: 241.
Syntypes: USNM 16201–16202, Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan,
Mexico, collected by A. Dugès, date of collection unknown,
cataloged 30 Jun 1890.
Type Locality: “llaguna de Pátzcuaro,” Michoacán, Mexico.
Other Type Material: Syntypes: ANSP 13862; unnumbered speci-
men in the Alfredo Dugès Museum, University of Guanajuato.
Etymology: The name dumerilii is a patronym for Auguste Du-
méril, French herpetologist.
Siredon gracilis Baird, 1859
[= Ambystoma gracile (Baird, 1859); de, Dunn, 1926b: 136]
Baird, 1859a [1857], Rep. Explor. Surv. Route Railroad Mississippi-
Pacic Ocean, 10 (Part 4, no. 4): 13.
Syntypes: USNM 4080 (two specimens), Cascade Mountains,
near latitude 44°N, Oregon, collected by J. S. Newberry and
R. S. Williamson, date of collection unknown, cataloged
2Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Cascade Mountains, near latitude 40°.”
Etymology: The name gracilis is from the Latin gracilis, “slender”
or “thin,” in reference to the slender body mentioned in the
original description.
Remarks: The syntypes were not listed by number in the original
description.
Siredon lermaensis Taylor, 1940
[= Ambystoma lermaense (Taylor, 1940); de, Tihen, 1958: 3, 37]
Taylor, 1940a [1939], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 427.
Paratype: USNM 134297, Lake Lerma, E of Toluca, México,
México, collected by E. H. Taylor and H. M. Smith, 1939.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Lake Lerma, east of Toluca, México.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 22578. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 15436–15440, 22571–22577, 22579–22586.
Etymology: The species was named after Lake Lerma, the type
locality.
Remarks: USNM 134297 (formerly UIMNH 27236) was received
in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum of Natu-
ral History and cataloged on 27 Oct 1955. It was listed as
EHT- HMS 22574 in the original description. The holotype,
EHT- HMS 22578, is presently in the Field Museum of Natu-
ral History, where it is cataloged as FMNH 100029. Some of
the paratypes EHT- HMS 14536–14540, 22571–22577, and
22579–22586 are presently cataloged as FMNH 126553,
126642–126645, and 126893–126900. Additional paratypes
from EHT- HMS 22571–22577 and 22579–22586 were de-
posited at the University of Illinois Museum of Natural His-
tory, where they were cataloged as UIMNH 27235–27239.
Later, UIMNH 27236 was exchanged to the U.S. National
Museum (see above). UIMNH 27237 was exchanged to Stan-
ford University, where it was cataloged as SU 17788. It was
later transferred to the California Academy of Sciences, where
it is presently cataloged as CAS- SU (Amp) 17788. UIMNH
27238 was exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, where it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 29619. Para-
types EHT- HMS 15436 and 22582 could not be located and
must be considered missing.
Siredon lichenoides Baird and Girard, 1852
[= Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850; de, Fowler and Dunn,
1917: 8]
Baird and Girard, 1852a, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 68.
Syntypes: USNM 4061 (two specimens), Santa Fe Creek, Santa
Fe County, New Mexico, collected by R. H. Kern, date of
collection unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “In a lake at the head of Santa Fé Creek, in New
Mexico.”
Etymology: The name lichenoides is from the Greek leichen, “li-
chen,” and is in reference to the variegated, lichenous color
pattern of this species.
Siredon melanosticta Baird, 1859
[= Ambystoma mavortium Baird, 1850; de, Bishop, 1942: 256]
Baird, 1859c, in Cooper and Suckley, 1859, The Natural History
of Washington, 306.
Holotype: USNM 4073, “100 miles E of Fort Union,” North Da-
kota, collected by G. Suckley, date of collection unknown,
cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Between Fort Union and Fort Benton, Ne-
braska”; restricted to “100 miles west of Fort Union, North
Dakota; this is in the Missouri River valley near Frazer, Val-
ley County, Montana,” by Gehlbach (1966: 881).
Other Type Material: USNM 7043, 100 miles west of Fort Union,
collected by G. Suckley, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged in 1867 (holotype according to Gehlbach, 1966: 881;
see Remarks).
Etymology: The name melanosticta is from the Greek melanos,
“black,” and stictos, “spotted,” in reference to the dark,
spotted color pattern of the type specimen.
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by number in the origi-
nal description. USNM 7043 was considered by Gehlbach
NUMBER 654
•
17
(1966) to be the holotype of Siredon melanosticta. However,
Baird (1859) cited USNM 4073, which was cataloged in
1858 (prior to publication); USNM 7043 was not cataloged
until 1867 (well after publication). No specimen with the
number USNM 4073 could be found. Possibly, the original
metal specimen tag was misstamped, and then the locality
data were entered a second time (although with the differ-
ence of east versus west in the locality).
Bishop (1942) and Gehlbach (1966, 1967) consider
Baird (1860), in Cooper (1860), to be the original description
for this taxon. However, the evidence indicates that Cooper
and Suckley (1859) was published rst, and Baird (1859c), in
Cooper (1859), should be considered the original description.
It is not clear from the original description whether the
author meant to name this as a subspecies, Siredon lichen-
oides melanosticta, or a full species, Siredon melanosticta.
To quote the original description “it is difcult to say if this
animal be really distinct from lichenoides; but it may, at any
rate, be considered as a well marked variety, S. melanosticta.”
Family CryptobranChidae
Cryptobranchus bishopi Grobman, 1943
[= Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1943; de,
Schmidt, 1953: 12; conrmed by Dundee and Dundee,
1965: 370]
Grobman, 1943, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 470: 6.
Paratypes: USNM 57042, Oregon County, Missouri, no further
locality data, collected by J. Hurter, 1900; USNM 94356,
Current River, Big Spring State Park, Carter County, Mis-
souri, collected by A. Heinze, 19 May 1931; USNM 99751,
Montauk State Park, Dent County, Missouri, collected by
A.Heinze, 5 Sep 1932.
Type Locality: “Current River at Big Spring Park, Carter County,
Missouri.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 68930. Paratypes:
UMMZ 68415, 68916, 68929, 68931, 69932; AMNH
23053, 23054.
Etymology: The name bishopi is a patronym honoring Sher-
manC. Bishop, American herpetologist.
Remarks: AMNH 23053 and 23054 are presently cataloged as
AMNH A- 23053 and A- 23054.
Family hynobiidae
Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950
[currently accepted; de, Zhao and Jiang, 1988: 49; conrmed by
Fu et al., 2001: 1103]
Liu, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool. Mem., 2: 87.
Paratypes: USNM 124581–124582, Lu Ho Hsien, Sikang, China,
collected by C. C. Liu, date of collection unknown, cataloged
30 Jul 1947.
Type Locality: “Chiala (11,000 feet altitude), Luhohsien, Sikang.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 49379. Paratypes:
UMMZ 92318; numerous specimens are mentioned by
locality and collection date. In addition, 60 specimens are
listed in the table of measurements on page 90 of the origi-
nal description.
Etymology: The name karlschmidti is a patronym for Karl P.
Schmidt, American herpetologist and former curator of her-
petology at the Chicago Museum of Natural History.
Remarks: With the exception of UMMZ 92318, paratypes were
not listed by number in the original description, but the two
specimens listed above were received from the author as
paratypes. In addition, FMNH 49380–49383 are listed as
paratypes in the Field Museum of Natural History online
database. The additional specimens mentioned by locality or
listed in the table of measurements must also be considered
paratypes, but their whereabouts could not be determined.
Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Liu, 1950
[currently accepted; de, Zhao and Jiang, 1988: 49; conrmed by
Fu et al., 2001: 1103]
Liu, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool. Mem., 2: 99.
Paratypes: USNM 124583, 124584, Yen Yuan, Sikang, China,
collected by H. W. Chang and Y. W. Kao, 6 Jul 1942.
Type Locality: “Peilinshan, Yenyuanhsien, Sikang, China, 14,500
feet altitude.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 49370. Paratypes: “Fifty-
nine specimens” from “large pond on Peilinshan at an alti-
tude of 15,000 feet between Yenyuanhsien and Yenpienhsien,
Sikang,” collected by H. W. Chang and Y. W. Kao, 6 Jul 1942.
Etymology: The name yenyuanensis is derived from the type
locality.
Remarks: Paratypes were not listed by number in the original
description, but the two specimens listed above were re-
ceived from the author as paratypes. In addition, FMNH
49371–49376 are listed as paratypes in the Field Museum
of Natural History online database, and MCZ A- 26486 is
listed as a paratype in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
online database. The additional 50 specimens mentioned as
paratypes could not be located, and their present where-
abouts could not be determined.
Dermodactylus pinchonii David, 1872
[= Batrachuperus pinchonii (David, 1872); de, Stejneger, 1925: 5]
David, 1872 [1871], Nouv. Arch. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7: 95.
Syntype: USNM 10995, Kiang- si, China, collected by A. David,
date of collection unknown, cataloged 29 Jul 1881.
Type Locality: “Moupin.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: MNHNP 5060 (four specimens)
and 5061 (four specimens); BMNH 1946.9.6.57, 1946.9.6.58;
IRSNB 1002. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name pinchonii is a patronym honoring Mon-
signor Pinchon, vicar of Upper Sichuan, because of the ser-
vices rendered to David.
Remarks: The syntypes were not listed by number in the original
description. Likewise, the number of specimens examined
was not indicated. David sent a total of 32 specimens to
the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, where they were
18
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
originally accessioned as MNHN 1870.65 (Annemarie Ohler,
MNHN, personal communication, 22 Oct 2008). The Mu-
séum national d’Histoire naturelle presently has four larvae
(MNHN 5060), four adults (MNHM 5061), and two skele-
tons (MNHN 1992.176, 1992.177) that are presently consid-
ered to be syntypes. Many of the remaining specimens were
sent out on exchange by the Muséum national d’Histoire
naturelle, including the USNM specimen, the BM speci-
mens, and the IRSNB specimen mentioned above. However,
the records of those exchanges are not clear, and the present
whereabouts of the remaining 19 syntypes are unknown. This
species was listed (in error) as Salamandrella sinensis Sauvage
by Cochran (1961). Sauvage (1876) based that species on the
same series of specimens collected by A. David that David
(1872 [1871]) used to describe Dermodactylus pinchonii,
making this species a junior objective synonym.
Hynobius retardatus Dunn, 1923
[currently accepted; de, Matsui et al., 1992: 414]
Dunn, 1923a, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 27.
Paratypes: USNM 64902, Kutara Lake, Iburi, Hokkaido, Japan,
collected by M. Oshima, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged 21 Apr 1922; USNM 64903, estuary of Shirisetsunai
River, near Lake Shikotsu, Iburi, Hokkaido, Japan, collected
by M. Oshima, date of collection unknown, cataloged
21Apr 1922.
Type Locality: “Noboribetsu, Iburi Province, Hokkaido,” Japan.
Other Type Material: Holotype: CAS 35928. Paratypes: CAS
25982–25990, 35927; MCZ 5122. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name retardatus is from the Latin retardatus,
“delayed” or “hindered,” although what the author was
thinking is not clear from the original description.
Remarks: In the original description, Dunn (1923a) listed only
the holotype with no indication of any additional speci-
mens. However, he indicated that complete descriptions
would appear in his revision of the family Hynobiidae
(Dunn, 1923c). In that paper, he gave detailed descriptions
of the two USNM paratypes as well as the additional CAS
specimens and the MCZ specimen. Obviously, these speci-
mens were used as a basis for the description and should be
considered paratypes.
Hynobius shihi Liu, 1950
[= Liua shihi (Liu, 1950); de, Zhao, 1984: 40]
Liu, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool. Mem., 2: 77.
Paratype: USNM 124580, Ta Pa Shan, Sichuan, China, collected
by C. C. Liu.
Type Locality: “Chihsinling, Tachangsze, eastern Szechwan,
China.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 49384. Paratypes:
“Three males, two females and three larvae (Liu coll.),” al-
though the text lists three females (Nos. 371, 382, and 397),
two males (Nos. 383 and 387), and three larvae (Nos. 344,
377, and 380).
Etymology: The name shihi is a patronym for Pei- nan Shih, col-
lector of the holotype.
Remarks: USNM 124580 was listed as Liu No. 380 in the original
description. Although only eight paratypes are mentioned in
the original description, the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory presently has eight catalog records listed as paratypes in
their online database. Liu No. 371 is presently cataloged as
FMNH 170700, Liu No. 382 is FMNH 49386, Liu No. 383
is FMNH 211243, Liu No. 387 is FMNH 170702, and Liu
No. 377 is FMNH 49385. In addition, the Field Museum
lists FMNH 49387 (14 specimens, no original Liu num-
ber), FMNH 170701 (Liu No. 394), and FMNH 211242
(Liu No. 374). It is not clear whether Liu No. 344 and Liu
No. 397 (both mentioned in the original description) are
represented by FMNH 170701 and 211242 with some error
in the original numbers or whether these specimens cannot
be accounted for. Also, there is no indication in the original
description of the additional 14 specimens presently cata-
loged as FMNH 49687.
Hynobius stejnegeri Dunn, 1923
[currently accepted; de, Sato, 1937: 40]
Dunn, 1923a, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 12: 28.
Holotype: USNM 23901, Kumamoto, Higo Province, Kuma-
moto Prefecture, Kyushu, collected by Nakagawa, 1884.
Type Locality: “Kumamoto, Higo Province, Kyushu.”
Etymology: This species is named after Leonhard Stejneger, for-
mer curator of herpetology at the U.S. National Museum.
Salamandrella sinensis Sauvage, 1876
[= Batrachuperus pinchonii (David, 1872 [1871]); de, Stejneger,
1925: 5]
Sauvage, 1876, L’Institut, Paris, 4: 275.
Syntype: USNM 10995, Kiang- si, China, collected by A. David,
date of collection unknown, cataloged 29 Jul 1881.
Type Locality: “Moupin.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: MNHNP 5060 (four specimens)
and 5061 (four specimens); BMNH 1946.9.6.57, 1946.9.6.58;
IRSNB 1002. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name sinensis is derived from the country China,
where the type locality is found.
Remarks: Sauvage (1876) based this species on the same series of
specimens collected by A. David that David (1872 [1871])
used to describe Dermodactylus pinchonii, making this spe-
cies a junior objective synonym. The syntypes were not
listed by number in the original description. Sauvage (1876)
gave measurements for a single specimen but did not say
how many specimens he examined. David sent a total of
32 specimens to the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle,
where they were originally accessioned as MNHN 1870.65
(Ohler, pers. comm.). The Muséum national d’Histoire na-
turelle presently has four larvae (MNHN 5060), four adults
(MNHM 5061), and two skeletons (MNHN 1992.176,
1992.177) that are considered to be syntypes. Many of the
NUMBER 654
•
19
remaining specimens were sent out on exchange by the Mu-
séum national d’Histoire naturelle, including the USNM
specimen, the BMNH specimens, and the IRSNB specimen
mentioned above. However, the records of those exchanges
are not clear, and the present whereabouts of the remaining
19 syntypes are unknown.
Family plethodontidae
Anaides ferreus Cope, 1869
[= Aneides ferreus Cope, 1869; de, Grinnell and Camp, 1917:
135]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 109.
Holotype: USNM 14451 (formerly USNM 6794), Fort Umpqua,
Douglas County, Oregon, collected by E. P. Vollum, date of
collection unknown, cataloged (as USNM 14451) 6 Mar
1886.
Type Locality: “Fort Umpqua, Oregon.”
Etymology: The name is from the Latin ferreus, “iron colored,”
apparently in reference to the metallic dorsal coloration of
this species.
Remarks: The holotype was published as USNM 6794 in the
original description. However, Dunn (1926a) considered
USNM 14451 to be the holotype without comment. Ap-
parently, USNM 6794 may have been renumbered as
USNM 14451 on 6 Mar 1886. USNM 14451 measures
just over 3.5 inches in total length, which comes close to
matching the length of 3.65 inches reported in the original
description.
Batrachoseps catalinae Dunn, 1922
[= Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915; de, Dunn, 1926a: 239;
conrmed by Wake and Jockusch, 2000: 110]
Dunn, 1922b, Copeia, 109: 62.
Holotype: USNM 57335, Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles
County, California, collected by J. Hurter, 23 Jan 1908.
Type Locality: “Santa Catalina Island.”
Paratypes: USNM 38361, 38362, 57334, 57336, same data as
holotype.
Etymology: The name catalinae is derived from the type locality.
Remarks: USNM 38361 was exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology in 1944 and is presently cataloged as
MCZ A- 25763.
Batrachoseps caudatus Cope, 1889
[= Batrachoseps attenuatus (Eschscholtz, 1833); de, Wake et al.,
1998: 13]
Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 126.
Holotype: USNM 13561, Hassler Harbor, Annette Island, Alaska,
collected by H. E. Nichols, Dec 1881.
Type Locality: “Hassler Harbor, Alaska.”
Etymology: The name caudatus is from the Latin cauda, “tail,”
in reference to the long tail mentioned in the original
description.
Batrachoseps leucopus Dunn, 1922
[= Batrachoseps major Camp, 1915; de, Dunn, 1926a: 239;
conrmed by Brame and Murray, 1968: 22]
Dunn, 1922b, Copeia, 109: 61.
Holotype: USNM 64319, Islas Coronados, North Island, Baja
California Norte, Mexico, collected by A. W. Armstrong, 4
Aug 1921.
Type Locality: “Los Coronados, North Island, Lower California.”
Etymology: The name leucopus is from the Greek leukos,
“white,” and pous, “foot,” in reference to the light whitish-
gray line above the insertions of the legs mentioned in the
original description.
Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869
[currently accepted; de, Jockusch et al., 1998: 15; conrmed by
Jockusch and Wake, 2002: 363]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 98.
Syntype: USNM 6734, Fort Tejon, Kern County, California, col-
lected by G. H. Horn, date of collection unknown, cataloged
1881.
Type Locality: “Fort Tejon, California.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: ANSP 1865. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name nigriventris is derived from the Latin niger,
“black,” and venter, “belly,” in reference to the black belly of
this species mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 6734 cannot be located at the National Mu-
seum of Natural History; it was apparently lost prior to
Dunn (1926a) since he did not mention having seen the
USNM syntype. According to Dunn (1926a) and Malnate
(1971), the syntypes are ANSP 481 and 482, although Cope
(1869) cited ANSP 1865 and Smithson. Mus. (USNM) 6734
in the original description.
Bolitoglossa arborea Taylor, 1941
[= Chiropterotriton arboreus (Taylor, 1941); de, Taylor, 1944c:
216; conrmed by Brame, 1967: 19]
Taylor, 1941a, Herpetologica, 2: 62.
Paratype: USNM 134278, near Tianguistengo, Hidalgo, Mexico,
collected by E. H. Taylor and R. Roberts, 13 Aug 1938.
Type Locality: “Near Tianguistengo, Hidalgo,” Mexico.
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 16743. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 16734–16742, 16744–16756.
Etymology: The name arborea is from the Latin arboreus, “of
trees,” in reference to the habitat of this species, living in
bromeliads in trees.
Remarks: USNM 134278 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (formerly
UIMNH 27078) and was cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It
was listed as EHT- HMS 16752 in the original description.
The holotype, EHT- HMS 16743, is presently in the Field
Museum of Natural History, where it is now cataloged as
FMNH 100022. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 16734–
16742 and 16744–16756 are presently cataloged as FMNH
100034, 100226–100230, 100740, 126341, 126349,
20
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
126765, 196161, and 196222. Additional paratypes from
EHT- HMS 16734–16742 and 16744–16756 were depos-
ited at the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History,
where they were cataloged as UIMNH 27073–27078. Later,
UIMNH 27078 was exchanged to the U.S. National Museum
(see above), and UIMNH 27077 was exchanged to Brigham
Young University, where it is presently cataloged as BYU
13253. The paratype EHT- HMS 16741 is presently in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is cataloged as
MCZ A- 24546. The paratypes EHT- HMS 16734, 16738, and
16755 could not be located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa borburata Trapido, 1942
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
Trapido, 1942, Bol. Soc. Venezol. Cienc. Nat., 8: 297.
Holotype: USNM 115509, Valle del Río Borburata, Carabobo,
Venezuela, 1,200 m, collected by P. Anduze, Mar 1940.
Type Locality: “Valle del Río Borburata, Estado Carabobo, Ven-
ezuela, 1200 m.”
Etymology: This species is named for the Rio Borburata, the type
locality of the species.
Bolitoglossa cephalica rubrimembris Taylor and Smith, 1945
[= Aquiloeurycea cephalica (Cope, 1865); de, Rovito et al.,
2015: 185]
Taylor and Smith, 1945, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 95: 539.
Holotype: USNM 110661, Santa Anita, 6 km S of (40 km N of
Jacala) [sic], Hidalgo, Mexico, collected by H. M. Smith and
R. Smith, 10 Oct 1939.
Type Locality: “6 km. south of Santa Anita, Hidalgo, elevation
about 4,500 feet,” Mexico.
Paratypes: USNM 110659, 110660, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 12495, 23007,
25411–25413, 29831. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name rubrimembris is from the Latin rubrum,
“reddish,” and membrum, “part,” in reference to the reddish
pigment on the tip of the tail.
Remarks: The paratype EHT- HMS 12495 is presently cataloged
as FMNH 114429, EHT- HMS 29831 is presently cataloged
as FMNH 114444, and EHT 25411 and 25413 are pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 126632 and 100169, respectively.
The paratype EHT- HMS 25412 is presently cataloged as
UIMNH 27299. The paratype EHT- HMS 23007 is pres-
ently cataloged as UIMNH 30910.
Bolitoglossa chica Brame and Wake, 1963
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
Brame and Wake, 1963, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Ange-
les Co., 69: 16.
Holotype: USNM 196347, Hotel Saracay, 2 km E of Santo Do-
mingo de los Colorados, Pichincha, Ecuador, 671 m, col-
lected by P. D. Spoecker and R. K. Mullen, 15 Jun 1962.
Type Locality: “Grounds of the Hotel Zaracay, 2 km. E of Santo
Domingo, 670 meters (2200 feet), Provincia de Pichincha,
Ecuador.”
Other Type Material: Paratype: EPN 2411.
Etymology: The name chica is from the Spanish word chica, “small.”
Remarks: USNM 196347 was cited as JAP 4366 in the original
description.
Bolitoglossa chondrostega Taylor, 1941
[= Chiropterotriton chondrostega (Taylor, 1941); de, Taylor,
1944c: 216; conrmed by Darda, 1994: 173]
Taylor, 1941c, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 113.
Paratype: USNM 134279, Durango, Hidalgo, 5,000 to 6,000 feet
elevation, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, 12 Sep 1938.
Type Locality: “Durango, Hidalgo, 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17304. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17283–17303, 17305–17310.
Etymology: The name chondrostega is from the Greek chondros,
“cartilage,” and stegos, “roof,” in reference to the mostly
cartilaginous dorsum of the skull.
Remarks: USNM 134279 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (formerly
UIMNH 27045) and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was listed
as EHT- HMS 17310 in the original description. The holo-
type, EHT- HMS 17304, is presently in the Field Museum of
Natural History, where it is cataloged as FMNH 100076.
Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 17283–17303 and 17305–
17310 are presently cataloged as FMNH 100157–100161,
104618, 126642, 126781–126783, 189885, 189886,
191447, and 196227. Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS
17283–17303 and 17305–17310 were deposited at the Uni-
versity of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they
were cataloged as UIMNH 27041–27045 and 32651. Later,
UIMNH 27045 was exchanged to the U.S. National Museum
(see above). UIMNH 27044 was exchanged to the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, where it is presently cataloged as
MCZ A- 30867. The paratypes EHT- HMS 17283, 17284,
17288–17291, 17296, 17300, 17302, and 17303 could not
be located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa cochranae Taylor, 1943
[= Pseudoeurycea cochranae (Taylor, 1943); de, Taylor, 1944c:
209; conrmed by Bogert, 1967: 3–5]
Taylor, 1943b, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29: 343.
Paratypes: USNM 116386, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico,
collected by H. M. Smith, 10 Jul 1940; USNM 134289,
Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor
and R. C. Taylor, Jul 1940.
Type Locality: “Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, México at an eleva-
tion of about 8,800 feet.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 24594. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17726, 17727, 24589–24593, 24595–24599.
Etymology: The name cochranae is a matronym for Doris M.
Cochran, former curator of amphibians and reptiles at the
U.S. National Museum.
Remarks: USNM 116386 was erroneously listed as USNM
19483 in the original description; 19483 is actually the HMS
eld number. Also, in the original description, the collectors
NUMBER 654
•
21
were listed as E. H. Taylor and R. C. Taylor with a date of
Jul 1940, whereas the USNM records show the collector as
H. M. Smith, 10 Jul 1940. It is not clear whether the origi-
nal description or the USNM records are correct. USNM
134289 was received in exchange from the University of Illi-
nois Museum of Natural History (formerly UIMNH 27183)
and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was listed as EHT- HMS
24593 in the original description. The holotype, EHT- HMS
24594, is presently in the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory, where it is cataloged as FMNH 100091. The paratypes
EHT- HMS 24592, 24599, 24591, 24596, and 24595 are
presently cataloged as FMNH 100741–100744 and 100804,
respectively. The paratypes EHT- HMS 24589, 24593, and
24597 were deposited at the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH
27182–27184. UIMNH 27183 was later exchanged to the
U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH 27184 was
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where
it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 29625. The paratypes
EHT- HMS 17726, 17727, 24590, and 24598 could not be
located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa cuna Wake, Brame, and Duellman, 1973
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
Wake, Brame, and Duellman, 1973, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus.
Los Angeles Co., 248: 2.
Paratypes: USNM 150035, 150036, Armila, San Blas, Panama,
collected by C. O. Handley Jr. and F. Greenwell, 23 Feb 1963.
Type Locality: “Camp Sasardi, 12 m (39 ft) elevation, Territorio
de San Blas, eastern Panamá.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: KU 116519.
Etymology: The name cuna is derived from the name of the Indig-
enous people of the eastern Caribbean lowlands of Panama.
Bolitoglossa decora McCranie and Wilson, 1997
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
McCranie and Wilson, 1997, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 110: 367.
Holotype: USNM 500000, Parque Nacional La Muralla, along
the trail to Cerro Enmedio near the Monte Escondido camp-
ground, Olancho, Honduras, 15°05′N, 86°44′W, elevation
1,440 m, collected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, and
D.Almendarez, 29 Jul 1996.
Type Locality: “Along the trail to Cerro Enmedio near the Monte
Escondido campground (15° 05′N, 86° 44′W), Parque Na-
cional La Muralla, 1440 m elev., Departamento de Olancho,
Honduras.”
Paratypes: USNM 497533, same data as holotype, except eleva-
tion 1,510 m; USNM 497534, same data as holotype, except
elevation 1,550 m; USNM 497535, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name decora is from the Latin decorus, “orna-
mented” or “beautiful,” in reference to the color pattern of
the females of this taxon.
Bolitoglossa diaphora McCranie and Wilson, 1995
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
McCranie and Wilson, 1995b, J. Herpetol., 29: 448.
Paratypes: USNM 335045–335048, Sierra de Omoa, El Cusuco
on Cerro Cusuco, 5.6 km WSW of Buenos Aires, Parque
Nacional El Cusuco, Cortés, Honduras, elevation 1,550 m,
collected by J. R. McCranie, 18–21 Aug 1992.
Type Locality: “Above the visitors center of Parque Nacional El
Cusuco, Cerro Cusuco (15° 31′N, 88° 12′W), 5.6 km WSW
Buenos Aires, 1550 m elevation, Sierra de Omoa, Departa-
mento de Cortés, Honduras.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 221178. Paratypes: MVZ
186764, 221179, 221180.
Etymology: The name diaphora is from the Greek diaphoros,
“different,” in reference to the sexually dimorphic color-
ation exhibited by this taxon.
Bolitoglossa dimidiata Taylor, 1940
[= Chiropterotriton dimidiatus (Taylor, 1940); de, Taylor, 1944c:
216; conrmed by Rabb, 1958: 32]
Taylor, 1940a [1939], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 408.
Paratype: USNM 134280, El Chico National Park, Hidalgo,
Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, 1938.
Type Locality: “Guerrero, near Mineral del Monte, Southern Hi-
dalgo, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17677. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17671–17676, 17678, 17689, 17691, 17692,
17694–17705.
Etymology: The name dimidiata is derived from the Latin dimidi-
atus, “halved,” in reference to the small size of this taxon.
Remarks: USNM 134280 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (formerly
UIMNH 27071) and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 17701 in the original description. The
holotype, EHT- HMS 17677, is presently in the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is cataloged as FMNH
100023. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 17671–17676,
17678, 17689, 17691, 17692, and 17694–17705 are pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 100024, 100729–100738,
126780, and 169705. Additional paratypes from EHT-
HMS 17671–17676, 17678, 17689, 17691, 17692, and
17694–17705 were deposited at the University of Illinois
Museum of Natural History, where they were cataloged as
UIMNH 27065–27072 and 32644. Later, UIMNH 27071
was exchanged to the U.S. National Museum (see above).
UIMNH 27070 was exchanged to the Field Museum of
Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH
75764. UIMNH 27069 was exchanged to the Senckenberg
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, where it is presently
cataloged as SMF 53178. UIMNH 27068 was exchanged to
the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as CM 39984. The paratypes EHT- HMS
17678–17680 and 17702 are in the American Museum
of Natural History, where they are presently cataloged as
AMNH A- 49963–49966. The paratype EHT- HMS 17705
is presently in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where
it is cataloged as MCZ A- 24543. The paratypes EHT- HMS
22
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
17673, 17676, 17689, 17691, and 17692 could not be lo-
cated and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa galaenae Taylor, 1941
[= Aquiloeurycea galeanae (Taylor, 1941); de, Rovito et al., 2015:
185]
Taylor, 1941b, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54: 83.
Paratype(s): USNM 110642–110658, 15 miles W of Galeana,
Nuevo Leon, Mexico, collected by H. M. Smith, 13–14 Oct
1939.
Type Locality: “Near Galeana, N. L., 7,000 ft. elevation.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17146. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17145, 25762, 25763.
Etymology: This species is named after the type locality of Galeana.
Remarks: The original name galaenae was an incorrect original
spelling as evidenced by comparison with type locality name
Galeana. The name was corrected to galeanae by Taylor
(1944b: 121), which was a justied emendation allowed by
Article 32.5 of the International Code of Zoological No-
menclature (International Commission on Zoological No-
menclature, 1999). USNM 110647 was exchanged to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology on 21 Feb 1944 and is
presently cataloged as MCZ A- 25764. USNM 110650 was
exchanged to the University of Michigan Museum of Zool-
ogy on 27 Nov 1944 and is presently cataloged as UMMZ
92423. The holotype, EHT- HMS 17146, is presently in the
Field Museum of Natural History, where it is cataloged as
FMNH 100113. The paratype EHT- HMS 17145 is pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 100284. The paratypes EHT-
HMS 25762 and 25763 could not be located and must be
considered missing. UIMNH 38035 (EHT- HMS 26122)
was listed as a paratype by Smith et al. (1964), but this spec-
imen was not listed in the original description.
Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) gomezi Wake, Savage, and Hanken, 2007
[currently accepted; de, García- París et al., 2008: 23]
Wake, Savage, and Hanken, 2007, Copeia, 2007: 557.
Holotype: USNM 219116, Finca las Cruces, OTS Field Station,
6 km (by road) S of San Vito de Java, Puntarenas, Costa
Rica, 8°47′35ʺN, 82°57′30ʺW, elevation 1,250 m, collected
by R. W. McDiarmid, 22 May 1971.
Type Locality: “Costa Rica, Provincia Puntarenas, Las Cruces
Biological Station, 8° 47′35ʺ N, 82° 57′30ʺ W, 1250 m.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: LACM 146323; MVZ 97811,
97812; UMMZ 173548; MVUP 929; SMF 85062.
Etymology: The name gomezi is a patronym for Luis Diego
Gomez, Costa Rican botanist.
Bolitoglossa lavae Taylor, 1942
[= Chiropterotriton lavae (Taylor, 1942); de, Taylor, 1944c: 216]
Taylor, 1942, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 28: 295.
Paratype(s): USNM 134281–134283, 2 miles W of La Joya,
Vera cruz, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, D. M. Forbes,
and G. Garcia, 16–17 Aug 1940. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “2 miles west of La Joya, Veracruz.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 28937. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 28930–28936, 28938–29064.
Etymology: The name lavae is derived from the habitat of the
type locality, “stunted forest of the lava elds west of La
Joya.”
Remarks: USNM 134281–134283 (formerly UIMNH 27103–
27105) were received in exchange from the University of Il-
linois Museum of Natural History and cataloged on 10 Mar
1954. They were listed as EHT- HMS 29005, 29008, and
29011, respectively, in the original description. The holotype,
EHT- HMS 28937, is presently in the Field Museum of Natu-
ral History, where it is cataloged as FMNH 100118. Some
of the paratypes EHT- HMS 28930–28936 and 28938–29064
are presently cataloged as FMNH 100429, 100546–100569,
100648–100683, 100728, 100750, 100765, 100805, 126346,
126879, 126880, 169723–169727, and 189427. Additional
paratypes from EHT- HMS 28930–28936 and 28938–29064
were deposited at the University of Illinois Museum of Natu-
ral History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH 27080–
27121. Later, UIMNH 27103–27105 were exchanged to the
U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH 27101 was ex-
changed to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where
it is presently cataloged as CM 39983. UIMNH 27121 was
exchanged to the University of Colorado Museum of Natural
History, where it is presently cataloged as UCM 13633. The
paratypes EHT- HMS 28975 and 28977 were deposited at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, where they are presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 25603 and A- 25604. The paratypes
EHT- HMS 28932, 28998, 29015, and 29064 could not be
located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa melanomolga Taylor, 1941
[= Pseudoeurycea melanomolga (Taylor, 1941); de, Taylor, 1944c:
209]
Taylor, 1941b, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54: 81.
Paratypes: USNM 110640, 17 km NE of Limón, Veracruz,
Mexico, collected by H. M. Smith, 23 Mar 1940; USNM
110641, near Tezuitlan, Veracruz, Mexico, collected by
H.M. Smith, 25 Jun 1940. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “About 20 km. north of San Antonio Limón
( Totalco), Veracruz,” Mexico.
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 24626.
Etymology: The name melanomolga is derived from the Greek
melanos, “black,” and molgos, “skin,” in reference to the
dark pigmentation mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: In the original description, USNM 110641 was listed
as having been collected at the type locality by E. H. Taylor
on 24 Jun 1940, whereas USNM records show the local-
ity as “near Tezuitlan,” collected by H. M. Smith on 25Jun
1940. It is not clear whether the original description or
the USNM records are correct. The holotype, EHT- HMS
24626, is presently in the University of Illinois Museum of
Natural History, where it is cataloged as UIMNH 25041.
NUMBER 654
•
23
Bolitoglossa moreleti Smith, 1945
[= Bolitoglossa mexicana Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril, 1854;
de, García- París et al., 2002: 63]
Smith, 1945, Herpetologica, 3: 17.
Holotype: USNM 116079, Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, collected
by H. M. Smith, 12 Jul 1939.
Type Locality: “From a bromeliad in the vicinity of Palenque,
Chiapas,” Mexico.
Paratypes: USNM 116070, Piedras Negras, Peten, Guatemala,
collected by H. M. Smith, 24 May 1939; USNM 116071–
116078, 116080–116098, Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, col-
lected by H. M. Smith, 7–23 Jul 1939.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: Field Numbers (Walter Rath-
bone Bacon Collection) of H. M. Smith, Nos. 8529–8534,
8632, 8634–8653, 8698–8732, 8741–8744, 8764–8767,
8828–8830, of which 28 are presently cataloged as USNM
116071–116098. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name moreleti is a patronym honoring M. Mo-
relet, early herpetological collector in Peten, Guatemala, and
collector of the rst recorded specimens of this species.
Remarks: A total of 73 specimens were listed by Smith eld
numbers under the heading of paratypes in the original de-
scription. However, the holotype, USNM 116079, was also
listed by both eld number (No. 8651) and USNM number
as part of the sequence of USNM catalog numbers listed as
paratypes. Therefore, a total of 72 paratypes were listed, and
27 of those were also listed as USNM 116071–116078 and
116080–116098. The paratypes 8704, 8711, 8718, 8828,
and 8645 were deposited at the Field Museum of Natu-
ral History, where they are presently cataloged as FMNH
91455–91457, 98727, and 190591, respectively. An addi-
tional 18 specimens were deposited at the University of
Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they were cata-
loged as UIMNH 13571–13588. Later, UIMNH 13574 and
13575 were exchanged to F. A. Shannon (nal deposition un-
known). UIMNH 13587 and 13588 were exchanged to the
University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, where
they are presently cataloged as UCM 22125 and 22126. Ex-
amination of H. M. Smith’s ledgers of the Walter Rathbone
Bacon Collection showed that 18 specimens were sent to
E.H. Taylor. Eventually, those specimens were deposited at
the Field Museum of Natural History, where they are pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 179731–179748. That accounts
for 68 of the 72 paratypes listed by number in the original
description. Paratypes 8638, 8641, 8642, and 8653 could
not be located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa nigroavescens Taylor, 1941
[= Bolitoglossa franklini nigroavescens (Schmidt, 1936); de,
Wake and Lynch, 1982: 266]
Taylor, 1941e, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 150.
Holotype: USNM 111169, Mount Obando (= Cerro Ovando),
Chiapas, Mexico, elevation 5,000–6,000 feet, collected by
H. M. Smith and R. Smith, 16 Apr 1940.
Type Locality: “Cerro Ovando, at an elevation between 5,000 to
6,000 feet,” Chiapas, Mexico.
Paratypes: USNM 111153–111168, 111170–111192, 134288,
same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 36784–36799. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name nigroavescens is from the Latin nigrum,
“black,” and avus, “yellow,” in reference to the grayish- black
and yellow coloration mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 134288 (formerly UIMNH 27187) was received
in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum of Natural
History and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was listed as EHT-
HMS 26795 in the original description. USNM 111160 and
111186 were exchanged to University of Michigan Museum
of Zoology on 27 Nov 1944 and are presently cataloged as
UMMZ 92419 and 92420. The paratypes EHT- HMS 26792
and 26798 were deposited at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, where they were cataloged as MCZ A- 25607 and
A- 25608. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 36784–36799
are presently cataloged as FMNH 98732, 100333–100336,
126342, 126778, and 126779. Additional paratypes from
EHT- HMS 36784–36799 were deposited at the University
of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they were cata-
loged as UIMNH 27185–27188. Later, UIMNH 27187 was
exchanged to the U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH
27185 was exchanged to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut
und Naturmuseum, where it is presently cataloged as SMF
53174. The paratypes EHT- HMS 26788 and 26794 could
not be located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa nigromaculata Taylor, 1941
[= Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata (Taylor, 1941); de, Taylor,
1944c: 209]
Taylor, 1941e, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 141.
Holotype: USNM 110635, Cuautlapan, Veracruz, Mexico, col-
lected by H. M. Smith, Jan 1940.
Type Locality: “Cuautlapan, Veracruz,” Mexico.
Paratypes: USNM 110631–110634, 110636–110638, same data
as holotype; USNM 110639, same data as holotype, except
collected 7 Aug 1940.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 24600–24641. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name nigromaculata is from the Latin nigrum,
“black,” and macula, “spot,” in reference to the black spots
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 110632 was exchanged to the University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology on 27 Nov 1944 and is pres-
ently cataloged as UMMZ 92422. USNM 110634 was ex-
changed to the Museum of Comparative Zoology on 21 Feb
1944 and is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 25765. Some
of the paratypes EHT- HMS 24600–24641 are presently
cataloged as FMNH 100532–100538, 100726, 100891,
and 196220. Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS 24600–
24641 were deposited at the University of Illinois Museum
24
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
of Natural History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH
27165–27171. Later, UIMNH 27171 was exchanged to
the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as FMNH 75766. UIMNH 27169 was exchanged
to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum,
where it is presently cataloged as SMF 53175. UIMNH
27170 was exchanged to the University of Colorado Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged
as UCM 13643. The paratypes EHT- HMS 24608, 24613,
24614, and 24616 could not be located and must be con-
sidered missing.
Bolitoglossa occidentalis Taylor, 1941
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 335]
Taylor, 1941e, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 145.
Holotype: USNM 111085, La Esperanza, Chiapas, Mexico, ele-
vation 500 feet, collected by H. M. Smith, 28 Apr 1940.
Type Locality: “La Esperanza, Chiapas, Mexico, elevation 500 feet.”
Paratypes: USNM 111068–110074, same data as holotype ex-
cept collected 6 Apr 1940; USNM 111075–110079, same
data as holotype except collected 7 Apr 1940; USNM
111080–110082, same data as holotype except collected 9
Apr 1940; USNM 110083, 110084, same data as holotype
except collected 23 Apr 1940; USNM 110086–110091,
same data as holotype; USNM 110092, 110093, same data
as holotype except collected 13 May 1940.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 24049, 26561,
27176–27180; FMNH 20330 (ve specimens), 20397,
20399, 20712, 20713, 20760 (four specimens). (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name occidentalis is from the Latin occidentalis,
“from the west.”
