New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system

Abstract

One of most important things now is to create smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this, Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce the large amount of CO 2 emission. However, this work presents a very unique and economic control lighting system (CLS) for main streets and sidewalks, which can control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical energy consumption and the CO 2 emissions together. However, by using these smart systems with the exciting illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime of the lighting system which means further decrease in cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%, when using the CLS with HID.

Full text

Research Article
Ameer Al-khaykan*, Ali Saleh Aziz
#
, Ibrahim H. Al-Kharsan
#
and John M. Counsell
#
New methodology to reduce power by using
smart street lighting system
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0361
received March 30, 2022; accepted July 25, 2022
Abstract: One of most important things now is to create
smart street and smart lighting system to save enormous
electrical energy. Especially Iraq is suffering shortage of
electrical energy generation up to 45%. Because of this,
Iraq needs to save a lot of electrical energy in the entire
country so as to meet the electrical demand and reduce
the large amount of CO
2
emission. However, this work
presents a very unique and economic control lighting
system (CLS)for main streets and sidewalks, which can
control the lighting system to give sufficient illumination
to the drivers and the pedestrians simultaneously. And at
the same time, the CLS system can reduce a lot of electrical
energy consumption and the CO
2
emissions together.
However, by using these smart systems with the exciting
illumination source in the streets, the CLS can minimize
the electrical energy consumed for the lighting at the
main roads and the footpath by about 60% and can
use the surplus energies to fill the shortage of electricity
in the country. Also, this system will increase the lifetime
of the lighting system which means further decrease in
cost. Finally, this work presents new type of illumination
source, high-intensity discharge (HID), which can reduce
the electrical consumption much more by up to 90%,
when using the CLS with HID.
Keywords: control lighting system, Arduino, saving energy,
HID lamps
1 Introduction
Many countries suffer loss of large amount of money due
to the increase in electricity consumption [1], which
results from the excessive use of electricity in homes,
shops, and other utilities that rely entirely on electrical
appliances. This may cause a noticeable crisis in the elec-
tricity sector. This requires a number of ways to reduce
the burden, the largest being the sources of electric power
in the state, one of the simplest of these methods is the
process of controlling the street lighting [2,3].
In the present, street lighting is required in all regions,
whether rural or urban, so that people understand that
street lighting is a viable option for ensuring the safety
of road users during the night [4]. The regulation of street
lights is relatively simple [5], but the number of streets has
steadily grown as urbanization has progressed [6].Theon-
offoperation of conventional lighting of street lamps is
dependent on the chronological period, which is ineffec-
tive and inflexible [7].
A timer and a photocell are utilized in the current
street lighting control system [8]. The timer is set for
5 pm to 7 am to switch on the street light [9]. On the other
hand, the presence of light or electromagnetic-energy
triggers a reaction in the photocells. The photocells can
switch on the street lights automatically, if it is raining or
when the light intensity is minimal [10,11]. Since day and
night conditions are unpredictable, this device is very
inefficient. Sometimes at 7 pm the daylight is still there
but the streetlights are already on. Conversely [12],at
7 am the streetlights are already offin spite of the day
being still dark. As a result, this system is actually ineffi-
cient [13,14].
The street lighting system is built to address the needs of
local residents, such as control of increasing road and side-
walk traffic[15]. To get good efficiency and performance,
modernistic control systems of street lighting should be eli-
gible to adjust the intensity ofthelighttoachievethebest
level of energy utilization. Nevertheless, if there is no utilizer
or no vehicles utilize roads at midnight, particularly in rural
areas, power would be wasted [16,17].

* Corresponding author: Ameer Al-khaykan, Intelligent Medical
Systems Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College,
51001 Hillah, Babil, Iraq,
e-mail: ameer.alkhaykan@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq
Ali Saleh Aziz: Department of Electrical Power Techniques Engineering,
Al-Hussain University College, 56001 Karbala, Iraq
Ibrahim H. Al-Kharsan: Computer Technical Engineering Department,
College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
John M. Counsell: Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department,
University of Chester, Parkgate Rd, Chester CH1 4BJ, United Kingdom

#Equally contributed.
Open Engineering 2022; 12: 918–922
Open Access. © 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License.

