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Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Guar‐Gum and Carboxymethyl Cellulose‐Based Hydrogel for Efficient Removal of Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green Dyes

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Vasudha Vaid at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar
Vasudha Vaid
Khushbu Yadav at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Khushbu Yadav
Nikhil
Nikhil
Nikhil
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Nivaydita Dagar
Nivaydita Dagar
Nivaydita Dagar
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Abstract and Figures

This study reports the microwave synthesis of Guar gum (GG) and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based hydrogel covalently crosslinked using epichlorohydrin (epi), aiming to remove hazardous dyes like Crystal Violet (CV) and Brilliant Green (BG). The optimized parameters were the reaction time (40 s), solvent (12 ml), pH (11), the ratio of reactants (GG: CMC, 1 : 2), and crosslinker concentration (0.8 ml) resulting in the highest percentage of swelling (4215 %). The synthesized hydrogel was characterized by different techniques like FTIR, TGA, FESEM/EDX, and XRD. The adsorption ability of the synthesized hydrogel was assessed for the removal of toxic dyes. Different kinetic and isotherm models were used to evaluate the type of adsorption that occurred on hydrogel materials. The CV and BG were both removed in 96.78 and 94.01 % of the adsorption process, respectively. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model is the best‐fitted model for the adsorption of dyes on the synthesized hydrogel. Adsorption was determined to be homogeneous and physical adsorption, and it was revealed through adsorption isotherm studies that the Langmuir model was the best‐fitted model. The adsorption process for both dyes is spontaneous, as further confirmed by the negative values of the change in Gibbs free energy from 298 to 318 K. The synthesized hydrogel material was discovered to be a promising adsorbent to remove these toxic dyes from wastewater and can be used as an eco‐friendly and sustainable material for wastewater remediation
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Guar-Gum and
Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Hydrogel for Efficient
Removal of Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green Dyes
Vasudha Vaid, Khushbu,* Nikhil, Nivaydita Dagar, and Rajeev Jindal[a]
This study reports the microwave synthesis of Guar gum (GG)
and Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based hydrogel covalently
crosslinked using epichlorohydrin (epi), aiming to remove
hazardous dyes like Crystal Violet (CV) and Brilliant Green (BG).
The optimized parameters were the reaction time (40 s),
solvent (12 ml), pH (11), the ratio of reactants (GG: CMC, 1:2),
and crosslinker concentration (0.8 ml) resulting in the highest
percentage of swelling (4215%). The synthesized hydrogel was
characterized by different techniques like FTIR, TGA, FESEM/
EDX, and XRD. The adsorption ability of the synthesized
hydrogel was assessed for the removal of toxic dyes. Different
kinetic and isotherm models were used to evaluate the type of
adsorption that occurred on hydrogel materials. The CV and BG
were both removed in 96.78 and 94.01 % of the adsorption
process, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model is
the best-fitted model for the adsorption of dyes on the
synthesized hydrogel. Adsorption was determined to be
homogeneous and physical adsorption, and it was revealed
through adsorption isotherm studies that the Langmuir model
was the best-fitted model. The adsorption process for both
dyes is spontaneous, as further confirmed by the negative
values of the change in Gibbs free energy from 298 to 318 K.
The synthesized hydrogel material was discovered to be a
promising adsorbent to remove these toxic dyes from waste-
water and can be used as an eco-friendly and sustainable
material for wastewater remediation
Introduction
The elimination of hazardous contaminants from wastewater
has become a critical concern due to their poor degradability,
high toxicity, and carcinogenic characteristics.[1,2] Typically, the
textile and dyeing industries are the principal sources of dye
impurities. Consequently, to protect public health, it is
important to remove dyes from aqueous solutions before
discharging them into the environment.[3] The removal of dyes
from effluents is a challenging problem because dye-containing
wastewaters are very difficult to treat with conventional treat-
ment strategies. Various attempts have been made in the past
to develop efficient technologies for wastewater treatment, but
no single approach has been proven successful.[4–10]
Cationic dyes are considered to be more poisonous and
dangerous than anionic dyes because their positively charged
molecules are more likely to connect with the negatively
charged surfaces of cell walls. Therefore, it is crucial to remove
cationic dyes from wastewater before discharging them into
aquatic rivers.[11,12] Crystal Violet (CV) and Brilliant Green (BG)
are the common dyes widely used in paper printing and textile
industries. These dyes have several negative effects on people,
including respiratory irritation, gastrointestinal discomfort,
nausea, vomiting, and skin irritation. Due to degradation on
heating, these dyes may produce harmful byproducts including
nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides.[13–15]
These effluents have been treated with a variety of
physicochemical processes to acquire the best approach for
wastewater remediation. These techniques have some limita-
tions such as low efficiency for some dyes, time consumption,
and high operation cost. Among these treatment strategies,
adsorption could be an efficient and advanced technique due
to its cost-effectiveness, excellent selectivity, and simple
operation without causing secondary pollution for the removal
of dyes from wastewater. Notably, a variety of adsorbent
categories, including activated carbon,[16] biochar,[17] hybrids[18,19]
polymer composites,[20] and hydrogels,[21] have been reported
to be an effective adsorbent for harmful dyes. To completely
purify wastewater contaminated with dyes, novel adsorbents
with high adsorption capability, sustainability, and reusability
are widely desired. Recently, non-destructive washing techni-
ques make it simple to regenerate polymeric materials to be
utilized in wastewater treatment. Polysaccharides have been
widely employed as prospective options for adsorption proc-
esses due to their cost effectiveness, non-toxicity, biodegrad-
ability, and almost endless availability due to the issues
associated with synthetic polymers.
Hydrogels are superior to other adsorbents because of their
distinctive properties, which include eco-friendly, adsorption-
regeneration, and economic viability. Additionally, the porosity
design can encourage dye molecule transport in the hydrogel
network. Hydrophilic functional groups including carboxyl,
hydroxyl, sulfonic acid, and amides are present in the 3D
structure of hydrogels, making them effective adsorbents.
These ionized functional groups may easily oppose each other
and electrostatically attract a variety of pollutants with
opposing charges, which allows them to capture more water
molecules. As a result, hydrogel offers considerable potential
[a] V. Vaid, Khushbu, Nikhil, N. Dagar, R. Jindal
Polymer and Nanomaterial Lab, Department of Chemistry,
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,
Jalandhar-144011 (Punjab), India
E-mail: khushbu.cy.18@nitj.ac.in
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Research Article
doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203138
ChemistrySelect 2022,7, e202203138 (1 of 17) © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH
Wiley VCH Dienstag, 29.11.2022
2245 / 276815 [S. 17940/17956] 1
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