Remarks: USNM 111068 was exchanged to the University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology on 27 Nov 1944 and is pres-
ently cataloged as UMMZ 92421. The paratype EHT- HMS
24049 is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 25609. Although
published in the original description as EHT- HMS 24049,
this specimen is actually EHT- HMS 27049 and is listed as
such in Taylor’s collection catalog; EHT- HMS 24049 is an
Ambystoma presently cataloged as FMNH 113833 (Rese-
tar, pers. comm., 24 Feb 2010). The paratypes EHT- HMS
26561 and 27177 are presently cataloged as UIMNH
27189 and 27190, respectively. The paratypes EHT- HMS
27176, 27178, and 27180 are presently cataloged as FMNH
100185–100187, respectively. The paratype EHT- HMS
27179 could not be located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa oresbia McCranie, Espinal, and Wilson, 2005
[currently accepted; de, McCranie, 2008: 1]
McCranie, Espinal, and Wilson, 2005, J. Herpetol., 39: 108.
Holotype: USNM 560001, Cerro El Zarciadero, Comayagua,
Honduras, 14°43.662′N, 87°53.925′W, elevation 1,880 m,
collected by M. Espinal, 3 Jul 2003.
Type Locality: “Cerro El Zarciadero, 14° 43.662′N, 87° 53.925′W,
1880 m elevation, Departamento de Comayagua, Honduras.”
Paratype: USNM 560002, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name oresbia is from the Greek oresbios, “living
in or on mountains,” in reference to the montane habitat of
this taxon.
Bolitoglossa porrasorum McCranie and Wilson, 1995
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
McCranie and Wilson, 1995a, Herpetologica, 51: 132.
Holotype: USNM 329584, east slope of Pico Pijol, Montaña de
Pijol, northwest of Tegucigalpita, Departamento de Yoro,
Honduras (15°10′N, 87°33′W), elevation 1,860–1,900 m,
collected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, and K. Williams,
10 Aug 1991.
Type Locality: “East slope of Pico Pijol (15° 10′N, 87° 33′W),
Montaña de Pijol northwest of Tegucigalpita, 1860–1900 m
elevation, Departamento de Yoro, Honduras.”
Paratypes: USNM 329585–329604, same locality and collectors
as holotype, collected 7–10 Aug 1991; USNM 329605–
329607, 329614, 329615, Cordillera Nombre de Dios,
2.5km (airline) NNE of La Fortuna, Yoro, Honduras, col-
lected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, and K. Williams,
14–16 Aug 1991; USNM 329608–329613, Cordillera
Nombre de Dios, 2.5 km (airline) NNE of La Fortuna, Yoro,
Honduras, collected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, and
K.Williams, 29–31 Jul 1993.
Etymology: The name porrasorum is a patronym for Jorge Porras
Zúniga and Jorge Porras Orellana, for their friendship and
assistance over the years.
Bolitoglossa savagei Brame and Wake, 1963
[currently accepted; de, Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
Brame and Wake, 1963, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Ange-
les Co., 69: 31.
Paratypes: USNM 36693–36700, Rio Frio Mountains, Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia, collected
by H. Pittier, Jul 1906.
Type Locality: “Cerro San Lorenzo, 1400–2100 meters (4500–
7000 feet), Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Departamento de
Magdalena, Colombia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 54595. Paratypes: UMMZ
45615–45620, 45622–45626, 45628–45630, 48195, 45213,
54592, 54593, 63334, 63335 (22 specimens); ANSP 19723,
19724; CNHM 1815; MCZ 3894, 3895.
Etymology: The name savagei is a patronym for Jay M. Savage,
American herpetologist.
Remarks: CNHM 1815 is presently cataloged as FMNH 1815.
Bolitoglossa tapajonica Brcko, Hoogmoed, and Neckel- Oliveira,
2013
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Brcko, Hoogmoed, and Neckel- Oliveira, 2013, Zootaxa, 3686:
416.
Paratype: USNM 288553, Itaituba, ~65 km SW of Parque Nacio-
nal da Amazonia, Río Tapajos, Para, Brazil, collected by R. I.
Crombie, 28 Jan 1979.
NUMBER 654
•
25
Type Locality: “Barroso region, 02° 28′18ʺ S, 56° 00′44ʺ W, M u-
nicipality of Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil, 90 m elevation.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MPEG 22176. Paratypes: MPEG
22176–22178, 27470, 31686- 31695, 33293–33297, 34629;
MZUSP 52837.
Etymology: The name tapajonica is taken from the lower Tapajós
river region, the type locality.
Bolitoglossa terrestris Taylor, 1941
[= Chiropterotriton terrestris (Taylor, 1941); de, Taylor, 1944c:
216; Darda, 1994: 176]
Taylor, 1941c, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 115.
Paratypes: USNM 116319, 5–6 miles N of Zacualtipan, collected
by E. H. Taylor and R. C. Taylor, 10 Aug 1938; USNM
116322, 116323, 139717, 4–10 miles S of Tianguistengo,
Hidalgo, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor and R. C. Taylor,
1 Jul 1940. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “About six miles south of Tianguistengo, Hidalgo,
Mexico, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 23354. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17311–17359, 23244–23405. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name terrestris is from the Latin terrestris, “of
the earth,” apparently in reference to the terrestrial habitat
of this species.
Remarks: USNM 116319, 116322, and 116323 were listed as EHT-
HMS 17353, 23372, and 23367, respectively, in the original
description. USNM 139717 (formerly UIMNH 26927) was
received in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum of
Natural History and cataloged on 8 Oct 1957. It was listed as
EHT- HMS 23397 in the original description. USNM 116320
and 116321 were erroneously listed as paratypes of Bolito-
glossa terrestris Taylor, 1941 by Cochran (1961). Paratypes
are listed by EHT- HMS number in the original description, but
EHT- HMS 17706 and 17711 were not listed. The holotype,
EHT- HMS 23354, is presently in the Field Museum of Natural
History, where it is cataloged as FMNH 100121. Some of the
paratypes EHT- HMS 17311–17359 and 23244–23405 are
presently cataloged as FMNH 98670, 98671, 98841, 100778–
100782, 104638, 104639, 112767–112869, 114839–114843,
126324, 126325, 126329–126333, 126773, 126868–126872,
126874, and 178244. Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS
17311–17359 and 23244–23405 were deposited at the Uni-
versity of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they
were cataloged as UIMNH 26868–26927 and 30918. Later,
UIMNH 26927 was exchanged to the U.S. National Museum
(see above). UIMNH 26923 and 26924 were exchanged to the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where they are pres-
ently cataloged as CM 39985 and 39986. UIMNH 26925 was
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it
is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 30886. UIMNH 26926 was
exchanged to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Natur-
museum, where it is presently cataloged as SMF 53179. How-
ever, this does not account for all the paratypes from EHT- HMS
17311–17359 and 23244–23405; 22 specimens could not be
located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa unguidentis Taylor, 1941
[= Pseudoeurycea unguidentis (Taylor, 1941); de, Taylor, 1944c:
209]
Taylor, 1941a, Herpetologica, 2: 57.
Paratype: USNM 134292 (formerly UIMNH 27175), Cerro San
Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, 19 Aug
1938.
Type Locality: “Cerro San Felipe, about 15 kilometers north of
Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, at an elevation of 2200 meters in
mixed forest, containing much pine.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17102. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17103–17113, 17115, 15616, 15630, 15642,
15643, 15647A, 15649A, 15651.
Etymology: The name unguidentis is from the Latin unguis, “nail”
or “claw,” and dentis, “tooth,” in reference to the premaxillary
teeth mentioned and illustrated in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 134292 (formerly UIMNH 27175) was re-
ceived in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 15649A in the original description. The
holotype, EHT- HMS 17102, is presently in the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is cataloged as FMNH
100045. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 17103–17113
and 17115 are presently cataloged as FMNH 124413,
126475–126477, and 190592. Additional paratypes from
EHT- HMS 17103–17113 and 17115 were deposited at the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where
they were cataloged as UIMNH 27176–27180. Later,
UIMNH 27176 was exchanged to the Senckenberg Forsc-
hungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, where it is presently cata-
loged as SMF 53176, and UIMNH 27180 was exchanged
to the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 75768. The paratypes EHT- HMS
15630 and EHT- HMS 17104 are presently cataloged as
MCZ A- 25615 and A- 25616, respectively. The paratypes
EHT- HMS 15643, 15651, and 15647A are presently cata-
loged as FMNH 126478–126480, respectively. The para-
types EHT- HMS 15642 and 15649A were deposited at the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where
they were cataloged as UIMNH 27174 and 27175. Later,
UIMNH 27175 was exchanged to the U.S. National Mu-
seum (see above). The paratype EHT- HMS 15616 was also
listed as a paratype of Oedipus smithi Taylor, 1939 and is
presently cataloged as FMNH 126482 under that name. It
is not clear from the original descriptions whether this was a
simple error on Taylor’s part or a typographical error or he
recognized that this specimen was actually a different spe-
cies from O. smithi and included it without comment as a
paratype of B. unguidentis. The paratype EHT- HMS 17110
could not be located and must be considered missing.
Bolitoglossa xolocalcae Taylor, 1941
[= Dendrotriton xolocalcae (Taylor, 1941); de, Wake and Elias,
1983: 11]
Taylor, 1941e, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 148.
26
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Holotype: USNM 111371, Cerro Ovando, Chiapas, Mexico, col-
lected by H. M. Smith and R. Smith, 16 Apr 1940.
Type Locality: “Cerro Ovando, Chiapas, Mexico, between 6,800–
8,000 feet elevation.”
Paratypes: USNM 111372–111470, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EHT- HMS 25311–25341, 26749–
26783, 27264–27271. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name xolocalcae is derived from Xolocalca, the
Indigenous name for Cerro Ovando.
Remarks: USNM 111372–111399 were not mentioned in any
way in Cochran (1961). USNM 111394–111399 were re-
turned to Hobart M. Smith and were cataloged as UINMH
10094–10099. Also, USNM 111388–111393 cannot be
found in the USNM collection, and there is no record of them
having been exchanged or any explanation of their loss. Some
of the paratypes EHT- HMS 25311–25341 and 26749–26783
are presently cataloged as FMNH 100019, 100146, 100147,
100193–100223, 126334, 126335, 126784, and 169718–
169722. Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS 25311–
25341 and 26749–26783 were deposited at the University
of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they were cata-
loged as UIMNH 27191–27209. Later, UIMNH 10099 was
exchanged to the Field Museum of Natural History, where it
is presently cataloged as FMNH 75769. UIMNH 27203 and
27204 were exchanged to the Carnegie Museum of Natural
History, where they are presently cataloged as CM 39987
and 39988. UIMNH 27205 was exchanged to the University
of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where it is presently cata-
loged as UMMZ 114070. The paratypes EHT- HMS 25327,
26750, and 27264–27271 could not be located and must be
considered missing.
Chiropterotriton ceronorum Parra- Olea, Garcia- Castillo,
Rovito, Maisano, Hanken and Wake, 2020
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Parra- Olea, García- Castillo, Rovito, Maisano, Hanken, and
Wake, 2020, PeerJ, 8(e8800): 13.
Holotype: USNM 224212, ~1 km NE Santa Cruz Texmalaquilla
(4.7 miles by road NE of Atzitzintla), on south slope of Pico
de Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico, 18°56′54ʺN, 97°16′48ʺW,
elevation 3,110 m. Collected by R. W. McDiarmid, 3 Sep
1975.
Type Locality: “ca. 1 km NE Santa Cruz Texmalaquilla (4.7 mi
by road NE of Atzitzintla), on south slope of Pico de Oriz-
aba, Puebla, Mexico.”
Paratypes: USNM 224202, 224207–224208, 224211, 224218–
224220, 224230, 224236, 224240–224241, 224247, 224250,
224252–224253, 224257, 224259, 224275–224276, same
data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratype: MVZ 201393.
Etymology: The name is a patronym honoring members of the
Ceron family of Cuautlalpan, Veracruz, who have assisted
generations of herpetologists in collecting salamanders in
the general region of Pico de Orizaba.
Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947
[currently accepted; de, Harrison, 1992: 1]
Brown and Bishop, 1947, Copeia, 1947: 163.
Holotype: USNM 123977, 0.5 mile SE of Peachtree, Cherokee
County, North Carolina, collected by J. C. Nicholls Jr.,
22Oct 1946.
Type Locality: “Seepage branch 100 feet north of Peachtree
Creek, 1/2 mile S. S. E. of Peachtree, Cherokee County,
North Carolina.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes were “deposited in the S. C.
Bishop collection; W. C. Brown collection; American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York; Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh; Museum of Comparative zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, and the Chicago Natural History Museum.”
The total number of specimens was 10 adults and 2 juveniles.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name aeneus is from the Latin aeneous, “made
of bronze or copper,” apparently because of the reddish
bronze dorsal band mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: The paratype deposited with the American Museum
of Natural History is AMNH A- 53509, the paratype de-
posited with the Carnegie Museum of Natural History is
CM 27105, the paratype deposited with the Museum of
Comparative Zoology is MCZ A- 26367, and the paratype
deposited with the Chicago Museum of Natural History is
presently cataloged as FMNH 48745. The S. C. Bishop col-
lection paratypes were later deposited at the Field Museum
of Natural History, where they were cataloged as FMNH
93386–93390. FMNH 93390 was later exchanged to the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where it
is presently cataloged as UIMNH 39924. In addition, there
are two specimens at the Museum of Comparative Zoology
that are listed as topotypes (MCZ A- 26368, A- 26369), but
they were received and cataloged with the paratype and ap-
parently represent the last of the 11 paratypes mentioned in
the original description.
Desmognathus apalachicolae Means and Karlin, 1989
[currently accepted; de, Means, 1993: 1]
Means and Karlin, 1989, Herpetologica, 45: 38.
Holotype: USNM 269079, Big Sweetwater Creek steephead, at
junction of Florida Routes 12 and 271, T1N, R7W, Sec. 11,
SE Quarter, elevation 60 m, Liberty County, Florida, col-
lected by D. B. Means and G. H. Means, 11 Jul 1973.
Type Locality: “Big Sweetwater Creek steephead . . . , 60 m ele-
vation, in SE 1/4 Section 11, Township 1 N, Range 7 W,
Liberty County, Florida.”
Paratypes: USNM 269080–269163, same data as holotype;
USNM 269164–269232, tributary creek draining the east-
ern wall escarpment of the Apalachicola River, 0.3 mile NE
of Aspalaga Landing, T3N, R7W, Sec. 35, NW 1/4 of NE
1/4, collected by D. B. Means, 27 May 1976.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: UF 67233–67283.
Etymology: The species is named after the Apalachicola River.
NUMBER 654
•
27
Desmognathus aureatagulus Weller, 1930
[= Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927; de, Weller, 1931: 8]
Weller, 1930b, Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Hist. Cincinnati, 1: 3rd page
(not numbered).
Paratype: USNM 93686, Mount Le Conte, Sevier County, Ten-
nessee, collected by R. Dury, H. Wyss, A. Loring, S. Loring,
and W. Weller, 23 Jun 1930.
Type Locality: “Trail between Newfound Gap and Indian Pass,
4400 to 5000 feet,” Great Smoky Mountain National Park,
Mount LeConte, Sevier County, Tennessee.
Other Type Material: Holotype: CSNH 656. Paratypes: CSNH
646–655, 657–695, 601a–k (all listed as “Cotypes”), CSNH
696–725 (listed as “Paratypes”). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name aureatagulus is derived from the Latin au-
reus, “golden,” and apparently the Latin jugulum, “throat,”
in reference to the yellow cheek patches mentioned in the
original description.
Remarks: USNM 93686 (formerly CSNH Herp 569) was received
in exchange and cataloged on 2 Dec 1933. In the original
description, Weller (1930b) stated, in reference to the material
examined, “sixty specimens, including the type, were used in
preparation of the description. Thirty additional specimens
were examined . . . making a total type series of ninety speci-
mens.” He then listed a “type,” “cotypes,” and paratypes with
CSNH numbers that totaled 91 specimens (see list above).
However, the CSNH number of USNM 93686 (CSNH 569)
was not included. Then Weller (1931) synonymized this spe-
cies with Desmognathus imitator and listed the type series
with a totally different series of numbers (CSNH 546–625,
501a–k), which included the USNM specimen. Apparently,
the numbers as published in the original description were
wrong. The entries in the original CSNH catalog show that
the numbers as published in Weller (1931) were correct (John
Ferner, Cincinnati Museum Center, personal communication,
15 Feb 2009). CSNH Herp 501a–k and 10specimens out of
CSNH 605–622 are presently cataloged as CMC 501a–k and
605–622. The rest of the type series, including the holotype,
cannot be located at the Cincinnati Museum Center.
Desmognathus brimleyorum Stejneger, 1895
[currently accepted; de, Valentine, 1963: 130]
Stejneger, 1895 [1894], Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 17: 597.
Holotype: USNM 22157, Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkan-
sas, collected by B. L. Combs, Oct 1894.
Type Locality: “Hot Springs, Ark.”
Paratypes: USNM 22158–22171, same data as holotype. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name brimleyorum is a patronym honoring Her-
bert H. Brimley and Clement S. Brimley, American natural-
ists and zoologists.
Remarks: Paratypes were not listed by number in the original de-
scription. USNM 22170 and 22171 were exchanged to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology on 4 Dec 1909 and are
presently cataloged as MCZ A- 2598 and A- 119776.
Desmognathus chermocki Bishop and Valentine, 1950
[= Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947; de, Mount,
1975: 112]
Bishop and Valentine, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 39.
Paratypes: USNM 129267- 129268, Hurricane Creek, Tusca-
loosa County, Alabama, collected by B. O. Valentine, 30 Mar
1948.
Type Locality: “Hurricane Creek, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama,
11/8 miles ENE of bridge crossing creek on Alabama State
Route 116.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CMNH 59232. Paratypes:
CMNH 59233; other paratypes were “deposited in collec-
tions of The American Museum of Natural History, New
York; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge. Other paratypes retained in the col-
lections of R. L. Chermock and S. C. Bishop.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name chermocki is a patronym honoring R. L.
Chermock, one of the collectors of the type specimens.
Remarks: The USNM paratypes listed above were received from
Sherman C. Bishop after publication of the original descrip-
tion. The holotype and paratype published under CNHM
numbers are now FMNH 59232 and 59233. Other than
an additional eight specimens listed by SCB numbers in the
table of measurements in the original description, none of
the approximately 40 additional paratypes were listed by
number. Those eight specimens, SCB 1286–1293, are pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 86745–86752. The paratypes
deposited at the American Museum of Natural History are
cataloged as AMNH A- 54706 and A- 54707, those depos-
ited at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History are cata-
loged as CM 29157 and 29158, and those deposited at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology are cataloged as MCZ
A- 26746 and A- 26747. CNHM 86747 was exchanged to
the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where
it is presently cataloged as UIMNH 39925. Other than the
17 paratypes listed above, the deposition of the remaining
specimens is unknown.
Desmognathus folkertsi Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002
[currently accepted; de, Camp, 2004: 1]
Camp, Tilley, Austin, and Marshall, 2002, Herpetologica, 58: 477.
Holotype: USNM 536397, 11.2 km S of Blairsville, upper tribu-
tary of West Fork of Wolf Creek, south of Wolf Creek Road,
Union County, Georgia, 34°46′05ʺN, 83°56′37ʺW, eleva-
tion 834 m, collected by C. D. Camp, S. Bailey, M. Elliott,
and S. Smith, 27 Sep 1999.
Type Locality: “South of Wolf Creek Road (34° 46′05” N lati-
tude; 83° 56′37 W longitude) on an upper tributary of the
West Fork of Wolf Creek at an elevation of 834 m, Union
County, Georgia.”
Paratypes: USNM 536398–536402, same data as holotype. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name folkertsi is a patronym honoring George W.
Folkerts, professor of biological sciences at Auburn University.
28
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Remarks: All the type series were cited with the erroneous acro-
nym “USMNH” (see discussion in the Introduction). In ad-
dition, USNM 536399–536402 were erroneously published
under the numbers USMNH 546399–546402.
Desmognathus fuscus imitator Dunn, 1927
[= Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927; de, Tilley et al., 1978:
100]
Dunn, 1927, Copeia, 164: 84.
Holotype: USNM 72762, Great Smoky Mountains, near Indian
Gap, Swain County, North Carolina, collected by J. E. Bene-
dict, 9 Jun 1927.
Type Locality: “Indian Pass, Great Smoky Mts., N. C.”
Paratypes: USNM 72761, 72763–72765, same data as holotype.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name imitator is from the Latin imitatus, “copy”
or “mimic,” in reference to the mimicry between this species
and Plethodon jordani mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 72765 was exchanged to the University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology on 27 Nov 1944 and is pres-
ently cataloged as UMMZ 92409.
Desmognathus fuscus welteri Barbour, 1950
[= Desmognathus welteri Barbour, 1950; de, Rubenstein, 1971:
329; conrmed by Juterbock, 1984: 240]
Barbour, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 277.
Holotype: USNM 129312, North Fork of Looney Creek, near
Lynch, Harlan County, Kentucky, elevation 2,300 feet, col-
lected by R. W. Barbour, 14 Jun 1948.
Type Locality: “At an elevation of 2300 feet above sea level, at
Looney Creek, near Lynch, Harlan County, Kentucky.”
Paratypes: USNM 129313–129354, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: University of Louisville Nos.
3600–3605; CM 29121–29136; CNHM 61141–61166;
AMNH 54711–54741; CU 5495–5508; personal collection
of Roger W. Barbour Nos. BM 1–23. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name welteri is a patronym honoring WilfredA.
Welter, American zoologist and professor of biology at More-
head State College.
Remarks: The CMNH specimens are presently cataloged as
FMNH 61141–61166. FMNH 61154 was exchanged to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is presently cata-
loged as MCZ A- 28276, and FMNH 61155 was exchanged
to the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History,
where it is presently cataloged as UIMNH 39926. AMNH
54711–54741 are presently cataloged as AMNH A- 54711–
54741. The Cornell University paratypes were exchanged
to the American Museum of Natural History, where they
are presently cataloged as AMNH A- 83854–83867. The
paratypes deposited at the University of Louisville and Bar-
bour’s personal collection could not be located and must be
considered missing.
Desmognathus gvnigeusgwotli Pyron and Beamer, 2022
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Pyron and Beamer, 2022, Bionomia, 27: 21.
Holotype: USNM 596068, Great Smoky Mountains National
Park, Straight Fork, near Round Bottom Campground,
Swain County, North Carolina, 35°37′48ʺN, 83°12′55ʺW,
elevation 973 m, collected by R. A. Pyron and Todd W. Pier-
son on 14 Aug 2019.
Type Locality: “Straight Fork in Great Smoky Mountains Na-
tional Park, Swain Co., North Carolina.”
Paratypes: USNM 596066- 596067, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: BMNH 2021.7555; MNHN
2021.0142.
Etymology: The name gvnigeusgwotli is derived from the Tsalagi
words for “black belly.”
Desmognathus mavrokoilius Pyron and Beamer, 2022
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Pyron and Beamer, 2022, Bionomia, 27: 31.
Paratypes: USNM 30891–30902, Linville and Blowing Rock, be-
tween, small stream owing in Catawba River, North Caro-
lina, collected by Franklin Sherman Jr., Sep 1902.
Type Locality: “Dixon Creek, south slope of Grandfather Moun-
tain (NC: Caldwell; 36.108, −81.779, 1179 m ASL).”
Other Type Material: Holotype: AMNH A- 93879. Paratypes:
AMNH A- 93880–93883; BMNH 202.7554; MNHN 202.0.2.
Etymology: The name mavrokoilius is from the Greek mávros
and koiliá for “dark belly.”
Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916
[currently accepted; de, Grobman, 1945: 40; conrmed by Re-
gester et al., 2020: 1]
Dunn, 1916, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29: 73.
Holotype: USNM 38313, Elk Lodge Lake, near Brevard, Transyl-
vania County, North Carolina, collected by R. Tipping and
E. Tipping, 13 Jul 1908.
Type Locality: “Elk Lodge Lake, near Brevard, North Carolina;
altitude about 3000 feet.”
Paratypes: USNM 38314–38316, 38320–38326, same data as
holotype.
Other Type Material: “Specimens examined.–Sixty- three,” which
were listed only by locality and number of specimens. How-
ever, when the numbers of specimens listed by each locality
are totaled, the number of specimens is 56. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name monticola is derived from the Latin mon-
tis, “mountain,” and - cola, a sufx meaning “dweller,” in ref-
erence to the mountain habitats of this species.
Remarks: Of the 56 specimens listed by locality and number of
specimens in the original description, only 11 can be ac-
counted for by the USNM type specimens. USNM 38313–
38316, 38320, 38321, and 38323–38326 were included in
table of measurements of the “type series.” USNM 38322 was
not included in the table of measurements of the “type series”
but was collected with the specimens of the “type series” and
was certainly part of the material examined and therefore a
paratype. It is not clear whether the additional 45 specimens
listed by locality and number of specimens should be referred
NUMBER 654
•
29
specimens and excluded from the paratype series since it is
obvious from the original description that the author based
his description on additional specimens beyond those listed
in the table of measurements. However, since they were not
actually listed by number in the original description, their sta-
tus should probably be considered to be referred specimens.
The deposition of the additional 45 specimens listed only by
locality in the original description is not clear, although care-
ful examination of the list of specimens examined in Dunn
(1926a) may reveal many of these unlisted specimens.
Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951
[= Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916; de, Petranka, 1998:
188; conrmed by Regester et al., 2020: 1]
Hoffman, 1951, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 67: 250.
Holotype: USNM 126891, Saddle Hollow on Jarman’s Moun-
tain (= Bucks Elbow Mountain), 2 miles W of Crozet, Albe-
marle County, Virginia, elevation 1,600 feet, collected by
R.L. Hoffman, 11 Mar 1945.
Type Locality: “Saddle Hollow on Jarman’s Mountain, 2 miles
west of Crozet, Albemarle County, Virginia (elevation
1600feet).”
Paratypes: USNM 126892–126895, same data as holotype;
USNM 123759–123761, same locality and collector as
holotype, except collected 27 Mar 1946; USNM 149044–
149047, same locality as holotype, collected by R. L. Hoff-
man and Reilly, 27 Sep 1945.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: RLH 54, 55, 370–375. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name jeffersoni is a patronym honoring Thomas
Jefferson.
Remarks: USNM 196896 was listed as a paratopotype of Des-
mognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951. However,
this specimen is actually Desmognathus monticola monti-
cola from Simpson Creek, Alleghany County, Virginia, and
was the specimen illustrated next to the holotype in the
original description to demonstrate the difference in color
pattern between the two subspecies. This specimen was ex-
changed to the Museum of Comparative Zoology on 7Aug
1958, where it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 30599.
USNM 130192 was listed as a paratype of Desmognathus
monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951 by Cochran (1961).
This specimen was listed as RLH 494 in the specimens ex-
amined section of the original description but was not listed
in the list of type specimens. USNM 149044–149047 were
received from R. L. Hoffman nearly 12 years after the pub-
lication of this species and were cataloged on 25 Jul 1963.
They were listed as RLH 371–374 in the original descrip-
tion. The paratypes RLH 54, 55, and 370 could not be lo-
cated and must be considered missing.
Desmognathus ochrophaea carolinensis Dunn, 1916
[= Desmognathus carolinensis Dunn, 1916; de, Tilley and
Mahoney, 1996: 23]
Dunn, 1916, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29: 74.
Holotype: USNM 31135, Mount Mitchell, spring near top,
Yancey County, North Carolina, collected by H. H. Brimley
and F. Sherman Jr., 5 Oct 1902.
Type Locality: “Spring near top of Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina,
altitude ‘over 6500 feet.’”
Paratypes: USNM 31136–31138, same data as holotype; USNM
31133, 31134, same data as holotype, except collected 1902.
Other Type Material: “Specimens examined. – Sixty- one,” which
were listed only by locality and number of specimens. How-
ever, when the numbers of specimens listed by each locality
are totaled, the number of specimens is 66. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name carolinensis is derived from the state of
North Carolina, where the type locality is found.
Remarks: Of the 66 specimens listed by locality and number of
specimens in the original description, only 6 can be accounted
for by the USNM type specimens. The six specimens listed
above as the holotype and paratypes were clearly listed by
their USNM number as the “type series” in a table of mea-
surements in the original description. It is not clear whether
the additional 60 specimens listed by locality and number of
specimens should be referred specimens and excluded from
the paratype series since it is obvious from the original de-
scription that the author based his description on additional
specimens beyond those listed in the table of measurements.
However, since they were not actually listed by number in
the original description, their status should probably be con-
sidered to be referred specimens. The deposition of the 60
additional specimens listed only by locality in the original
description is not clear, although careful examination of
the list of specimens examined in Dunn (1926a) may reveal
many of these unlisted specimens.
Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949
[currently accepted; de, Tilley and Mahoney, 1996: 25]
Nicholls, 1949, J. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 24: 127.
Holotype: USNM 128007, Ship’s Prow Rock, Ocoee Gorge,
9miles (air) west of Ducktown, Polk County, Tennessee,
collected by J. C. Nicholls Jr., 14 Nov 1948.
Type Locality: “On the surface and in crevices of cliffs at Ship’s
Prow Rock, in Ocoee Gorge, beside U.S. Highway 64, nine
miles airline west of Ducktown, in Polk County, Tennessee.”
Paratype: USNM 128008, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: The original description was “based
upon a series of 28 adult specimens.” “Paratypes are de-
posited as follows: in the J. C. Nicholls, Jr. collection; S. C.
Bishop Collection, . . . ; American Museum of Natural His-
tory, . . . ; Carnegie Museum, . . . ; Museum of Comparative
Zoology, . . . ; Chicago Natural History Museum, . . . ; and
Emory University.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The species is named after the Ocoee Gorge, location
of the type locality.
Remarks: Types were not listed by museum number in the original
description. Of the 28 adult specimens on which the descrip-
tion was based, 5 specimens, including the holotype, were
listed in a table of measurements and other characteristics
30
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
by the JCN number. USNM 128007 was listed as JCN 1001,
and USNM 128008 was listed as JCN 1004. A search of
online museum databases found the following paratypes:
AMNH A- 54385 and A- 54386; CM 29290 and 29291;
FMNH 57313, 57314, 90034, and 90035 (FMNH 90035
exchanged to MCZ); and MCZ A- 26589, A- 26590, and
A- 28307 (formerly FMNH 90035). These specimens, plus
the USNM specimens, account for 12 of the original 28 spec-
imens. The whereabouts of the additional 16 paratypes are
unknown.
Desmognathus pascagoula Pyron, O’Connell, Lamb, and
Beamer, 2022
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Pyron, O’Connell, Lamb, and Beamer, 2022, Zootaxa, 5133: 66.
Holotype: USNM 596040, Ward Bayou, Ward Bayou Wildlife
Management Area, Jackson County, Mississippi, collected
by R. A. Pyron on 11 Dec 2019.
Type Locality: “A small seep feeding into Ward Bayou at Ward
Bayou WMA, Jackson Co., Mississippi (30.56, −88.62; 3m
ASL).”
Paratypes: USNM 596041–596043, tributary seep of Sweetwater
Creek, Perry County, Mississippi, collected by R. A. Pyron,
D. A. Beamer, and N. Akers, 3 Jan 2022; USNM 596044,
Franklin Creek at Number 12 Swamp, Mobile County, Ala-
bama (30.45, −88.35, 9 m above sea level [ASL]), collected
by R. A. Pyron, D. A. Beamer, and N. Akers, 4 Jan 2022.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: AMNH 193779; ANSP 38808;
ANSP 38810; AUM 45885; AUM 45896, 45897; BMNH
2021.7559; MCZ A- 153479; MMNS 19623; MMNS 19997;
MNHN- RA 2021.0149.
Etymology: The name pascagoula refers to the Pascagoula River
drainage that comprises much of the known range of the
species. The river was named after the Pascagoula tribe, one
of the Indigenous peoples that lived in what is now southern
Mississippi.
Desmognathus planiceps Newman, 1955
[currently accepted; de, Tilley et al., 2008: 115–130]
Newman, 1955, J. Washington Acad. Sci., 45: 83.
Holotype: USNM 143559 (formerly WBN 1316), near Meadows of
Dan, gorge below Dan River Dam, Patrick County, Virginia,
collected by R. L. Hoffman and W. B. Newman, 12May
1951.
Type Locality: “From a portion of the stream (approximate el-
evation 2800 feet) dropping down into the gorge below the
Dan River Dam near Meadows of Dan. Patrick County, Va.”
Paratypes: USNM 143560, same data as holotype; USNM
143561–143563, same locality as holotype, collected by
R. L. Hoffman, W. B. Newman, and J. P. Newman, 30 May
1951; USNM 143564–143568, 5.5 miles NW of Woolwine,
stream along Route 8, Patrick County, Virginia, collected by
R. L. Hoffman, W. B. Newman, and J. P. Newman, 30 May
1951; USNM 143569–143575, same locality as USNM
143564–143568, but collected by R. L. Hoffman and W. B.
Newman, 27 Aug 1951.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: WBN 1318, 1322–1324, 1326–
1329, 1331–1339. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name planiceps is from the Latin planus, “at,”
and caput, “head,” in reference to the broad, attened head
of this species.
Remarks: The holotype, USNM 143559, was cited as WBN 1316
in the original description. All the paratypes were also cited
by WBN number: USNM 143560 as WBN 1318, USNM
143561–143563 as WBN 1322–1324, USNM 143564–
143567 as WBN 1326–1329, USNM 143568 as WBN
1331, and USNM 143569–143575 as WBN 1333–1339.
One paratype, cited as WBN 1332 in the original descrip-
tion, was not deposited at the U.S. National Museum. The
whereabouts of this specimen are unknown.
Desmognathus santeetlah Tilley, 1981
[currently accepted; de, Tilley, 2000: 2]
Tilley, 1981, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 695: 3.
Holotype: USNM 214218, Unicoi Mountains, in headwaters of
North Fork of Citico Creek, ~0.5 mile beyond end of road
below Cherry Log Gap, ~4,000 feet, Monroe County, Ten-
nessee, collected by S. G. Tilley and R. L. Jones, 26 Jun 1979.
Type Locality: “From a seepage area at ca. 1219 m (4000′) in the
headwaters of the N. Fork of Citico Cr. below Cherry Log
Gap, Unicoi Mtns., Monroe County.”
Paratypes: USNM 214219–214245, same data as holotype;
USNM 214246–214262, Great Balsam Mountains, head-
waters of streams draining northwest slopes of Rough Butt
Bald, ~5,200–5,400 feet, Jackson County, North Carolina,
collected by S. G. Tilley, J. W. Tilley, P. M. Schwerdtfeger,
S.Haskell, and D. C. Wiernasz, 30 May 1978.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: UMMZ 169042–169059.
Etymology: The name santeetlah is derived from the name of
several prominent geographic features in the vicinity of the
type locality and may have been originally derived from the
Cherokee word meaning “blue water.”
Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936
[currently accepted; de, Harrison, 2000: 1]
King, 1936, Herpetologica, 1: 57.
Holotype: USNM 101794, Mount Le Conte, Great Smoky Moun-
tains National Park, Sevier County, Tennessee, collected by
F.W. King, 19 Jul 1934.
Type Locality: “Mount Le Conte, Sevier County, Tennessee,
Great Smoky Mountains National Park.”
Paratypes: USNM 101791–101793, 101795, same data as holo-
type; USNM 101796–101802, same data as holotype, ex-
cept collected 23 Sep 1934; USNM 101803, 101804, Pecks
Corner, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Swain and
Sevier Counties, North Carolina–Tennessee, collected by
F. W. King, 15 Apr 1934; USNM 101805, 101806, Mount
Hardison, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Swain
NUMBER 654
•
31
County, North Carolina, collected by F. W. King, 22 Aug
1934; USNM 101807–101812, Brushy Lead, Great Smoky
Mountains National Park, Tennessee, collected by F. W.
King, 8 Aug 1934; USNM 101813, 101814, White Rock
(=Mount Cammerer), Great Smoky Mountains National
Park, Haywood and Cocke Counties, North Carolina–
Tennessee, collected by F. W. King, 14 Oct 1934.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: Cincinnati Society of Natural
History 789 (26 specimens). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name wrighti is a patronym honoring GeorgeM.
Wright, former chief of the Wildlife Division, National Park
Service.
Remarks: USNM 101803 and 101804 were listed as “USNM
10183- 4” in the original description, and USNM 101805
and 101806 were listed as “USNM 10185- 6.” USNM
101800 and 101801 were exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology on 9 Jun 1937 and are presently cat-
aloged as MCZ A- 20943–20944. The paratypes Cincinnati
Society of Natural History 789 are presently cataloged as
CMC 789.
Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 30]
Stebbins, 1949, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48: 407.
Paratype: USNM 93606, Berkeley, Alameda County, California,
collected B. Campbell, 2 Feb 1931. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “4.5 miles east of Schellville, Napa County,
California.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 41726. Paratypes were
listed as “Locality records” with only the locality, the num-
ber of specimens, and the museum or collection where
deposited. Paratypes are listed in the collection of the Mu-
seum of Vertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sci-
ences; the private collection of L. M. Klauber; the Chicago
Museum of Natural History; the American Museum of
Natural History; and the Stanford University Natural His-
tory Museum.
Etymology: The name is derived from the Greek xanthos, “yel-
low,” and optikos, pertaining to sight, in reference to the
yellow eyes of this taxon.
Remarks: Only the holotype was listed by museum number. All
other specimens were listed only as locality records with
the museum and number of specimens in parentheses after
the locality. However, it is clear from the description that
these other specimens were used in Stebbins’s concept of this
taxon and are therefore paratypes as dened in Article 72 of
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).
USNM 93606 was not listed by number in the original de-
scription, only with the notation “USNM 1” after the local-
ity. The rest of the paratypes that were listed only as locality
records could not be located within their respective muse-
ums as those museums apparently do not recognize those
specimens as paratypes.
Ensatina klauberi Dunn, 1929
[= Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Dunn, 1929; de, Stebbins,
1949: 467]
Dunn, 1929 [1928], Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 74: 1.
Holotype: USNM 75337, Descanso, San Diego County, Califor-
nia, collected by J. Carter, 1 Apr 1928.
Type Locality: “Descanso, San Diego County, Calif.”
Paratypes: USNM 75229, 75230, Banning Water Canyon, Mill
Canyon, Banning, Riverside County, California, collected by
A. Gilman, 10 Oct 1926.
Etymology: The name klauberi is a patronym honoring L. M.
Klauber, American herpetologist.
Eurycea aquatica Rose and Bush, 1963
[currently accepted; de, Sever, 1999: 4]
Rose and Bush, 1963, Tulane Stud. Zool., 10: 121.
Holotype: USNM 147138, 2 miles W of Bessemer, along County
Route 20, Jefferson County, Alabama, collected by F. L.
Rose, F. M. Bush, and J. Jackson, 6 Oct 1962.
Type Locality: “Small springs and permanent streams two miles
west of Bessemer, Jefferson County, Alabama, along county
highway 20.”
Paratypes: USNM 147139- 147141, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: AMNH A- 69032, A- 69033; CM
38647, 38648; CNMH 134998, 134999; UF 14907–14909;
TU 18765 (65 specimens); UMMZ 123349, 123350. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name aquatica is derived from the Latin aquati-
cus, “water dwelling,” in reference to the aquatic habitat of
the species.
Remarks: CNMH 134998 and 134999 are presently cataloged
as FMNH 134998 and 134999.
Eurycea bislineata major Trapido and Clausen, 1938
[= Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818); de, Mittleman, 1949: 90]
Trapido and Clausen, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 118.
Holotype: USNM 104239, Ouiatchouan River at Val Jalbert,
Lake St. John County, Quebec, Canada, collected by R.Clau-
sen and H. Trapido, 17 Sep 1937.
Type Locality: “Under limestone slabs along Ouiatchouan River,
Val Jalbert, Lake St. John Co., Quebec,” Canada.
Paratypes: USNM 48056, 48081, 48082, Godbout, Saguenay
County, Quebec, Canada, collector and date collected un-
known, cataloged 13 Jun 1911.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: CNM 1065; MCZ 240; TC
327, 336, 339. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name major is from the Latin major, “larger,” in
reference to the larger body size mentioned in the original
description.
Remarks: The paratypes USNM 48081 and 48082 were cited
in error as USNM 24081 and 24082. As indicated in the
original description, the paratypes published with TC eld
numbers were deposited at Cornell University. TC 327 is pres-
ently cataloged as CU- Amphibian 3695, TC 336 is presently
32
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
cataloged as CU- Amphibian 3702 (ve specimens), and TC
339 is presently cataloged as CU- Amphibian 3705. From
the original description, it is not clear how many specimens
were represented in the TC eld numbers, although there
were at least 16 from the type locality that were measured.
Apparently, there were at least 25 specimens originally cata-
loged as CU- Amphibian 3705, although only one specimen
can be found now. At least some of the additional specimens
were exchanged to the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, where 18 are presently cataloged as AMNH A- 83868–
83885. The whereabouts of the additional six specimens
out of CU- Amphibian 3705 could not be determined.
Eurycea bislineata rivicola Mittleman, 1949
[= Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818); de, Sever, 1972: 323]
Mittleman, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62: 93.
Holotype: USNM 129397, Echo Canyon, McCormick’s Creek
State Park, Owen County, collected by M. E. Mittleman and
M. B. Mittleman, Aug 1942.
Type Locality: “Echo Canyon, McCormick’s Creek State Park,
Owen County, Indiana.”