The proposed street lighting automation system is a
smart system that gives a versatile and effective way to
manage street lighting autonomously. Two sensors (infrared
sensor and light-dependent-resistor sensor)control this
system. Light-dependent-resistor sensor is utilized to sense
darkness to operate the ON/OFF switch.
2 Existing systems
With the exponential development of industries and cities,
the industry of street lighting systems is increasingly
expanding and becoming more complex. In the current
world of electronics and electrical-related technology,
automation, power utilization, and cost-effectiveness are
all significant considerations. Various streetlight manage-
ment systems are designed to control and operate compli-
cated street lighting systems more economically [18].These
systems utilize modern methods to reduce the energy usage
of a city’s public lighting system. High-intensity discharge
(HID)lamps are utilized in the current work. Currently, HID
is utilized for urban streetlights and is built on the concept
of gas discharge, so the intensity cannot be regulated by
any voltage reduction system as the discharge path is
broken [19]. HID lamps are a kind of electrical gas-discharge
lamp that utilizes an electric arc among tungsten electrodes
within a translucent or clear fused quartz or fused alumina
arc tube to create illumination. Both gas and metal salts are
present in this tube. The gas aids the initial strike of the arc
[20]. As the arc is started, it heats up and evaporates the
metal salts producing plasma, which significantly raises the
arc’s light intensity and lowers its power consumption. HID
lamps are a kind of arc lamp [21].Thiscausesreductionin
power consumption in the street light system to about 90%
compared with the traditional light system (high-pressure
sodium vapor (HPS)lamp)and increases the lifespan of the
lightning source by 4 times, which reduces the cost of main-
tenance, replacement, and electricity.
3 HPS vs HID
The street connecting the Najaf city and Karbala city has
1,800 street lighting poles. The distance between two
lighting poles is 50 m. Every pole has two HPS lamps of
400 W. This study replaces the two HPS lamps of 800 W
with two HID lamps of 200 W [22,23]. In this case, the
consumption of electricity has already been reduced
by 75%. Moreover, the 200 W HID lamps give the same
illumination as that of 800 W HPS lamps or even better
[24,25].
4 Methodology and assumption
In this work, since there is a large amount of unknown
information or information not available, let us assume
the numbers in highest range to keep the results trustable.
Number of lighting poles between center of Najaf city
and center of Karbala City =1,800 poles.
Distance between two lighting poles =50 m.
Recent energy consumption for each lighting pole per
hour =400 W.
Average car speed =100 km/h.
Time of turning ON of the lighting pole =0.0299.
5 Operating conditions
The project can be summarized as follows.
When the wheel passes near the sensor no. 1, it
senses the presence of the movement near the column
no. 1 and thus equates to the Arduino system, the pre-
sence of a body near the column no. 1 is sensed by certain
frequencies and in turn the frequencies are converted to
electric energy to illuminate column nos. 1 and 2 (Figure 1).
Next the arrival of the wheel near the sensor no. 2 allows
the device of the Arduino to reach the wheel within the
frequency of its role and the closest to the pillar near
the light number (1-2-3)(Figure 2). Then, on the arrival
of the wheel near the sensor no. 3, the same process, where
the former senses the presence of the body near or arrival
of the wheels and allows the Arduino to illuminate the
columns 2, 3, and 4, is carried out and column no. 1 is
turned off(Figure 3). Finally, when the wheel reaches the
specified area of sensor no. 4, it senses the presence of the
Figure 1: Switching ON the light column nos. 1 and 2, while 3, 4, and
5 are OFF.
New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system 919