Paratypes: USNM 8832, Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio,
collected by J. N. Scarborough, date of collection unknown,
cataloged 29 Mar 1877; USNM 17465–17468, Indianapo-
lis, springs along Fall Creek, Marion County, Indiana, col-
lected by O. P. Hay, 1891; USNM 17972–17974, Lafayette,
Tippecanoe County, Indiana, collected by F.C. Test, 19 Apr
1892; USNM 76825, 76826, 5 miles ESE of Camden, Preble
County, Ohio, collected by R.Greeneld, 3 Apr 1929: USNM
85686, 2 miles S of Shacklett, Cheatham County, Tennessee,
collected by C. E. Burt, 5Jun 1932; USNM 85689, 5 miles
NW of Belleview, Davidson County, Tennessee, collected by
C. E. Burt, 5 Jun 1932; USNM 87615, 3 miles E of Pleas-
ant Hill, Cumberland County, Tennessee, collected by C. E.
Burt, 23 Jul 1932; USNM 88754, 4 miles SW of Bean Sta-
tion, Grainger County, Tennessee, collected by C. E. Burt, 22
Jul 1932; USNM 88755, 2 miles E of Dowell town, DeKalb
County, Tennessee, collected by C. E. Burt, 23Jul 1932;
USNM 118302–118306, Marietta, Washington County,
Ohio, collected by F. W. King, 21 May 1930; USNM 129398,
same data as the holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: CAS 1436–1464, 1573; MBM
(39 specimens); OUZ 28, 29, 906, 924, 933, 945, 946, 1028,
1029, 1058.
Etymology: The name rivicola is from the Latin rivus, “stream,”
and colo, “dwell,” in reference to the stream- dwelling habits
of this species.
Remarks: USNM 129397 (male holotype) and USNM 129398
(female allotype) were not listed by number in the original
description but were published as “my personal collection (to
be deposited in the U. S. National Museum).” USNM 8832
was listed by Cochran (1961) as the female allotype, but
Mittleman (1967 [1966]) corrected this to USNM 129398.
The CAS specimens were from the Chicago Academy of
Science and are presently in that collection as CA 1436–1464
and 1573. The nal deposition of the MBM specimens is un-
known. The OUZ paratypes were apparently deposited at the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they
are presently cataloged as UIMNH 34549–34588. UIMNH
34562 and 34563 were later exchanged to the Carnegie Mu-
seum of Natural History, where they are presently cataloged
as CM 39992 and 39993.
Eurycea chamberlaini Harrison and Guttman, 2003
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 30]
Harrison and Guttman, 2003, Southeast. Nat., 2: 163.
Holotype: USNM 547846, Sesquicentennial State Park, Richland
County, South Carolina, collected by J. R. Harrison and
A.E. Sanders, 3 Aug 1974.
Type Locality: “Sesquicentennial State Park, Richland County,
South Carolina.”
Paratypes: USNM 547847, 547848, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: ChM CA4566–4577; NCSM
14805 (three specimens), 14947 (ve specimens), 15788,
17103 (three specimens), 17335, 17470 (two specimens),
17556 (two specimens), 17579, 19159, 19783, 36021 (eight
specimens), 36022, 36023 (three specimens), 36024.
Etymology: The name chamberlaini is a patronym honoring E.B.
Chamberlain, former curator of vertebrate zoology at the
Charleston Museum.
Remarks: USNM 547848 is a cleared and stained specimen pres-
ently stored in glycerin.
Eurycea griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941
[= Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939; de, Bonett and
Chippindale, 2004: 1198]
Moore and Hughes, 1941, Copeia, 1941: 139.
Paratypes: USNM 113231–113235, Swimmer’s Creek, tributary
of Illinois River, 10 miles NE of Gore, Sequoyah County,
Oklahoma, collected by G. A. Moore and A. Seamster,
11Apr 1941. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Swimmer’s Creek, near its junction with the
Illi nois River, 10 miles north of Gore, Sequoyah County,
Oklahoma.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 37832. Paratypes:
FMNH 37833–37839, 37843; UMMZ 89427–89435; other
paratypes were deposited at the Carnegie Institute, Univer-
sity of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical
College, and the University of Rochester. There was a total
of 84 paratypes. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name griseogaster is from the Latin griseus, “gray,”
and the Greek gaster, “stomach” or “belly,” in reference to the
gray coloration mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: The ve USNM specimens were not listed by number in
the original description. The paratypes deposited at the Field
Museum of Natural History and the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology are still cataloged under the numbers
as originally cataloged, except for UMMZ 89435, which
NUMBER 654
•
33
was later exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, where it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 25534. The
paratypes deposited at the Carnegie Institute (= Carnegie
Museum of Natural History) are presently cataloged as CM
20080–20082. The paratypes deposited at the University
of Oklahoma and Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical
College could not be located, whereas the paratypes depos-
ited at the University of Rochester were apparently part of
the collection of Sherman C. Bishop, which was eventually
deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History, where
they were cataloged as FMNH 90818–90824. Later, FMNH
90818 was exchanged to the University of Illinois Museum of
Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as UIMNH
39927. In addition to the paratypes as published, there are
three specimens at the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(MCZ A- 25527–25529) that are listed in their database as
paratypes. The specimens listed above account for 36 of the
original 84 paratypes. The whereabouts of the additional 58
paratypes mentioned in the original description, including
those deposited at the University of Oklahoma and Okla-
homa Agricultural and Mechanical College, are unknown.
Eurycea junaluska Sever, Dundee, and Sullivan, 1976
[currently accepted; de, Sever, 1983: 1]
Sever, Dundee, and Sullivan, 1976, Herpetologica, 32: 26.
Holotype: USNM 198421, 3.2–11.2 km SE of Tapoco, on US
Route 129, Graham County, North Carolina, collected by
C. D. Sullivan, 12 Sep 1973.
Type Locality: “U.S. Route 129, 3.2–11.2 km SE Tapoco, Graham
County, North Carolina.”
Paratypes: USNM 198422–198426, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: DMS 1865, 1866, 2077, 2114,
2128–2138; NCSM 14128, 14129. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name junaluska is a patronym honoring the
Cherokee chief Junaluska.
Remarks: DMS 2077, 2114, and 2128–2138 were deposited at the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and are presently
cataloged as UMMZ 142790, 142791, and 142792–142802,
respectively. The paratypes DMS 1835 and 1866 could not be
located and must be considered missing.
Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946
[currently accepted; de, Chippindale et al., 2000: 27]
Smith and Potter, 1946, Herpetologica, 3: 106.
Holotype: USNM 123594, Cascade Cavern, 4.6 miles SE of
Boerne, Kendall County, Texas, collected by F. E. Potter Jr.,
15 May 1946.
Type Locality: “The rst large pool deep within the recesses of
Cascade Cavern, 4.6 miles by road (3½ miles airline) south-
east of Boerne, Kendall County, Texas.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: A total of 18 paratypes all from
the type locality: TCWC 1195–1197; A338–A340, A345–
A356 (personal collection of Floyd E. Potter Jr.); 3024–3026
(personal collection of Bryce C. Brown). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name latitans is derived from the Latin latito, “to
hide, conceal,” apparently in reference to the cryptic cave
habitat of this species.
Remarks: The nal deposition of the personal collections of
Floyd E. Potter Jr. and Bryce C. Brown is unknown.
Eurycea longicauda pernix Mittleman, 1942
[= Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green, 1818); de, Ireland,
1979: 2]
Mittleman, 1942b, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 21: 101.
Paratype: USNM 120708, Brown County State Park, 2.5 miles
SE of Nashville, Brown County, Indiana; collected by M. B.
Mittleman and M. E. Mittleman, 22 Aug 1942.
Type Locality: “Jimmie Strahl Creek (tributary of Salt Creek),
Brown County State Park, two and ve tenths miles south-
east of Nashville, Brown County, Indiana.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MCZ 25569. Paratypes: MCZ
25570 (listed as allotype); additional paratypes: “Thirty-
two, to be distributed in the collections of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology; United States National Museum;
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; Field Mu-
seum; Carnegie Museum; Ohio University, Department of
Zoology; and M.B. Mittleman.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name pernix is from the Latin pernix, “nimble”
or “swift,” apparently because of the swift movements of
this form.
Remarks: USNM 120708 was not listed by number in the original
description. Six paratypes were deposited at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, where they are presently cataloged as
MCZ A- 25569–25574. One paratype was deposited at the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as UMMZ 91381. Apparently, no specimens
were initially deposited at the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory or the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. UIMNH
20667–20672 were listed by Smith et al. (1964) as paratypes.
These specimens must have been the paratypes originally de-
posited at the Department of Zoology, Ohio University. In
1956, UIMNH 20673 was exchanged to the Field Museum
of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH
75772. In 1965, UIMNH 20672 was exchanged to the Carn-
egie Museum of Natural History, where it is presently cata-
loged as CM 39991. This accounts for 14 of the original 34
paratypes. The remaining 20 specimens, including those in
Mittleman’s personal collection, cannot be positively located.
However, there are 20 specimens in the University of Illinois
Museum of Natural History (UIMNH 34028–34047) that
were collected in Brown County State Park by M. E. Mittle-
man and M. B. Mittleman on 22 Aug 1942. The data for
these specimens match the data for the rest of the type series,
and these specimens may be the missing paratypes.
Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937
[currently accepted; de, Chippindale et al., 2000: 25]
Bishop and Wright, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 50: 142.
34
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Holotype: USNM 103161, Culebra Creek, 5 miles N of Helotes,
Bexar County, Texas, collected by S. C. Bishop and M. R.
Wright, 1 Apr 1936.
Type Locality: “Culebra Creek, 5 miles north of Helotes, Bexar
County, Texas.”
Paratype: USNM 103162, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: There were a total of nine specimens in the
type series, four males, four females, and one young, accord-
ing to the table in the original description. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name neotenes is from the Greek neotes, “youth,”
in reference to the neotenic reproduction of this species.
Remarks: The types were not listed by number in the original
description. The holotype and paratype (allotype) whose
data are given above were listed in the original description
by sex and length, along with the statement “Types depos-
ited in the U. S. National Museum.” There was no indica-
tion in the original description where the remaining seven
paratypes were to be deposited. Five of the paratypes are
presently cataloged at the Field Museum of Natural History
as FMNH 36845, 91036–91038, and 91053. A sixth para-
type is presently cataloged at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology as MCZ A- 22350. The whereabouts of the seventh
paratype are unknown.
Eurycea tridentifera Mitchell and Reddell, 1965
[currently accepted; de, Chippindale et al., 2000: 26]
Mitchell and Reddell, 1965, Texas J. Sci., 17: 14.
Holotype: USNM 153780, Honey Creek Cave, near Spring
Branch, Comal County, Texas, collected by J. R. Reddell and
R. W. Mitchell, 14 Jan 1965.
Type Locality: “Waters of Honey Creek Cave, Comal County,
Texas.”
Paratypes: USNM 153781–153785, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: TNHC 31521–31534.
Etymology: The name tridentifera is from the Latin tridentifer,
“trident bearer,” in reference to the trident- shaped posterior
basibranchium found in this species.
Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939
[currently accepted; de, Bonett and Chippindale, 2004: 1198]
Moore and Hughes, 1939, Am. Midl. Nat., 22: 697.
Syntypes: USNM 108548 (12 specimens), Tyner Creek, 0.5mile E
of Proctor, Adair County, Oklahoma, collected by J.Mizelle
and G. A. Moore, 29 May 1939.
Type Locality: “Tyner Creek, a tributary of Barron Fork Creek
near Proctor, Adair County, Oklahoma.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: Total of 30 that were not desig-
nated by museum number in the original description. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name tynerensis is derived from Tyner Creek,
the type locality.
Remarks: The syntypes were listed as “thirty cotype speci-
mens . . . , 12 in the United States National Museum” in the
original description. In addition to the USNM specimens
listed above, the following syntypes could be located in mu-
seum records: UMMZ 85534 (six specimens, one exchanged
to the Museum of Comparative Zoology), MCZ 25533 (one
specimen, formerly UMMZ 85534), OMNH 21325 (seven
specimens), CAS- SU (Amp) 4778, OSUS (six specimens,
now apparently lost), and CM 18525.
Gyrinophilus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941
[= Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni Mittleman and Jopson,
1941; de, Brandon, 1966a: 50]
Mittleman and Jopson, 1941, Smithson. Misc. Collect., 101: 2.
Holotype: USNM 113230, Clemson, on campus of Clemson
College, Pickens County, South Carolina, collected by A. B.
Grobman, 8 Apr 1941.
Type Locality: “Campus of Clemson College, Clemson, Pickens
County, S.C., 700 feet altitude.”
Paratypes: USNM 68168, Indian Cave, near Jefferson City, Jef-
ferson County, Tennessee, collected by J. D. Ives, date of col-
lection unknown, cataloged 19 Jan 1925; USNM 68820,
Indian Cave, near Jefferson City, Jefferson County, Tennes-
see, collected by J. D. Ives, 12 Feb 1925; USNM 102440,
Ceasars Head, along road between Brevard, North Caro-
lina, and Greenville, South Carolina, Greenville County,
South Carolina, collected by H. G. Jopson, 13 Apr 1934;
USNM 102441, East of Rabun Gap, Rabun County, Geor-
gia, collected by H. G. Jopson and H. P. Jopson, 6 Apr 1934.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: ChM 35.141.12, ChM 28.144.4;
NCSM 4905, 7198, 7594; M. B. Mittleman 383, 384; Sher-
man C. Bishop collection (one specimen); Clemson College
Division of Ent. and Zool. 36, 58, 105. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name dunni is a patronym honoring Emmett
Reid Dunn, American herpetologist.
Remarks: The paratypes ChM 35.141.12 and ChM 28.144.4 are
presently cataloged as ChM CA4582 and CA4581, respec-
tively. M. B. Mittleman 383 could not be located and must
be considered lost. However, M. B. Mittleman 384 was
apparently deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural
History, where it is presently cataloged as CM 21017. The
paratype from the Sherman C. Bishop collection was depos-
ited at the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is
presently cataloged as FMNH 91137. The paratypes from
the North Carolina State Museum and Clemson College Di-
vision of Entomology and Zoology could not be located and
must be considered lost.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus inagnoscus Mittleman, 1942
[= Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green, 1827); de,
Brandon, 1966a: 31]
Mittleman, 1942a, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 20: 27.
Holotype: USNM 115520, Salt Creek, 4 miles SW of South
Bloomingville, Salt Creek Township, Hocking County, Ohio,
collected by M. B. Mittleman, 25 Sep 1940.
Type Locality: “Salt Creek, four miles southwest of Bloom-
ingville, Good Hope Township, Hocking County, Ohio”;
NUMBER 654
•
35
corrected to “Salt Creek, 4 miles southwest of South Bloom-
ingville, Salt Creek Township, Hocking County, Ohio” by
Condit (1958: 47).
Other Type Material: Paratypes: MBM 296; OUZ 382–385, 916,
1230; OSM 331.2, 501.1, 711.1. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: Derivation unknown.
Remarks: USNM 115520 was listed as M. B. Mittleman No. 380
in the original description. OUZ 383–385, 916, and 1230
were later deposited at the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH
36173–36177. Then, UIMNH 36175 was exchanged to the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as CM 39994. The paratype OSM 501.1 is pres-
ently in the Museum of Biological Diversity, Ohio State Uni-
versity, where it is presently cataloged as OSUM 501.1. The
additional OSM paratypes could not be located and must be
considered missing.
Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977
[currently accepted; de, Howard et al., 1984: 323]
Besharse and Holsinger, 1977, Copeia, 1977: 626.
Holotype: USNM 198533, General Davis Cave, a few kilometers
NE Alderson, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, collected by
J. C. Besharse, G. Dickson, and J. R. Holsinger, 12 Oct 1973.
Type Locality: “General Davis Cave, a few km NE Alderson,
Greenbrier Co., West Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 198534, same data as holotype; USNM 198535,
same locality as holotype, collected by J. C. Besharse, G.Cor-
bett, and S. Hetrick, 19 May 1974; USNM 198536–198539,
same locality as holotype, collected by J.C. Besharse, J.Be-
sharse, D. Delzell, and E. Delzell, 19 Jul 1974; USNM
198540–198541, same locality as holotype, collected by J.R.
Holsinger and D. Culver, 30 May 1975.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: JCB- E- 45- 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25,
28, 33, 35. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name subterraneus is derived from the Latin pre-
x sub- , “under,” and terra, “earth,” in reference to the cave
habitat of this species.
Remarks: The abbreviation JCB- E in the list of paratypes is an
acronym for Joseph C. Besharse’s eld numbers. Four of the
JCB- E paratypes were deposited at the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, where they are cataloged as MCZ A- 98797–
98800. The remainder of the JCB- E paratypes were utilized
in the senior author’s laboratory for histological study of the
eyes or cleared and stained for skeletal structure. They were
apparently lost during the move of the senior author from
Kansas to Wisconsin in 1997 (J. C. Besharse, Medical Col-
lege of Wisconsin (retired), personal communication, 3 Jun
2022).
Hemidactylium pacicum Cope, 1865
[= Batrachoseps pacicus (Cope, 1865); de, Cope, 1869: 99;
Brame and Murray, 1968: 22]
Cope, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17: 195.
Holotype: USNM 6733, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County,
California, collected by W. Hayes, date of collection un-
known, cataloged 28 Oct 1881.
Type Locality: “Santa Barbara, on the coast of Southern Califor-
nia”; corrected to either Santa Rosa Island or San Miguel
Island by Van Denburgh (1905: 7).
Etymology: The name pacicus is derived from the Latin paci-
cus, “peaceful,” and comes from the name of the Pacic
Ocean since the holotype was collected on the Pacic coast
of North America.
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by number in the original
description. USNM 6733 is the holotype according to Dunn
(1926a).
Heredia oregonensis Girard, 1856
[= Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis (Girard, 1856); de,
Stejneger and Barbour, 1933: 13; conrmed by Stebbins,
1949: 393]
Girard, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8: 140.
Syntypes: USNM 15479–15480, Puget Sound, Washington, col-
lected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition, date of collection
unknown, cataloged 7 May 1889.
Type Locality: “Oregon”; Dunn (1926a: 194) stated that the
types came from “Puget Sound,” Washington, part of Or-
egon Territory in the 1850s, although Girard (1858) stated
that this species was collected in May 1841 at Discovery
Harbor, Puget Sound (Oregon).
Etymology: The name is derived from the Oregon Territory.
Remarks: Types were not listed by number in the original
description.
Magnadigita hypacra Brame and Wake, 1962
[= Bolitoglossa hypacra (Brame and Wake, 1962); de, Wake and
Brame, 1963: 386; Brame and Wake, 1963: 26]
Brame and Wake, 1962, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 75: 71.
Holotype: USNM 131481, Paramo de Frontino, Antioquia, Co-
lombia, collected by M. A. Carriker Jr., 18 Aug 1951.
Type Locality: “Páramo Frontino, 11,850 ft. (3,610 meters), De-
partamento de Antioquia, Colombia.”
Etymology: The name hypacra is derived from the Greek hypo,
“less than” or “almost,” and akros, “highest,” apparently in
relation to the high- altitude habitat of this species.
Manculus quadridigitatus paludicolus Mittleman, 1947
[= Eurycea paludicola (Mittleman 1947); de, Wray et al., 2017:
36]
Mittleman, 1947, Herpetologica, 3: 220.
Holotype: USNM 123979, Pollock, Grant Parish, Louisiana, col-
lected by P. Viosca Jr., 6 Sep 1937.
Type Locality: “Pollock, Grant Parish, Louisiana.”
Paratypes: USNM 17700, Neches River, 14 miles E of Palestine,
Anderson County, Texas, collected by B. W. Evermann, 24
Nov 1891; USNM 99176, 99177, 4 miles SW of Many, Sa-
bine Parish, Louisiana, collected by C. E. Burt, 16 Jun 1934;
36
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
USNM 99762, 0.5 mile SE of Hillister, Tyler County, Texas,
collected by C. E. Burt, 6 Jul 1934; USNM 99773–99776,
5 miles SW of Pendleton Ferry, Sabine County, Texas, col-
lected by C. E. Burt, 17 Jun 1934.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: BCB 485, 753–756, 1327, 1328,
1568–1571; CAS 11292; FP 28, 30; MBM (two specimens);
PV (59 specimens); TCWC 1198–1204; UMMZ 75940
(5specimens), 75941 (8 specimens), 93135 (5 specimens).
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name paludicolus comes from the Latin paludis,
“marsh,” and colus, “dwelling in,” apparently in reference to
the habitat of this taxon.
Remarks: USNM 99777 was erroneously listed as a paratype of
Manculus quadridigitatus paludicolus Mittleman, 1947 in
Cochran (1961). This specimen was not mentioned in the
original description. The holotype was listed as “an adult
male (one of a series of nine specimens) in the collection of
Percy Viosca, Jr. to be deposited in the U. S. National Mu-
seum.” One specimen out of UMMZ 75941 was exchanged
to the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History,
where it is presently cataloged as UIMNH 43487. One
specimen out of UMMZ 93135 was exchanged to the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, where it is presently cata-
loged as MCZ A- 27794. The paratypes BCB 485, 753–756,
1327, 1328, 1568–1571; CAS 11292; FP 28, 30; MBM (two
specimens); and PV (59 specimens) could not be located and
must be considered missing.
Manculus quadridigitatus uvidus Mittleman, 1947
[= Eurycea paludicola (Mittleman, 1947); de, Wray et al.,
2017: 36]
Mittleman, 1947, Herpetologica, 3: 221.
Holotype: USNM 123980, Gayle, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, col-
lected by L. Frierson and J. Strecker, date of collection un-
known, cataloged 20 Feb 1947.
Type Locality: “Gayle, Caddo Parish, Louisiana.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: BU 0007- 0010, 0012, 573–
576, 1359, 1361–1362, 2263–2269, 2271–2273, 2276,
2333–2341, 4151, 4153–4154, 4156–4157, 4162–4163,
4168–4173, 4176–4178, 4270; CAS 12900; PA 4521. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name uvidus comes from the Latin uvidus,
“damp,” apparently in reference to the habitat of this taxon.
Remarks: The holotype was listed as “an adult male in the Baylor
University collection (BU 2338) . . . to be deposited in the
U.S. National Museum.” The paratypes BU 0007, 573–575,
2263–2269, 2273, 2276, 2333–2337, 2339–2341, 4151,
4153, 4154, 4156, 4157, 4162, 4163, 4169, 4170, 4173, and
7176–4178 are presently in the Mayborn Museum Com-
plex, Baylor University, where they are cataloged with the
same numbers with the BU- MMC abbreviation. The other
Baylor University paratypes are apparently lost. The para-
type PA 4521 was apparently deposited at the Natural His-
tory Museum, University of Kansas, where it is presently
cataloged as KU 89633.
Nototriton lignicola McCranie and Wilson, 1997
[currently accepted; de, McCranie and Wilson, 2003; 1]
McCranie and Wilson, 1997, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 110: 369.
Holotype: USNM 497539, Cerro de Enmedio, along the trail
above the Monte Escondido campground, Parque Nacional
La Muralla, Olancho, Honduras, elevation 1,780 m, col-
lected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, and D. Almendarez,
30 Jul 1996.
Type Locality: “Cerro de Enmedio (15° 06′N, 86° 44′W) along
the trail above the Monte Escondido campground, Parque
Nacional La Muralla, 1780 m elev., Departamento de Olan-
cho, Honduras.”
Paratypes: USNM 497540–497541, same data as holotype;
USNM 497542, same data as holotype, except elevation
1,760 m; USNM 497543, same data as holotype, except
elevation 1,770 m; USNM 497544–497548, same data as
holotype, except collected by D. Almendarez, 14 Sep 1995.
Etymology: The name lignicola is derived from the Latin lignum,
“wood,” and colus, “dwelling in,” in reference to the habitat
of this taxon.
Nototriton mime Townsend, Medina- Flores, Reyes- Calderón,
and Austin, 2013
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Townsend, Medina- Flores, Reyes- Calderón, and Austin, 2013,
Zootaxa, 3666: 361.
Holotype: USNM 578870, Parque Nacional Montaña de
Botaderos, Cerro Ulloa, Olancho, Honduras, 15.383326°N,
86.039936°W, elevation 1,705 m, collected by J. Townsend,
M. Medina- Flores, and O. Reyes- Calderón, 16 Apr 2011.
Type Locality: “Cerro Ulloa (15.3833°N, 86.0399°W), Parque
Nacional Montaña de Botaderos, 1,705 m, Departamento
de Olancho, Honduras.”
Paratypes: USNM 579871, same data as holotype, except
15.3874°N, 86.0467°W, elevation 1,720 m; USNM 579872,
same data as holotype, except 15.3843°N, 86.0396°W, el-
evation 1,710 m.
Other Type Material: Paratype: MVZ 269306.
Etymology: The name mime is a patronym honoring Arquinides
Gabriel Rosales Martinez, also known as “Mime,” a young
Honduran biologist and friend of the authors.
Nototriton nelsoni Townsend, 2016
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Townsend, 2016, Zootaxa, 4196): 520.
Holotype: USNM 578300, Refugio de Vida Silvestre Texiguat,
Cerro El Chino, Atlántida, Honduras, 15.525394°N,
87.278672°W, elevation 1,420 m, collected by B. K. Atkin-
son, C. A. Cerrato- Mendoza, J. H. Townsend, and L. D. Wil-
son, 19 Jun 2010.
Type Locality: “Cerro El Chino (15.525394°N, 87.278672°W),
1,420 m, above La Liberación, Refugio de Vida Silvestre
Texiguat, Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras.”
Paratypes: USNM 339709–339710, La Fortuna, 2.5 km (air-
line) NNE of, Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Yoro, Honduras,
NUMBER 654
•
37
15.44°N, 87.31°W, elevation 1,690 m, collected by J. R. Mc-
Cranie, L. D. Wilson, and K. Williams, 14 Aug 1991; USNM
339711, La Fortuna, 2.5 km (airline) NNE of, Cordillera
Nombre de Dios, Yoro, Honduras, 15.44°N, 87.31°W, ele-
vation 1,800 m, collected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson,
and K. Williams, 16 Aug 1991; USNM 509333, La Fortuna,
2.5 km (airline) NNE of, Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Yoro,
Honduras, 15.44°N, 87.31°W, elevation 1,600 m, collected
by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, and K. Williams, 26 Jul 1995.
Etymology: The name nelsoni is a patronym honoring Cyril
“Cirilo” Hardy Nelson- Sutherland, professor emeritus and
cofounder of the Department of Biology at the Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de Honduras.
Remarks: USNM 509333 is a cleared and stained specimen pres-
ently stored in glycerin.
Nototriton oreadorum Townsend, 2016
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Townsend, 2016, Zootaxa, 4196: 523.
Holotype: USNM 497552, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, south
slope of Cerro Bufalo, Atlántida, Honduras, 15°38′7ʺN,
86°48′14ʺW, collected by J. R. McCranie and S. Gotte,
30May 1996.
Type Locality: “The south slope of Cerro Búfalo (15.66°N,
86.79°W), 1,540 m elevation, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito,
Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras.”
Paratype: USNM 339712, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, Que-
brada de Oro (tributary of Río Viejo), 15°38′N, 86°48′W,
elevation 1,210 m, collected by J. R. McCranie, 13 Feb 1995.
Etymology: The name oreadorum means “belonging to the
mountain nymphs,” referring to the Oreads of Greek my-
thology, female nature deities associated with mountains
and valleys, in reference to the steep and challenging terrain
of the type locality.
Nototriton picucha Townsend, Medina- Flores, Murillo, and
Austin, 2011
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Townsend, Medina- Flores, Murillo, and Austin, 2011, Syste-
matics Biodiversity, 9: 283.
Holotype: USNM 578299, Parque Nacional Sierra de Agalta,
camp NW of La Picucha, Olancho, Honduras, 14°58′24ʺN,
85°55′40ʺW, elevation 1,860 m, collected by M. Medina-
Flores, J. Murillo, I. Zuniga, and J. Soto, 16 Jul 2010.
Type Locality: “Northwestern slope of Cerro La Picucha
(14.9733°N, 85.9279°W), 1890 m, Parque Nacional Sierra
de Agalta, Departamento de Olancho, Honduras.”
Paratype: USNM 578298, same data as holotype, except eleva-
tion 1,905 m.
Etymology: The name picucha is derived from the type locality.
Nyctanolis pernix Elias and Wake, 1983
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Elias and Wake, 1983, in Rhodin and Miyata, Adv. Herpetol.
Evol. Biol.: 2.
Paratype: USNM 206925, Lagunas de Montebello, cave near
stream that empties the main lake, Chiapas, Mexico, col-
lected by S. C. Belt, 8 Jul 1972.
Type Locality: “Finca Chiblac, 10 km (air) NE Barillas, Hue-
huetenango, Guatemala, (91° 16′W, 15° 53′N), 1370 m
(4500 ft) elevation.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 134641. Paratypes: MCZ
100154; MVZ 131583–131585, 134639, 134640, 134642–
134644, 149370, 149372, 149373, 173062.
Etymology: The name pernix is from the Latin pernix, “nimble”
or “swift,” apparently because of the swift movements of
this form.
Oedipina gephyra McCranie, Wilson, and Williams, 1993
[currently accepted; de, García- París and Wake, 2000]
McCranie, Wilson, and Williams, 1993, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 106: 385.
Holotype: USNM 316535, La Fortuna, 2.5 km (airline) NNE of,
Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Yoro Department, Honduras,
15°26′N, 87°18′W, elevation 1,690 m, collected by J. R. Mc-
Cranie, L. D. Wilson, and K. L. Williams, 14 Aug 1991.
Type Locality: “2.5 airline km NNE La Fortuna (15° 26′N, 87°
18′W), 1690 m elev., Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Departa-
mento de Yoro, Honduras.”
Paratypes: USNM 316536, 316537, same data as holotype;
USNM 316538, same data as holotype, except elevation
1,810 m and date of collection 16 Aug 1991.
Etymology: The name gephyra is derived from the Greek gephyra,
“bridge,” in reference to the morphology of this species that
bridges the gap between the two species groups recognized
by Brame (1968).
Oedipina ignea Stuart, 1952
[currently accepted; de, García- París and Wake, 2000: 60]
Stuart, 1952, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 65: 1.
Holotype: USNM 127959, Rio Los Brisas, S of Yepocapa, De-
partment of (Dept.) Chimaltenango, Guatemala, elevation
~1,450 m, collected by H. T. Dalmat, 2 Aug 1947.
Type Locality: “Along the Río Las Brisas, just south of Yepocapa,
Department of Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Elevation about
1450 m.”
Etymology: The name ignea is derived from the Latin igneus,
“ery,” and is named for the location of the type locality on
the slopes of the Volcán Fuego.
Oedipina kasios McCranie, Vieites, and Wake, 2008
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
McCranie, Vieites, and Wake, 2008, Zootaxa, 2008: 11.
Paratypes: USNM 343455–343456, Parque Nacional La Mu-
ralla, conuence of Quebrada El Pinol and Quebrada Las
Cantinas, Dept. Olancho, Honduras, 15°09′N, 86°43′W,
elevation 950 m, collected by J. R. McCranie and L. D.
Wilson, 8 Aug 1994; USNM 343457, Parque Nacional La
Muralla, Quebrada de la Escaleras, Dept. Olancho, Hon-
duras, 15°12′W, 86°41′W, elevation 950 m, collected by
38
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
M.R.Espinal, 7 Mar 1993; USNM 530580, Parque Nacio-
nal La Muralla, Cerro de Enmedio, Dept. Olancho, Hondu-
ras, 15°06′N, 86°41′W, elevation 1,780 m.
Type Locality: “Near Quebrada Pinol, 15°07′N, 86°44′W, Parque
Nacional La Muralla, 1190 m., Dept. Olancho, Honduras.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 232825. Paratype: MVZ
232826.
Etymology: The name kasios is derived from the Greek kasios,
“sister,” in reference to the sister species relationship to Oe-
dipina quadra in the phylogenetic analysis in the original
description.
Oedipina (Oedopinola) maritima García- París and Wake, 2000
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
García- París and Wake, 2000, Copeia, 2000: 50.
Holotype: USNM 529981, Isla Escudo de Veraguas (SE part of),
Bocas del Toro Province, Panama, collected by R. I. Crom-
bie, 28 Mar 1991.
Type Locality: “Escudo Camp, West Point, Isla Escudo de Vera-
guas, Prov. Bocas del Toro, Panamá, approximate 9° 6.1′N,
81° 4.5′W.”
Paratypes: USNM 529982–529984, same data as holotype;
USNM 529985, Isla Escudo de Veraguas, southwest corner
of island, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama, collected by
R.I. Crombie, 20 Mar 1991.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: USNM- FS 195536 (eld num-
ber, not cataloged; to be deposited in a collection in Pan-
ama); KU 116681; MVZ 219997. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name maritima is derived from the Latin mari-
timus, “of the sea,” in reference to the island type locality of
this species.
Remarks: USNM- FS 195536 remains uncataloged at the Na-
tional Museum of Natural History, awaiting nal deposi-
tion in Panama.
Oedipina (Oedopinola) petiola McCranie and Townsend, 2011
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
McCranie and Townsend, 2011, Zootaxa, 2990: 62.
Holotype: USNM 343462, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, south
slope of Cerro Bufalo, Atlántida, Honduras, 15°39′N,
86°48′W, collected by J. R. McCranie, 18 Feb 1995.
Type Locality: “Cerro Búfalo, 15° 39′ N, 86°48′ W, Parque Na-
cional Pico Bonito, Cordillera Nombre de Dios, 1580 m
elev., Atlántida, Honduras.”
Etymology: The name petiola is from the Latin petiolus, mean-
ing “diminutive foot,” and refers to the narrow feet in the
holotype.
Oedipina quadra McCranie, Vieites, and Wake, 2008
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
McCranie, Vieites, and Wake, 2008, Zootaxa, 2008: 6.
Paratypes: USNM 316539, Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, 7.4km
SE of La Ceiba, Dept. Atlantida, Honduras, 15°43′N,
86°45′W, elevation 260 m, collected by J. R. McCranie and
L. D. Wilson, 24 Jun 1989; USNM 343452, conuence of
Río Wampú and Río Yanguay, Dept. Olancho, Honduras,
15°03′N, 85°08′W, elevation 110 m, collected by J.R. Mc-
Cranie, 27 Aug 1992; USNM 343453, conuence of Río
Wampú and Río Sausa, Dept. Olancho, Honduras, 15°04′N,
85°06′W, elevation 100 m, Dept. Olancho, Honduras, col-
lected by J. R. McCranie, 30 Aug 1992; USNM 343454,
conuence of Quebrada Siksatara and Río Wampú, Dept.
Olancho, Honduras, 15°04′N, 85°02′W, elevation 95 m,
collected by J. R. McCranie, 2 Sep 1992; USNM 530579,
Parque Nacional Pico Bonito, S of Armenia Bonita, near
Centro de Visitantes (CURLA Forestry Station), Dept.
Atlántida, Honduras, 15°42′N, 86°51′W, elevation 120–
500 m, collected by J. R. McCranie and S. Gotte, 8 Jun
1996; USNM 534115, Quebrada Machín, Dept. Colón,
Honduras, 15°19′N, 85°17′W, elevation 540 m, collected
by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, S. Gotte, and J. Townsend,
29 Jul 1999; USNM 534116, 534117, Quebrada Machín,
Dept. Colón, Honduras, 15°19′N, 85°17′W, elevation
540m, collected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson, S. Gotte,
and J.Townsend, 4Aug 1999; USNM 534118, Quebrada
Machín, Dept. Colón, Honduras, 15°19′N, 85°17′W, ele-
vation 540m, collected by J. R. McCranie, L. D. Wilson,
S.Gotte, and J.Townsend, 6 Aug 1999; USNM 534119,
Quebrada Machín, Dept. Colón, Honduras, 15°19′N,
85°17′W, elevation 540 m, collected by J. R. McCranie,
L. D. Wilson, S. Gotte, and J. Townsend, 8 Aug 1999;
USNM 560948, Cabeceras de Río Rus Rus, Dept. Gracias
A Dios, Honduras, 14°53′N, 84°40’W, elevation 190 m, col-
lected by J. R. McCranie, 20 Nov 2003; USNM 560949, be-
tween Urus Tingni Kiamp and Warunta Tingni Kiamp, Dept.
Gracias A Dios, Honduras, 14°55′N, 84°41′W, ele vation
190 m, collected by J. R. McCranie, 22 Nov 2003; USNM
563378, Warunta Tingni Kiamp, Dept. Gracias A Dios,
Honduras, 14°55′20ʺN, 84°41′28ʺW, elevation 150m, col-
lected by J.R. McCranie and T. Manzanares R., 15 May
2004; USNM 563379, Urus Tingni Kiamp, Dept. Gracias
A Dios, Honduras, 14°54′38ʺN, 84°40′49ʺW, elevation
160m, collected by J. R. McCranie and T. Manzanares R.,
29 May 2004; USNM 563380, Urus Tingni Kiamp, Dept.
Gracias A Dios, Honduras, 14°54′38ʺN, 84°40′49ʺW,
elevation 160 m, collected by J. R. McCranie and T. Man-
zanaresR., 18May 2004.
Type Locality: “Urus Tingni Kiamp, 14°55′N, 84°41′W, tributary
of upper portion of Río Warunta, 160 m above sea level,
Dept. Gracias A Dios, Honduras.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 257761. Paratypes:
CM 68241; LACM 4702–4704; MVZ 232824, 257755–
257760; LSUMZ 21327, 33608; SMF 77486.
Etymology: The name quadra is derived from the Latin quadrus,
“square,” in reference to the nearly rectangular cross section
of the tail characteristic of this species.
Oedipina (Oedopinola) savagei García- París and Wake, 2000
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
García- París and Wake, 2000, Copeia, 2000: 52.
NUMBER 654
•
39
Paratype: USNM 219122, Finca las Cruces, OTS Field Station,
6km (by road) S of San Vito de Java, 8°48′N, 82°58′W,
elevation 1,250 m, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, collected by
R.W. McDiarmid, 22 May 1971.
Type Locality: “Finca Las Cruces, 6 km S San Vito de Java, Prov.
Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 8° 47′35ʺ N, 82° 57′30ʺ W, approx-
imately 1200 m elev.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: LACM 109558. Paratypes:
LACM 109556, 109557, 145447–145450; MVZ 229360;
UCR LDG 961327. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name savagei is a patronym for Jay M. Savage,
American herpetologist.
Remarks: The acronym UCR LDG refers to a eld number of
L.D. Gomez that was to be deposited (and eventually was
cataloged) at the University of Costa Rica; UCR LDG
961327 was returned to the University of Costa Rica, where
it is now cataloged as UCR 14587.
Oedipina (Oedopinola) tomasi McCranie, 2006
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
McCranie, 2006, J. Herpetol., 40: 291.
Holotype: USNM 562862, near Sierra de Omoa, Sendero de
Cantiles, Parque Nacional El Cusuco, 15°30′N, 88°14′W,
elevation 1,800 m, Cortés, Honduras, collected by J. R. Mc-
Cranie, F. E. Castañeda, and T. Manzanares, 18 Jun 2005.
Type Locality: “Near Sendero de Cantiles, Parque Nacional El
Cusuco, 15° 30′N, 88° 14′W, 1800 m elevation, Departa-
mento de Cortés, Honduras.”
Paratype: USNM 562863, same data as holotype, except col-
lected 22 Jun 2005.
Etymology: The name tomasi is a patronym honoring Tomas
Manzanares Ruiz, who was instrumental in the collection
of this taxon.
Oedipus altamazonicus Cope, 1874
[= Bolitoglossa altamazonica (Cope, 1874); de, Taylor, 1944c:
219]
Cope, 1874, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 26: 120.
Syntypes: Uncataloged, “represented by three specimens.” (See
Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Nauta.” Type locality based on the neotype des-
ignation: “Allpahuayo Mishana National Reserve, San Juan
Bautista district, Maynas province, Loreto department, Peru,
03.965° S, 73.421° W, 132 m a.s.l.”
Other Type Material: Neotype: CRBIIAP AR001117. Neotype
designation by Cusi, Gagliardi- Urrutia, Brcko, Wake, and
von May, 2020, Zootaxa, 4834: 390.
Etymology: The name altamazonicus is derived from the Latin
altus, “high,” and the Amazon River, in reference to the type
locality of the Upper Amazon.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type list
by Cochran (1961). According to Cope (1868), the Orton
Expedition to Ecuador and the Upper Amazon was under-
taken “under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution,”
and the specimens should have been deposited at the U.S.
National Museum. The syntypes were apparently never re-
ceived at the U.S. National Museum and therefore never re-
ceived a catalog number. It is possible that the syntypes may
have been deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, but if so, they no longer exist. The types were
reported as “apparently no longer in existence” by Dunn
(1926a). Because the original types are lost, the neotype was
designated by Cusi et al. (2020).
Oedipus bromeliacia Schmidt, 1936
[= Dendrotriton bromeliacius (Schmidt, 1936); de, Wake and
Elias, 1983, 345: 11.
Schmidt, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 161.
Paratypes: USNM 103339, 103340, Volcan Tajumulco, San
Marcos, Guatemala, 8,500 feet, collected by K. P. Schmidt,
19 Feb 1934.
Type Locality: “Volcan Tajumulco, at 8,000 feet altitude, on the
trail above El Porvenir, San Marcos, Guatemala.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 21062. Paratypes:
FMNH 20291, 20294, 20324–20326, 20382, 20657, 20693,
20695–20697, 20700 (total of 57 specimens). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name bromeliacia is from the bromeliad habitat
of this species.
Remarks: USNM 103339 and 103340 were received in exchange
from the Field Museum of Natural History and cataloged
15 Oct 1937. They were listed as FMNH 20294 in the origi-
nal description.
Oedipus avimembris Schmidt, 1936
[= Bolitoglossa avimembris (Schmidt, 1936); de, Wake and
Brame, 1963: 386]
Schmidt, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 158.
Paratype: USNM 103331, Volcan Tajumulco, San Marcos, Gua-
temala, 7,200 feet, collected by K. P. Schmidt, 22 Feb 1934.
Type Locality: “Volcan Tajumulco, at 7200 feet, on the trail
above El Porvenir, San Marcos, Guatemala.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 20381. Paratypes:
Ten specimens, FMNH 20296, 20321–20323, 20393. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name avimembris is from the Latin avus,
“ yellow,” and membrum, “part,” in reference to the bright
yellow limbs mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 103331 was received in exchange from the
Field Museum of Natural History and cataloged 15 Oct
1937. It was listed as FMNH 20323 in the original descrip-
tion. FMNH 20393, listed as a paratype in the original de-
scription, was apparently a typographical error for FMNH
20333. FMNH 20333 is a lot of ve specimens pres-
ently listed in the Field Museum database as paratypes of
Oedipus avimembris. In addition, FMNH 20297 is listed
in the Field Museum database as a paratype even though
it was not listed in the original description. With the ad-
dition of that specimen and the ve specimens in FMNH
20333, all 10 paratypes mentioned in the original descrip-
tion are accounted for. One specimen out of FMNH 20333
40
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
was exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
where it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 22174. FMNH
20297 was exchanged to the University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology, where it is presently cataloged as UMMZ
80935. One specimen out of FMNH 20333 was recataloged
as FMNH 100128.
Oedipus aviventris Schmidt, 1936
[= Bolitoglossa aviventris (Schmidt, 1936); de, Taylor and
Smith, 1945: 547; conrmed by Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 335]
Schmidt, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 148.
Holotype: USNM 46922, Chicharras, Chiapas, Mexico, col-
lected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, 6 Feb 1896.
Type Locality: “Chicharras, Chiapas,” Mexico.
Paratypes: USNM 30305, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, col-
lected by F. Sumichrast, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged 12 May 1902; USNM 46923, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratype: FMNH 21078.
Etymology: The name aviventris is from the Latin avus, “yel-
low,” and ventris, “belly,” in reference to the yellow ventral
areas mentioned in the original description.
Oedipus franklini Schmidt, 1936
[= Bolitoglossa franklini (Schmidt, 1936); de, Wake and Brame,
1963: 386; conrmed by Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 336]
Schmidt, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 159.
Paratypes: USNM 103332, 103333, Volcan Tajumulco, San
Marcos, Guatemala, elevation 7,500 feet, collected by K. P.
Schmidt, 27 Feb 1934.
Type Locality: “Volcan Tajumulco, at 5600 feet altitude, on the
trail above El Porvenir, San Marcos, Guatemala.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 21061. Paratypes:
FMNH 20318–20320, 20388–20392, 20650, 20655,
20656, 20691, 20692 (total of 17 specimens); eight from the
Volcan Atitlan, above Olas de Moca; a specimen collected
by F. X. Williams on the Volcan Pacaya for the California
Academy of Sciences. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name franklini is a patronym for Franklin J. W.
Schmidt, the author’s brother.
Remarks: USNM 103332 and 103333 were received in ex-
change from the Field Museum of Natural History and
cataloged 15 Oct 1937. They were listed as FMNH 20655
and 20656, respectively, in the original description. The
specimen from the California Academy of Sciences is cata-
loged as CAS 71919. Despite 17 specimens from the Volcan
Tajumulco being mentioned in the original description, only
12 specimens can be accounted for by the FMNH catalog
numbers, although some of the catalog numbers may repre-
sent more than one specimen. In addition, FMNH 20392,
listed as a paratype, is actually a hylid frog, Plectrohyla ma-
tudai. The eight specimens from the Volcan Atitlan were
lot cataloged as FMNH 20407. Later, two specimens out
of FMNH 20407 were recataloged as FMNH 100224 and
126347. In addition, two specimens out of FMNH 20407
were exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
where they are presently cataloged as MCZ A- 22180 and
A- 22181. FMNH 20320 was exchanged to the University
of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as UIMNH 39933. Two specimens out of FMNH
20390 were exchanged to the University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology, where they are presently cataloged as
UMMZ 80932.
Oedipus gadovii Dunn, 1926
[= Pseudoeurycea gadovii (Dunn, 1926); de, Taylor, 1944c: 209]
Dunn, 1926a, Salamanders Fam. Plethodontidae: 437.
Paratypes: USNM 19263–19265, Mount Orizaba, Veracruz,
Mexico, collected by W. S. Blatchley, 2 Aug 1891.
Type Locality: “Xometla, at 8,500 feet altitude on Mt. Orizaba,
[= Veracruz,] Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: BMNH 1903.9.30.312. Paratypes:
BMNH 1903.9.30.309–1903.9.30.311, 1903.9.30.331. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name gadovii is a patronym honoring H. Gadow,
collector of the holotype.
Remarks: The holotype has been renumbered BMNH 1946.9.6.41.
Oedipus goebeli Schmidt, 1936
[= Pseudoeurycea goebeli (Schmidt, 1936); de, Taylor, 1944c: 209]
Schmidt, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 163.
Paratypes: USNM 103334, 103335, Volcan Tajumulco, San
Marcos, Guatemala, elevation 10,000–10,400 feet, collected
by K. P. Schmidt, 13–14 Feb 1934.
Type Locality: “Volcan Tajumulco, at 8,000 feet altitude, on the
trail above El Porvenir, San Marcos, Guatemala.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 21064. Paratypes:
FMNH 20295, 20298 (four specimens), 20299 (11 speci-
mens), 20301 (15 specimens), 20406, 20694; CAS: one spec-
imen from Volcan Agua. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name goebeli is a patronym honoring H. Goebel,
the person who invited the author to visit the coffee planta-
tion El Porvenir at the foot of Volcan Tajumulco.
Remarks: USNM 103334 and 103335 were received in exchange
from the Field Museum of Natural History and cataloged
15Oct 1937. They were listed as FMNH 20299 and 20301
in the original description, respectively.
Oedipus helmrichi Schmidt, 1936
[= Bolitoglossa helmrichi (Schmidt, 1936); de, Taylor, 1944c:
218; Wake and Brame, 1963: 386; conrmed by Parra- Olea
et al., 2004: 336]
Schmidt, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 152.
Paratype: USNM 103338, above Finca Samac, Alta Verapaz,
Guatemala, collected by D. Clark, 27 Mar 1934.
Type Locality: “Mountains above Finca Samac, west of Coban,
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, at 5000 feet altitude.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 21063. Paratypes:
FMNH 20727 (15 specimens). (See Remarks.)
NUMBER 654
•
41
Etymology: The name helmrichi is a patronym for Gustav Helm-
rich of the Finca Samac.
Remarks: USNM 103338 was received in exchange from the Field
Museum of Natural History and cataloged 15 Oct 1937. It
was listed as FMNH 20727 in the original description.
Oedipus morio Cope, 1869
[= Bolitoglossa morio (Cope, 1869); de, Wake and Brame,
1963: 386]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 103.
Holotype: USNM 6888, Mountains of Guatemala, collected by
Dr. Van Patten, date of collection unknown, cataloged 1881.
Type Locality: “Mountains of Guatemala.” Type locality based
on the neotype designation: “3.7 km S Santa María Visit-
ación, Sololá, Guatemala at 2000–2200 (14.723073° N,
91.330252° W).”
Other Type Material: Neotype: UTA- A 34090. Neotype desig-
nation by Campbell, Smith, Streicher, Acevedo, and Brodie,
2010, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 200: 2.
Etymology: The name morio is from the Latin morio, “fool” or
“simpleton.” Cope provided no explanation for his choice
of this name.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type list
by Cochran (1961). The holotype cannot be found in the
USNM collection. There is an old written remark in the led-
ger entry that says “Destroyed.” This apparently happened
prior to 1926 because it was reported as “apparently no
longer in existence” by Dunn (1926a). Because the holo-
type is no longer in existence, the neotype was designated by
Campbell et al. (2010).
Oedipus multidentata Taylor, 1939
[= Chiropterotriton multidentatus (Taylor, 1939); de, Taylor,
1944c: 216; conrmed by Rabb, 1958: 5]
Taylor, 1939 [1938], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25: 289.
Paratypes: USNM 134284–134286, El Chico, Hidalgo, Mexico,
collected by E. H. Taylor, 2 Aug 1938.
Type Locality: “Alvarez (km 53 on Potosi and Rio Verde R.R.),
San Luis Potosí, Mexico, elevation 8,000 feet.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MCZ 14812. Paratypes: MCZ
14810–14811; UMMZ 63946, 63948, 63953; EHT- HMS
15658–15848. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name multidentatus is from the Latin multus,
“much” or “more,” and dentatus, “toothed,” in reference
to the large number of maxillary teeth in adult males men-
tioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 134284–134286 were received in exchange from
the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History (formerly
UIMNH 26953–26955) and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954.
They were listed as EHT- HMS 15752, 15748, and 15745, re-
spectively, in the original description. Some of the paratypes
EHT- HMS 15658–15848 are presently cataloged as FMNH
105347–105349,106534, 106535, 117638–117645. 117647–
117664, 117666–117690, 117693–117703, 117705–117709,
117711–117720, 117722–117738, 117740–117755, 189907–
189913, 190603, 190604, and 196226. Additional paratypes
from EHT- HMS 15658–15848 were deposited at the Univer-
sity of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they were
cataloged as UIMNH 23336–23339, 26929–26980, 26986,
32646, and 32648. Later, UIMNH 26953–26955 were ex-
changed to the U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH
26986 was exchanged to the University of Colorado Museum
of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as UCM
22131. UIMNH 26952 was exchanged to the Field Museum
of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH
75773. UIMNH 26979 and 26980 were exchanged to the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where they are presently
cataloged as CM 39995 and 39996. UIMNH 23339 was ex-
changed to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmu-
seum, where it is presently cataloged as SMF 53177. However,
this does not account for all of the paratypes from EHT- HMS
15658–15848; 12 specimens could not be located and must be
considered missing.
Oedipus nasalis Dunn, 1924
[= Cryptotriton nasalis (Dunn, 1924); de, García- París and
Wake, 2000: 58]
Dunn, 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12: 97.
Paratypes: USNM 103336, 103337, San Pedro, Cortés, Hondu-
ras, collected by K. P. Schmidt and L. L. Walters, 1 Apr 1923.
Type Locality: “Mountains west of San Pedro, Honduras, at
2000 feet on trail”; corrected to “along the Quebrada del In-
erno on the eastern slopes of the Cerro de la Virtúd, 1370
m elevation, 15° 32′N, 88° 06′W” by McCranie (2006).
Other Type Material: Holotype: FMNH 4568. Paratypes:
FMNH 4563–4567, 4569–4591, 91462 (formerly FMNH
4577), 91463 (formerly FMNH 4563), 126339 (formerly
FMNH 4586). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name nasalis is from the Latin nasus, “nose,”
in reference to the large nostrils mentioned in the original
description.
Remarks: Only three paratypes (FMNH 4579, 4584, and 4590)
are specically mentioned by number in the original descrip-
tion. However, it is clear from the original description that
there were additional specimens. A search of the FMNH
database found a total of 28 paratypes in the original type
series. FMNH 4569 and 4570 were exchanged to the U.S.
National Museum and cataloged as USNM 103336 and
103337 on 15 Oct 1937.
Oedipus odonnelli Stuart, 1943
[= Bolitoglossa odonnelli (Stuart, 1943); de, Wake and Elias,
1983: 1–19]
Stuart, 1943, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 56: 10.
Paratype: USNM 118781, Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guate-
mala, collected by L. C. Stuart, 20 Mar 1938.
Type Locality: “Cafetal just east of the hacienda at Finca Volcán,
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Altitude, 1200 meters.”
42
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 89096. Paratypes: UMMZ
89097–89105.
Etymology: The name odonnelli is a patronym honoring Regi-
nald O’Donnell of Finca Volcán.
Remarks: USNM 118781 was received in exchange from the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and cataloged
on 3 Jun 1944. It was listed as UMMZ 89105 in the origi-
nal description. UMMZ 89098 was exchanged to the Field
Museum of Natural History, where it is now cataloged as
FMNH 109847. UMMZ 89104 was exchanged to the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology, where it is now cataloged as
MCZ A- 25540.
Oedipus robertsi Taylor, 1939
[= Pseudoeurycea robertsi (Taylor, 1939); de, Taylor, 1944c: 209]
Taylor, 1939 [1938], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25: 287.
Paratype: USNM 134290, Nevada de Toluca, México, México,
collected by E. H. Taylor, 31 Aug 1938.
Type Locality: “Nevada de Toluca, elevation between 10,000
and 11,000 feet,” Mexico.
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 12503. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 12496–12498, 12504, 12505, 15600–15615.
Etymology: The name robertsi is a patronym honoring H. Rad-
clyffe Roberts, collector of the holotype.
Remarks: USNM 134290 (formerly UIMNH 27210) was re-
ceived in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 15603 in the original description. The
holotype, EHT- HMS 12503, is presently in the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is cataloged as FMNH
100002. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 12496–12498,
12504, 12505, and 15600–15615 are presently cataloged
as FMNH 100773–100778, 178235, 178292, 190601, and
190602. The paratype EHT- HMS 15607 was deposited
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as MCZ A- 25610. Additional paratypes
from EHT- HMS 12496–12498, 12504, 12505, and 15600–
15615 were deposited at the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH
27210–27214. Later, UIMNH 27210 was exchanged to the
U.S. National Museum (see above). The paratypes EHT-
HMS 12497, 15600, 15604, 15605, 15608, and 15612
could not be located and must be considered missing.
Oedipus rufescens Cope, 1869
[= Bolitoglossa rufescens (Cope, 1869); de, Taylor, 1941e: 145]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 104.
Holotype: USNM 6886, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, collected by
F. Sumichrast, date of collection unknown, cataloged in 1881.
Type Locality: “Orizava” (= Orizaba), Veracruz, Mexico.
Etymology: The name rufescens is derived from the Latin rufus,
“reddish,” in reference to the color of the head mentioned in
the original description.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type
list by Cochran (1961). The holotype was missing and
presumed lost prior to 1926 because Dunn (1926a) stated
that the type was “apparently not now in existence.”
Oedipus smithi Taylor, 1939
[= Pseudoeurycea smithi (Taylor, 1939); de, Taylor, 1944c: 209]
Taylor, 1939 [1938], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25: 269.
Paratype: USNM 134291, Cerro San Felipe, 15 miles NW of
Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, 20 Aug
1938.
Type Locality: “Cerro de San Luis, 15 mi. N.W. Oaxaca, Oax-
aca,” Mexico.
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 3966. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 3965, 3967–3969, 15616–15641. EHT- HMS
3970 was not listed as a paratype but was clearly part of the
type series because it was listed in the table of measurements
in the original description. It was also clearly mentioned by
number in the discussion of variation.
Etymology: The name smithi is a patronym honoring Ho-
bartM. Smith, American herpetologist and collector of the
holotype.
Remarks: USNM 134291 (formerly UIMNH 27219) was re-
ceived in exchange from the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. It was
listed as EHT- HMS 15631 in the original description. The
holotype, EHT- HMS 3966, is presently in the Field Museum
of Natural History, where it is cataloged as FMNH 100011.
EHT- HMS 3970 (mentioned above) is presently cataloged as
FMNH 100647. The paratypes EHT- HMS 3967–3969 are
presently cataloged as FMNH 100863–100865, and EHT-
HMS 3965 is presently cataloged as UIMNH 27226. Some
of the paratypes EHT- HMS 15616–15641 are presently cat-
aloged as FMNH 100842–100855, 126482, 179362, and
179363. The paratypes EHT- HMS 15623 and 15632 were
deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where
they are presently cataloged as MCZ A- 25611 and A- 25612,
respectively. Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS 15616–
15641 were deposited at the University of Illinois Museum
of Natural History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH
27216–27225. Later, UIMNH 27219 was exchanged to the
U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH 27221 was ex-
changed to Brigham Young University, where it is presently
cataloged as BYU 13251. UIMNH 27222 was exchanged
to the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where it
is presently cataloged as UMMZ 114071. UIMNH 27223
was exchanged to Werner C. A. Bokermann (nal deposi-
tion unknown). The paratype EHT- HMS 15630 could not
be located and must be considered missing.
Oedipus striatulus Noble, 1918
[= Bolitoglossa striatula (Noble, 1918); de, Taylor, 1941e: 147,
1944c: 219; conrmed by Parra- Olea et al., 2004: 335]
Noble, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38: 344.
Paratype: USNM 37771, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, col-
lected by J. Tristan, 6 Feb 1906.
Type Locality: “Cukra, Eastern Nicaragua.”
NUMBER 654
•
43
Other Type Material: Holotype: AMNH 6999. Paratypes: “Be-
sides the type there have been three other specimens which
are referable to this species.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name striatulus is from the Latin stria, “furrow”
or “line,” in reference to the numerous brown lines men-
tioned in the original description.
Remarks: AMNH 6999 is presently cataloged as AMNH A- 6999.
USNM 37771 was not listed by number in the original de-
scription; it was only referred to as “collected on Mt. Turri-
alba, Costa Rica, in 1906 . . . now in the National Museum.”
Of the three paratypes mentioned in the original description,
the rst “was collected in the Chontales Mountains”; this
specimen is now cataloged as AMNH A- 6998. “Another
was taken on Mt. Mombacho”; this specimen is now cata-
loged as AMNH A- 5426. The third paratype is the USNM
specimen listed above.
Oedipus townsendi Dunn, 1922
[= Parvimolge townsendi (Dunn, 1922); de, Taylor, 1944c: 223]
Dunn, 1922a, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 35: 5.
Paratype: USNM 30352, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, col-
lected by C. Sartorius, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged (as “Returned from Cope’s estate”) 12 May 1902.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Cerro de los Estropajos near Jalapa, Veracruz,
Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MCZ 8017. Paratypes: MCZ
8018–8021.
Etymology: The name townsendi is a patronym honoring
Prescott Townsend, who collected the type series with E.R.
Dunn.
Remarks: USNM 30352 was considered to be a possible syntype
of Thorius pennatulus Cope, 1869 by Dunn (1926a). Al-
though Cochran (1961) listed USNM 30352 as a paratype
of Oedipus townsendi Dunn, 1922, it is highly question-
able whether Dunn (1922a) considered this specimen to be
a paratype. The specimen was discussed in the “Remarks”
section of the original description but not in the “Descrip-
tion” section. MCZ 8020 was exchanged to the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as
FMNH 73365. MCZ 8021 was exchanged to E. H. Taylor
in 1941; subsequently, this specimen was deposited at the
Field Museum of Natural History, where it is presently cata-
loged as FMNH 100409.
Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton, 1961
[currently accepted; de, Brandon, 1966b: 1]
Highton, 1961, Copeia, 1961: 67.
Holotype: USNM 142486, 3 miles NW of McKenzie, on U.S.
Route 31, Butler County, Alabama, collected by L. Hubricht,
18 Jun 1960.
Type Locality: “Three miles northwest of McKenzie on U.S.
Route 31, Butler County, Alabama.”
Etymology: The name hubrichti is a patronym honoring Leslie
Hubricht, collector of the holotype.
Plethodon amplus Highton and Peabody, 2000
[currently accepted; de, Weisrock and Larson, 2006: 44–45]
Highton and Peabody, 2000, in Bruce et al., Biol. Plethodontid
Salamanders: 60.
Holotype: USNM 446296, Little Pisgah Mountain, SSW slope,
1.8 miles (by dirt road) NE of U.S. Route 74A at Hickory
Nut Gap, Henderson County, North Carolina, 35°29′42ʺN,
82°20′08ʺW, elevation 3,640 feet, collected by R. Highton,
S. Highton, and C. Molineaux, 29 Jul 1973.
Type Locality: “South slope of Little Pisgah Mountain (35°
29ʹ42ʺ N 82° 20′08ʺ W, locality 31), Henderson County,
North Carolina, at an elevation of 1109 m.”
Paratypes: USNM 446282, 446484, 446287, 446294, 446295,
446299, 446300, 446304–446306, 446308, 446312,
446317, 446318, 446321, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name amplus is from the Latin amplus, “large,”
and refers to the large body of this species.
Plethodon aureolus Highton, 1984
[currently accepted; de, Highton, 1989: 75]
Highton, 1984 [1983], Brimleyana, 9: 2.
Holotype: USNM 238341, Cherokee National Forest, Farr Gap,
Monroe County, Tennessee, 35°27′45ʺN, 84°01′37ʺW,
elevation 2,860 feet, collected by R. Highton and J. K.
Streicher, 30 Jun 1979.
Type Locality: “Farr Gap, Unicoi Mountains, Monroe County,
Tennessee.”
Paratypes: USNM 238342–238351, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name aureolus is from the Latin aureolus,
“golden” or “gilt,” in reference to the brightly colored brassy
dorsal spots of this species.
Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, 1989
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 34]
Highton, 1989, Illinois Biol. Monogr., 57: 55.
Holotype: USNM 168527, Chattahoochee National Forest, Brass-
town Bald, on dirt road east of summit, 0.2 mile (by road)
NE of its junction with road to re tower, Towns County,
Georgia, 34°52′21ʺN, 83°48′31ʺW, elevation 1,353 m, col-
lected by R. Highton and T. Savage, 22 Jul 1961.
Type Locality: “Locality 9 [= 34°52′21ʺN, 83°48′31ʺW] . . . ,
0.3km east of the top of Brasstown Bald, at an elevation of
1,353 m, Towns County, Georgia.”
Paratype(s): USNM 168518–168526, 168528–168535, same
data as holotype.
Etymology: The name chattahoochee is for the Chattahoochee
National Forest, which approximately coincides with the
distribution of this species.
Plethodon cheoah Highton and Peabody, 2000
[currently accepted; de, Weisrock and Larson, 2006: 44]
Highton and Peabody, 2000, in Bruce et al., Biol. Plethodontid
Salamanders: 62.
Holotype: USNM 459012, Nantahala National Forest, Bellcollar
Gap, 0.4 mile (air) SW of top of Cheoah Bald, Graham and
44
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Swain Counties, North Carolina, 35°19′20ʺN, 83°41′11ʺW,
elevation: 4,740 feet, collected by R. Highton and J. K.
Streicher, 1 Jul 1979.
Type Locality: “Bellcollar Gap (35° 19′20ʺN 83° 41′11ʺ W),
0.6 km southwest of the top of Cheoah Bald, at an el-
evation of 1445 m, Graham–Swain County line, North
Carolina.”
Paratypes: USNM 458972, 458973, 458977–458987, 458989–
458991, 458993, 458994, 459006, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name is for Cheoah Bald, the type locality of
this species.
Plethodon cinereus angusticlavius Grobman, 1944
[= Plethodon angusticlavius Grobman, 1944; de, Highton, 1997:
354]
Grobman, 1944, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 45: 302.
Paratype: USNM 57089, Stone County, Missouri, no further lo-
cality data, collected by J. Hurter, 20 Jun 1910.
Type Locality: “Mud Cave, near Fairy Cave, Stone County,
Missouri.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: AMNH 40366. Paratypes:
AMNH 40367; CM 21960; UR 7120–7122, 7124–7129,
7132–7135. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name angusticlavius is from the Latin angustus,
“narrow,” and clavus, “stripe,” in reference to the narrow
dorsal stripe of this species,
Remarks: AMNH 40366 and AMNH 40367 are presently cata-
loged as AMNH A- 40366 and AMNH A- 40367. The UR
paratypes are presently cataloged as FMNH 91486–91498.
Plethodon cinereus dorsalis Cope, 1889
[= Plethodon dorsalis Cope, 1889; de, Stejneger and Barbour,
1917: 15; conrmed by Highton, 1962: 277]
Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 138.
Lectotype: USNM 3776, Louisville, Jefferson, Kentucky, collec-
tor unknown, date of collection unknown, cataloged 2 Aug
1858. Lectotype designation by Highton (1962: 277).
Type Locality: “Louisville, Kentucky.”
Paralectotypes: USNM 512291–512293, same data as lectotype.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name dorsalis is derived from the Latin dorsalis,
“of the back,” and is in reference to the broad stripe men-
tioned in the original description.
Remarks: There were originally four syntypes cataloged as
USNM 3776. Highton (1962) designated one specimen as
the lectotype and indicated the specimen as USNM 3776A
(by scratching an “A” on the catalog tag). The remaining
three specimens originally cataloged as USNM 3776 were
recataloged as USNM 512291–512293 on 25 Feb 1997.
Plethodon clemsonae Brimley, 1927
[= Plethodon metcal Brimley, 1912; de, Highton and Peabody,
2000: 59]
Brimley, 1927, Copeia, 164: 73.
Holotype: USNM 73849, Jocassee, Oconee County, South Caro-
lina, elevation 1,200- 1,500 feet, collected by J. A. Berly,
8Apr 1927.
Type Locality: “Jocassee, S. C., . . . at an elevation of 1200 to
1500 feet.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: CSB 7762 and 7763; Clemson
College No. 69. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name clemsonae is a matronym for Clemson
College.
Remarks: The holotype, USNM 73849, was cited as C. S. Brim-
ley No. 7761. The original description stated, “The type
specimen will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum,
Paratype 7762 will be retained in my collection, and the
other two paratypes will be returned to Mr. Sherman, State
Entomologist of South Carolina, at Clemson College.” CSB
7763 and Clemson No. 69 were later sent to the University
of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where they are presently
cataloged as UMMZ 142916.
Plethodon crassulus Cope, 1886
[= Aneides lugubris (Hallowell, 1849); de, Dunn, 1926a: 211]
Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 521.
Holotype: USNM 9447, California, no further locality data, col-
lected by J. G. Cooper, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged 19 Nov 1877.
Type Locality: “California.”
Etymology: The name crassulus is apparently derived from the
Latin crassus, “thick” or “stout,” in reference to the robust
body form mentioned in the original description.
Plethodon croceater Cope, 1868
[= Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater (Cope, 1868); de, Stebbins,
1949: 457]
Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 19: 210.
Holotype: USNM 4701, Fort Tejon, Kern County, California,
collected by J. Xantus, date of collection and cataloging
unknown.
Type Locality: “Fort Tejon, Cal.”
Etymology: The name croceater is from the Latin croceus,
“saffron- like,” and ater, “black,” apparently in reference to
the black and orange coloration mentioned in the original
description.
Remarks: USNM 4701 cannot be located at the National Mu-
seum of Natural History and apparently was lost prior to
1916 (Van Denburgh, 1916: 220).
Plethodon dixi Pope and Fowler, 1949
[= Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917; de, Highton,
1962: 320]
Pope and Fowler, 1949, Nat. Hist. Misc., 47: 1.
Paratypes: USNM 127239–127249, Dixie Caverns, 5 miles
S of Salem, Roanoke County, Virginia, collected by J. A.
Fowler, 21 Jun 1948; USNM 564570, 564571, Dixie Cav-
erns, 8.5miles WSW of Salem, Roanoke County, Virginia,
NUMBER 654
•
45
collected by C. M. Bogert, C. H. Pope, and S. Pope, 19 Jul
1948.
Type Locality: “Dixie Caverns, Roanoke County, Virginia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CNHM 56510. Paratypes:
CNHM 56511–56609; CM 26263 (29 specimens); Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History (22 specimens); J. A. Fowler
Collection 1206, 1207 (eight specimens). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name dixi is from the Dixie Caverns, the type
locality of the species.
Remarks: The holotype is presently cataloged as FMNH 56510,
and the CNHM paratypes are presently cataloged as
FMNH 56511–56609. At present, there are 27 specimens
in CM 26263. The 22 specimens in the American Museum
of Natural History were cataloged as AMNH A- 54127–
54133 (and 15 untagged specimens). AMNH A- 54133 and
one untagged specimen were exchanged to Dr. A. P. Blair,
Tulsa University. The A. P. Blair collection was later do-
nated to the National Museum of Natural History, where
the two paratypes are presently cataloged as USNM 564570
and 564571. The additional 14 untagged specimens at the
American Museum of Natural History are presently cata-
loged as AMNH A- 144157–144170. The whereabouts of
the J. A. Fowler paratypes are unknown.
Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934
[currently accepted; de, Storm and Brodie, 1970: 1]
Bishop, 1934, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47: 169.
Holotype: USNM 95196, near Portland, Clackamas County,
Oregon, collected by S. G. Jewett Jr., 13 Jan 1934.
Type Locality: “Just outside the city limits of Portland, Oregon in
Clackamas County.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: Five additional specimens, one
other from the type locality and four from Eagle Creek,
Clackamas County, Oregon. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name dunni is a patronym honoring Emmett
Reid Dunn, American herpetologist.
Remarks: The holotype was not listed by number in the original
description but was mentioned as “Type in the U. S. National
Museum.” One specimen is in the Carnegie Museum of Natu-
ral History (CM 8679) with the remark “This specimen was
one of the type series but not designated a paratype.” The
deposition of the remaining four paratypes is unknown.
Plethodon electromorphus Highton, 1999
[currently accepted; de, Regester, 2000: 1]
Highton, 1999, Herpetologica, 55: 66.
Holotype: USNM 507747, Cedar Creek State Park, Gilmer
County, West Virginia, 38°52′34ʺN, 80°51′03ʺW, elevation
900 feet, collected D. E. Green, 5 Oct 1996.
Type Locality: “Locality 35, 274 m elevation, Cedar Creek State
Park, Gilmer County, West Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 507748–507763, same data as holotype;
USNM 484593–484602, same data as holotype, except col-
lected by R. Highton and H. G. Dowling, 11 Oct 1980.
Etymology: The name electromorphus is derived from the Greek
elektron, “amber,” and morphe, “form” or “shape,” in refer-
ence to the electrophoretic differences that distinguish this
species from Plethodon richmondi.
Plethodon fourchensis Duncan and Highton, 1979
[currently accepted; de, Highton, 1986: 1]
Duncan and Highton, 1979, Copeia, 1979: 109.
Holotype: USNM 204835, Ouachita National Forest, on For-
est Route 278, 3.3 miles (by road) E of its junction with
U.S. Route 71 at Foran Gap, 0.9 mile (air) WSW of Wolf
Pinnacle, Fourche Mountain, Polk County, Arkansas, col-
lected by R. Highton, R. R. Beatson, S. B. Hedges, and D. M.
Rosenberg, 9 Oct 1976.
Type Locality: “1.5 km west, 0.3 km south of the top of Wolf
Pinnacle Mountain, Polk County, Arkansas.”
Paratypes: USNM 204836–204855, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name fourchensis is derived from Fourche Moun-
tain, the type locality.
Plethodon glutinosus chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951
[= Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951; de, Highton,
1989: 58]
Mittleman, 1951, Herpetologica, 7: 108.
Holotype: USNM 129933, 3 miles N of New Bern, along U.S.
Route 17, Craven County, North Carolina, collected by
C.B. Goodstein and M. B. Mittleman, 10 Nov 1950.
Type Locality: “In the dry bottomlands along a small creek
13miles north of New Bern, Craven County, North Caro-
lina, along U. S. Highway 17.”
Paratypes: USNM 83469, Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County,
North Carolina, collected by J. E. Benedict Jr., date of col-
lection unknown, cataloged 28 Apr 1931; USNM 84206,
84207, near Williams Mill Pond, Gates County, North Caro-
lina, collected by M. K. Brady, 11 Aug 1931; USNM 91725,
91726, Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, North Caro-
lina, collected by I. E. Gray, 3 Jul 1933; USNM 124354,
8 miles E of Winfall, on Route 37, Perquimans County,
North Carolina, collected by R. L. Hoffman and H. I. Klein-
peter, 5 Apr 1947; USNM 129934, 129935, same data as
holotype; USNM 129936, 4 miles N of Windsor, Bertie
County, North Carolina, collected by C. B. Goodstein and
M. B. Mittleman, 10 Nov 1950.
Other Type Material: Paratype: MCZ A- 30602. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name chlorobryonis is from the Greek chloris,
“green,” and bryon, “moss,” in reference to the greenish, lat-
eral patches mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: The holotype, allotype, and three paratypes were not
listed by catalog number in the original description. They
were listed in Mittleman’s personal collection as “to be de-
posited in the United States National Museum.” The author
stated that three specimens collected with the holotype (the
allotype and two paratypes, one preserved and one living in-
dividual) were to be deposited in the U.S. National Museum;
46
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
however, only the allotype and one additional paratopotype
were deposited at the U.S. National Museum. Apparently,
the living individual was not sent here. USNM 124354 was
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology on
7Aug 1958 and is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 30602.
Plethodon gordoni Brodie, 1970
[= Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934; de, Feder et al., 1978: 69]
Brodie, 1970, Herpetologica, 26: 497.
Holotype: USNM 166687, Dinner Creek, T13S, R7W, Sec. 1,
NW quarter, Benton County, Oregon, collected by E. D.
Brodie Jr. and R. A. Nussbaum, 9 Apr 1969.
Type Locality: “Dinner Creek (T13S, R7W, Sec. 1, NW quarter),
Benton County, Oregon.”
Paratypes: USNM 166688–166691, Siuslaw National Forest, on
Klickitat Road, 12miles from Oregon Highway 34, T13S,
R8W, Sec. 1, Lincoln County, Oregon, collected by S. Whiting,
4 May 1969; USNM 166692–166693, Alder Creek, where it
crosses Mary’s Peak Road, T13S, R7W, SEC 3, Benton County,
Oregon, collected by E.D. Brodie Jr., 13 May 1969; USNM
166694, Siuslaw National Forest, on Klickitat Road, 12miles
from Oregon Highway 34, T13S, R7W, Sec. 16, NW quarter,
Benton County, Oregon, collected by E. D. Brodie Jr. and R.A.
Nussbaum, 18 May 1969; USNM 166695–166698, Hyde
Creek, T13S, R8W, Sec. 6, Benton County, Oregon, collected by
R. G. Altig, fall 1965; USNM 166699–166701, Hyde Creek,
T13S, R8W, Sec. 6, Benton County, Oregon, collected by E. D.
Brodie Jr., 18 Nov 1966; USNM 166702, Hyde Creek, T13S,
R8W, Sec. 6, Benton County, Oregon, collected by E. D. Brodie
III, 11Feb 1967; USNM 166703–166707, WSW of Corvallis,
1mile up Road 121, off Rock Creek Road (1239), off Oregon
Highway 34, T12S, R6W, Sec. 19, SW quarter, collected by
E.D. Brodie Jr. and J. A. Wiens, 9 Mar 1967.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: EDB 527, 582–584, 682–684,
747, 759, 788, 1081, 1326–1347, 1355–1357, 1930, 1931,
2014, 2306–2310, 2981, 2982, 3094–3100, 3104–3116;
LACM 30641, 30642; OSU 195, 199, 207, 208, 210, 212–
217, 1658, 1659, 3282, 5218, 5361, 5959–5963, 10452–
10462, 10455–10457, 10461, 10462; MCZ A- 89458. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name gordoni is a patronym for Kenneth L. Gor-
don, professor emeritus of zoology, Oregon State University.
Remarks: USNM 166688 was exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology on 19 Apr 1976 and is presently cata-
loged as MCZ A- 89458. Most of the EDB paratypes are
now deposited at the University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology (see Kluge, 1983).
Plethodon hoffmani Highton, 1972
[currently accepted; de, Highton and Larson, 1979: 587]
Highton, 1972 [1971], Res. Div. Monogr. Virginia Polytech. Inst.
State Univ., 4: 151.
Holotype: USNM 135203, Clifton Forge, Alleghany County, Vir-
ginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, Apr 1954.
Type Locality: “Clifton Forge, Alleghany County, Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 135204, 135205, same data as holotype;
USNM 127578, 127579, north of Clifton Forge, Alle-
ghany County, Virginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 28 Dec
1946; USNM 127589, Lowmoor Mines, Alleghany County,
Virginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 1 Jun 1947; USNM
133044, 2 miles north of Clifton Forge, Alleghany County,
Virginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 28 Apr 1950; USNM
190220–190223, George Washington National Forest, on
VA Route 606, 0.6 mile (by road) northwest of the junction
of Rose Avenue and Revere Street in Clifton Forge, Alle-
ghany County, Virginia, 37°49′44ʺN, 79°50′08ʺW, eleva-
tion 1,200 feet, collected by R. L. Hoffman and R. Highton,
20Oct 1956. (See Remarks.)
Other Type Material: Paratype: CM 34992. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name hoffmani is a patronym for Richard L.
Hoffman, professor emeritus of biology, Radford University,
and friend and collecting companion of R. Highton.
Remarks: USNM 133044 was exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology on 19 Apr 1976, where it is presently
cataloged as MCZ A- 89459. USNM 190220–190223 were
listed as topotypes in the original description, but the locality
data are slightly different from the holotype.
Plethodon hubrichti Thurow, 1957
[currently accepted; de, Highton and Larson, 1979: 587]
Thurow, 1957, Herpetologica, 13: 59.
Holotype: USNM 139087, Blue Ridge Parkway, 0.9 mile S of
Milepost 80 and a sign reading “View of Black Rock Hill,”
Bedford County, Virginia, 37°29′N, 79°33′W, elevation
~3,100 feet, collected by G. R. Thurow, 9 Dec 1956.
Type Locality: “By the Blue Ridge Parkway at about 3100 feet,
0.9 miles south of cement milepost 80 and a sign read-
ing ‘view of Black Rock Hill’ in Bedford County near
the Bedford- Botecourt line and roughly 10 miles ESE of
Buchanan, Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 139088, 139089, same data as holotype.
(See Remarks.)
Other Type Material: Paratypes: GRT 1222–1229; CNMH
60512–60518.
Etymology: The name hubrichti is a patronym honoring Leslie
Hubricht, American malacologist and collector of the rst
known specimens of this species.
Remarks: The holotype was cited by eld number (GRT 1221) in
the original description. The paratypes GRT 1223 and 1226
are presently cataloged as USNM 139088 and 139089, re-
spectively. The remainder of the paratypes GRT 1222–1229
could not be located and must be considered missing. The
paratypes CNHM 60512–60518 are presently cataloged as
FMNH 60512–60518. In addition, the Field Museum of
Natural History has an additional specimen, FMNH 93317,
which they list as a paratype. This specimen was listed in the
original description as “apparently P. hubrichti” but was not
specically listed as a paratype.
NUMBER 654
•
47
Plethodon huldae Grobman, 1949
[= Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818); de, Muchmore, 1955:
172; Rabb, 1955: 262; conrmed by Highton, 1962: 286]
Grobman, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 62: 136.
Holotype: USNM 127955, Shenandoah National Park, foot trail
to Hawksbill Mountain, ~100 yards from Skyline Drive,
Madison County, Virginia, collected by A. B. Grobman and
H. Grobman, 5 Sep 1947.
Type Locality: “Along the foot trail to Hawksbill Mountain
about 100 yards from the Skyline Drive at an elevation of
approximately 3500 feet in Madison County, Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 127956–127958, same locality as holotype,
collected by H. I. Kleinpeter and S. A. Peabody, Aug 1947.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: AMNH A- 53996, A- 53997;
ANSP 26054; CAS 14682; CM 28897, 28899; CNHM
56501–56509; DBUF 2208, 2209; MCZ 26588; SCB (three
specimens); UMMZ 98748–98751. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name huldae is a matronym for Hulda Grob-
man, wife of the author.
Remarks: The original specimen cataloged as MCZ 26588 was
lost in shipment and was replaced in 1951 with a topotype.
Therefore, MCZ 26588 is no longer a paratype. CNHM
56501–56509 are presently cataloged as FMNH 56501–
56509. DBUF 2208 and 2209 are presently cataloged as UF
2208 and 2209. The three SCB paratypes were apparently
later deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History,
where they were cataloged as FMNH 92674–92676. FMNH
92674 was later exchanged to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, where it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 28282,
and FMNH 92676 was also exchanged to the University of
Illinois Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as UIMNH 39941. In addition, the Museum of
Comparative Zoology lists MCZ A- 26803 and A- 26804 as
paratypes. However, although they were collected at the type
locality, they were not collected until 26 Feb 1951, well after
the original description was published. Therefore, these two
specimens are not paratypes, only topotypes.
Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slipp, 1940
[currently accepted; de, Highton and Larson, 1979: 587; How-
ard et al., 1993: 238]
Slater and Slipp, 1940, Occas. Pap. Dept. Biol. Puget Sound,
8:38.
Holotype: USNM 110504, NE corner of Coeur d’Alene Lake,
Kootenai County, Idaho, collected by J. R. Slater, 13 Sep
1939.
Type Locality: “Northeast corner of Coeur d’Alene Lake, Koote-
nai County, Idaho; elevation about 2160 feet.”