body near it and thus works to illuminate columns 3, 4,
and 5 and turn offcolumn no. 2 (Figure 4).
6 Results
The exciting lighting method for 1,800 poles with HPS
lighting source consumes electrical energy for 13 h as
shown in the equation below
() =
1
, 800⁎800⁎ 13 number of lighting hours 18, 720 kW
.
While the exciting lighting method with HID lighting
source consumes electrical energy for 13 h as shown in
the equation below
=
1
, 800⁎200⁎13 4, 680 kW
.
However, the consumption of the electrical energy
will reduce by about 60% when using the control lighting
system (CLS)in both type of illumination sources (HID
and HPS)as shown in the efficiency equation below.
The total power used for lighting 1,800 poles by using
CLS with HPS =1828.8 kW. The efficiency of the new
lighting system for this is
() (
)
/=7315.2 18720 ⁎100% 39% which mean the CLS
reduce about 61%.
When applying the HID lighting source with CLS, the
efficiency will be as shown in the equation below
()/=1828.8 4680 ⁎100% 39%
.
The results show that the CLS will reduce power con-
sumption by about 61% with any type of illumination
source.
Efficiency of the new system with old lighting method.
Efficiency of the HID lighting system with CLS against
the HPS lighting system as the lighting system exist
recently shows as the equation below
(1828.8/18,720)*100% =9.76%, reduced by about
90% of the total power consumption of normal lighting
by using the HPS illumination source (Tables 1–3).
7 Conclusion
Smart lighting is a lighting technology designed to save
energy, where the control system is set up in light of the
conditions such as having oriented parts. The smart
lighting technology is designed to save energy and main-
tain resources and environment, where its system con-
trols the lighting and modifies the controlling in
Figure 2: Switching ON of the light column nos. 1, 2, and 3, while 3
and 4 are OFF.
Figure 3: Switching ON of the light column nos. 2, 3, and 4 ON, while
1 and 5 are OFF.
Figure 4: Switching ON of the light column nos. 3, 4, and 5, while 1
and 2 are OFF.
920 Ameer Al-khaykan et al.

accordance with certain circumstances and rules. The
smart lighting term is based on the lighting technology
that is increased in the process of increased energy and
opening it by controlling the operation of the energy
and opening it. The lighting of the lighting is available
in the light of the energy and service and the construction
of the domes in the lighting of the homes, restaurants and
various facilities, In addition to the lighting streets, traffic
lights, theaters and cinema, and other cities. The smart
lighting technology is often reduced by the sophisticated
lighting lamps that are usually composed of the "LED",
which it has life time longer than the other types of
lighting sources and does not produce heat and wasting
much energy.
Smart control smart lighting technology based on
intelligent control system controls the degree and timing
of lighting the lamps, according to the signals that are
taken by the light sensors in the place. The system works,
for example, on lighting of a particular bulb in the way. If
thepersonmovesfromonewalkpathtoanother,the
system of the lighting will turn on for him.
Table 1: Total amount of the energy consumed per lighting pole in every 1 h during the lighting time and the total amount of energy
consumed for full time lighting of all the 1,800 poles by using CLS lighting system and HID lighting source
Time period Avg. no.
of cars
per min
Time of turn-on of
each lightning
pole per min
Amount of electricity
consumption for every
light pole per min
Amount of electricity
consumption of each light
pole per hour (W)
The total amount of electrical
consumption of all 1,800
lightning poles per hour (W)
5pm–6 pm 33 0.9867 3.283 197 354,600
6pm–7 pm 33 0.9867 3.283 197 354,600
7pm–8 pm 30 0.897 2.987 179 322,200
8pm–9pm 25 0.747 2.487 149 268,200
9pm–10 pm 20 0.598 1.997 120 216,000
10 pm–11 pm 10 0.299 0.995 60 108,000
11 pm–1 am 3 0.0897 0.298 18 32,400
1am–2 am 1 0.0299 0.099 6 10,800
2am–3 am 1 0.0299 0.099 6 10,800
3am–4 am 1 0.0299 0.099 6 10,800
4am–5 am 3 0.0897 0.298 18 32,400
5am–6 am 10 0.299 0.995 60 108,000
Total 1828.8 kW
Table 3: Amount the energy consumption per pole for each hour by
using the (CLS)methodology for HID lighting source
Total Amount of electrical energy
consumption for all (1,800)lighting poles
per hour in W with new lighting
method (HID)
Avg. no of cars
per min
354,600 1,418,400
354,600 1,418,400
322,200 1,288,800
268,200 1,072,800
216,000 864,000
108,000 432,000
32,400 129,600
10,800 43,200
10,800 43,200
10,800 43,200
32,400 129,600
108,000 432,000
1828.8 kW 7315.2
Table 2: Total amount of the energy consumed by each lighting pole
in every 1 hour during the lighting time and the total amount of
energy consumption for full time lighting for all the 1,800 poles by
using CLS lighting system and HID lighting source
Time period Avg.
no of
cars
per
min
Time of
turn-on of
each
lightning
pole
per min
Amount of
electricity
consumed
by every
light pole
per min (W)
Amount of
electricity
consumed
for every
light pole
per hour (W)
5pm–6 pm 33 0.9867 788 197
6pm–7 pm 33 0.9867 788 197
7pm–8 pm 30 0.897 716 179
8pm–9 pm 25 0.747 596 149
9pm–10 pm 20 0.598 480 120
10 pm–11 pm 10 0.299 240 60
11 pm–1 am 3 0.0897 72 18
1am–2 am 1 0.0299 24 6
2am–3 am 1 0.0299 24 6
3am–4 am 1 0.0299 24 6
4am–5 am 3 0.0897 72 18
5am–6 am 10 0.299 240 60
Total 1,016 W
New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system 921