Paratype: USNM 110505, same data as holotype, except col-
lected by J. W. Slipp.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: College of Puget Sound No.2711;
JWS 39I13c3, 39I13c4, 39I13c5. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name idahoensis is derived from the state of
Idaho, where the type locality is located.
Remarks: The holotype was published as College of Puget Sound
No. 2710 in the original description but was clearly indi-
cated “to be deposited in the United States National Mu-
seum.” In addition, a second specimen, JWS 39I13c3, was
also to be deposited with the holotype in the U.S. National
Museum. It is the specimen presently cataloged as USNM
110505. The additional three paratypes, College of Puget
Sound No. 2711, JWS 39I13c4, and JWS 39I13c5, are in the
J. R. Slater Museum of Natural History, where they are pres-
ently cataloged as PSM 2711–2713, respectively.
Plethodon intermedius Baird, 1868
[= Plethodon vehiculum (Cooper, 1860); de, Bishop, 1934: 171;
Highton, 1962: 265]
Baird, 1868c, in Cope, 1868a [1867], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 19: 209.
Holotype: USNM 4732, Fort Tejon, Kern County, California,
collected by J. Xantus, date of collection and cataloging
unknown.
Type Locality: “Fort Tejon, Cal.”
Paratype: USNM 6635, Vancouver Island, coal mines, British
Columbia, collected by A. Hewson, date of collection and
cataloging unknown.
Etymology: The name intermedius is from the Latin intermedius,
“between” or “middle,” possibly because the author con-
sidered it intermediate between Plethodon glutinosus and
P.erythronotus.
Remarks: Cochran (1961) referred to USNM 4732a as a “co-
type” (syntype in this context). However, it is clear from
the original description that Baird listed USNM 4732 as
the type. USNM 6635 is not presently in the collection and
must be considered lost. Remarks in the original ledger at
top of the page above USNM 7001 read “6601–7000 as-
signed to Mr. Cope in Phila, March 1867.” Apparently, the
specimen with this catalog number was not returned upon
Cope’s death.
Plethodon jacksoni Newman, 1954
[= Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917; de, Highton,
1962: 318]
Newman, 1954, Herpetologica, 10: 9.
Holotype: USNM 134498, Trillium Vale, ~1 mile E of Blacks-
burg, Montgomery County, Virginia, elevation 2,100 feet,
collected by W. B. Newman, 11 Feb 1950.
Type Locality: “Trillium Vale, elevation 2,100 feet, approxi-
mately one mile east of Blacksburg, Montgomery County,
Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 143187, same data as holotype, except col-
lected 11 Feb 1950; USNM 143188–143190, same data as
holotype, except collected 25 Jan 1950; USNM 143191–
143195, same data as holotype, except collected 15 Feb 1950;
USNM 143196, same data as holotype, except collected 19
Feb 1951; USNM 143197–143200, same data as holotype,
except collected 19 Apr 1951; USNM 143201–143203,
48
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
same data as holotype, except collected 15 Apr 1951; USNM
143204–143211, Old Mill Cave, near Bennett’s Mills, Mont-
gomery County, Virginia, elevation 1,600 feet, collected by
W. B. Newman, 27 May 1951; USNM 143212, 143213,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute Ecology Area, Montgomery
County, Virginia, elevation 1,900 feet, collected by W. B.
Newman, 7 Mar 1951; USNM 143214, same data, except
collected 12 Feb 1951.
Etymology: The name is a patronym honoring Herbert W. Jack-
son, former associate professor of biology at Virginia Poly-
technic Institute.
Remarks: The holotype, USNM 134498, was cited as WBN 6 in
the original description. All of the paratypes were also cited
by WBN number: USNM 143187–143190 as WBN 1–4,
USNM 143192 as WBN 96, USNM 143192 and 143193
as WBN 107 and 108, USNM 143194 and 143195 as
WBN 124 and 125, USNM 143196 as WBN 1250, USNM
143197–143200 as WBN 1295–1298, USNM 143201–
143203 as WBN 1350–1352, USNM 143204–143207 as
WBN 453–456, USNM 143208–143211 as WBN 673–676,
and USNM 143214 as WBN 1519. USNM 143212 and
143213 were cited in error as WBN 1294 and 1295; they
are actually WBN 1274 and 1275.
Plethodon longicrus Adler and Dennis, 1962
[= Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917; de, Guttman et al.,
1978: 445]
Adler and Dennis, 1962, Spec. Publ. Ohio Herpetol. Soc., 4: 1.
Holotype: USNM 145658, northeast slope of Bluerock Moun-
tain, below the Bat Caves, 0.8 mile ESE of Bat Cave (town),
Rutherford County, North Carolina, collected by K. K.
Adler, D. G. Dennis, and S. G. Tilley, 28 Aug 1961.
Type Locality: “The northeast slope of Bluerock Mountain,
below the Bat Caves, Rutherford County, North Carolina,
approximately 0.8 miles ESE of Bat Cave (city), at an eleva-
tion of about 1645 feet above sea level.”
Paratypes: USNM 145659, 145661, 145663, same data as holo-
type; USNM 145660, 145664, 145665, same locality as
holotype, collected by K. K. Adler, D. G. Dennis, and C. J.
Hirschfeld, 7 and 8 Sep 1961; USNM 145662, same locality
as holotype, collected by K. K. Adler and C. J. Hirschfeld,
4 Nov 1961.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: AMNH 67676, 67677; ANSP
26733, 26734; CM 38009, 38010; CNHM 131271, 131272;
MCZ 34962, 34963; MVZ 72661, 72662; UIMNH 50346,
50347; UMMZ 123052–123054. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name longicrus is from the Latin longus, “long,”
and crus, “leg,” in reference to the long legs mentioned in the
original description.
Remarks: AMNH 67676 and 67677 are presently cataloged
as AMNH A- 67676 and A- 67677. CNHM 131271 and
131272 are presently cataloged as FMNH 131271 and
131272.
Plethodon meridianus Highton and Peabody, 2000
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 34]
Highton and Peabody, 2000, in Bruce et al., Biol. Plethodontid
Salamanders: 61.
Holotype: USNM 454653, South Mountains State Park, south
of Bumgartner Mountain, Burke and Cleveland Coun-
ties, North Carolina, 35°35′08ʺN, 81°41′22ʺW, elevation
2,700 feet, collected by R. Highton, J. K. Streicher, and
J.Ott, 1 Jun 1979.
Type Locality: “South Mountains (35° 35′08ʺ N 81° 41′22ʺ W,
locality 34), Burke–Cleveland county line, North Carolina,
at an elevation of 823 m.”
Paratypes: USNM 454658–454682, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name meridianus is from the Latin meridies,
“south,” and anus, “belonging to,” in reference to the fact
that this species is endemic to the South Mountains.
Plethodon metcal Brimley, 1912
[currently accepted; de, Highton and Peabody, 2000: 59]
Brimley, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25: 138.
Holotype: USNM 49682, Sunburst, Haywood County, North
Carolina, collected by C. S. Brimley and F. Sherman Jr., May
1912.
Type Locality: “Near Sunburst, Haywood Co., N. C., . . . at
elevations of about 3500 to 4000 feet.”
Paratypes: USNM 49683, 164412, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Original description states, “Described
from thirty- nine specimens, twenty- two of them taken
near Sunburst, Haywood Co., N. C. in late May, 1912 by
Mr. Sherman and myself; the other seventeen collected by
Mr. Z.P. Metcalf, on Grandfather Mt., in September, 1908.”
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name metcal is a patronym honoring Z. P. Met-
calf, collector of a portion of the type series.
Remarks: The holotype, USNM 49682, was not listed by USNM
number in the original description, which stated, “The type
specimen, Brimley No. 6766, collected at Sunburst as above
stated, will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum.”
Paratypes were not listed by number in the original descrip-
tion. USNM 49683 (Brimley No. 6765) was received with
the holotype from C. S. Brimley. In addition, there are two
specimens (USNM 57020, 57021) received from J. Hurter
that were collected in Haywood County by Sherman and
Brimley in May 1912 and might be paratypes. An additional
paratype, USNM 164412, was not listed in Cochran (1961)
because the specimen was not received from the North Car-
olina State Museum of Natural History until 1967. This
specimen was deposited by C. S. Brimley in the North Caro-
lina State Museum of Natural History where it was cata-
loged as NCSM 5408 (original number Brimley No. 6769).
Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 34]
NUMBER 654
•
49
Highton, 1989, Illinois Biol. Monogr., 57: 65.
Holotype: USNM 257388, Tishomingo State Park, Tishomingo
County, Mississippi, 34°36′38ʺN, 88°11′56ʺW, elevation
177 m, collected by R. Highton and D. E. Carr, 18 Jan 1986.
Type Locality: “Locality 79 . . . Tishomingo State Park, at an el-
evation of 177 m, Tishomingo County, Mississippi.”
Paratypes: USNM 257389–257395, same data as holotype;
USNM 257396–257425, same locality as holotype, col-
lected by R. Highton, W. Garber, and P. Kahla, 15 Mar 1973.
Etymology: This species is named for the state of Mississippi,
where the type locality is located.
Plethodon montanus Highton and Peabody, 2000
[currently accepted; de, Weisrock and Larson, 2006: 25–51]
Highton and Peabody, 2000, in Bruce et al., Biol. Plethodontid
Salamanders: 58.
Holotype: USNM 438400, Deep Gap, on Elk Garden Ridge,
west of Mount Rogers, Mount Rogers National Recre-
ation Area, Jefferson National Forest, Grayson and Smyth
Counties, Virginia, 36°39′28ʺN, 81°33′25ʺW, elevation
4,920feet, collected by R. Highton and J. E. Oovich, 3 Jun
1980.
Type Locality: “Deep Gap (36° 39′28ʺ N 81° 33′25 W), 1 km
west of the top of Mt. Rogers, Grayson – Smyth county line,
Virginia, at an elevation of 500 m.”
Paratypes: USNM 438390–438399, 438401–438403, same data
as holotype.
Etymology: The name montanus is from the Latin montanus,
“of the mountains,” in relation to the high- altitude, moun-
tainous habitat of this species.
Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950
[currently accepted; de, Highton, 1962: 272]
Stebbins and Riemer, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 73.
Paratype: USNM 129378, 12 miles W and 4 miles S of Los Al-
amos, Sandoval County, New Mexico, collected by R. C.
Stebbins, 14 Aug 1949. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “12 miles west and 4 miles south of Los Alamos,
8,750 feet altitude +/−, Sandoval County, New Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 49033. Paratypes: MVZ
49018–49032, 49034, 49035.
Etymology: The name neomexicanus is from the state of New
Mexico, where the type locality is located.
Remarks: USNM 129378 was received in exchange from the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and cataloged on 8 Feb
1950. It was listed as MVZ 49035 in the original descrip-
tion. MVZ 49027 was exchanged to the University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology, where it now cataloged as
UMMZ 109902.
Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 34]
Highton, 1989, Illinois Biol. Monogr., 57: 60.
Holotype: USNM 257426, Little Ocmulgee State Park, Wheeler
County, Georgia, 32°05′38ʺN, 82°53′35ʺW, elevation 49 m,
collected by R. Highton and S. B. Hedges, 8 Nov 1976.
Type Locality: “Locality 32 . . . Little Ocmulgee State Park, at an
elevation of 49 m, Wheeler County, Georgia.”
Paratypes: USNM 257427–257464, same data as holotype.
Etymology: This species is named for the Ocmulgee River, as
much of the species range is in the Ocmulgee River drainage.
Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze, 1933
[currently accepted; de, Bishop, 1943: 269; conrmed by High-
ton, 1962: 324]
Dunn and Heinze, 1933, Copeia, 1933: 121.
Holotype: USNM 92484, Ouachita National Forest, Rich Moun-
tain, Polk County, Arkansas, collected by A. A. Heinze and
D. A. Boyer, 30 May 1933.
Type Locality: “Ouachita National Forest, on Rich Mountain,
Polk Co., Arkansas.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: Eight additional specimens.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name ouachitae is for the Ouachita National
Forest, location of the type locality.
Remarks: In the original description, the authors stated that there
were ve specimens collected by L. Hubricht on Rich Moun-
tain, east of Page, Le Flore County, Oklahoma, and that
there were four specimens from Rich Mountain, Ouachita
National Forest, Polk County, Arkansas. However, detailed
measurements were given for only eight specimens: the ho-
lotype, three additional specimens from Arkansas, and four
specimens from Oklahoma. It is not clear whether the ninth
specimen, an additional one from Oklahoma, should be
considered a paratype or not. The nal deposition of the
paratypes is not given in the original description. Only two
paratypes could be located. One specimen was presented
to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where it is
presently cataloged as CM 7141. A second specimen is in
the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as FMNH 92806. The remainder of the paratypes
could not be located and must be considered missing.
Plethodon petraeus Wynn, Highton, and Jacobs, 1988
[currently accepted; de, Jensen and Camp, 2004: 1]
Wynn, Highton, and Jacobs, 1988, Herpetologica, 44: 135.
Holotype: USNM 267205, Crockford–Pigeon Mountain Wild-
life Management Area, on road into Dickson Gulf, 1.2 miles
(by road) W of its junction with Chamberlain Road, on east-
ern slope of Pigeon Mountain, ~6 miles (air) SW of Lafay-
ette, Walker County, Georgia, elevation 310 m, 34°39′50ʺN,
85°22′10ʺW, collected by J. F. Jacobs and A. H. Wynn,
24–25 May 1986.
Type Locality: “34° 39′50” N and 85°22′10 W, at an elevation of
310 m, at the mouth of Dickson Gulf on the eastern slope of
Pigeon Mountain, Walker County, Georgia.”
50
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Paratypes: USNM 267106–267123, same data as holotype;
USNM 267124–267128, same data as holotype, except
collected by A. H. Wynn, S. Douglas, and J. R. MacGregor,
1–2Nov 1985; USNM 267129–267135, ~0.7 mile (air) NW
of Harrisburg, near cave at source of northernmost branch
of Spring Creek, south of Harrisburg Gulf, on eastern slope
of Pigeon Mountain, Walker County, Georgia, elevation
226m, 34°36′00ʺN, 85°23′50ʺW, collected by J. F. Jacobs
and A. H. Wynn, 16 Oct 1985; USNM 267136–267161,
same data as above, except collected by R. Highton, J. R.
MacGregor, D. Stephens, and A. H. Wynn, 1 Nov 1985;
USNM 267162–267197, same data as above, except col-
lected by J. F. Jacobs and A. H. Wynn, 26 May 1986; USNM
267198, 267199, same data as above, except collected by
A. H. Wynn and L. A. Hollenberg, 16 Oct 1986; USNM
267200–267231, same data as above, except collected by
R.Highton, P. Manzo, and S. B. Mayhugh, 19 Mar 1987.
Etymology: The name petraeus is from the Greek petraeos,
“among rocks” or “rock dwelling,” in reference to the habi-
tat of this species.
Remarks: USNM 267198 and 267199 are cleared and stained
specimens presently stored in glycerin.
Plethodon punctatus Highton, 1972
[currently accepted; de, Highton and Larson, 1979: 588]
Highton, 1972 [1971], Res. Div. Monogr. Virginia Polytech. Inst.
State Univ., 4: 176.
Holotype: USNM 190224, George Washington National Forest,
NW slope of Cow Knob, 0.1–0.2 mile NNW of top of Cow
Knob, along Hog Ridge, Pendleton County, West Virginia,
collected by R. T. Danstedt, D. F. Fraser, and R. Highton,
22Sep 1970.
Type Locality: “Between 0.1 and 0. 2 mile north- northwest of the
top of Cow Knob, Pendleton County, West Virginia state line.”
Paratypes: USNM 190225, same data as holotype; USNM
190226–190234, George Washington National Forest,
0.2mile (by jeep trail) ESE of top of Cow Knob, Rocking-
ham and Pendleton Counties, Virginia–West Virginia, col-
lected by R. Highton, R. G. Jaeger, and R. D. Worthington,
29 Apr 1966.
Etymology: The name punctatus is from the Latin punctum,
“spot,” in reference to the large number and size of the dor-
sal yellowish- white spots of this species.
Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938
[currently accepted; de, Highton, 1962: 305]
Netting and Mittleman, 1938, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 27: 288.
Paratypes: USNM 107283, 107284, Lodi Township, Section 30,
Athens County, Ohio, collected by H. T. Gier, 29 Mar 1938;
USNM 108549, Huntington, Ritter Park, Cabell County,
West Virginia, collected by N. D. Richmond and N. B. Green,
15 Oct 1938.
Type Locality: “Ritter Park, Huntington, Cabell County, West
Virginia, at an elevation of 600–700 feet.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CM 14189. Paratypes: CM 5278,
5279, 5285a–c,f, 5294–5296, 5303–5308, 5599, 5985a,b,
5986, 6079, 6097, 7515, 8775, 9773, 11256, 14072, 14101–
14104, 14136, 14182–14188, 14190–14215, 14258 (43 spec-
imens), 14264 (11 specimens), 14265–14268, 14271–14281;
CSNH 1270 (21 specimens); O. U. Zool. A1–6, A278–284,
A289–294, A341, A342, A344, A345, A347, A348, A350,
A356–358, A631, A632.
Etymology: The name richmondi is a patronym for Neil D. Rich-
mond, American herpetologist and collector of the holotype.
Remarks: USNM 107283 and 107284 were received in exchange
from the Ohio University Department of Zoology and cat-
aloged on 1 Mar 1939. They were listed as O. U. Zool.
A278–279 in the original description. These two paratypes
have been reidentied as Plethodon electromorphus on the
basis of the distributions in Highton (1999). USNM 108549
was received in exchange from the Carnegie Museum of
Natural History and cataloged on 1 Nov 1939. It was listed
as CM 14188 in the original description. CM 5295 was
exchanged to the Chicago Academy of Sciences, where it is
presently cataloged as CA 7817. CM 5296 was exchanged
to L. M. Klauber and was later deposited at the San Diego
Natural History Museum, where it is presently cataloged as
SDNHM 32680. CM 14182 was exchanged to S. C. Bishop
and was later deposited at the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH 92809. CM
14183 was exchanged to E. R. Dunn and was later deposited
at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, where it
is presently cataloged as ANSP 23055. CM 14184 was ex-
changed to the Field Museum of Natural History, where it
is presently cataloged as FMNH 33900. CM 14185 was
exchanged to the University of Michigan Museum of Zool-
ogy, where it is presently cataloged as UMMZ 86162. CM
14186 was exchanged to Stanford University and was later
deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, where it is
presently cataloged as CAS- SU (Amp) 4459. CM 14187 was
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where
it is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 24089. As mentioned
above, CM 14188 was exchanged to the U.S. National Mu-
seum. Two specimens out of CM 14258 were exchanged to
the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where
they are presently cataloged as UIMNH 57321 and 57322.
CM 14272–14281 were exchanged to Neil D. Richmond
and N. Bayard Green; these specimens could not be located
and must be considered missing. CSNH 1270 (21 speci-
mens) and all the paratypes deposited at the Department of
Zoology, Ohio University (except for O. U. Zool. A278, 279,
which were exchanged to the U.S. National Museum), could
not be located and must be considered missing.
Plethodon richmondi popei Highton and Grobman, 1956
[= Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938; de,
Highton, 1962: 305]
Highton and Grobman, 1956, Herpetologica, 12: 187.
NUMBER 654
•
51
Paratypes: USNM 135178, Nigger Mountain (= Mount Jeffer-
son), SE of Jefferson, Ashe County, North Carolina, collected
by L. Hubricht, 17 Oct 1953; USNM 135179, Blue Ridge
Parkway, Milepost 236.2, Alleghany and Wilkes Counties,
North Carolina, collected by L. Hubricht, 10 Oct 1953;
USNM 135180, 2 miles SW of Sparta, Alleghany County,
North Carolina, collected by L. Hubricht, 17 Oct 1953;
USNM 135181–135198, Burke’s Garden, Tazewell County,
Virginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 20 Mar 1954; USNM
135199–135202, 6 miles W of Wytheville, Wythe County,
Virginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 30 Mar 1954; USNM
135207–135213, Brushy Mountain, 5 miles E of Marion,
Smyth County, Virginia, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 2 May
1954; USNM 137291, 137292, Comers Rock, Grayson-
Wythe county line, Virginia, collected by W. Auffenberg and
A. Grobman, 30 Aug 1951.
Type Locality: “Comers Rock, Grayson- Wythe County line,
Virginia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UF 8226. Paratypes: AMNH
58375, 58376; ANSP 26136, 26137; CAS 16663, 16664;
CM 34063, 34064; CNHM 74868, 74869; CSNH 2514 (4);
UF 8005, 8321, 8322, 8328 (10), 8334 (14); MCZ 28416,
28417; MVZ 63723, 63724; UMMZ 113702, 113703. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name popei is a patronym honoring Clifford H.
Pope, American herpetologist.
Remarks: AMNH 58375 and 58376 are presently cataloged as
AMNH A- 58375 and A- 58376. The CAS paratypes are
now cataloged as CA 16663 and 16664, the CNHM para-
types are now FMNH 74868 and 74869, and the CSNH
paratypes are now cataloged as CMC 2514.
Plethodon richmondi shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967
[= Plethodon shenandoah Highton and Worthington, 1967; de,
Highton and Larson, 1979: 587]
Highton and Worthington, 1967, Copeia, 1967: 617.
Holotype: USNM 157379, Shenandoah National Park, Appala-
chian Trail, 0.02 mile NE of its junction with Naked Top
Mountain Trail, 0.4 mile (air) W of top of Hawksbill Moun-
tain, Page County, Virginia, 38°33′20ʺN, 78°24′10ʺW, eleva-
tion 3,650 feet, collected by R. Highton, R. D. Worthington,
and R. G. Jaeger, 20 Apr 1966.
Type Locality: “Appalachian Trail 0.02 mile northeast of its junc-
tion with Naked Top Mountain Trail, 0.4 air mile west of
the top of Hawksbill Mountain, Shenandoah National Park,
Page County, Virginia, 3650 ft elevation.”
Paratypes: USNM 157380–157388, same data as holotype;
USNM 157389–157424, same data as holotype, except col-
lected 26 Apr 1965; USNM 157425–157464, same data as
holotype, except collected 9 May 1965; USNM 157465–
157470, Shenandoah National Park, Appalachian Trail,
0.57 mile W of its junction with Timber Hollow Fire Trail,
0.1 mile (air) N of top of Hawksbill Mountain, Page County,
Virginia, 38°33′25ʺN, 78°23′35ʺW, collected by R. Highton,
R. D. Worthington, and R. G. Jaeger, 26 Apr 1966; USNM
157471–157487, Shenandoah National Park, Appalachian
Trail, 0.36 mile W of its junction with Timber Hollow Fire
Trail, 0.2 mile (air) N of top of Hawksbill Mountain Page
County, Virginia, 38°33′23ʺN, 78°23′54ʺW, collected by
R. Highton, R. D. Worthington, and R. G. Jaeger, 26 Apr
1966; USNM 157488–157498, Shenandoah National Park,
Appalachian Trail, 0.30 mile W of its junction with Timber
Hollow Fire Trail, 0.2 mile (air) ENE of top of Hawksbill
Mountain Page County, Virginia, 38°33′23ʺN, 78°23′28ʺW,
collected by R. Highton, R. D. Worthington, and R. G. Jaeger,
26 Apr 1966.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: AMNH A- 74362, A- 74363;
CM 40532, 40533; CMNH 152585, 152586; MCZ 51749,
51750; MVZ 79379, 79380; UF 21491, 21492; UMMZ
126017, 126018. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name shenandoah is from the Shenandoah Na-
tional Park, location of all three isolated populations of this
species.
Remarks: CMNH 152585 and 152586 are now FMNH 152585
and 152586.
Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 35]
Highton, 1989, Illinois Biol. Monogr., 57: 73.
Holotype: USNM 257465, Hephzibah, ENE of, just NW of the
intersection of U.S. Route 25 (Peach Orchard Road) and
Rheney Road, Richmond County, Georgia, 33°19′48ʺN,
82°03′49ʺW, elevation 101 m, collected by R. Highton and
H. Hotz, 17 Mar 1985.
Type Locality: “Locality 128 . . . at an elevation of 101 m, Rich-
mond County, Georgia.”
Paratypes: USNM 257466–257480, same data as holotype;
USNM 257481, same locality as holotype, collected by
R.Highton, 20 Mar 1983; USNM 257482–257484, same
locality as holotype, collected by P. Manzo and G. J. Naylor,
28 Jun 1985.
Etymology: This species is named after the Savannah River, ap-
parently the eastern limit of its range.
Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 35]
Highton, 1989, Illinois Biol. Monogr., 57: 68.
Holotype: USNM 257485, Beavers Bend State Park, McCurtain
County, Oklahoma, 34°07′29ʺN, 94°40′15ʺW, elevation
140 m, collected by R. Highton and S. B. Hedges, 11 Oct
1976.
Type Locality: “Locality 91 . . . Beavers Bend State Park, at an
elevation of 140 m, McCurtain County, Oklahoma.”
Paratypes: USNM 257486–257521, same locality as holotype,
collected by R. Highton, S. Highton, and J. Streicher, 25 May
1978.
Etymology: This name sequoyah is a patronym for the Cherokee
Native American Sequoyah.
52
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Plethodon sherando Highton, 2004
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Highton, 2004, Jeffersoniana, 14: 10.
Holotype: USNM 556159, George Washington National For-
est, northwest slope of Bald Mountain, on Bald Mountain
Lookout Road, 0.7 mile (by road) NE of its junction with
Blue Ridge Parkway, 37°55′09ʺN, 79°04′00ʺW, elevation
3,460 feet, collected by R. Highton and G. A. Marvin,
17May 2003.
Type Locality: “Northwest slope of Bald Mountain (37° 55′09ʺ
N, 79° 04′00 W) at an elevation of 1055 m, August County,
Virginia.”
Paratypes: USNM 419385–419389, same locality as holotype,
collected by R. Highton, 23 May 1965; USNM 419390,
419391, same locality as holotype, collected by R. Highton,
22 Oct 1966; USNM 419392–419406, 419408–419411,
same locality as holotype, collected by R. Highton, 19 Oct
1968; USNM 556160–556162, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name sherando is for Sherando Lake, which
in turn was named for an Iroquois chief who lived in the
Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.
Plethodon shermani Stejneger, 1906
[currently accepted; de, Highton and Peabody, 2000: 62]
Stejneger, 1906, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 30: 559.
Holotype: USNM 36214, Wayah Bald Mountain, east of Wayah
Gap, between Franklin and Aquone, Macon County, North
Carolina, collected by F. Sherman Jr., 24 Aug 1904.
Type Locality: “Nantahala Mountain, between Andrews and
Aquone”; corrected to between Franklin and Aquone, on
Wayah Bald Mountain, east of Wayah Gap, Macon County,
North Carolina, by Brimley (1912: 138). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name shermani is a patronym for F. Sherman Jr.,
collector of the holotype.
Remarks: The type locality was originally published as “Nan-
tahala Mountain, between Andrews and Aquone”; Brimley
(1912) presented evidence, based on a collecting trip with
F. Sherman Jr., that Sherman was in error when he gave
Stejneger that locality and the actual locality was on the
road between Franklin and Aquone, on Wayah Bald Moun-
tain, east of Wayah Gap.
Plethodon stormi Highton and Brame, 1965
[currently accepted; de, Brodie, 1971: 1]
Highton and Brame, 1965, Pilot Register Zool., 20: 1–2.
Holotype: USNM 149964, 1.25 miles south of Copper, Jackson
County, Oregon, collected by J. Riggs, 11 May 1963.
Type Locality: “1¼ mile south of Copper, Jackson County,
Oregon.”
Paratypes: USNM 149965, 149966, same locality as holotype,
collected by R. Highton, A. H. Brame Jr., R. W. McDiarmid,
and J. Paxton; USNM 152773–152778, 0.3 mile S of McKee
Bridge, Jackson County, Oregon, collected by R. M. Storm,
22 Mar 1964.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: AMNH A- 73538; CM 39919;
CMNH 152202; LACM 1983; MCZ 44573; MVZ 78571;
OSU 7316–7319; UMMZ 125660.
Etymology: The name stormi is a patronym honoring Robert M.
Storm, Oregon State University.
Plethodon vandykei larselli Burns, 1954
[= Plethodon larselli Burns, 1954; de, Burns, 1962: 177; High-
ton, 1962: 260]
Burns, 1954, Herpetologica, 10: 83.
Holotype: USNM 134129, north slope of Larch Mountain,
3miles from summit, on Multnomah Falls Trail, Multnomah
County, Oregon, collected by D. M. Burns, 24 May 1953.
Type Locality: “North slope of Larch Mountain, three miles from
summit, on the Multnomah Falls Trail, Multnomah County,
Oregon.”
Paratype: USNM 134130, same data as holotype, except col-
lected in early Jun 1951.
Etymology: The name larselli is a patronym honoring Olof Lar-
sell, former professor of anatomy, University of Oregon
Medical School.
Remarks: In the original description, the author mentioned that
there were 11 additional specimens, all collected at Archer
Falls, Skamania County, Washington, by D. M. Burns and
A.Keeney on 28 Nov 1953. Variation in coloration in these
specimens was discussed and compared to the two type
specimens. However, these specimens were not included
in the type series because the author felt they represented
integrades between this taxon and the nominal subspecies
Plethodon vandykei vandykei.
Plethodon ventralis Highton, 1997
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 35]
Highton, 1997, Herpetologica, 53: 351.
Holotype: USNM 176841, Great Smoky Mountains National
Park, on trail from Schoolhouse Gap to Whiteoak Sink,
around sinkhole 0.47 mile (by trail) S of Schoolhouse Gap,
Blount County, Tennessee, 35°38′20ʺN 83°44′52ʺW, eleva-
tion 1,800 feet, collected by R. Highton, T. Savage, and J. P.
Angle, 19 Nov 1963.
Type Locality: “Near the entrance to a cave on the trail from
Schoolhouse Gap to White Oak Sinks (35° 38′20ʺ N 83°
44′52ʺ W), Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 549 m
elevation, Blount County, Tennessee.”
Paratypes: USNM 169777–169780, 169782–169786, same lo-
cality as holotype, collected by R. Highton et al., 18 Apr
1962; USNM 176498, same locality as holotype, collected
by R. Highton and J. P. Angle, 29 Sep 1963; USNM 176823–
176840, 176843–176873, same data as holotype; USNM
465999–466005, same locality as holotype, collected by
R.Highton and D. C. Morizot, 2 Oct 1971; USNM 466010–
466035, same locality as holotype, collected by R. Highton
et al., 9 Mar 1974; USNM 474824–474843, same locality as
holotype, collected by R. Highton et al., 7 Jul 1969; USNM
NUMBER 654
•
53
474893, same locality as holotype, collected by R. Highton
et al., 14 May 1975; USNM 474895–474904, same locality
as holotype, collected by R. Highton and D. Sherry, 7 Oct
1978.
Etymology: The name ventralis refers to the color pattern of the
venter of the species.
Plethodon virginia Highton, 1999
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 35]
Highton, 1999, Herpetologica, 55: 66.
Holotype: USNM 507764, George Washington National For-
est, along the jeep road SE of the top of Cow Knob, Rock-
ingham and Pendleton Counties, Virginia–West Virginia,
38°41′25ʺN, 79°05′17ʺW, elevation 3,600–4,000 feet, col-
lected by R. Highton and D. E. Green, 22 Sep 1996.
Type Locality: “Along the jeep trail from 0.2- 0.9 km southeast
and south- southeast of the top of Cow Knob (38°41′25ʺN,
79°05′17ʺW) at an elevation of 1100–1200 m, along the
Pendleton County, West Virginia- Rockingham County, Vir-
ginia state line.”
Paratype(s): USNM 352209, 352210, George Washington Na-
tional Forest, 0.2 mile (by jeep trail) ESE of top of Cow
Knob, elevation 3,940 feet, collected by R. Highton, 3Sep
1970; USNM 352221–352227, George Washington Na-
tional Forest, 0.2 mile (by jeep trail) ESE of top of Cow
Knob, elevation 3,940 feet, collected by R. Highton, 23May
1970; USNM 352293–352297, George Washington Na-
tional Forest, Cow Knob, along road S of lookout tower,
collected by R. Highton and P. Manzo, 26 May 1987;
USNM 359217–359221, George Washington National For-
est, 0.2 mile (by jeep trail) ESE of top of Cow Knob, eleva-
tion 3,940 feet, collected by R. Highton, R. G. Jaeger, and
R. D. Worthington, 29 Apr 1966; USNM 507765–507773,
same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name virginia is from the geographic range of
the species, which includes parts of the states of Virginia and
West Virginia.
Plethodon websteri Highton, 1979
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 35]
Highton, 1979, Brimleyana, 1: 32.
Holotype: USNM 204814, SE of Howelton, WNW of Attalla, on
U.S. Route 278, ~0.5 mile (by road) SE of its junction with AL
Route 179, Etowah County, Alabama, collected by R.High-
ton, S. Bunting, M. Kielek, and A. Larson, 7 Jan 1976.
Type Locality: “0.6 km east, 0.9 km south of Howelton, Etowah
County, Alabama.”
Paratypes: USNM 204815–204834, same locality as holotype,
collected by R. Highton and L. Smith, 15 Oct 1977.
Etymology: The name websteri is a patronym honoring the late
T. Preston Webster, who rst called Highton’s attention to
this species.
Remarks: The holotype and paratypes were cited using the er-
roneous abbreviation “NMNH” in the original description.
Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931
[currently accepted; de, Bishop, 1943: 285; Highton, 1962: 274]
Walker, 1931, Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Hist. Cincinnati, 2: 48.
Holotype: USNM 84135, Grandfather Mountain, near Linville,
Avery County, North Carolina, elevation above 5,000 feet,
collected by W. H. Weller and R. Dury, 27 Aug 1930.
Type Locality: “Grandfather Mountain, above 5,000 feet, near
Linville, North Carolina.”
Paratypes: USNM 84136, 84137, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: CSNH 776.2–776.29, 1087–
1092. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name welleri is a patronym honoring the memory
of Worth Hamilton Weller, collector of the types of this
species.
Remarks: The holotype USNM 84135 was listed as CSNH 776.1
in the original description. The two USNM paratypes were
also listed by their CSNH number but are presently disasso-
ciated from their original number and are cataloged only as
part of CSNH 776. Other paratypes out of CSNH 776 were
apparently also exchanged to other museums. There is one
paratype at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History cata-
loged as CM 10994, two paratypes at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology cataloged as MCZ A- 17365 and A- 17366,
two paratypes at the University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology cataloged as UMMZ 71785, and two paratypes at
the Field Museum of Natural History cataloged as FMNH
15988 and 15989. In addition, one specimen (CSNH
776.10) must have been exchanged to Sherman C. Bishop
and then later deposited with his collection at the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as
FMNH 93004. These specimens, along with the two USNM
paratypes, account for 10 of the 28 paratypes from CSNH
776.2–776.29, and three of the original specimens are still
at the Cincinnati Museum Center under catalog number
CMC 776. The whereabouts of the remaining 15 paratypes
are unknown, and they must be considered missing.
Plethodon welleri ventromaculatum Thurow, 1956
[= Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931; de, Highton, 1962: 274]
Thurow, 1956, Am. Midl. Nat., 55: 344.
Paratypes: USNM 124632, 124633, Mount Rogers, Mount
Rogers National Recreation Area, Jefferson National For-
est, Grayson County, Virginia, elevation 5,600–5,900 feet,
collected by R. L. Hoffman and H. I. Kleinpeter, 1 Jul 1947;
USNM 132323, 132324, 5.3 miles N of Carderview, wood-
land on TN Route 67, Johnson County, Tennessee, elevation
~2,500 feet, collected by R. L. Hoffman, 31 May 1952;
USNM 133073, 133074, Grayson County, Virginia, col-
lected by L. G. Carr, 15 Aug 1946.
Type Locality: “Mt. Rogers at 5500′altitude, Grayson County,
Virginia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: AMNH 54448. Paratypes:
AMNH 54448 (10 specimens); CMNH 60102–60105,
60522–60525. (See Remarks.)
54
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Etymology: The name ventromaculatum is from the Latin venter,
“belly,” and maculates, “spot,” in reference to the melano-
phore gaps found along the ventrolateral areas of most of
the specimens.
Remarks: The holotype AMNH 54448 is presently cataloged
as AMNH A- 54448. The 10 paratypes collected with the
holotype were erroneously listed as AMNH 5448 in the
original description. Nine of 10 of these paratypes are now
recataloged as AMNH A- 60267–60275. The tenth paratype
out of AMNH A- 54448 was exchanged to the University of
Illinois Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as UIMNH 40630. The CMNH paratypes are
presently cataloged as FMNH 60102–60105 and 60522–
60525. USNM 133074 was exchanged to Museum of Com-
parative Zoology on 7 Aug 1958 and is presently cataloged
as MCZ A- 30604.
Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917
[currently accepted; de, Highton, 1962: 322]
Dunn, 1917, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37: 598.
Paratypes: USNM 36397, 36398, between Linville and Blowing
Rock, North Carolina, collected by F. Sherman Jr., Sep 1902,
USNM 62017, ~1.5 miles from Linville, near Yonahlossee
Road, Avery County, North Carolina, collected by E. R.
Dunn, 16 Aug 1916.
Type Locality: “Near the Yonahlossee Road about 1½ miles from
Linville, N.C., altitude 4200 feet.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: AMNH 4634. Paratypes:
AMNH 4633, 4635–4644, 4666, 4667, 4711–4714, 4853–
4856.
Etymology: This species is named for the type locality of Yonah-
lossee Road.
Remarks: USNM 62017 was received in exchange from the
American Museum of Natural History and cataloged on
23May 1919. It was listed as AMNH 4636 in the original
description. AMNH 4711 and AMNH 4856 were exchanged
to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where they are
presently cataloged as MCZ A- 4892 and A- 4893, respec-
tively. AMNH 4638 was exchanged to the Naturhistorisches
Museum Wien, where it is now cataloged as NMW 22863.
Plethopsis wrighti Bishop, 1937
[= Batrachoseps wrighti (Bishop, 1937); de, Stebbins and Lowe,
1949: 128]
Bishop, 1937, Herpetologica, 1: 93.
Holotype: USNM 102445, Mount Hood Highway, 8.7 miles
SE of Sandy, Clackamas County, Oregon, collected by S. C.
Bishop, M. R. Wright, and S. G. Jewett Jr., 15 Jun 1936.
Type Locality: “In woods bordering Mt. Hood highway, 8.7miles
southeast of Sandy, Clackamas County, Oregon.”
Paratype: USNM 102446, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: It is unclear exactly how many specimens
Bishop had in hand. In the Introduction, he stated that
the new species “is represented by a series of twenty- one
specimens secured during a recent collection trip.” Then,
in the description, he clearly identies the holotype and an
allotype and then stated, “Fifteen specimens of both sexes;
also 4 adults and 2 juveniles.” In the table in the original
description, he presented measurements and other features
of 20 specimens, including the type. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name wrighti is a patronym for A. H. Wright
of Ithaca, New York, and a matronym for Margaret R.
Wright of Rochester, New York. Given the two people to
be honored, the name should have more properly been
Plethopsis wrightorum.
Remarks: Only the USNM specimens are identied by catalog
number in the original description. A search of other mu-
seums located an additional 10 paratypes. One specimen,
probably deposited at the Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum around the time of the original description, is presently
cataloged as FMNH 36882. An additional seven speci-
mens were apparently retained in the personal collection of
the author and were later deposited at the Field Museum
of Natural History, where they are presently cataloged as
FMNH 86559–86565. Two additional paratypes were de-
posited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where they
are presently cataloged as MCZ A- 22355 and A- 22356. Ad-
ditional paratypes out of the original 21 specimens could
not be located and must be considered missing.
Pseudoeurycea brunnata Bumzahem and Smith, 1955
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Bumzahem and Smith, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 73.
Paratype: USNM 137207, region of Soconusco, Chiapas, Mex-
ico, collected by E. Matuda, 1944–1949.
Type Locality: “Región de Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UIMNH 33708. Paratypes:
UIMNH 33703–33707, 33709–33720. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name brunnata is derived from the Latin brun-
neus, “brown,” and the sufx - atus, “having the nature of,”
in reference to the brown coloration mentioned in the origi-
nal description.
Remarks: USNM 137207 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History and cata-
loged on 27 Oct 1955. It was listed as UIMNH 33720 in the
original description.
Pseudoeurycea rscheini Shannon and Werler, 1955
[currently accepted; de, Lara- Góngara, 2003: 22]
Shannon and Werler, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 82.
Paratype: USNM 139718, mountain crest above Acultzingo,
Veracruz, Mexico, collected by J. Werler, 7 Jan 1951.
Type Locality: “2 miles W of Acultzingo, Veracruz, . . . at an
elevation of 7,000 feet.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: FAS 4714. Paratypes: FAS 4175;
UIMNH 21807, 25103. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name rscheini is a patronym for I. Lester Fir-
shein, “whose earlier explorations on Volcan San Martin
NUMBER 654
•
55
have done much toward stimulating interest in this region of
Mexico” (Shannon and Werler, 1955: 82).
Remarks: USNM 139718 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History and cata-
loged on 8 Oct 1957. It was listed as UIMNH 25103 in the
original description. The holotype, published as FAS 4714,
is now cataloged as UIMNH 67055 (Phillips, 2009). The
paratype FAS 4175 was later deposited at the University of
Illinois Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as UIMNH 67213.
Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh Adler, 1996
[currently accepted; de, Lara- Góngara, 2003: 49]
Adler, 1996, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 177: 10.
Paratype(s): USNM 342489, Cruz Ocote, 36.8 km (by road) W of
(along Milpillas–Atoyac road), eastern approaches to Cerro
Teotepec, Guerrero, Mexico, 17°28′N, 100°08′W, elevation
8,775–8,900 feet, collected by H. L. Freeman, L. A. Cross
Jr., and M. Gerardi, Jun 1971; USNM 342490, Cruz Ocote,
50.3 km (by road) W of (along Milpillas–Atoyac road),
eastern approaches to Cerro Teotepec, Guerrero, Mexico,
17°28′N, 100°08′W, elevation 9,725 feet, collected by H. L.
Freeman and L. A. Cross Jr., 25–26 Jun 1971.
Type Locality: “Eastern approaches to Cerro Teotepec (17° 28′N,
100° 08′W), along the Milpillas–Atoyac Road, 50.3 km (by
road) W Cruz Ocote, Guerrero, Mexico, at an elevation of
9725 feet (= 2966 m).”
Other Type Material: Holotype: KU 221955. Paratypes: AMNH
A- 142152, A- 142153; KU 221956; MVZ 222469–222471;
UMMZ 21101, 21102; UTA A- 45578.
Etymology: The name tlahcuiloh is from the Nahuatl word for
painter or artist and was given in honor of the artistic and
photographic skills of D. M. Dennis, friend, colleague, and
eld companion of the author.
Pseudoeurycea werleri Darling and Smith, 1954
[currently accepted; de, Wake and Lynch, 1976: 61]
Darling and Smith, 1954, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 77: 180.
Paratype: USNM 137208, Volcan San Martin, Veracruz, Mexico,
collected by D. M. Darling, 22–28 Feb 1953.
Type Locality: “Volcán San Martín, Veracruz,” Mexico, between
3,000 and 4,500 feet in elevation.
Other Type Material: Holotype: UIMNH 33897. Paratypes:
UIMNH 33895, 33896, 33898; F. A. Shannon Coll. Nos.
4166–4173. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name werleri is a patronym for John E. Werler,
collector of some of the paratypes.
Remarks: USNM 137208 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History and cata-
loged on 27 Oct 1955. It was listed as UIMNH 33896 in the
original description. UIMNH 33898 was exchanged to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology on 19 Sep 1951, where it
is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 29623. The present where-
abouts of the F. A. Shannon paratypes are unknown.
Pseudotriton duryi Weller, 1930
[= Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi (Weller, 1930); de, Stejneger
and Barbour, 1933: 15; conrmed by Brandon, 1966a: 42]
Weller, 1930a, Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Hist. Cincinnati, 1: 29.
Lectotype: USNM 84300 (formerly CSNM 499d), designated
lectotype by Walker and Weller, 1932: 81.
Type Locality: “Cascade Caves, about ten miles from Grayson,”
Carter County, Kentucky.
Other Type Material: Paralectotypes: CSNH 499a–c,e–g. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name duryi is a patronym for Ralph Dury, direc-
tor of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Remarks: Both Weller (1930a) and Walker and Weller (1932)
listed the type series as CSNM 499. Apparently, this was
in error for CSNH 449 as the paralectotypes are presently
at the Cincinnati Museum Center cataloged as CMC 449.
The original catalog entry for the types was CSNH 449, and
the catalog entry for CSNH 499 is blank (John Fenner, Cin-
cinnati Museum Center, personal communication, 15 Feb
2009). It is not clear how many of the six paralectotypes re-
main at the Cincinnati Museum Center because there are an
additional ve specimens listed as paratypes by other muse-
ums. These specimens include one at the Carnegie Museum
of Natural History cataloged as CM 10937, one specimen
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology cataloged as MCZ
A- 17540, and three specimens at the Ohio State University
Museum of Biological Diversity cataloged as OSUM 2303.
Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1850
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 36]
Baird, 1850 [1849], J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 1: 293.
Syntypes: USNM 3839 (three specimens), South Mountain, near
Carlisle, Adams and Franklin Counties, Pennsylvania, col-
lected by S. F. Baird, date of collection unknown, cataloged
2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “South Mountain, near Carlisle, Pennsylvania.”
Type locality discussed and restricted to “Caledonia State
Park, Franklin County,” Pennsylvania, by McCoy (1992: 93).
Etymology: The name montanus is from the Latin montanus,
pertaining to mountains, in reference to the type locality of
South Mountain.
Remarks: The syntypes were not listed by number in the original
description. However, the original description mentioned
only two specimens, one 6 inches long and the other 3 inches.
There are three specimens present under USNM 3839, one
just under 6 inches in length and two others that are ap-
proximately 3 inches in length. Because of this discrepancy
in the number of specimens, the largest specimen is hereby
selected as the lectotype of Pseudotriton montanus Baird,
1850. The two smaller specimens have been recataloged as
USNM 576281 and 576282 and are paralectotypes.
Pseudotriton montanus oridanus Netting and Goin, 1942
[currently accepted; de, Neill, 1948: 136; Highton et al., 2017: 36]
56
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Netting and Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 175.
Paratypes: USNM 22819, Chuluota, Seminole County, Florida,
collected by R. A. Mills, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged 27 Jul 1896; USNM 118789, Gainesville, Alachua
County, Florida, collected by J. S. Rogers, 10 Apr 1936.
Type Locality: “A seepage area along ‘C’ Creek, on the University
of Florida campus, in Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CM 16850. Paratypes: CM
16851–16853, 20129; DBUF 598, 599, 641, 692; FMNH
35419; UMMZ 56646, 68855, 86419 (2). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name oridanus refers to the state of Florida,
where the type series was collected.
Remarks: USNM 118789 was received in exchange from the
University of Michigan in 1944 and cataloged on 3 Jun
1944. It was listed as UMMZ 86419 in the original descrip-
tion. The DBUF paratypes are presently cataloged as UF 598,
599, 641, and 692.
Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 36]
Bishop, 1928a, Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 247.
Holotype: USNM 75057, 10 miles W of Bogalusa, Washington
County, Louisiana, collected by P. Viosca Jr., 10 Apr 1926.
Type Locality: “A spring run 10 miles west of Bogalusa, La.”
Paratype: USNM 75080, same data as holotype, except collected
13 Feb 1928.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: CM 16835; FMNH 93341.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name vioscai is a patronym honoring Percy
Viosca Jr., collector of the type series.
Remarks: Paratypes were not listed by museum number in the
original description. Bishop (1928b) recorded that “speci-
mens have been taken at the type locality . . . April 10, 1926,
4 adults, 1 larva; February 13, 1928, 2 adults, 1 larva.” In
addition, measurements were given for four adult speci-
mens. It is not clear whether the measurements were taken
on the paratypes listed by catalog number above, but that is
most likely the case. What happened to the four additional
specimens mentioned as having been collected at the type
locality is unknown.
Salamandra agilis Sager, 1839
[= Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818); de, Cope, 1889: 133;
Highton, 1962: 285]
Sager, 1839, Am. J. Sci. Arts, 36: 322.
Syntypes: USNM 3770 (15 specimens), Detroit, Wayne County,
Michigan, collected by A. Sager, date unknown, cataloged
2Aug 1858.
Type Locality: Not stated.
Etymology: The name agilis is from the Latin for agile.
Remarks: Sager (1839) did not indicate how many specimens he
had of his new form, but he presented measurements of only
one specimen.
Salamandra cirrigera Green, 1831
[= Eurycea cirrigera (Green, 1831); de, Jacobs, 1987: 434]
Green, 1831, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 253.
Syntypes: “Two pair . . . near New Orleans,” collected by Wil-
liam Stewart; types “not known to exist” according to Dunn
(1926a: 307). Possible syntypes: USNM 4734 (two speci-
mens), S. States (= southern states?), collected by F. Bache.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Near New Orleans.”
Etymology: The name cirrigera is from the Latin cirrus, “tendril,”
and the sufx - gera, “bearer,” in reference to the nasal cirri
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type list
by Cochran (1961). The deposition of the original four speci-
mens was not stated in the original description, although it is
reasonable to assume that they were in the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences, Philadelphia. Cope (1889) listed USNM 4734
(two specimens) from “Southern States (La.?); Dr.F.Blache”
as Green’s types, and the original ledger entry has an entry
in L. Stejneger’s handwriting stating “Type of Green’s cir-
rhigera.” However, it is unlikely that these two specimens,
given the discrepancies between their data and the original
description, were the types of Salamandra cirrigera Green,
1831. It is a moot point since USNM 4734 has been missing
since Cope (1889) examined them, and there were no Eury-
cea cirrigera returned by Cope’s estate after his death. Pyron
and Beamer (2020) discussed the history and provenance of
Jacob Green’s collection but reached no conclusion about the
types of Salamandra cirrigera Green, 1918.
Salamandra cylindracea Harlan, 1825
[= Plethodon cylindraceus (Harlan, 1825); de, Highton, 1989: 70]
Harlan, 1825, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 5: 156.
Neotype: USNM 257522, ENE of Chester, on SC Route 9,
Chester County, South Carolina, 34°32′10ʺN, 81°05′36ʺW,
elevation 137 m, collected by R. Highton and D. C. Morizot,
31 Mar 1971. Neotype designation by Highton, 1989,
Illinois Biol. Monogr., 57: 71.
Type Locality: “South Carolina”; restricted by Schmidt (1953:
34) to “vicinity of Charleston.” Type locality based on the
neotype designation: “locality 112 at an elevation of 137 m,
Chester County, South Carolina.”
Other Type Material: Two syntypes. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name cylindracea is derived from the Latin cyl-
indratus, “cylindrical,” in reference to the cylindrical tail of
this species mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: According to the original description, there were two
syntypes (“Male” and “Female”) that were presented to Har-
lan by Dr. Blanding. It is not clear from the original descrip-
tion where these specimens were deposited, although Harlan
(1827) referred to specimens in the “Cab. A. N. S.” (ANSP).
In any case, these specimens are not currently known to exist
(Malnate, 1971).
NUMBER 654
•
57
Salamandra porphyritica Green, 1827
[= Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green, 1827); de,
Brandon, 1966a: 31]
Green, J. 1827, Contrib. Maclurian Lyc. Arts Sci., 1: 3, plate 2.
Possible Syntype: USNM 3840, Canonsburg: Washington, Penn-
sylvania, collected by J. Green, date unknown, cataloged
2Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “French creek, near Meadville, Crawford county,
Pa.” Type locality based on the neotype designation: “a
small spring- fed stream (owing directly into French
Creek) at Liberty and Linden streets, Meadville, Crawford
Co., Pa.”
Other Type Material: Neotype: MCZ 35778. Neotype designa-
tion by Brandon, 1966, Illinois Biol. Monogr., 35: 32.
Etymology: The name porphyriticus is from the Greek porphy-
ros, meaning the color of porphyry, a purple stone.
Remarks: Green (1827) did not indicate how many specimens
he had but did indicate that “these animals are numerous
in French creek, near Meadville, Crawford county, Pa.”
He also mentioned the variation in coloration in different
specimens. He did indicate that he had at least one other
specimen, “a young animal of this species nearly four inches
long,” which he then proceeded to describe in some detail,
so it is clear that he based his description on more than one
specimen. Brandon (1966a) was unable to locate any of the
types and therefore designated MCZ 35778 as the neotype.
Pyron and Beamer (2020) discussed the history and prove-
nance of Jacob Green’s collection and suggested that USNM
3840 might be one of the missing types. They suggested that
comparison of the gure of the presumed holotype, plate 1
in Green (1927), to USNM 3840 might be able to determine
if that specimen is the one gured. Unfortunately, USNM
3840 is in poor condition, and comparison with the gured
specimen is inconclusive. If USNM 3840 can be positively
identied as one of the original types, Brandon’s (1966a)
designation of a neotype would be invalid.
Salamandra variolata Gilliams, 1818
[= Plethodon variolatus (Gilliams, 1818); de, Highton, 1989:
59–60]
Gilliams, 1818, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1: 460.
Neotype: USNM 267104, Beechtree Recreation Area, Berkeley
County, South Carolina, collected by D. E. Carr, 27 Mar
1986. Neotype designation by Highton, 1989, Illinois Biol.
Monogr., 57: 60.
Type Locality: “Inhabits the southern states”; restricted by
Schmidt (1953: 34) to “vicinity of Charleston, South Caro-
lina.” Type locality based on the neotype designation: “lo-
cality 27 . . . at an elevation of 6 m, Beechtree Recreation
Area, Berkeley County, South Carolina.”
Etymology: The name variolata is derived from the Latin variola,
“spotted,” in reference to the irregular, white spots men-
tioned in the original description.
Remarks: According to the original description, the types were in
the “Cabinet of the Academy” (ANSP) and are not currently
known to exist (Malnate, 1971), although ANSP specimens
were noted by Harlan (1827). It is not clear from the origi-
nal description how many specimens Gilliams had since he
gave the measurements of only one specimen but then stated,
“I am indebted for these specimens to the Florida Party.”
Spelerpes bilineatus borealis Baird, 1889
[= Eurycea bislineata (Green, 1818); de, Dunn, 1926a: 297]
Baird, 1899a, in Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 165.
Syntypes: USNM 4735 (11 specimens), Lake Oquassa (= Range-
ley Lake), Franklin County, Maine, collected by C. Girard,
1852.
Type Locality: “Vicinity of Lake Oquassa.”
Etymology: The name borealis is from the Latin borealis, “north-
ern,” in reference to the northern locality where the speci-
mens were collected.
Remarks: There are at present 11 specimens (nine adults and
two larvae) lot cataloged as USNM 4735. Cochran (1961)
listed 12 specimens as USNM 4735a (see the Introduction
concerning lettered catalog numbers), whereas Cope (1889:
168) listed only nine specimens.
Spelerpes cephalicus Cope, 1865
[= Aquiloeurycea cephalica (Cope, 1865); de, Rovito et al.,
2015: 185]
Cope, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17: 196.
Holotype: USNM uncataloged, “sent by Dr. Sartorius to the
Smithsonian Institution.” (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Mexican Table Land.” Type locality based on the
neotype designation: “Cruz Blanca, Veracruz.”
Other Type Material: Neotype: EHT- HMS 4372. Neotype des-
ignation by Smith and Taylor, 1948, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus.,
194: 30.
Etymology: The name cephalicus is apparently derived from the
Greek kephale, “head.”
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type
list by Cochran (1961). The holotype was apparently never
received at the U.S. National Museum and therefore never
received a catalog number. EHT- HMS 4372, designated the
neotype by Smith and Taylor (1948), was later deposited
at the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as FMNH 100018. However, there are two
specimens (USNM 30350, 30351) originally cataloged as
Spelerpes cephalicus that were returned from Cope’s estate.
It is possible that one of these specimens may be the lost
holotype, thereby invalidating Smith and Taylor’s (1948) se-
lection of a neotype.
Spelerpes chiropterus Cope, 1863
[= Chiropterotriton chiropterus (Cope, 1863); de, Wake and
Lynch, 1976: 59]
58
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 15: 54.
Holotype: USNM uncataloged, “sent by Dr. Sartorius to the
Smithsonian Institution.” (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Merador, near, Vera Cruz, Mexico.” Type local-
ity based on the neotype designation: “1.4 mi southwest by
road southwest edge of Huatusco de Chicuellar, Veracruz,
Mexico, 19.141388 N, 96.98083 W (EPE = max. error dis-
tance 1.202 mi).”
Other Type Material: Neotype: MVZ 85590. Neotype designa-
tion by Parra- Olea, García- Castillo, Rovito, Maisano, Han-
ken, and Wake, 2020, PeerJ, 8(e8800): 46.
Etymology: The name chiropterus is derived from the Greek
cheiros, “hand,” and pteros, “wing,” in reference to the
“prominent wing- like rudiment . . . of the inner digit of both
pairs of extremities” mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type
list by Cochran (1961). The holotype was apparently never
received at the U.S. National Museum and therefore never
received a catalog number. It is possible that USNM 30347,
a specimen “returned by Cope’s estate,” is actually the holo-
type of this species. This specimen was originally cataloged
as Spelerpes chiropterus with a locality of “Tehuantepec,
Mex.,” collected by F. Sumichrast. However, L. Stejneger
later wrote in pencil the locality of “? Mirador area, Vera
Cruz” and the collector “Sartorius ?” Although the speci-
men is now broken in two pieces at the base of the tail and
the tip of the tail is broken off and missing, measurements
taken of the specimen are approximately those reported in
the original description. If this specimen turns out to be the
lost holotype, it will invalidate the selection of a neotype by
Parra- Olea et al. (2020).
Spelerpes collaris Stejneger, 1907
[= Oedipina collaris (Stejneger, 1907); de, Taylor, 1944c: 226]
Stejneger, 1907, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 32: 465.
Holotype: USNM 37350, Topaz mine, 90 miles NW of Blue-
elds, Zelaya Department, Nicaragua, collector unknown,
received from W. F. Thornton, date of collection unknown,
cataloged 13 Feb 1907.
Type Locality: “Topaz mine, ‘90 miles NW. of Blueelds, and
50 miles back in direct line from the coast;’ elevation
400feet.”
Etymology: The name collaris is from the Latin collare, “neck
band,” in reference to the pale color of the gular fold men-
tioned in the original description.
Spelerpes gibbicaudus Blatchley, 1893
[= Pseudoeurycea leprosa (Cope, 1869); de, Taylor, 1939 [1938]:
274]
Blatchley, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16: 38.
Holotype: USNM 19255, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, collected
by F. Sumichrast, date unknown; recataloged from USNM
6340 on 17 Sep 1892.
Type Locality: “Orizaba, Mexico.”
Etymology: The name gibbicaudus is from the Latin gibbus,
“humped,” and cauda, “tail,” in reference to the thick, stout
tail of the type.
Remarks: USNM 19255 was removed from USNM 6340 (syn-
types of Spelerpes leprosus Cope) and reidentied by Blatch-
ley as an undescribed species that he subsequently described.
Taylor (1939 [1938]) subsequently selected USNM 19255
as the lectotype of Spelerpes leprosus Cope, 1869 (see dis-
cussion below).
Spelerpes leprosus Cope, 1869
[= Pseudoeurycea leprosa (Cope, 1869); de, Taylor, 1944c: 209]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 105.
Lectotype: USNM 19255, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, collected
by F. Sumichrast, date unknown; recataloged from USNM
6340 on 17 Sep 1892. Lectotype designation by Taylor (1939
[1938]: 276).
Type Locality: “Orizava, Mexico.”
Paralectotypes: USNM 6340 (two specimens), Orizaba, Vera-
cruz, Mexico, collected by F. Sumichrast, date unknown;
USNM 103591, 103592, recataloged from USNM 6340 on
30 Dec 1937.
Etymology: The name leprosus is from the Latin leprosus, “scaly”
or “scabby,” apparently in reference to the splotchy or
speckled coloration mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: Cope (1869) based the description on six syntypes
(USNM 6340), although he gave measurements of only
one specimen with the statement “No. 6340, Type” above
the list of measurements. The original ledger entry for
USNM 6340, made in 1864, records only ve specimens.
The smallest specimen mentioned in the original description
was apparently lost. One specimen was removed and recata-
loged as USNM 19255 on 17 Sep 1892 and was made the
holo type of Spelerpes gibbicaudus Blatchley, 1893. Taylor
(1939) examined all ve syntypes and determined USNM
19255 was the specimen that Cope had measured. Although
he considered Cope’s listing of measurements of a single
specimen sufcient indication of a holotype, he rmly xed
the primary type status of USNM 19255 by selecting it as
a lectotype (Taylor, 1939 [1938]: 276), thus placing Speler-
pes gibbicaudus Blatchley, 1893 clearly in the synonymy of
Spelerpes leprosus Cope, 1869. Of the four remaining speci-
mens (paralectotypes), he reidentied one specimen (USNM
103591) as Oedipus cephalicus (Cope) and indicated that
a second (USNM 103592) could not be positively identi-
ed. He also indicated that the two remaining specimens in
USNM 6340 were the same species and may belong to an
undescribed form.
Spelerpes lineolus Cope, 1865
[= Pseudoeurycea lineola (Cope, 1865); de, Darda, 1994: 180]
Cope, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17: 197.
Holotype: USNM uncataloged, “sent by Dr. Sartorius to the
Smithsonian Institution.” (See Remarks.)
NUMBER 654
•
59
Type Locality: “Mexican Table Land.”
Etymology: The name lineolus is derived from the Latin linea,
“line,” and the sufx - olus, “small,” in reference to the delicate
supraoccipital crest mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type list
by Cochran (1961). The holotype was apparently never re-
ceived at the U.S. National Museum and therefore never
received a catalog number. According to Dunn (1926) and
Malnate (1971), ANSP 735 is the holotype. It is likely that
the holotype was in Cope’s possession at the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and that the specimen was
retained at the academy after Cope’s death.
Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope, 1869
[= Eurycea multiplicata (Cope, 1869); de, Stejneger and Bar-
bour, 1917: 20]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 106.
Syntypes: USNM 4038 (ve specimens), Arkansas, no further
locality data, collected by L. A. Edwards, date of collection
unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “Red River, Arkansas”; corrected to “Red River
in eastern Oklahoma” by Stejneger and Barbour (1917: 20);
restricted to “near Fort Towson, Choctaw County, Okla-
homa,” by Dundee (1950: 27–28), who discussed the type
locality and collector.
Etymology: The name multiplicatus is from the Latin multus,
“much,” and plicatus, “fold,” in reference to the numerous
costal grooves mentioned in the original description.
Spelerpes orculus Cope, 1865
[= Chiropterotriton orculus (Cope, 1865); de, Darda, 1994: 180]
Cope, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17: 196.
Holotype: Uncataloged, “sent by Dr. Sartorius to the Smith-
sonian Institution.” (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Mexican Table Land.” Type locality based on
the neotype designation: “ridge between Popocatepetl and
Iztaccihuatl, along Mexican Hwy. 196, 16.2 km by road
east jct Mexican Hwy. 115, Mexico, Mexico, 3,300 masl,
19.0973 N, 98.6829 W.”
Other Type Material: Neotype: MVZ 138783. Neotype desig-
nation by Parra- Olea, García- Castillo, Rovito, Maisano,
Hanken, and Wake, 2020, PeerJ, 8(e8800): 50.
Etymology: The name orculus is apparently derived from the
Latin Orcus, t h e abode of the dead. Cope provided no
explanation for his choice of this name.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type list
by Cochran (1961). The holotype was apparently never
received at the U.S. National Museum and therefore never
received a catalog number. The neotype was designated by
Parra- Olea et al. (2020).
Spelerpes orizabensis Blatchley, 1893
[= Pseudoeurycea leprosa (Cope, 1869); de, Cochran, 1961: 26]
Blatchley, 1893, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16: 38.
Syntypes: USNM 19266–19267, Mount Orizaba, Veracruz, Mex-
ico, collected by W. S. Blatchley, 2 Aug 1891.
Type Locality: “On the southwestern slope of the mountain at a
height of 11,000 feet on the slope of Mount Orizaba.”
Etymology: The name orizabensis refers to Mount Orizaba, loca-
tion of the type locality.
Remarks: The original description refers to three specimens col-
lected, but there are only two cataloged. The whereabouts of
the third specimen are unknown.
Spelerpes picadoi Stejneger, 1911
[= Nototriton picadoi (Stejneger, 1911); de, Wake and Elias,
1983: 11]
Stejneger, 1911, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 41: 285.
Holotype: USNM 48280, La Estrella, SE of Cartago, Cartago
Province, Costa Rica, collected by C. Picado, Sep 1911.
Type Locality: “La Estrella, southeast of Cartago, Costa Rica.”
Etymology: The name picadoi is a patronym for the collector,
C.Picado.
Spelerpes ruber schencki Brimley, 1912
[= Pseudotriton ruber schencki (Brimley, 1912); de, Dunn, 1918:
467]
Brimley, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 25: 139.
Holotype: USNM 49679, Sunburst, Haywood County, North
Carolina, elevation 3,200 feet, collected by C. S. Brimley,
May 1912.
Type Locality: “Sunburst, at an elevation of 3200 feet Hay-
woodCo.”
Paratype: USNM 49680, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes were not listed by number in the
original description, but the original description stated, “De-
scribed from 9 specimens, 8 from Sunburst, 1 from High-
lands.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name schencki is a patronym for C. A. Schenck,
director of the Biltmore Forest School.
Remarks: The holotype, USNM 49679, was not listed by USNM
number in the original description, which stated, “Type,
Brimley No. 6789, taken at Sunburst at an elevation of
3200 feet will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum.”
USNM 49680 (Brimley No. 6785) was received with the
holotype from C. S. Brimley. It is not clear how many para-
types there actually were because after stating that the spe-
cies was described from nine specimens, Brimley indicated
that “this form has been taken at Sunburst, Haywood Co.
(8specimens); Highlands, Macon Co. (3 sp.); Blantyre, Tran-
sylvania Co. (4 sp.).” Queries of other museums located two
specimens at the Mayborn Museum Complex, Baylor Uni-
versity, that are listed in their database as syntypes. How-
ever, since Brimley clearly identied a type specimen, these
two specimens can only be paratypes. The specimens are
presently cataloged as BU- MMC 358–359. A third speci-
men was located at the Cornell University Museum of Ver-
tebrates that was collected at Sunburst, Haywood County,
60
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
North Carolina, by C. S. Brimley in 1912. It may be one
of the eight specimens taken at Sunburst mentioned in the
original description and therefore a paratype. It is presently
cataloged as CU 2058.
Spelerpes ruber sticticeps Baird, 1889
[= Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1850; de, Dunn, 1926a: 287]
Baird, 1899b, in Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 178.
Syntypes: USNM 11475 (two specimens), no locality data, collec-
tor and date of collection unknown, cataloged 8 Oct 1881.
Type Locality: “South Carolina”; corrected to “Georgia” by
Cope (1889); restricted to Rabun County, Georgia, by
Schmidt (1953: 48). This restriction was disputed by Neill
(1957), who restricted the type locality to “Augusta, Rich-
mond County, Georgia.”
Etymology: The name sticticeps is from the Greek stictos, “ spotted,”
and the Latin - ceps, “head,” in reference to the whitish spots
on the head mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 11475 are the syntypes according to Dunn
(1926a: 291).
Thorius dubitus Taylor, 1941
[currently accepted; de, Hanken and Wake, 1998: 330]
Taylor, 1941c, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 108.
Paratypes: USNM 110984–110991, 110993–111007, 111009,
110010, above Acultzingo, Veracruz, Mexico, collected by
H. M. Smith, 19 Aug 1939; USNM 110011, 5 miles W
of Acultzingo, Puebla, Mexico, collected by H. M. Smith,
20Aug 1939; USNM 134293, ~2 miles S of Acultzingo,
Vera cruz, Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, 1939.
Type Locality: “Summit of mountain about two miles south of
Acultzingo, Veracruz (near Puebla line),” Mexico.
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17751. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17731–17750, 17752–17786, 22064–22084.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name dubitus is from the Latin dubito, “uncer-
tain,” apparently in relation to the confused taxonomic his-
tory of the genus Thorius from the vicinity of type locality.
Remarks: USNM 110011 was erroneously listed as a topotype
in the original description. USNM 110999 was erroneously
listed as Thorius troglodytes in Taylor (1941c: plate 3, g-
ure 4). The specimen pictured is Thorius troglodytes, but
USNM 110999 is Thorius dubitus. USNM 134293 was
received in exchange from the University of Illinois Mu-
seum of Natural History and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954.
It was listed as EHT- HMS 22076 in the original descrip-
tion. USNM 111004 is not present in the collection. The
metal tags for USNM 111004 and eld number S 9049 are
in the archived le folder with H. M. Smith’s eld notes.
Attached is a paper tag reading “Thorius dubitus – no speci-
men received Feb ‘40 – DMC.” The holotype, EHT- HMS
17751, is presently in the Field Museum of Natural History,
where it is cataloged as FMNH 100039. Some of the para-
types EHT- HMS 17731–17750, 17752–17786, and 22064–
22084 are presently cataloged as FMNH 100581–100606,
122014, 123440, 123443, 123446, and 123449. Additional
paratypes from EHT- HMS 17731–17750, 17752–17786,
and 22064–22084 were deposited at the University of Il-
linois Museum of Natural History, where they were cata-
loged as UIMNH 26808–26830 and 32629. Later, UIMNH
26829 was exchanged to the U.S. National Museum (see
above). UIMNH 26827 was exchanged to the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, where it is presently cataloged as
MCZ A- 29624. UIMNH 26828 was exchanged to the Field
Museum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged
as FMNH 75776. UIMNH 26822 was exchanged to the
Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, where
it is presently cataloged as SMF 53189. UIMNH 26830
was exchanged to the University of Colorado, where it is
presently cataloged as UCM 13650. The paratypes EHT-
HMS 17736, 17740, 17752, 17754, 17775–17777, 17780,
22065–22069, 22072, and 22074 could not be located and
must be considered missing.
Thorius magnipes Hanken and Wake, 1998
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Hanken and Wake, 1998, Copeia, 1998: 326.
Paratype: USNM 224769, 1.9 miles (by dirt road) S of Puerto del
Aire (Cumbres de Acultzingo), Veracruz, Mexico, collected
by R. W. McDiarmid, 2 Sep 1975.
Type Locality: “4 km south of Puerto del Aire, Veracruz, México,
elevation 2475 m.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 114514. Paratypes:
LACM 118719–118721; MVZ 85948, 85949, 114515–
114518, 129657, 129658, 150541, 150542, 150545–
150555, 150559, 150560, 150563, 150572, 150575,
185392–185396, 186960–186962, 205071; MZFC 8602.
Etymology: The name magnipes is from the Latin magnus,
“great,” and pes, “foot,” in reference to the very large feet
and limbs of this species.
Thorius maxillabrochus Gehlbach, 1959
[= Thorius schmidti Gehlbach, 1959; de, Hanken and Wake,
1998: 333]
Gehlbach, 1959, Copeia, 1959: 205.
Holotype: USNM 140293, 4 miles W of Zoquitlan, Puebla, Mex-
ico, elevation ~8,400 feet, collected by R. H. Long Jr. and
F.C. Sibley, 12 Aug 1954.
Type Locality: “ca. 8,400 feet, four miles west of Zoquitlán,
Puebla, Mexico.”
Paratype: USNM 140294, same data as holotype.
Etymology: The name maxillabrochus is from the Latin maxilla,
“jawbone,” and brochus, “projecting,” in reference to the
prominent maxillary teeth.
Thorius municus Hanken and Wake, 1998
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Hanken and Wake, 1998, Copeia, 1998: 321.
Paratypes: USNM 497640, 497641, 4 km (by road) west of Las
Vigas, along Mexico Highway 140, NE ank of Cofre de
NUMBER 654
•
61
Perote, elevation ~2,400 m, collected by S. S. Sweet, 17 Dec
1972.
Type Locality: “Mexican Hwy. 140, 4.5 km by road west of Las
Vigas, Veracruz, México, elevation 2420 m.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MVZ 183274. Paratypes:
MVZ 183241, 183244, 183247, 183248, 183255–183273,
183277, 186980–186998; MZFC 8596, 8597.
Etymology: The name municus is from the Latin municus,
“bountiful” or “generous.”
Thorius narisovalis Taylor, 1940
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Taylor, 1940a [1939], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 416.
Paratypes: USNM 134294, 134295, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca,
Mexico, collected by E. H. Taylor, 18 Aug 1938.
Type Locality: “Elevation of about 2,600–3,000 meters on Cerro
San Felipe, 15 km. north[east] of Oaxaca, Oaxaca.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17859. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 17794–17858, 17860–17870. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name narisovalis is from the Latin naris, “nos-
tril,” and ovalis, “egg shaped,” in reference to the oval nos-
tril referred to in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 134294 and 134295 were received in exchange
from the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History
and cataloged on 10 Mar 1954. They were listed as EHT-
HMS 17867 and 17864 in the original description, respec-
tively. The holotype, EHT- HMS 17859, is presently in the
Field Museum of Natural History, where it is cataloged as
FMNH 100089. Some of the paratypes EHT- HMS 17794–
17858 and 17860–17870 are presently cataloged as FMNH
100450–100490. Additional paratypes from EHT- HMS
17794–17858 and 17860–17870 were deposited at the Uni-
versity of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where they
were cataloged as UIMNH 26831–26854. Later, UIMNH
26853 and 26854 were exchanged to the U.S. National Mu-
seum (see above). UIMNH 26850 was exchanged to the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as CM 39997. UIMNH 26851 was exchanged
to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum,
Frankfurt, Germany, where it is presently cataloged as SMF
53191. UIMNH 26852 was exchanged to the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as
FMNH 75777. The paratypes EHT- HMS 17802 and 17817
were deposited in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, where they are presently cataloged as AMNH A- 53779
and A- 53780. The paratype EHT- HMS 17839 was depos-
ited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is
presently cataloged as MCZ A- 24544. The paratypes EHT-
HMS 17795, 17807, 17815, and 17837 could not be lo-
cated and must be considered missing.
Thorius pennatulus Cope, 1869
[currently accepted; de, International Commission on Zoologi-
cal Nomenclature, 1990: 168]
Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 111.
Holotype: USNM 6341 (largest out of six specimens, adult fe-
male), Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, collected by F. Sumi-
chrast, date unknown, cataloged in 1864.
Type Locality: “Orizava, Mexico”; probably near the city of Oriz-
aba, Veracruz, Mexico, according to Taylor (1940a [1939]:
414). Type locality based on the neotype designation: “Cuaut-
lapan, Veracruz, Mexico.”
Paratypes: USNM 6341 (ve remaining specimens); USNM
6744, same data as holotype. (See Remarks.)
Other Type Material: Neotype: UNSM 111017, Cuautlapan, Vera-
cruz, Mexico, collected by H.M. Smith, Jul 1940. Neotype
designation by Taylor, 1941c, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 107.
Etymology: The name pennatulus is from the Latin pennatus,
“feathered,” and - ulus, a diminutive sufx, apparently in
reference to the V- shaped spots marking the dorsal band of
this species, which are mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 6341 and 6744 have been missing for years
and apparently were never returned by Cope. Dunn (1926a)
speculated that USNM 25101, 30348, 30349, and 30352
and ANSP 1269 (three specimens) were the missing Cope
types of Thorius pennatulus recataloged after Cope’s death.
Dunn (1922a) referred USNM 30352 to Oedipus townsendi
in his description of that species. Taylor (1941c) examined
the remaining three specimens (USNM 25101, 30348, and
30349) and found them to be in unrecognizable condition.
Because he could not identify any of these specimens as part
of the type series of Thorius pennatulus, he selected USNM
111017 as the neotype. On 16 Feb 1944, all three speci-
mens examined by Taylor were discarded by Doris Cochran
because of their poor condition. Malnate (1971) considered
ANSP 1269 (three specimens) to be surviving syntypes, in-
validating Taylor’s selection of a neotype. However, since
Cope (1969) clearly identied one specimen (the largest fe-
male) as the type, ANSP 1269 would not be syntypes. The
only question is whether one of the specimens might be the
largest female selected by Cope as the type. Measurement
of ANSP 1269, 22943, and 22944 (recataloged from ANSP
1269) showed that they were smaller than the measurements
recorded by Cope (1869) for the type (Ned Gilmore, Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, personal communi-
cation, 3 Jul 2008). These specimens, if they do represent
part of the type series, are paratypes. Therefore, Taylor’s
selection of USNM 111017 as the neotype is still valid.
Thorius pulmonaris Taylor, 1940
[currently accepted; de, Hanken, 1983: 1063]
Taylor, 1940a [1939], Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 411.
Paratype: USNM 139719, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico,
collected by E. H. Taylor, 22 Aug 1938.
Type Locality: “Cerro San Felipe, about 12 km. north[east] of
Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 16684. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 16676–16711, 16713–16733. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name pulmonaris is from the Latin pulmo,
“lung,” and naris, “nostril,” in reference to the large nostrils
62
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
and nasal passages mentioned in the original description
and the author’s supposition that they may be used for di-
rect oxygen exchange.
Remarks: USNM 139719 was received in exchange from the
University of Illinois Museum of Natural History and cata-
loged on 7 Oct 1957. It was listed as EHT- HMS 16719 in
the original description. The holotype, EHT- HMS 16684,
is presently in the University of Illinois Museum of Natural
History, where it is cataloged as UIMNH 30992. Some of
the paratypes EHT- HMS 16676–16711 and 16713–16733
were deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History,
where they are presently cataloged as FMNH 108606–
108631, 108633–108636, 126860, and 126867. Additional
paratypes from EHT- HMS 16676–16711 and 16713–16733
were deposited at the University of Illinois Museum of
Natural History, where they were cataloged as UIMNH
30981–31001. Later, UIMNH 30983 was exchanged to the
U.S. National Museum (see above). UIMNH 30981 was ex-
changed to Brigham Young University but apparently cannot
be found at the present time. UIMNH 30982 was exchanged
to the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where it
is presently cataloged as UMMZ 117247. UIMNH 30984
was exchanged to the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und
Naturmuseum, Frankfurt, Germany, where it is presently
cataloged as SMF 53190. UIMNH 30987 and 30988 were
exchanged to the American Museum of Natural History,
where they are presently cataloged as AMNH A- 49967 and
A- 49968. UIMNH 30999 was exchanged to the Carnegie
Museum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged
as CM 39998. UIMNH 31000 was exchanged to the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, where it is presently cataloged
as CAS 87827. The paratype EHT- HMS 16688 was depos-
ited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is
presently cataloged as MCZ A- 24545. The paratypes EHT-
HMS 16679, 16715, 16726, 16729, and 16733 could not be
located and must also be considered lost.
Thorius schmidti Gehlbach, 1959
[currently accepted; de, Hanken and Wake, 1998: 336]
Gehlbach, 1959, Copeia, 1959: 203.
Holotype: USNM 140295, 4 miles W of Zoquitlan, Puebla, Mex-
ico, collected by F. C. Sibley, 14 Aug 1954.
Type Locality: “ca. 8,400 feet, four miles west of Zoquitlán,
Puebla, Mexico.”
Paratypes: USNM 140296–140300, same data as holotype.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: E. H. Taylor Nos. 36523–36525;
Cornell University No. 6299. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name schmidti is a patronym honoring K. P.
Schmidt, American herpetologist.
Remarks: E. H. Taylor Nos. 36523–36525 are in the Field Mu-
seum of Natural History, where they are presently cataloged
as FMNH 178282–178284. Cornell University No. 6299
was exchanged to the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, where it is presently cataloged as AMNH A- 83911.
Thorius troglodytes Taylor, 1941
[currently accepted; de, Hanken and Wake, 1998: 331]
Taylor, 1941c, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27: 110.
Paratypes: USNM 110961, 8 km E of Ozumbilla, Puebla,
Mexico, collected by H. M. Smith, 17 Jan 1939; USNM
110962–110968, Pajaro Verde, Puebla, Mexico, collected
by H. M. Smith, 17 Dec 1939; USNM 110969–110972,
110974, 110975, Acultzingo, Veracruz, Mexico, collected
by H. M. Smith, 15 Jan 1939; USNM 110976–110983,
5miles W of Acultzingo, Veracruz, Mexico, collected by
H.M. Smith, 18 Jan 1939; USNM 110992, above Acult-
zingo, Veracruz, Mexico, collected by H. M. Smith, 19 Aug
1939. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Along old road on mountains about two miles
south of Acultzingo, Veracruz,” Mexico.
Other Type Material: Holotype: EHT- HMS 17791. Paratypes:
EHT- HMS 12142, 12143, 17789, 17790, 17791A.
Etymology: The name troglodytes is from the Latin troglodytes,
“hole dweller,” in reference to the habitat of this species
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: This species was not mentioned in the USNM type list
by Cochran (1961). All the USNM paratypes were errone-
ously listed as topotypes in the original description. USNM
110964, 110968, 110969, 110978, and 110983 are cleared
and stained specimens presently stored in glycerin. USNM
110992 was exchanged to University of Florence on 23Dec
1960. USNM 110980–110982 were reidentied from Tho-
rius troglodytes to Thorius dubitus by James Hanken and
David Wake, 7 Nov 1995. The holotype, EHT- HMS 17791,
is presently in the Field Museum of Natural History, where
it is cataloged as FMNH 100112. The paratypes EHT- HMS
12142, 12143, and 17791A are presently cataloged as
FMNH 126703–126705. There are two additional speci-
mens that are listed as paratypes in the Field Museum of
Natural History database. They are FMNH 100352 (for-
merly EHT- HMS 17792) and FMNH 124415 (formerly
EHT- HMS 17793). However, those EHT- HMS numbers
were not listed as paratypes in the original description. The
paratype EHT- HMS 17790 was deposited at the University
of Illinois Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as UIMNH 27046. The paratype EHT- HMS
17789 could not be located and must be considered missing.
Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger, 1896
[= Eurycea rathbuni (Stejneger, 1896); de, Mitchell and Reddell,
1965: 23]
Stejneger, 1896 [1895], Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 18: 620.
Holotype: USNM 22686, San Marcos, Hays County, Texas, col-
lector unknown, collected Feb 1896.
Type Locality: “Subterranean waters near San Marcos, Texas”;
corrected to “Texas: San Marcos, U.S. Fish Commission Well
42” by Dunn (1926a: 257). Given as “artesian well 188 feet
deep, at U.S. Fish Commission Station, San Marcos, Hays
Co., Texas,” by Stejneger and Barbour (1933: 15).