The advantage of several highlights of smart lighting
is 70% reduction in electricity consumed by lights in
households, streets, and other facilities, without affecting
the performance, ensuring their excellent productivity
with current bases and standards. The smart lighting is
changing lighting system in the streets and roads in the
cities, in accordance with the traffic load, accidents and
climate change, the ratio of lighting and raising safety
rates. The most important features of smart lighting can
be illustrated by the electricity is reduce electricity con-
sumption, running cost, emission and the light lifetime.
Finally, the system can reach efficiency more than 90% if
the lighting type has been changed from HPS to HID.
Acknowledgment: This research was accomplished by
cooperation group of researchers from Al-Mustaqbal University
College, Iraq, Al-Husain University College, Iraq, and
Liverpool John Moores University, UK. This project was
funded by the Green Future company in Iraq. Many thanks
to Al-Mustaqbal University College for all the financial
supports to accomplish this research.
Funding information: The authors are grateful for the finan-
cial and technical support from Al-Mustaqbal University
College (grant code: 0122).Many thanks to Headway to Green
Future company for technical and information support.
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
References
[1]Kokilavani MM, Malathi A. Smart street lighting system using
IoT. Int J Adv Res Appl Sci Technol. 2017;3(11):8–11.
[2]Smys S. Artificial neural network based power management for
smart street lighting systems. J Artif Intell. 2020;2(1):42–52.
[3]Rakotomalala LFF, Randriamanantany Z. HID lamps dimming in
the public lighting installations dominated by magnetic bal-
lasts. 2014 International Conference on Applied and
Theoretical Electricity (ICATE); 2014. p. 1–5.
[4]Hernández R, Kubota C. LEDs supplemental lighting for
vegetable transplant production: Spectral evaluation and com-
parisons with HID technology. International Symposium on New
Technologies for Environment Control, Energy-Saving and Crop
Production in Greenhouse and Plant; 2014. p. 829–36.
[5]Satapathy SC, Bhateja V, Favorskaya MN, Adilakshmi T. Smart
Intelligent Computing and Applications, Volume 2. vol. 283,
2022. p. 193–202. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-9705-0.
[6]Escolar S, Carretero J, Marinescu M, Chessa S. Estimating
energy savings in smart street lighting by using an adaptive
control system. Int J Distrib Sens Netw. 2014;10(5):971587.
[7]Balat M. Solar Technological Progress and Use of Solar Energy
in the World. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util. Environ. Eff.
2017;28(10):979–94. doi: 10.1080/009083190953409.
[8]Chen S, Xiong G, Xu J, Han S, Wang F, Wang K. The smart street
lighting system based on NB-IoT. 2018 Chinese Automation
Congress (CAC). 1, 2018. p. 1–5.
[9]Chew I, Kalavally V, Win N, Parkkinen J. Design of an energy-
saving controller for an intelligent LED lighting system. Energy
Build. 2016;120:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.03.041.