NUMBER 654
•
63
Paratypes: USNM 22687, 22688, same collection data as holo-
type, except collected 1896; USNM 22689–22692, same
collection data as holotype, except collected 27 Feb 1896;
USNM 22693, same collection data as holotype, except col-
lected by H. Von Bayer, 25 Jan 1896. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name rathbuni is a patronym honoring Richard
Rathbun, head of the U.S. Fish Commission.
Remarks: Paratypes were not listed by number in the original
description, although the introduction mentions “more than
a dozen specimens.” Only eight specimens were cataloged
at the U.S. National Museum; the whereabouts of any ad-
ditional specimens are unknown. USNM 22690 was ex-
changed to the Instituto Lillo on 23 May 1946. USNM
22691 is presently not in the USNM collection and must
be considered lost. A note from Doris M. Cochran indicates
that the specimen could not be found with the rest of the
paratypes on 18 Oct 1957.
Typhlotriton braggi Smith, 1968
[= Eurycea spelaea (Stejneger, 1892); de, Bonett and Chippin-
dale, 2004: 1199]
Smith, 1968, Wasmann J. Biol., 26: 156.
Holotype. USNM 167146, Cushman Cave, 3.5 miles SE of Cush-
man, Independence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C.
Smith and F. Wise, 29 Apr 1959.
Type Locality: “Cushman Cave, 3½ miles SE. of Cushman, Inde-
pendence County, Arkansas.”
Paratypes: USNM 166108–166118, stream below Cushman
Cave, Independence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C.
Smith, 27 Apr 1958; USNM 166119–166122, 166154,
563732, 563733, stream below Cushman Cave, Indepen-
dence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith, 15 May
1959; USNM 166123–166133, 167158, 563767–563771,
Fair Spring, near Cushman, Independence County, Arkan-
sas, collected by C. C. Smith, 11 May 1958; USNM 167147,
563717, same data as holotype; USNM 167148, same data
as holotype, except collected 15 Nov 1960; USNM 167149,
563718, Bell Cave, Independence County, Arkansas, col-
lected by C. C. Smith, 8 Apr 1959; USNM 167150, 563719–
563723, stream below Allen Cave, Independence County,
Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith, 3 Aug 1958; USNM
167151, 563724–563726, stream below Cushman Cave,
Independence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith,
29 Mar 1958; USNM 167152, 563727, stream below Cush-
man Cave, Independence County, Arkansas, collected by C.
C. Smith, 10 Apr 1959; USNM 167153, 563728–563731,
stream below Cushman Cave, Independence County, Ar-
kansas, collected by C. C. Smith, 15 Jul 1958; USNM
167155, 563734–763743, west of Cushman Cave, upper
end of stream below rst big spring, Independence County,
Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith, 1 Jun 1958; USNM
167156, 563744–563746, Fair Spring, near Cushman, In-
dependence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith,
2 Jan 1959; USNM 167157, 167162, 563747–563766,
563794–563801, Fair Spring, near Cushman, Independence
County, Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith, 27 Apr 1958;
USNM 167159, 563772–563785, Fair Spring, near Cush-
man, Independence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C.
Smith, 1 Nov 1958; USNM 167160, 563786–563789, Fair
Spring, near Cushman, Independence County, Arkansas,
collected by C. C. Smith, 1960; USNM 167161, 563790–
563792, Fair Spring, near Cushman, Independence County,
Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith, 1 May 1958; USNM
167163, 563802–563811, Fair Spring, near Cushman, In-
dependence County, Arkansas, collected by C. C. Smith,
20 Jun 1959; USNM 167164, 563812–563853, Indepen-
dence County, Arkansas, no further locality data, collector
unknown, 1958; USNM 167165, 563854–563858, John
Eddings Cave, Newton County, Arkansas, collected by C.
C. Smith, Haddock, and Dickison, 30 Mar 1959; USNM
167166, spring near Mountain View, Stone County, Arkan-
sas, collected by C. C. Smith, Haddock, and Dickison, 30
Mar 1959.
Etymology: The name braggi is a patronym honoring Arthur N.
Bragg, friend and associate of the author.
Remarks: The type series was not listed by number in the origi-
nal description, but the description stated that they were
deposited in the Stovall Museum, University of Oklahoma.
Brandon and Black (1970) reported that they found the type
series “untagged and uncataloged” in the Stovall Museum
of Science and History, University of Oklahoma. They then
had the specimens deposited at the U.S. National Museum.
The 43 specimens cataloged as USNM 167164 (presently
USNM 167164 and 563812–563853) were found with
labels indicating four different localities in Independence
County, Arkansas (Fair Spring, Glenn Creek spring, Scout
Cave, and stream below Cushman Cave), but the local-
ity data could not be positively associated with individual
specimens.
Typhlotriton nereus Bishop, 1944
[= Eurycea spelaea (Stejneger, 1892); de, Bonett and Chippin-
dale, 2004: 1199]
Bishop, 1944, Copeia, 1944: 1.
Paratypes: USNM 19778, 19779, 19781, 19784, 19785, 19787,
Rockhouse Cave, Barry County, Missouri, collected by G. E.
Harris, date of collection unknown, cataloged 3 Jan 1893;
USNM 134296, near Riverton, Cherokee County, Kansas,
collected by H. M. Smith, E. H. Taylor, McKnoun, and Lane,
26 Mar 1931.
Type Locality: “York Spring, Imboden, Lawrence Co., Arkansas.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: Collection of Sherman C. Bishop
No. 926. Paratypes: AMNH 34152, 34246–34248, 34250,
50040–50044; CU 434 (8); EHT A 1204 (15); KU 16036–
16038, 16043–16045, 16199, 16350, 16352–16354,
16357–16360; MCZ 2269, 2270, 4607, 4608, 24061–
24064; SCB (5); UAM (2); UMMZ 77052 (2), 77053 (2),
81481. (See Remarks.)
64
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Etymology: The name nereus is from the Greek sea nymph Nereus;
in modern usage, a nereid is a spring- dwelling nymph, and
the name refers to the spring habitat of this taxon.
Remarks: The holotype (Sherman C. Bishop No. 926) is pres-
ently in the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is
now cataloged as FMNH 93143. The paratype USNM
134296 was listed as EHT A 1204 with the locality being
“near Galena” and 26 Mar 1932 as the date of collection in
the original description. Four other specimens out of EHT
A 1204 were deposited at the Field Museum of Natural His-
tory, where they are presently cataloged as FMNH 126737
and 190351–190353. Three additional specimens out of
EHT A 1204 were deposited at the University of Illinois Mu-
seum of Natural History, where they are presently cataloged
as UIMNH 27300–27302. That accounts for 8 of the origi-
nal 15 specimens listed as EHT A 1204; the whereabouts of
the additional seven specimens are unknown. CU 434 (eight
specimens) were listed as paratypes; however, the catalog
number CU 434 is assigned to a single specimen of Acris
from Georgia. It is probable that CU 434 was a typographi-
cal error for CU 4234, which was a lot of Typhlotriton spe-
laeus from Adair County, Oklahoma (the original number
of specimens was not recorded when originally cataloged in
1942). At the present time, there is a single specimen under
that number (John P. Friel, Cornell University Museum of
Vertebrates, personal communication, 8 Nov 2010). There
is an additional lot of eight specimens of Typhlotriton spe-
laeus from Adair County, Oklahoma (CU 4375), that may
also be the paratypes of Typhlotriton nereus that were pub-
lished as CU 434. Although not mentioned in the original
description, there were 14 duplicates under MCZ 2269 that
were recataloged as MCZ A- 125087–125100. MCZ 2270
was apparently listed in error as a paratype of Typhlotriton
nereus. It is actually a specimen of Eurycea lucifuga. MCZ
24064 was also listed in error as a paratype of Typhlotriton
nereus. It is actually a specimen of Ensatina eschscholtzii
platensis from California. There is no indication in the origi-
nal ledger entries for these two specimens that they were ever
identied as Typhlotriton (Jose Rosado, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, personal communication, 29 Nov 2010).
One specimen out of UMMZ 77052 was later exchanged
to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it is pres-
ently cataloged as MCZ A- 27798. The paratypes from the
Sherman C. Bishop private collection and the University of
Arkansas Museum could not be located and must be consid-
ered missing. There are an additional eight specimens at the
Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH 126733–126736
and 126738–126741) that are listed as paratypes in their
database. It is not clear whether these specimens might be
the missing specimens from EHT A 1204 (although that
would make the total number of specimens in EHT A 1204
16 rather than the 15 as published) or whether they might
be some of the other missing paratypes.
Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1892
[= Eurycea spelaea (Stejneger, 1892); de, Bonett and Chippin-
dale, 2004: 1199]
Stejneger, 1892, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 15: 116.
Holotype: USNM 17903, Rock House Cave, Barry County, Mis-
souri, collected by F. A. Sampson, 24 Jul 1891.
Type Locality: “Rock House Cave, Missouri.”
Paratypes: USNM 17904, same data as holotype; 17905, same
locality as holotype, collected by G. E. Harris, 21 Sep 1891;
17906–17912, collected by G. E. Harris, Oct 1891. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name speleus is from the Latin speleum, “cave,”
in reference to the cave habitat of this species.
Remarks: Paratypes were not listed by USNM number in the origi-
nal description. However, the larva collected by F. A. Samp-
son and the additional larvae collected by George E. Harris
were mentioned in the description. USNM 19776–19791
were erroneously listed as paratypes of Typhlotriton speleus
Stejneger, 1892 by Cochran (1961). Although these speci-
mens are also larvae collected by G. E. Harris, evidence indi-
cates that these specimens were probably not available when
the original description of the species was written. The dona-
tion containing these specimens was not accessioned until 20
Aug 1892, and the specimens were not cataloged until 3 Jan
1893. The original description was published 2 Aug 1892 and
was probably submitted to the printer well before that. In
addition, the original description mentioned that G. E. Harris
“has only succeeded so far in obtaining larvae, but we hope
to be able to during the present year to secure more adults.”
Urspelerpes brucei Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz,
and Wake, 2009
[currently accepted; de, Camp et al., 2012: 2]
Camp, Peterman, Milanovich, Lamb, Maerz, and Wake, 2009,
Journal of Zoology, 279: 87.
Holotype: USNM 558253, Yonah Dam Road, 5 air miles north
of Toccoa, Stephens County, Georgia, collected by W. E. Pe-
terman, J. R. Milanovich, K. Holcomb, D. Sollenberger, A.
Grosse, and S. Sterrett, 30 Mar 2007.
Type Locality: “Small, rst- order stream located at the foot of the
Blue Ridge escarpment in Stephens County, GA, USA (34°
39′N, 83° 18′W).”
Paratypes: USNM 558254, same locality as holotype, collected
by C. D. Camp, 21 Apr 2007; USNM 558255, same local-
ity as holotype, collected by J. R. Milanovich, D. Sollen-
berger, J. C. Maerz, J. Maerz, R. Maerz, and C. D. Camp, 15
Apr 2007; USNM 558256, same locality as holotype, col-
lected by J. Jensen and C. D. Camp, 11 May 2007; USNM
558257–558259, same locality as holotype, collected by C.
D. Camp and J. R. Milanovich, 19 Apr 2008.
Other Type Material: Paratypes: MVZ 257762, 258038, 258039.
Etymology: The genus name Urspelerpes is derived from the
Greek ur- , “original,” and the genus name Spelerpes, a pri-
NUMBER 654
•
65
mary synonym for the genus Eurycea, indicating the basal
relationship this new genus and species have to Eurycea. The
specic epithet brucei is a patronym in honor of RichardC.
Bruce, professor emeritus of Western Carolina University
and retired director of the Highlands Biological Station in
North Carolina.
Family proteidae
Menobranchus latastei Garnier, 1888
[= Necturus maculosus maculosus (Ranesque, 1818); de, Cope
in Garnier, 1888: 218]
Garnier, 1888, Proc. Canad. Inst., Toronto, ser. 3, 5: 218.
Syntypes: USNM 22331- 22332, Maitland River, Ontario, Can-
ada, collected by J. H. Garnier, date of collection unknown,
cataloged 25 Apr 1895.
Type Locality: “Maitland river.”
Etymology: The name latastei is a patronym for F. Lataste. This
may refer to the French zoologist Fernand Lataste, but it
could not be conrmed.
Remarks: Types were not listed in the original description
Menobranchus punctatus Gibbes, 1850
[= Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850); de, Garman, 1884: 36;
Cope, 1889: 27]
Gibbes, 1850, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1850: 159.
Syntype: USNM 11813, Southern Santee River, South Carolina,
collector unknown, collected 1850, received from L. R.
Gibbes.
Type Locality: “Discovered by Mr. Augustus. Schoolbred on the
South Santee River, a few miles from its mouth.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: Total of 10 specimens mentioned
in original description, of which one was subsequently lost
according to Gibbes (1853). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name punctatus is from the Latin punctum,
“spot,” in reference to the many dark spots mentioned in the
original description.
Remarks: MCZ 1553 was considered a “cotype” (= syntype) by
Dunn (1918) and by Barbour and Loveridge (1929). The
whereabouts of any of the remaining syntypes are unknown.
Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937
[currently accepted; de, Bart et al., 1997: 200]
Viosca, 1937, Copeia, 1937: 121.
Holotype: USNM 102676, Black Warrior River, near Tuscaloosa,
Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, collector unknown, 22 Jan
1914.
Type Locality: “Black Warrior River near Tuscaloosa, Alabama.”
Other Type Material: The original description mentions “one
specimen, poorly preserved and without data . . . found
in the Zoology Department, University of Alabama.” (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name alabamensis is from the state of Alabama.
Remarks: The additional specimen mentioned in the original
description could not be located and must be considered
missing.
Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937
[currently accepted; de, Hecht, 1958: 16]
Viosca, 1937, Copeia, 1937: 123.
Holotype: USNM 102674, Upper Calcasieu River, near Oakdale,
Allen Parish, Louisiana, collected by P. Viosca, winter of 1928.
Type Locality: “Upper Calcasieu River near Oakdale, Louisiana.”
Paratypes: USNM 102675, 159760, same data as holotype. (See
Remarks.)
Other Type Material: Paratypes: MCZ 17732 and 17733. The
remaining paratypes were retained in the author’s personal
collection. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name beyeri is a patronym honoring George E.
Beyer, pioneer student of Alabama herpetology.
Remarks: The paratype USNM 102675 was erroneously listed as
USNM 102676 in the original description. USNM 102676
is actually the holotype of Necturus alabamensis Viosca,
1937. The type series consisted of 20 specimens (6 males
and 14 females) from the type locality. Viosca deposited
two specimens (holotype and paratype) in the U.S. National
Museum and two paratypes at the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology and retained the rest of the paratypes in his
personal collection. Later, he must have distributed some
of these paratypes to other museums. The North Carolina
State Museum received one (NCSM 63), which was later
exchanged to the U.S. National Museum and cataloged as
USNM 159760 on 25 May 1966. The University of Michi-
gan Museum of Zoology also received a specimen from the
“So. Biol. Supply Co.” (company owned by Viosca), and it
was assumed, based on the data supplied with the specimen,
that this specimen (UMMZ 81910) is also a paratype. The
remainder of paratypes could not be located and must be
considered missing.
Necturus lödingi Viosca, 1937
[= Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937; de, Gunter and Brode, 1964:
122–123; conrmed by Guyer et al., 2020. 28]
Viosca, 1937, Copeia, 1937: 126.
Holotype: USNM 61752, Mertz Station, near Mobile, Mobile
County, Alabama, collected by C. Löding, Feb 1918.
Type Locality: “Eslava Creek, near Mobile, Alabama.”
Other Type Material: “There are two paratypes, taken by E. J.
Wendt in Hall’s Mill Creek near Mobile, Alabama, in Au-
gust and September 1935.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name lödingi is a patronym honoring H. P. Löd-
ing, collector of the holotype.
Remarks: USNM 61752 was erroneously listed as USNM 6172
at the beginning of the original description but was correctly
identied as USNM 61752 in the discussion concerning
paratypes and other specimens. The whereabouts of the two
66
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
paratypes are unknown. The original description mentions
ve other specimens collected at the type locality, but they
can be considered only referred specimens since they were
not available for Viosca’s examination since they were either
destroyed or could not be located. There is no explanation
for the discrepancy between the locality recorded for the ho-
lotype in the original USNM ledger and the type locality as
published.
Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938
[= Necturus maculosus louisianensis Viosca, 1938; de, Schmidt,
1953: 13]
Viosca, 1938, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51: 143.
Holotype: USNM 104238, Big Creek, a few miles east of Pollock,
Grant Parish, Louisiana, collected by P. Viosca and O. Bruce,
22–23 Feb 1938.
Type Locality: “Big Creek a few miles east of Pollock, Louisiana.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: “In addition to the type there
are 24 paratypes.” (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name louisianensis comes from the state of
Louisiana.
Remarks: Paratypes were not listed by museum number in the
original description but were listed only by locality, collec-
tor, and date. However, if the number of specimens listed
is correct, there should actually be 25 paratypes. There are
presently 75 specimens cataloged as TU 6149–6152 that are
considered paratypes. It is not clear which of these speci-
mens are the original paratypes.
Necturus maculosus lewisi Brimley, 1924
[= Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924; de, Bishop, 1943: 32; Hecht,
1958: 15]
Brimley, 1924, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 40: 167.
Holotype: USNM 73848, Neuse River, near Raleigh, Wake County,
North Carolina, collected by F. B. Lewis, 25 Feb 1921.
Type Locality: “Neuse River, near Raleigh.”
Other Type Material: Paratypes: The original description says
“over forty specimens from the vicinity of Raleigh.” (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name lewisi is a patronym honoring Frank B.
Lewis, collector of the holotype.
Remarks: The holotype was listed as “No. 6868” in the original
description; this number is the C. S. Brimley collection num-
ber. Paratypes were not listed by museum number in the
original description. Searching online databases revealed
the following specimens recorded as paratypes: CM 10594
and MCZ A- 17726–17729. The whereabouts of any of the
additional paratypes are unknown.
Family rhyaCotritonidae
Ranodon olympicus Gaige, 1917
[= Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige, 1917); de, Dunn, 1920: 56]
Gaige, 1917, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 40: 2.
Paratypes: USNM 55277, Lake Cushman, Mason County, Wash-
ington, collected by P. Putnam, 7 May 1916; USNM 55331,
same data as USNM 55277, except collected 19 Apr 1916.
Type Locality: “Lake Cushman, Washington.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 48607. Paratypes:
UMMZ 48608, 49945–49949. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The species was named after the Olympic Mountains,
Washington, location of the type locality.
Remarks: The paratypes were not listed by museum number; the
original description listed “six adult specimens examined . . .
four immature specimens” for a total of 10 specimens. It is
not clear whether the six adult specimens included the holo-
type or not. There should be a total of either 10 or 11 speci-
mens in the type series, and only 9 are accounted for in the
original USNM and UMMZ specimens. UMMZ 48608 was
exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology and is
presently cataloged as MCZ 4103. The whereabouts of any
additional paratypes are unknown.
Family salamandridae
Diemictylus viridescens evergladensis Peterson, 1952
[= Notophthalmus viridescens piaropicola (Schwartz and Duell-
man, 1952); de, Mecham, 1967: 3]
Peterson, 1952, Herpetologica, 8: 103.
Paratype: USNM 134287, 26 miles W of Miami, Dade County,
Florida, collected by H. W. Peterson, 1 May 1952.
Type Locality: “60 mi. W Miami, on U.S. Highway 94, Monroe
County, Florida.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UIMNH 28740. Paratypes:
UIMNH 28738, 28739, 28741, 28742, 28743–28765,
30000–30029 (actually UIMNH 30467–30496). (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name evergladensis is from the Everglades, loca-
tion of the type locality.
Remarks: USNM 134287 was received in exchange from the Uni-
versity of Illinois Museum of Natural History and cataloged
on 10 Mar 1954. It was listed by UIMNH number in the
original description. A typographical error in the original
description indicates UIMNH 30000–30029 are paratypes;
this should be UIMNH 30467–30496 (see Smith et al., 1964:
10). USNM 134287 was formerly UIMNH 30492. UIMNH
30493 and 30494 were exchanged to the Carnegie Museum
of Natural History, where they are presently cataloged as
CM 39989 and 39990.
Diemyctylus miniatus meridionalis Cope, 1880
[= Notophthalmus meridionalis (Cope, 1880); de, Stejneger and
Barbour, 1917: 7; conrmed by Reilly, 1990: 53]
Cope, 1880, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 17: 30.
Syntype (holotype?): USNM uncataloged, “sent to the Smith-
sonian Institution from Matamoros, Mexico.”
NUMBER 654
•
67
Type Locality: “Matamoros, Mexico.”
Other Type Material: See Remarks.
Etymology: The name meridionalis is from the Latin meridiona-
lis, meaning “southern,” and refers to the southern distribu-
tion of this species.
Remarks: It is not clear whether Cope had only a single specimen
or more than one. In the original description, he mentioned
that G. W. Marnock found this form “in the tributaries of
the Medina River and southward” but did not say whether
he examined any of those specimens. This species was not
mentioned in the USNM type list by Cochran (1961). The
specimen “sent to the Smithsonian Institution” was appar-
ently never received at the U.S. National Museum and there-
fore never received a catalog number.
Diemyctylus viridescens var. vittatus Garman, 1896
[= Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis (Harlan, 1829); de,
Mecham, 1967: 2]
Garman, 1896, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 19: 49.
Syntypes: USNM 23797–23799, Wilmington, New Hanover
County, North Carolina, collected by H. Garman, 22 Jul 1882.
Type Locality: “In shallow pools near Wilmington, North
Carolina.”
Other Type Material: Syntypes: Specimens not listed by museum
number in the original description. A total of 15 specimens
had measurements given in the original description. (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name vittatus is from the Latin vittatus, “deco-
rated with a ribbon,” in reference to the subdorsal stripes
mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: In addition to the USNM syntypes listed above, MCZ
1992 (two specimens) are likely syntypes, according to
Barbour and Loveridge (1929: 252). One specimen out of
MCZ 1992 has been recataloged as MCZ A- 125741. The
remaining syntypes could not be found.
Salamandra salamandra gigliolii Eiselt and Lanza, 1956
[currently accepted; de, Steward, 1969: 39]
Eiselt and Lanza, 1956, Abh. Ber. Naturkd. Magdeburg, 9: 3.
Paratype: USNM 142735, Marchesale, Catanzaro Province,
Calabria Region, Italy, collected by D. Lendvai, 9 May 1955.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Monte Pecoraro bei Mongiana, Provinz Catan-
zaro, Süditalien, aus ungefähr 1000 m Seehöhe.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MZUF KL 200 (formerly Lanza
200). Paratypes: MZUF KF 952–956, 975; MZUF KL 201–
252; NMF Mag. 553/Coll. 36, 605/Coll. 160; NMW 9248,
14905:1–18.
Etymology: The name gigliolii is a patronym for Henrico H. Gig-
lioli, professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the
University of Florence.
Remarks: USNM 142735 was received in exchange from the De-
partment of Zoology, University of Florence, and cataloged
on 29 Dec 1960. It was listed as MZUF KL 243 in the origi-
nal description.
Taricha laevis Baird and Girard, 1853
[= Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833); de, Boulenger, 1882: 20]
Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6:
302.
Syntypes: USNM 4014 (ve specimens), San Francisco, San Fran-
cisco County, California, collected by J. Le Conte, data un-
known, cataloged 2 Aug 1858.
Type Locality: “San Francisco.”
Etymology: The name laevis is from the Latin laevus, “on the left
hand,” although what the authors meant by this is not clear
from the original description.
Triton blasii de l’Isle, 1862
[= Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768) X Triturus marmoratus
(Latreille, 1800); de, Peracca, 1886: 12]
de l’Isle, 1862, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, ser. 4, 17: 364.
Syntypes: USNM 11011, 548154, Nantes, Loire- Atlantique,
France, collector and date of collection unknown, cataloged
(as USNM 11011) 29 Jul 1881.
Type Locality: “Environs de Nantes,” Loire- Atlantique, France.
Other Type Material: Syntypes: MNHNP 191 (two specimens),
5915, 5915A; MSNVR 343 (two specimens). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name blasii is a patronym honoring Johann
Heinrich Blasius, German zoologist.
Remarks: Guibé (1950 [1948]) considered MNHNP 191 (two
specimens) to be the syntypes. However, Thireau (1986)
considered the specimens reported by Guibé not to be types
and instead regarded MNHNP 5915 and 5915A as the syn-
types. He also noted that there were likely syntypes in the
U.S. National Museum and Museo Civico di Storia Natu-
rale, Verona. Boulenger (1882) suggested the hybrid origin
of this form, and it was conrmed by Peracca (1886). One
of two specimens out of USNM 11011 was recataloged as
USNM 548154 on 7 Jan 2002.
Triton ensicauda Hallowell, 1861
[= Cynops ensicauda (Hallowell, 1861); de, Wolterstorff and
Herre, 1935: 224]
Hallowell, 1861 [1860], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12:
494.
Syntypes: USNM 7410 (three specimens), Ousima (= Amami- O-
Shima), Amami Island Group, Ryukyu Islands, collected by
Squires and Macomb, Apr 1855.
Type localities: “Paddyelds at the Amakarima Isle” and
“Ralousima . . . the northern half of Ousima proper.”
Etymology: The name ensicauda is derived from the Latin ensis,
“sword,” and cauda, “tail,” in reference to the long, com-
pressed tail mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: Cochran (1961) listed the collector as W. Stimpson,
which is dittoed from the entry for USNM 7408. The entry
68
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
of collectors as Squires and Macomb is later written in pen-
cil over the ditto mark.
Trituroides hongkongensis Myers and Leviton, 1962
[= Paramesotriton hongkongensis (Myers and Leviton, 1962);
de, Freytag, 1962: 452]
Myers and Leviton, 1962, Occas. Pap. Div. Syst. Biol. Stanford
Univ., 10: 1.
Paratypes: USNM 136019, 136020, Lan Tao Island, Hong Kong,
China, collector unknown, collected Apr 1953.
Type Locality: “A mountain stream, on the Peak, Hong Kong Is-
land,” China.
Other Type Material: Holotype: SU 6378. Paratypes: SU 6379,
6381, 6714, 20280. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name is derived from Hong Kong Island, loca-
tion of the type locality.
Remarks: The SU specimens are presently at the California Acad-
emy of Sciences and are maintained under their original
catalog numbers except that the prex is now CAS- SU.
Triturus ensicaudus popei Inger, 1947
[Cynops ensicauda popei; de, Tominaga et al., 2010: 917]
Inger, 1947, Fieldiana, Zool., 32: 319.
Paratypes: USNM 7451 (two specimens), Okinawa, Ryukyu
Islands, collected by W. Heine, May 1853; USNM 36555,
Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, collector and date of collection
unknown, cataloged 20 Apr 1906; USNM 122118, Oki-
nawa, Ryukyu Islands, collected by W. B. Thomas, 5 Oct
1945; USNM 122119, same data as USNM 122118, except
collected 19 Oct 1945; USNM 122120–122133, same data
as USNM 122118, except collected 20 Oct 1945; USNM
123032, Chizuka Canyon, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, col-
lected by R. Bohart, 14 Sep 1945; USNM 123033, Hen-
tona, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, collected by D. H. Johnson,
15 Sep 1945; USNM 123034, same locality as USNM
123033, collected by O. A. Muennink, 26 Aug 1945; USNM
123035–123130, same data as USNM 123034, except col-
lected 11 Sep 1945.
Type Locality: “Kin, Okinawa,” Ryukyu Islands, Japan.
Other Type Material: Holotype: CNHM 45039. Paratypes:
CNHM 45037, 45038, 45040–45046; CAS 22309–22333.
(See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name popei is a patronym honoring Clifford H.
Pope, American herpetologist.
Remarks: The holotype and paratypes from the Chicago Natural
History Museum are presently cataloged as FMNH 45039
and 45037, 45038, and 45040–45046, respectively.
Triturus perstriatus Bishop, 1941
[= Notophthalmus perstriatus (Bishop, 1941); fide, Smith,
1953: 98]
Bishop, 1941, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 451: 3.
Paratype: USNM 118791, 3 miles SW of Gainesville, Alachua
County, Florida, collected by A. Carr, 14 Feb 1933.
Type Locality: “Dedge Pond, 2 miles east of Chesser’s Island,
Charlton County, Georgia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 89761. Paratypes:
UMMZ 89762, 74434 (5), 74437 (5); Bishop Collection (six
specimens, unnumbered); CU 965 (28); U. Fla. 43 (15). (See
Remarks.)
Etymology: The name perstriatus is from the Latin per, “through-
out,” and striatus, “lined,” in reference to the complete dorso-
lateral red stripes mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: USNM 118791 was received in exchange from the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and cataloged
on 3 Jun 1944. It was listed as UMMZ 74437 (5) in the
original description. An additional specimen out of UMMZ
74437 was exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology, where it is presently cataloged as MCZ 25559.
Family sirenidae
Pseudobranchus striatus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942
[= Pseudobranchus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942; de,
Moler and Kezer, 1993: 44]
Netting and Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 183.
Paratypes: USNM 67352, 67353, Gainesville, Alachua County,
Florida, collected by T. Van Hyning, 1924; USNM 92566,
Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida, collected by M. K.
Brady, 1931; USNM 107288–107294, Newnan’s Lake, near
Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida, collected by C. R. As-
chemeier, 24 Feb 1938; USNM 118790, Payne’s Prairie, near
Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida, collected by W. Clan-
ton, 4 Oct 1932.
Type Locality: “Eastern edge of Payne’s Prairie, where Prairie
Creek enter the River Styx, about ve miles southeast of
Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CM 20339. Paratypes: AMNH
23156, 32055–32067, 32150–32155, 32755, 32757–32772,
32899–32901, 32902 (7), 34244, 34245, 35840, 37151
(11), 37508, 37582, 37583, 38001–38006, 38025–38031;
CFW 704–706, 707 (29); CJG 452 (26); CM 6171, 6172,
9399, 9511–9517, 10998, 10999, 12175, 12176, 20130
(45), 20131 (21), 20132; DBUF 1142 (3), 1159 (27); FMNH
25007; MCZ 23735–23744 (+2); UMMZ 77150 (6), 79594
(3), 84470 (3). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name axanthus is from the Greek a- , “not,” and
xanthos, “yellow,” in reference to the pale gray ventrolateral
stripes, rather than yellow as in Pseudobranchus striatus
striatus.
Remarks: USNM 107289 was exchanged to Zoologische Sam-
mlung des Bayerischen Staates on 13 Oct 1952 and is
presently cataloged as ZSM 62/1952. USNM 118790 was
received in exchange from the University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology and cataloged on 3 Jun 1944. It was listed
as UMMZ 77150 in the original description. The two dupli-
cates out of MCZ 23735–23744 were recataloged as MCZ
A- 126106 and A- 126107. Twenty- seven of the 29 specimens
NUMBER 654
•
69
of CFW 707 are presently cataloged as UMMZ 100237
(Kluge, 1983). Six specimens of AMNH 32902 were recata-
loged as AMNH A- 144337–144342. The additional para-
types from the Charles F. Walker private collection (CFW
704–706 and two specimens of CFW 707) and the paratypes
CJG 452 (26) could not be located and must be considered
missing, although there are 26 specimens cataloged as TU
18168 that may be the missing CJG paratypes.
Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 35]
Goin and Crenshaw, 1949, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 31: 277.
Paratypes: USNM 128140–128144, Putney Pond, Baker County,
Georgia, collected by J. W. Crenshaw Jr. and G. B. Rabb,
1Jul 1948.
Type Locality: “Seven miles south of Smithville, Lee County,
Georgia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CM 29015. Paratypes: AMNH
34626; CHAS 15246 (3); CM 20160 (2), 21440, 21441,
21466; DBUF 52, 1855 (4); UMMZ 99390. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name spheniscus is from the Greek spheniskos,
“small wedge,” in reference to the narrow, wedge- shaped
head mentioned in the original description.
Remarks: The paratypes DBUF 52 and 1855 are presently cata-
loged as UF 52 and 1855.
Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942
[currently accepted; de, Highton et al., 2017: 37]
Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 211.
Paratype: USNM 118793, Imboden, Lawrence County, Arkan-
sas, collected by B. C. Marshall, 3 May 1929.
Type Locality: “Imboden, Lawrence County, Arkansas.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: CM 7580. Paratypes: AMNH
22923–22928, 36285–36289, 37232; ANSP 552, 21962;
ChM 39.2277.5 (2); CM 7581, 19078–19081, 20142–
20155; FMNH 31797; MCZ 941, 8601–8604; MNSS 272
(33 + 96 unnumbered specimens), 273 (2); SCB (ve speci-
mens); UMMZ 68381 (2), 68382 (2), 84354–84536, 86391;
UR 948, 949. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name nettingi is a patronym honoring M. Graham
Netting, curator of herpetology at the Carnegie Museum of
Natural History.
Remarks: USNM 118793 was received in exchange from the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. It was listed as
UMMZ 68382 in the original description. ChM 39.2277.5
(2) are presently cataloged as ChM CA4583 and CA4584.
AMNH 36287 was exchanged to the University of Illinois
Museum of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged
as UIMNH 40628. The paratypes UR 948 and 949 were de-
posited at the Field Museum of Natural History, where they
are presently cataloged as FMNH 93214 and 93215. The
paratypes MNSS 272 (33 + 96 unnumbered specimens), 273
(2 specimens), and SCB (5 specimens) could not be located
and must be considered missing.
Siren intermedia texana Goin, 1957
[= Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942; de, Flores- Villela and
Brandon, 1992: 291]
Goin, 1957, Herpetologica, 13: 37.
Paratypes: USNM 4048, 4075, 576275–576280, Matamoros,
Tamaulipas, Mexico, collected by Lt. D. N. Couch, date of
collection unknown, cataloged 2 Aug 1858; USNM 10853,
10857, 10861, Upson, Maverick County, Texas, collected
by A. Turpe, 1880; USNM 10855, Cameron County, Texas;
no further locality data, collected by A. Turpe, 1880. (See
Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Texas, Cameron County, seven miles north of
Brownsville.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: TCWC 10567. Paratypes: BCB
75–78, 349, 351, 6917, 7572–7577; TCWC 5038–5040,
9002, 9003, 10566; TNHC 90, 6015–6018, 13987, 13988,
15287.
Etymology: The name texana is for the state of Texas, location of
the type locality.
Remarks: USNM 10861 was exchanged to Instituto Miguel Lillo
on 23 May 1946. USNM 10857 was exchanged to the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology on 7 Aug 1958, where it is
now cataloged as MCZ A- 30594. Four specimens out of
USNM 4068 (now cataloged as USNM 576277–576280)
and USNM 10853 were reidentied as Siren lacertina by
Flores- Villela and Brandon (1992). The paratypes BCB
75–78 and 349–351 are presently cataloged as BU- MMC
15679–15685, and BCB 6917 and 7572–7577 are presently
cataloged as BU- MMC 15695–15701.
ORDER GYMNOPHIONA
Family CaeCiliidae
Caecilia inca Taylor, 1973
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1989: 34]
Taylor, 1973, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 50: 206.
Holotype: USNM 119008, Fundo Sinchona (= Fundo Cinchona),
east slope of Andes, 72 km E of Tingo Maria, Loreto, Peru,
collected by J. G. Sanders, Jan–Jul 1944.
Type Locality: “Fundo Sinchona, Loreta, Peru.”
Etymology: The name is derived from the name of the pre-
Columbian Inca Empire of Peru.
Caecilia isthmica Cope, 1877
[currently accepted; de, Savage and Wake, 2001: 56]
Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 17: 91–92.
Holotype: USNM 25188, Isthmus of Darien, Atlantic (east) side
of, Panama, collected by Thomas O. Selfridge, date of collec-
tion unknown, cataloged (as “Returned by Cope’s estate”)
on 12 Apr 1898.
Type Locality: “East side of the isthmus of Darien.”
Etymology: The name isthmica refers to the Isthmus of Darien.
70
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Coecilia ochrocephala Cope, 1866
[= Oscaecilia ochrocephala (Cope, 1866); de, Taylor, 1968:
598, 611]
Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18: 132.
Holotype: USNM 29764, Panama, no further locality data, col-
lector and date of collection unknown, cataloged (as “Re-
turned from Cope’s estate”) on 25 Jan 1902.
Type Locality: “Panama”; rendered as the “Atlantic side, Isthmus
of Darien” by Taylor (1968: 611).
Etymology: The name ochrocephala is derived from the Greek
ochros, “pale yellow,” and kephale, “head,” in reference to
the yellowish coloration of the throat and head mentioned
in the original description.
Caecilia orientalis Taylor, 1968
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1989: 34]
Taylor, 1968, Caecilians of the World: 417.
Holotype: USNM 159789, La Bonita, Napo Province, Ecuador,
elevation 6,350 feet, collected by J. A. Peters, 26–27 Jun
1962.
Type Locality: “La Bonita, Napo- Pastaza Prov., Ecuador, eleva-
tion 6300 ft.”
Paratypes: USNM 159790, 160347–160353, same data as ho-
lotype; USNM 160354, same data as holotype, except
collected 24 Jun 1962. USNM 159791, 159792, 160339–
160346, 166410–166413, La Alegria on Rio Chingual,
3km N of Sebundoy, 20 km N of La Bonita, Napo Province,
Ecuador, collected by J. A. Peters, R. K. Mullen, and local
collectors, 24 Jun 1962.
Other Type Material: Paratype: EHT- HMS 4677. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name orientalis is from the Latin orientalis, “of
the east,” apparently in reference to this species being found
on the eastern slopes of the Andes.
Remarks: The holotype USNM 159789 was listed as JAP 4688 in
the original description. All the USNM paratypes were also
listed by their JAP numbers. EHT- HMS 4677 is presently
at the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is cata-
loged as FMNH 189203. USNM 160354 was exchanged to
the Field Museum of Natural History on 18 Sep 1974 and
is presently cataloged as FMNH 197827. USNM 160346
was exchanged to the Museum of Comparative Zoology on
19Apr 1976 and is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 89456.
Caecilia perdita Taylor, 1968
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1989: 34]
Taylor, 1968, Caecilians of the World: 399.
Paratype: USNM 124261, Opogodo River drainage, Choco,
Colombia, collected by M. K. Brady, 26 Jan 1947.
Type Locality: “Andagoya, Condoto, Choco, Colombia.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: UMMZ 121036. Paratypes:
AMNH 13678; No. 113 Thornton Collection; UMMZ
121037. (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name perdita is from the Latin perditus, “ruined”
or “lost,” although what the author meant by this is unknown.
Remarks: The paratype “No. 113 Thornton Collection” is pres-
ently at the University of Kansas Museum of Natural His-
tory, where it is cataloged as KU 203033.
Caecilia tenuissima Taylor, 1973
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1989: 34]
Taylor, 1973, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 50: 219.
Holotype: USNM 12353, Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador,
collector and date of collection unknown, cataloged 19 Dec
1881.
Type Locality: “Guayaquil, Ecuador..”
Etymology: The name tenuissima is from the Latin tenuis, “thin,”
and - imus, “having the quality of,” in reference to the slen-
der elongate form mentioned in the original description.
Oscaecilia equatorialis Taylor, 1973
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum and Wilkinson, 1989: 36]
Taylor, 1973, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 50: 221.
Holotype: USNM 166421, Dyott’s farm, 6 km E of Santo Do-
mingo de los Colorados, km 121 from Quito, collected by
R. K. Mullen and P. D. Spoecker, 16 Jun 1962.
Type Locality: “Dyott Farm, Km 121 from Quito, 6 km E Santo
Domingo de los Colorados, Pichincha, Ecuador.”
Etymology: The name equatorialis is from the Latin, apparently
in reference to the type locality being near the equator.
Remarks: Taylor (1973) listed James Peters as the collector of
the holotype, in error. The actual collectors are listed above.
Family dermophiidae
Siphonops oligozonus Cope, 1877
[= Gymnopis syntrema (Cope, 1866); de, Nussbaum, 1988:
923]
Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 17: 91.
Holotype: USNM 25187, no locality data, collector and date of
collection unknown, cataloged (as “Returned from Cope’s
estate”) on 12 Apr 1898.
Type Locality: “Uncertain.”
Etymology: The name oligozonus is from the Greek oligos, “f ew,”
and zone, “belt,” apparently in reference to the low number
of annuli reported in the original description.
Remarks: Nussbaum (1988) showed that Siphonops syntremus
Cope, 1866 and Siphonops oligozonus Cope, 1877 were
based on the same specimen.
Siphonops proximus Cope, 1877
[= Gymnopis multiplicata Peters, 1874; de, Dunn, 1928: 75;
conrmed by Savage and Wake, 1972: 691]
Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 17: 90.
Lectotype: USNM 29763, Limon, from the forest country near
the coast at, Limon Province, Costa Rica, collected by W. M.
Gabb, date of collection unknown, cataloged (as “Returned
from Cope’s estate”) on 25 Jan 1902. Lectotype designation
by Taylor (1968: 525).
NUMBER 654
•
71
Type Locality: “Coast of Eastern Costa Rica”; restricted to
“from the forest country near the coast at Limón, east coast
of Costa Rica” by Taylor (1968: 525).
Paralectotype: USNM 29762, same data as lectotype.
Etymology: The name proximus is from the Latin proximus,
“nearest,” apparently because of the similarity to Sipho-
nops mexicanus (= Dermophis mexicanus) mentioned in the
original description.
Remarks: Cochran (1961) listed (in error) USNM 29762 as the
holotype and USNM 29763 as a paratype. Cope (1877) did
not specify a type but gave counts from two specimens and
then gave measurements of one specimen; Cochran (1961)
apparently considered the listing of the measurements as
sufcient indication of a type. Frost (2021) considered
Cochran’s listing of USNM 29762 as the holotype as a lec-
totype designation by implication and therefore considered
the subsequent selection of USNM 29763 as the lectotype by
Taylor (1968) to be invalid. However, the International Code
of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) is very clear that a lecto-
type designation by implication can occur only where it has
been accepted that the species was based on a single speci-
men and not where it is known that there were additional
specimens. Since the original description was clear that there
were two specimens and neither one was clearly indicated
as the type, the listing of USNM 29762 by Cochran (1961)
as the holotype was in error, and the subsequent selection of
USNM 29763 as the lectotype by Taylor (1968) was valid.
Siphonops simus Cope, 1877
[= Gymnopis multiplicata Peters, 1874; de, Dunn, 1928: 75;
conrmed by Savage and Wake, 1972: 691]
Cope, 1877, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 17: 91.
Holotype: USNM 29765, Costa Rica, no further locality data, col-
lected by A. Von Franzius, date of collection unknown, cata-
loged (as “Returned from Cope’s estate”) on 1 Feb 1902.
Type Locality: “Costa Rica.”
Etymology: The name simus is from the Latin simus, “at nosed,”
in reference to the wide, truncate muzzle mentioned in the
original description.
Siphonops syntremus Cope, 1866
[= Gymnopis syntrema (Cope, 1866); de, Nussbaum, 1988: 923]
Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18: 129.
Holotype: USNM 25187, no locality data, collector and date of
collection unknown, cataloged (as “Returned from Cope’s
estate”) on 12 Apr 1898.
Type Locality: “Neighboring region of Honduras.”
Etymology: The name syntremus is from the Greek syn- , “with”
(“together”?), and trema, “hole,” in reference to the close
approximation of the narial and tentacular openings men-
tioned in the original description.
Remarks: Nussbaum (1988) has shown that Siphonops syntre-
mus Cope, 1866 and Siphonops oligozonus Cope, 1877
were based on the same specimen.
Family herpelidae
Boulengerula taitanus Loveridge, 1935
[currently accepted; de, Nussbaum and Hinkel, 1994: 754]
Loveridge, 1935, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 79: 16.
Paratypes: USNM 200061, 200062, Mount Mbololo, Taita
Mountains, Coast Province, Kenya, collected by A. Loveridge,
14–24 Apr 1934. (See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Absolute summit, 4800 ft., of Mt. Mbololo, Taita
Mountains, Coast Province, Kenya Colony.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MCZ 20001. Paratypes: MCZ
20002–20024 (total of 29 specimens). (See Remarks.)
Etymology: The name taitanus refers to the Taita Mountains, the
site of the type locality.
Remarks: USNM 200061 and 200062 were received in exchange
from the Museum of Comparative Zoology. They were listed
as MCZ 20006 and MCZ 20013, respectively, in the original
description. One of the duplicates out of MCZ 20002–20024
is presently cataloged as MCZ A- 85094. Two of the duplicates
out of MCZ 20002–20024 were exchanged to the American
Museum of Natural History, where they are presently cata-
loged as AMNH A- 51504 and A- 51505. One of the duplicates
out of MCZ 20002–20024 was exchanged to the University
of Michigan Museum of Zoology, where it is presently cata-
loged as UMMZ 90660. In addition, MCZ 20019 was later
exchanged to the University of Michigan Museum of Zool-
ogy, where it is presently cataloged as UMMZ 147025. One
of the duplicates out of MCZ 20002–20024 was exchanged
to the Field Museum of Natural History, where it is presently
cataloged as FMNH 82608. In addition, MCZ 20022 and
20024 were later exchanged to the Field Museum of Natural
History, where they are presently cataloged as FMNH 189140
and 189141, respectively. MCZ 20016 was exchanged to the
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, where it is
presently cataloged as RMNH 6436 A.
Family iChthyophiidae
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis Taylor, 1960
[currently accepted; de, Taylor, 1968: 101]
Taylor, 1960, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 110.
Holotype: USNM 72293, Koh Tao (= Ko Tao Island), Gulf of
Thailand, collected by H. M. Smith, 1 Jan 1927.
Type Locality: “Koh Tao Island, west side, Gulf of Siam.”
Paratype(s): USNM 76138, same data as holotype, except col-
lected 18 Sep 1928.
Etymology: The name is derived from Koh Tao Island, the type
locality.
Remarks: USNM 76138 was erroneously listed as USNM 76131
in Cochran (1961). Also, Cochran (1961) listed the name
as Ichthyophis kotaoensis, an incorrect subsequent spelling.
Ichthyophis nigroavus Taylor, 1960
[currently accepted; de, Nishikawa et al., 2012: 718]
72
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Taylor, 1960, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 101.
Holotype: USNM 129462, within 20 miles of Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor, Malaysia, collected by R. E. Traub and V. Tipton,
Apr 1950.
Type Locality: “‘Within 20 miles of Kuala Lumpur,’ Selangor,
Malaya.”
Etymology: The name nigroavus is from the Latin nigro,
“black,” and avus, “yellow,” in reference to the coloration,
a black body with a cream or yellow lateral stripe.
Ichthyophis paucidentulus Taylor, 1960
[currently accepted; de, Nishikawa et al., 2012: 718]
Taylor, 1960, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 49.
Holotype: USNM 70671, Kapahiang, Bengkulu Province, Suma-
tra, Indonesia, collected by H. C. Kellers, 12 Jan 1926.
Type Locality: “Kapahiang, Sumatra.”
Etymology: The name paucidentulus is from the Latin paucus,
“few,” and dentalus, “toothed,” in reference to the fact that
there are only three sets of teeth, rather than four.
Ichthyophis paucisulcus Taylor, 1960
[currently accepted; de, Taylor, 1968, 118]
Taylor, 1960, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 103.
Holotype: USNM 103565, Siantar, Sumatera Utara, Sumatra,
Indonesia, collector unknown (National Geographic–
Smithsonian Expedition to Sumatra), collected 1937.
Type Locality: “Siantar, Sumatra.”
Etymology: The name paucisulcus is from the Latin paucus, “few,”
and sulcus, “groove,” in reference to the relatively low num-
ber of primary and secondary folds.
Remarks: Taylor (1968: 118) stated, “Three other topotypic
specimens, taken at the same time and locality, were not
available to the describer. These, however, are equivalent to
paratype specimens.” However, since there is no mention
of these additional specimens (USNM 103566–103568) in
the original description and they were not available when
the original description was written, they are not considered
paratypes.
Ichthyophis sumatranus Taylor, 1960
[currently accepted; de, Taylor, 1968: 140]
Taylor, 1960, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 95.
Holotype: USNM 70672, Kepahiang, Bengkulu Province, Suma-
tra, Indonesia, collected by H. C. Kellers, 10 Dec 1925.
Type Locality: “Kapahiang, Sumatra.”
Paratypes: USNM 70667, Kaba Wetan, Kepahiang Regency,
Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Collected by H. C.
Kellers, Dec 1925; USNM 70669, Kaba Wetan, Kepahiang
Regency, Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Collected
by H. C. Kellers, 10 Jan 1926; USNM 70670, same data as
holotype.
Etymology: The name sumatranus is derived from the island of
Sumatra, location of the type locality.
Family indotyphlidae
Gegeneophis ramaswamii Taylor, 1964
[currently accepted; de, Taylor, 1968: 739]
Taylor, 1964, Senckenb. Biol., 45: 227.
Paratype: USNM 200065, Tenmalai forest, Kerala, India, col-
lected by L. S. Ramaswami, Jun 1957.
Type Locality: “Tenmalai forest (elevation 550 ft.), Kerala (state),
southern India.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MCZ 29453. Paratypes: MCZ
29451, 29452, 29454, 29456–29466.
Etymology: The name ramaswamii is a patronym for L. S. Rama-
swami, collector of the type series.
Remarks: USNM 200065 was received in exchange from the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. It was listed as MCZ
29459 in the original description. Also, Taylor (1968: 739)
listed three additional specimens (EHT- HMS 4368–4370)
that he considered paratypes but were accidently omitted
from the original designation.
Hypogeophis alternans Stejneger, 1894
[= Grandisonia alternans (Stejneger, 1894); de, Taylor, 1968: 750]
Stejneger, 1894 [1893], Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 16: 739.
Holotype: USNM 20418, Mahé, Granitic Seychelles, Seychelles
Islands, collected by W. L. Abbott, Apr–May 1890 or Jul–
Aug 1892.
Type Locality: “Mahé, Seychelles.”
Paratype: USNM 20404, Seychelles Islands, no further locality
data, collector unknown, received from L. Vaillant, Museum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, date of collection unknown,
cataloged 14 Jun 1893.
Etymology: The name alternans is from the Latin alternus, “alter-
nating,” in reference to the alternating primary and second-
ary rings mentioned in the original description.
Family rhinatrematidae
Amazops amazops Wilkinson, Reynolds, and Jacobs, 2021
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
Wilkinson, Reynolds, and Jacobs, 2021, Herpetol. J., 31: 28.
Holotype: USNM 320729, Finca Virgen La Dolores, at km 57
sign on Hollin- Loreto Road, Orellana, Ecuador, 1,000 m,
collected by J. F. Jacobs and R. P. Reynolds, 16 Aug 1990.
Type Locality: “Finca Virgen La Dolores, at km 57 sign on
Hollin– Loreto Road (E20), Orellana, Ecuador, c. 0 degrees
43′ 50″ South and 77 degrees 30′ 25″ West, and c. 1,000 m
above sea level.”
Etymology: The name amazops is a word combining the Amazo-
nian locality of the type and the distinctive morphology of the
eye and orbit, which is unknown in any other rhinatrematid.
Epicrionops petersi petersi Taylor, 1968
[currently accepted; de, Frost, 2021]
NUMBER 654
•
73
Taylor, 1968, Caecilians of the World: 224.
Holotype: USNM 159794, Agua Rica, a one- house posada on
trail between Limon and Gualeceo, slightly south of west of
Limon, Morona- Santiago, Ecuador, 6,200 feet, collected by
J. A. Peters, 19 Aug 1962.
Type Locality: “Agua Rica between Limón and Gualaceo, Morona-
Santiago Province, Ecuador.”
Paratypes: USNM 159793, USNM 160355–160357, La Alegria
on Rio Chingual, 3 km N of Sebundoy, 20 km N of La Bonita,
Napo Province, Ecuador, 6,248 feet, collected by J. A. Peters,
24 Jun 1962; USNM 160358–160362, USNM 160414, same
data as holotype.
Etymology: The name petersi is a patronym honoring James A.
Peters, former curator of amphibians and reptiles at the U.S.
National Museum and collector of the type series.
Remarks: The holotype, USNM 159794, was listed as J. Peters
No. 7099 in the original description. The paratypes were also
listed under eld numbers in the original description: USNM
159793 as J. Peters No. 4597; USNM 160355–160357
as J. Peters Nos. 4598–4600; USNM 160358, 160359
as J. Peters Nos. 7097, 7098; USNM 160360, 160361 as
J. Peters Nos. 7100, 7101; USNM 160362 as J.Peters No.
7077; and USNM 160414 as J. Peters No. 7096.
USNM 160361 is a cleared and stained specimen with
the skin and viscera stored in ethanol and the skeleton stored
in glycerin. USNM 160358 was exchanged to Field Mu-
seum of Natural History on 18 Sep 1974 and is presently
cataloged as FMNH 197829.
Family sColeComorphidae
Scolecomorphus uluguruensis Barbour and Loveridge, 1928
[currently accepted; de, Taylor, 1968: 649]
Barbour and Loveridge, 1928, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50: 180.
Paratypes: USNM 73236, 73237, Nyingwa, Uluguru Mountains,
Morogoro, Tanzania, collected by A. Loveridge, 18 Oct 1926.
(See Remarks.)
Type Locality: “Nyingwa, Uluguru Mountains, Tanganyika
Territory.”
Other Type Material: Holotype: MCZ 12193. Paratypes: MCZ
12194–12293 (128 specimens).
Etymology: The name uluguruensis is derived from the Uluguru
Mountains, location of the type locality.
Remarks: USNM 73236 and 73237 were received in exchange
from the Museum of Comparative Zoology. They were part
of the unnumbered duplicates from the original 128 para-
types listed in the original description. Additional specimens
from the unnumbered duplicates were exchanged to the
American Museum of Natural History (four specimens pres-
ently cataloged as AMNH A- 25220–25223), the California
Academy of Sciences (two specimens presently cataloged as
CAS 63082- 63083), the Carnegie Museum of Natural His-
tory (two specimens presently cataloged as CM Herps 8694
and 8695), the Field Museum of Natural History (one speci-
men presently cataloged as FMNH 18343), the Naturhisto-
risches Museum Wien (one specimen presently cataloged as
NMW 16144), and Stanford University (two specimens at
the California Academy of Sciences, where they are presently
cataloged as CAS- SU (Amp) 11519 and 11520). Also, MCZ
12213 was exchanged to the Florida Museum of Natural
History, where it is presently cataloged as UF 11973. MCZ
12279 was exchanged to the Museum of Vertebrate Zool-
ogy, where it is presently cataloged as MVZ 32982. MCZ
12270, 12278, and 12281 were exchanged to Stellenbosch
University, where they are presently cataloged as USEC-
H4279, USEC- H4281, and USEC- H4282. MCZ 12211
and 12215 were exchanged to the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, where they are presently cataloged as
UMMZ 90661. MCZ 12252 was exchanged to E. H. Taylor
in 1963 and was eventually deposited at the Field Museum
of Natural History, where it is presently cataloged as FMNH
189149. In addition to the two FMNH paratypes mentioned
above, MCZ 12190 and 12192 were also exchanged to the
Field Museum of Natural History, where they are presently
cataloged as FMNH 14975 and 14976. These two specimens
are listed in the Field Museum database as paratypes. Al-
though the original MCZ numbers are listed in the original
description as part of the material examined, the paratype se-
ries is specically restricted to the specimens collected at the
type locality of Nyingwa, Uluguru Mountains. The locality
for FMNH 14975 and 14976 is Bagilo, Uluguru Mountains.
Therefore, they should not be considered paratypes.
This publication builds on the effort of the staff of the Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles to develop a computerized list of both the type records in Cochran (1961)
and all subsequently published records. For deliberations on type catalog content,
style, and format, as well as information on type records, help with the literature, and
support in many other ways, I thank the current and past staff of the Division of Am-
phibians and Reptiles: Ronald I. Crombie, Kevin de Queiroz, Traci D. Hartsell, W. Ronald
Heyer, Roy W. Mc Diarmid, James A. Poindexter II, Robert V. Wilson, Addison H. Wynn,
and GeorgeR. Zug. I thank Alfred L. Gardner of the Division of Mammals, NMNH, for
his help in deciphering some difcult taxonomic issues and for guidance in interpreting
various provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. I extend spe-
cial thanks to Leslie Overstreet and Daria Wingreen- Mason of the Special Collections De-
partment, Smithsonian Libraries, for their help in locating rare or obscure literature and
in providing citations for reports of early government surveys. I especially want to thank
Robert P. Reynolds and an anonymous reviewer for their corrections and comments on
an earlier draft of this manuscript that greatly improved this publication. I am also grate-
ful to the following colleagues at other institutions for their help in tracking down and
providing information on type specimens in their care: Tom Anton (CHAS), Chris topher
Austin (LSUMZ), Federico Bolaños (UCR), George Bradley (UAZ), Janalee Caldwell
(OMNH), John M. Condit (OSUM), Trey Crumpton (BU- MMC), Harold Dundee (TU),
John Ferner (CMC), Alex Flemming (Stellenbosch University), John P. Friel (CU), Ned
Gilmore (ANSP), Bradford Hollingsworth (SDNHM), Mariko Kageyama (UCM), Gun-
ther Köhler (SMF), Travis J. LaDuc (UTA), Christine Mayer (UIMNH), Christy M. Mc-
Cain (UCM), Jim McGuire (MVZ), Richard Montanucci (Clemson University, South
Carolina), Scott M. Moody (OUVC), Annemarie Ohler (MNHN), Christopher A. Phillips
(UIMNH), JoséP. Pombal Jr. (Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil), Alan Resetar (FMNH), Dawn Roberts (CHAS), Stephen P. Rogers (CM), Jose
Rosado (MCZ), Al Sanders (ChM), Enrique Santoyo- Brito (UIMNH), Gregory Schnei-
der (UMMZ), Gary Shugart (PSM), Skip Skidmore (BYU), Carol Spencer (MVZ), Bryan
Stuart (NCSM), and Mark Wilkinson (Natural History Museum, London).
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aeneus, 26, 27
agilis, 56
alabamensis, 65
alleganiensis, 17
altamazonica, 39
altamazonicus, 39
altamirani, 14
alternans, 72
amazops, 72
Amazops amazops, 72
Amblystoma annulatum, 5
Amblystoma aterrimum, 5
Amblystoma cingulatum, 5, 6
Amblystoma copeianum, 6
Amblystoma decorticatum, 6
Amblystoma lepturum, 6
Amblystoma obscurum, 6
Amblystoma opacum, 15
Amblystoma paroticum, 6
Amblystoma platineum, 7
Amblystoma proserpina, 7
Amblystoma proserpine, 7
Amblystoma tenebrosum, 7
Amblystoma trisruptum, 8
Amblystoma xiphias, 8
Ambystoma, 6
Ambystoma altamirani, 14
Ambystoma andersoni, 8
Ambystoma annulatum, 5
Ambystoma bishopi, 8
Ambystoma cingulatum, 5, 6
Ambystoma cingulatum bishopi, 8
Ambystoma dumerilii, 16
Ambystoma episcopus, 8
Ambystoma uvinatum, 9
Ambystoma gracile, 6, 16
Ambystoma granulosum, 9
Ambystoma jeffersonianum, 7, 15
Ambystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonianum,
7, 15
Ambystoma jeffersonianum platineum, 7
Ambystoma lacustris, 9, 10
Ambystoma laterale, 7
Ambystoma leorae, 14
Ambystoma lermaense, 16
Ambystoma mabeei, 10
Ambystoma macrodactyla, 10
Ambystoma macrodactylum, 12
Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum, 10
Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei, 12
Ambystoma macrodactylum
macrodactylum,10
Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum, 10
Ambystoma maculatum, 10, 11
Ambystoma mavortia, 11
Ambystoma mavortium, 7, 8, 10, 16
Ambystoma mavortium diaboli, 13
Ambystoma mavortium mavortium, 11
Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum, 13
Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum, 11
Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi, 13
Ambystoma nebulosum, 11
Ambystoma ordinaria, 11
Ambystoma ordinarium, 11
Ambystoma platineum, 7
Ambystoma rivulare, 14
Ambystoma rosaceum, 9, 12
Ambystoma rosaceum nigrum, 12
Ambystoma rosaceum sonoriensis, 12
Ambystoma stejnegeri, 12
Ambystoma subsalsum, 12
Ambystoma taylori, 13
Ambystomatidae, 2, 5
Ambystoma tigrinum, 6, 8, 15
Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli, 13
Ambystoma tigrinum slateri, 13
Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, 13
Ambystoma tremblayi, 7
Ambystoma velasci, 9
amplus, 43
Anaides ferreus, 19
andersoni, 8
Index of Taxa
88
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Aneides ferreus, 19
Aneides lugubris, 44
angusticlavius, 44
annulatum, 5
apalachicolae, 26
aquatica, 31
Aquiloeurycea cephalica, 20, 57
Aquiloeurycea galeanae, 22
arborea, 19
arboreus, 19
aterrimum, 5
aterrimus, 5
attenuatus, 19
aureatagulus, 27
aureolus, 43
axanthus, 68
Batrachoseps attenuatus, 19
Batrachoseps catalinae, 19
Batrachoseps caudatus, 19
Batrachoseps leucopus, 19
Batrachoseps major, 19
Batrachoseps nigriventris, 19
Batrachoseps pacicus, 35
Batrachoseps wrighti, 54
Batrachuperus karlschmidti, 17
Batrachuperus pinchonii, 17, 18
Batrachuperus yenyuanensis, 17
beyeri, 65
bilineatus, 57
bishopi, 8, 17
bislineata, 31, 32, 57
blasii, 67
Bolitoglossa altamazonica, 39
Bolitoglossa arborea, 19
Bolitoglossa borburata, 20
Bolitoglossa cephalica
rubrimembris,20
Bolitoglossa chica, 20
Bolitoglossa chondrostega, 20
Bolitoglossa cochranae, 20
Bolitoglossa cuna, 21
Bolitoglossa decora, 21
Bolitoglossa diaphora, 21
Bolitoglossa dimidiata, 21
Bolitoglossa avimembris, 39
Bolitoglossa aviventris, 40
Bolitoglossa franklini, 40
Bolitoglossa franklini
nigroavescens,23
Bolitoglossa galaenae, 22
Bolitoglossa (Eladinea)
gomezi,22
Bolitoglossa helmrichi, 40
Bolitoglossa hypacra, 35
Bolitoglossa lavae, 22
Bolitoglossa melanomolga, 22
Bolitoglossa mexicana, 23
Bolitoglossa moreleti, 23
Bolitoglossa morio, 41
Bolitoglossa nigroavescens, 23
Bolitoglossa nigromaculata, 23
Bolitoglossa occidentalis, 24
Bolitoglossa odonnelli, 41
Bolitoglossa oresbia, 24
Bolitoglossa porrasorum, 24
Bolitoglossa rufescens, 42
Bolitoglossa savagei, 24
Bolitoglossa striatula, 42
Bolitoglossa tapajonica, 24
Bolitoglossa terrestris, 25
Bolitoglossa unguidentis, 25
Bolitoglossa xolocalcae, 25
borburata, 20
borealis, 57
Boulengerula taitanus, 71
braggi, 63
brimleyorum, 27
bromeliacia, 39
bromeliacius, 39
brucei, 64, 65
brunnata, 54
Caecilia inca, 69
Caecilia isthmica, 69
Caecilia orientalis, 70
Caecilia perdita, 70
Caecilia tenuissima, 70
Caeciliidae, 2, 69
carolinensis, 29
catalinae, 19
catesbeianus, 8
Caudata, 2, 5
caudatus, 19
cephalica, 20, 57
cephalicus, 57, 58
ceronorum, 26
chamberlaini, 32
chattahoochee, 43
cheoah, 43
chermocki, 27
chica, 20
Chiropterotriton arboreus, 19
Chiropterotriton ceronorum, 26
Chiropterotriton chiropterus, 57
Chiropterotriton
chondrostega,20
Chiropterotriton dimidiatus, 21
Chiropterotriton lavae, 22
Chiropterotriton
multidentatus,41
Chiropterotriton orculus, 59
Chiropterotriton terrestris, 25
chiropterus, 57, 58
chlorobryonis, 45
chondrostega, 20
cinereus, 44, 47, 56
cingulatum, 5, 6, 8
cirrigera, 56
clemsonae, 44
Cnemidophorus, 7
cochranae, 20
Coecilia ochrocephala, 70
collaris, 58
columbianum, 10
copei, 14
copeianum, 6
crassulus, 44
cristatus, 67
croceater, 2, 44
Cryptobranchidae, 2, 17
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
bishopi, 17
Cryptobranchus bishopi, 17
Cryptotriton nasalis, 41
cuna, 21
cylindracea, 56
cylindraceus, 56
Cynops ensicauda, 67
Cynops ensicauda popei, 68
decora, 21
decorticatum, 6
Dendrotriton bromeliacius, 39
Dendrotriton xolocalcae, 25
Dermodactylus pinchonii, 17, 18
Dermophiidae, 2, 70
Dermophis mexicanus, 71
Desmognathus aeneus, 26, 27
Desmognathus apalachicolae, 26
Desmognathus aureatagulus, 27
Desmognathus brimleyorum, 27
Desmognathus carolinensis, 29
Desmognathus chermocki, 27
Desmognathus folkertsi, 27
Desmognathus fuscus
imitator,28
Desmognathus fuscus
welteri,28
Desmognathus
gvnigeusgwotli,28
Desmognathus imitator, 27, 28
Desmognathus mavrokoilius, 28
Desmognathus monticola, 28, 29
Desmognathus monticola
jeffersoni, 29
Desmognathus monticola
monticola, 29
Desmognathus ochrophaea
carolinensis, 29
Desmognathus ocoee, 29
Desmognathus pascagoula, 30
Desmognathus planiceps, 30
Desmognathus santeetlah, 30
Desmognathus welteri, 28
Desmognathus wrighti, 30
diaboli, 13
diaphora, 21
Dicamptodon aterrimus, 5
Dicamptodon copei, 14
Dicamptodon tenebrosus, 7
Diemictylus viridescens
evergladensis, 66
Diemyctylus miniatus
meridionalis, 66
Diemyctylus viridescens var.
vittatus, 67
dimidiata, 21
dimidiatus, 21
dixi, 44, 45
dorsalis, 44, 67
dubitus, 60, 62
dumerilii, 16
dunni, 34, 45, 46
duryi, 55
Eladinea, 22
electromorphus, 45, 50
Ensatina eschscholtzii, 31
Ensatina eschscholtzii
croceater,44
Ensatina eschscholtzii
oregonensis, 35
Ensatina eschscholtzii
platensis,64
Ensatina eschscholtzii
xanthoptica, 31
Ensatina klauberi, 31
ensicauda, 67, 68
ensicaudus, 68
Epicrionops petersi petersi, 72
episcopus, 8
equatorialis, 70
eschscholtzii, 31, 35, 44, 64
Eumeces fasciatus, 8
Eurycea, 65
Eurycea aquatica, 31
Eurycea bislineata, 31, 32, 57
Eurycea bislineata major, 31
Eurycea bislineata rivicola, 32
Eurycea chamberlaini, 32
Eurycea cirrigera, 56
Eurycea griseogaster, 32
Eurycea junaluska, 33
Eurycea latitans, 33
Eurycea longicauda
longicauda,33
Eurycea longicauda pernix, 33
Eurycea lucifuga, 64
Eurycea multiplicata, 59
Eurycea neotenes, 33
Eurycea paludicola, 35, 36
Eurycea spelaea, 63, 64
Eurycea tridentifera, 34
Eurycea tynerensis, 32, 34
evergladensis, 66
fasciatus, 8
ferreus, 19
rscheini, 54
avimembris, 39
aviventris, 40
oridanus, 55, 56
uvinatum, 9
folkertsi, 27
fourchensis, 45
franklini, 23, 40
fuscus, 28
gadovii, 40
galaenae, 22
galeanae, 22
Gegeneophis ramaswamii, 72
gephyra, 37
NUMBER 654
•
89
gibbicaudus, 58
gigliolii, 67
glutinosus, 45
goebeli, 40
gomezi, 22
gordoni, 46
gracile, 6, 16
gracilis, 16
Grandisonia alternans, 72
granulata, 15
granulosum, 9
griseogaster, 32
gvnigeusgwotli, 28
Gymnophiona, 2, 69
Gymnopis multiplicata, 70, 71
Gymnopis syntrema, 70, 71
Gyrinophilus dunni, 34
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
dunni, 34
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
duryi, 55
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
inagnoscus, 34
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
porphyriticus, 34, 57
Gyrinophilus subterraneus, 35
helmrichi, 40, 41
Hemidactylium pacicum, 35
Heredia oregonensis, 35
Herpelidae, 2, 71
hoffmani, 46
hongkongensis, 68
hubrichti, 43, 46
huldae, 47
Hynobiidae, 2, 17
Hynobius retardatus, 18
Hynobius shihi, 18
Hynobius stejnegeri, 18
hypacra, 35
Hypogeophis alternans, 72
Ichthyophiidae, 2, 71
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, 71
Ichthyophis nigroavus, 71
Ichthyophis paucidentulus, 72
Ichthyophis paucisulcus, 72
Ichthyophis sumatranus, 72
idahoensis, 47
ignea, 37
imitator, 27, 28
inagnoscus, 34
inca, 69
Indotyphlidae, 2, 72
intermedia, 69
intermedius, 47
isthmica, 69
jacksoni, 47
jeffersoni, 29
jeffersoniana, 15
jeffersonianum, 7, 15
jordani, 28
junaluska, 33
karlschmidti, 17
kasios, 37, 38
klauberi, 31
kohtaoensis, 71
krausei, 12
lacertina, 69
lacustris, 9, 10
laevis, 67
larselli, 52
latastei, 65
laterale, 7
latitans, 33
lavae, 22
leorae, 14
leprosa, 58, 59
leprosus, 58
lepturum, 6
lermaense, 16
lermaensis, 16
leucopus, 19
lewisi, 66
lichenoides, 16, 17
lignicola, 36
lineola, 58
lineolus, 58, 59
Lithobates catesbeianus, 8
Liua shihi, 18
lödingi, 65
longicauda, 33
longicrus, 48
louisianensis, 66
lucifuga, 64
lugubris, 44
lurida, 15, 16
mabeei, 10
macrodactyla, 10
macrodactylum, 10, 12
maculatum, 10, 11
maculosus, 65, 66
Magnadigita hypacra, 35
magnipes, 60
major, 19, 31
Manculus quadridigitatus
paludicolus, 35, 36
Manculus quadridigitatus
uvidus, 36
maritima, 38
marmoratus, 67
matudai, 40
mavortia, 11
mavortium, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16
mavrokoilius, 28
maxillabrochus, 60
melanomolga, 22
melanosticta, 16, 17
melanostictum, 13
Menobranchus latastei, 65
Menobranchus punctatus, 65
meridianus, 48
meridionalis, 66, 67
metcal, 44, 48
mexicana, 23
mexicanus, 71
mime, 36
miniatus, 66
mississippi, 48
montanus, 49, 55, 60
monticola, 28, 29
moreleti, 23
morio, 41
multidentata, 41
multidentatus, 41
multiplicata, 59, 70, 71
multiplicatus, 59
municus, 60, 61
narisovalis, 61
nasalis, 41
nebulosum, 11
Necturus alabamensis, 65
Necturus beyeri, 65
Necturus lewisi, 66
Necturus lödingi, 65
Necturus louisianensis, 66
Necturus maculosus lewisi, 66
Necturus maculosus
louisianensis, 66
Necturus maculosus
maculosus,65
Necturus punctatus, 65
nelsoni, 36, 37
neomexicanus, 49
neotenes, 33, 34
nereus, 63, 64
nettingi, 69
nigriventris, 19
nigroavescens, 23
nigroavus, 71, 72
nigromaculata, 23
nigrum, 12
Notophthalmus meridionalis, 66
Notophthalmus perstriatus, 68
Notophthalmus viridescens
dorsalis, 67
Notophthalmus viridescens
piaropicola, 66
Nototriton lignicola, 36
Nototriton mime, 36
Nototriton nelsoni, 36
Nototriton oreadorum, 37
Nototriton picadoi, 59
Nototriton picucha, 37
Nyctanolis pernix, 37
obscurum, 6
occidentalis, 24
ochrocephala, 70
ochrophaea, 29
ocmulgee, 49
ocoee, 29
odonnelli, 41, 42
Oedipina collaris, 58
Oedipina gephyra, 37
Oedipina ignea, 37
Oedipina kasios, 37
Oedipina (Oedopinola)
maritima, 38
Oedipina (Oedopinola)
petiola,38
Oedipina (Oedopinola)
savagei,38
Oedipina (Oedopinola)
tomasi,39
Oedipina quadra, 38
Oedipus altamazonicus, 39
Oedipus bromeliacia, 39
Oedipus cephalicus, 58
Oedipus avimembris, 39
Oedipus aviventris, 40
Oedipus franklini, 40
Oedipus gadovii, 40
Oedipus goebeli, 40
Oedipus helmrichi, 40
Oedipus morio, 41
Oedipus multidentata, 41
Oedipus nasalis, 41
Oedipus odonnelli, 41
Oedipus robertsi, 42
Oedipus rufescens, 42
Oedipus smithi, 25, 42
Oedipus striatulus, 42
Oedipus townsendi, 43, 61
Oedopinola, 38, 39
oligozonus, 70, 71
olympicus, 66
opacum, 15
orculus, 59
ordinaria, 11
ordinarium, 11
oreadorum, 37
oregonensis, 35
oresbia, 24
orientalis, 70
orizabensis, 59
Oscaecilia equatorialis, 70
Oscaecilia ochrocephala, 70
ouachitae, 49
pacicum, 35
pacicus, 35
paludicola, 35, 36
paludicolus, 35, 36
Paramesotriton
hongkongensis,68
paroticum, 6
Parvimolge townsendi, 43
pascagoula, 30
paucidentulus, 72
paucisulcus, 72
pennatulus, 43, 61
perdita, 70
pernix, 33, 37
perstriatus, 68
petersi, 72, 73
90
•
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
petiola, 38
petraeus, 49, 50
Phaeognathus hubrichti, 43
piaropicola, 66
picadoi, 59
picucha, 37
pinchonii, 17, 18
planiceps, 30
platensis, 64
platineum, 7
Plectrohyla matudai, 40
Plethodon amplus, 43
Plethodon angusticlavius, 44
Plethodon aureolus, 43
Plethodon chattahoochee, 43
Plethodon cheoah, 43
Plethodon chlorobryonis, 45
Plethodon cinereus, 47, 56
Plethodon cinereus
angusticlavius,44
Plethodon cinereus dorsalis, 44
Plethodon clemsonae, 44
Plethodon crassulus, 44
Plethodon croceater, 2, 44
Plethodon cylindraceus, 56
Plethodon dixi, 44
Plethodon dorsalis, 44
Plethodon dunni, 45, 46
Plethodon electromorphus,
45, 50
Plethodon fourchensis, 45
Plethodon glutinosus
chlorobryonis,45
Plethodon gordoni, 46
Plethodon hoffmani, 46
Plethodon hubrichti, 46
Plethodon huldae, 47
Plethodon idahoensis, 47
Plethodon intermedius, 47
Plethodon jacksoni, 47
Plethodon jordani, 28
Plethodon larselli, 52
Plethodon longicrus, 48
Plethodon meridianus, 48
Plethodon metcal, 44, 48
Plethodon mississippi, 48
Plethodon montanus, 49
Plethodon neomexicanus, 49
Plethodon ocmulgee, 49
Plethodon ouachitae, 49
Plethodon petraeus, 49
Plethodon punctatus, 50
Plethodon richmondi, 45, 50
Plethodon richmondi popei, 50
Plethodon richmondi
shenandoah,51
Plethodon savannah, 51
Plethodon sequoyah, 51
Plethodon shenandoah, 51
Plethodon sherando, 52
Plethodon shermani, 52
Plethodon stormi, 52
Plethodontidae, 2, 19
Plethodon vandykei larselli, 52
Plethodon vandykei vandykei,52
Plethodon variolatus, 57
Plethodon vehiculum, 47
Plethodon ventralis, 52
Plethodon virginia, 53
Plethodon websteri, 53
Plethodon wehrlei, 44, 47
Plethodon welleri, 53
Plethodon welleri
ventromaculatum,53
Plethodon yonahlossee, 48, 54
Plethopsis wrighti, 54
Plethopsis wrightorum, 54
popei, 50, 51, 68
porphyritica, 57
porphyriticus, 34, 55, 57
porrasorum, 24
proserpina, 7
proserpine, 7
Proteidae, 2, 65
proximus, 70, 71
Pseudobranchus axanthus, 68
Pseudobranchus striatus
axanthus,68
Pseudobranchus striatus
spheniscus,69
Pseudoeurycea brunnata, 54
Pseudoeurycea cochranae, 20
Pseudoeurycea rscheini, 54
Pseudoeurycea gadovii, 40
Pseudoeurycea goebeli, 40
Pseudoeurycea leprosa, 58, 59
Pseudoeurycea lineola, 58
Pseudoeurycea melanomolga,22
Pseudoeurycea
nigromaculata,23
Pseudoeurycea robertsi, 42
Pseudoeurycea smithi, 42
Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh, 55
Pseudoeurycea unguidentis, 25
Pseudoeurycea werleri, 55
Pseudotriton duryi, 55
Pseudotriton montanus, 55, 60
Pseudotriton montanus
oridanus,55
Pseudotriton ruber schencki, 59
Pseudotriton ruber vioscai, 56
pulmonaris, 61
punctatus, 50, 65
quadra, 38
quadridigitatus, 35, 36
ramaswamii, 72
Ranodon olympicus, 66
rathbuni, 62, 63
retardatus, 18
Rhinatrematidae, 2, 72
Rhyacosiredon leorae, 14
Rhyacosiredon rivularis, 14
Rhyacosiredon zempoalaensis,14
Rhyacotritonidae, 2, 66
Rhyacotriton olympicus, 66
richmondi, 45, 50, 51
rivicola, 32
rivulare, 14
rivularis, 14
robertsi, 42
rosaceum, 9, 12
ruber, 56, 59, 60
rubrimembris, 20
rufescens, 42
salamandra, 67
Salamandra agilis, 56
Salamandra cirrigera, 56
Salamandra cylindracea, 56
Salamandra granulata, 15
Salamandra jeffersoniana, 15
Salamandra lurida, 15, 16
Salamandra porphyritica, 57
Salamandra salamandra
gigliolii,67
Salamandra variolata, 57
Salamandrella sinensis, 18
Salamandridae, 2, 66
santeetlah, 30
savagei, 24, 38, 39
savannah, 51
schencki, 59
schmidti, 60, 62
Scolecomorphidae, 2, 73
Scolecomorphus
uluguruensis,73
sequoyah, 51
shenandoah, 51
sherando, 52
shermani, 52
shihi, 18
sigillatum, 10
simus, 71
sinensis, 18
Siphonops mexicanus, 71
Siphonops oligozonus, 70, 71
Siphonops proximus, 70
Siphonops simus, 71
Siphonops syntremus, 70, 71
Siredon dumerilii, 16
Siredon gracilis, 16
Siredon lermaensis, 16
Siredon lichenoides, 16
Siredon lichenoides
melanosticta,17
Siredon melanosticta, 16, 17
Sirenidae, 2, 68
Siren intermedia nettingi, 69
Siren intermedia texana, 69
Siren lacertina, 69
slateri, 13
smithi, 25, 42
sonoriense, 12
sonoriensis, 12
spelaea, 63, 64
spelaeus, 64
Spelerpes, 64
Spelerpes bilineatus borealis, 57
Spelerpes cephalicus, 57
Spelerpes chiropterus, 57, 58
Spelerpes collaris, 58
Spelerpes gibbicaudus, 58
Spelerpes leprosus, 58
Spelerpes lineolus, 58
Spelerpes multiplicatus, 59
Spelerpes orculus, 59
Spelerpes orizabensis, 59
Spelerpes picadoi, 59
Spelerpes ruber schencki, 59
Spelerpes ruber sticticeps, 60
speleus, 64
spheniscus, 69
stebbinsi, 13
stejnegeri, 12, 18
sticticeps, 60
stormi, 52
striatula, 42
striatulus, 42, 43
striatus, 68, 69
subsalsum, 12
subterraneus, 35
sumatranus, 72
syntrema, 70, 71
syntremus, 70, 71
taitanus, 71
tapajonica, 24, 25
Taricha laevis, 67
Taricha torosa, 67
taylori, 13
tenebrosum, 7, 8
tenebrosus, 7
tenuissima, 70
terrestris, 25
texana, 69
Thorius dubitus, 60, 62
Thorius magnipes, 60
Thorius maxillabrochus, 60
Thorius municus, 60
Thorius narisovalis, 61
Thorius pennatulus, 43, 61
Thorius pulmonaris, 61
Thorius schmidti, 60, 62
Thorius troglodytes, 60, 62
tigrinum, 6, 8, 13, 15
tlahcuiloh, 55
tomasi, 39
torosa, 67
townsendi, 43, 61
tremblayi, 7
tridentifera, 34
trisruptum, 8
Triton blasii, 67
Triton ensicauda, 67
Trituroides hongkongensis, 68
Triturus cristatus, 67
Triturus ensicaudus popei, 68
Triturus marmoratus, 67
Triturus perstriatus, 68
troglodytes, 60, 62
tynerensis, 32, 34
Typhlomolge rathbuni, 62
Typhlotriton, 64
Typhlotriton braggi, 63
NUMBER 654
•
91
Typhlotriton nereus, 63, 64
Typhlotriton spelaeus, 64
Typhlotriton speleus, 64
uluguruensis, 73
unguidentis, 25
Urspelerpes, 64
Urspelerpes brucei, 64
uvidus, 36
vandykei, 52
variolata, 57
variolatus, 57
vehiculum, 47
velasci, 9
ventralis, 52, 53
ventromaculatum, 53, 54
vioscai, 56
virginia, 53
viridescens, 66, 67
vittatus, 67
websteri, 53
wehrlei, 44, 47
welleri, 53
welteri, 28
werleri, 55
wrighti, 30, 31, 54
wrightorum, 54
xanthoptica, 31
xiphias, 8
xolocalcae, 25, 26
yenyuanensis, 17
yonahlossee, 48, 54
zempoalaensis, 14