[10]Suseendran SC. Smart street lighting system department of
computer science. 3rd International Conference on
Communication Electronic System; 2018. p. 630–3.
[11]Srivani B, Divya CL, Neelima KS, Akshiah V, Salman M,
Kumar KK. Smart street light system with automated feedback.
Int J Mod Dev Eng Sci. 2022;1(6):4–6.
[12]Decker A, Decker A, Decker A, Decker A. IISTE Journals June
2013 Publications; June, 2013.
[13]Prasad R. Energy efficient smart street lighting system in
Nagpur smart city using IoT –A case study. 2020 Fifth
International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing
(FMEC); 2020. p. 100–3.
[14]Ageed ZS, Zeebaree S, Sadeeq M, Abdulrazzaq MB, Salim BW,
Salih AA, et al. A state of art survey for intelligent energy
monitoring systems. Asian J Res Comput Sci. 2021;8(1):46–61.
[15]Mohamed SAE. Smart street lighting control and monitoring
system for electrical power saving by using VANET. t'l J
Commun Network Syst Sci. 2013;6(August):351–60.
[16]YusoffYM, Rosli R, Kamaluddin MU, Samad M. Towards smart
street lighting system in Malaysia. 2013;1:301–5.
[17]Dizon E, Pranggono B. Smart street lights in smart city: A case
study of Sheffield. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput.
2022;13(4):2045–60.
[18]Mohandas P, Sheebha J, Dhanaraj A, Gao X. Artificial neural
network based smart and energy efficient street lighting system:
A case study for residential area in Hosur. Sustain Cities Soc.
March, 2019;48:101499. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101499.
[19]Jin D, Hannon C, Li Z, Cortes P, Ramaraju S, Burgess P, et al.
Smart street lighting system: A platform for innovative smart
city applications and a new frontier for cyber-security. Electr J.
2016;29(10):28–35. doi: 10.1016/j.tej.2016.11.011.
[20]Li Y, Shi R. An intelligent solar energy-harvesting system for
wireless sensor networks. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw.
2015;2015:179. doi: 10.1186/s13638-015-0414-2.
[21]Mahboubi H, Masoudimansour W, Aghdam AG, Sayrafian-
Pour K. Maximum lifetime strategy for target monitoring with
controlled node mobility in sensor networks with obstacles.
IEEE Trans Autom Contr. 2016;61(11):3493–3508. doi: 10.1109/
TAC.2016.2536800.
[22]Velaga NR, Kumar A. Techno-economic evaluation of the fea-
sibility of a smart street light system: A case study of Rural
India. Procedia -Soc Behav Sci. 2012;62:1220–4. doi: 10.1016/
j.sbspro.2012.09.208.
[23]Nasir T, Bukhari S, Raza S, Munir HM, Abrar M, Muqeet H, et al.
Recent challenges and methodologies in smart grid demand
side management: State-of-the-art literature review. Math
Probl Eng. 2021;2021:2021–16.
[24]Huang BJ, Wu MS, Hsu PC, Chen JW, Chen KY. Development of high-
performance solar LED lighting system. Energy Convers Manag.
2010;51(8):1669–75. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.046.
[25]Bhairi MN, Kangle SS, Edake MS, Madgundi BS. Design and
implementation of smart solar LED street light. 2017
International Conference on Trends in Electronics and
Informatics (ICEI); 2017. p. 509–12.
922 Ameer Al-khaykan et al.