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The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing
Abstract
This handbook shows how local police organizations in the United States have been the focus of reform efforts, especially due to a new crisis in the policing environment—terrorism. The problem of terrorism has raised a host of questions about how police should respond to this new threat, and this handbook aims to address these questions. It also discusses the social ill that is the drug market, which is often associated with violence and often occurs in disadvantaged urban communities. Alternative approaches are presented that can be used to address drug crime in these areas, such as problem-oriented policing, which calls for the identification of recurring crime problems; order maintenance policing, which defines and regulates the fair use of public spaces; and community policing, which is considered “a philosophy, not a program.” The rise of zero-tolerance policies in policing has shifted the focus from the problem-solving model to aggressive order-maintenance enforcement. This has led to a call for anti-authoritarian policing; police are urged to use discretion to support their own longstanding institutional interest in plural governance.
... Problemi opredeljevanja policijskega dela v skupnosti se kažejo v tem, da ima skoraj vsak avtor svojo opredelitev policijskega dela v skupnosti (Cordner, 2014). Avtorji iz ZDA prevladujejo med pisci prispevkov o policijskem delu v skupnosti in zadnja analiza EUCPN (2019) o policijskem delu v skupnosti v Evropi jasno kaže, da so pisci poročila uporabili večino virov iz ZDA, kajti prispevki evropskih avtorjev so bili v manjšini ali pa niso bili objavljeni v angleškem jeziku. ...
... 4 Policisti kot predstavniki zakonite avtoritete in države lažje uveljavijo spoštovanje zakonov s pravično obravnavo prebivalcev kot z uporabo prisile (McCluskey, 2003;Schulhofer idr., 2011;Tyler, 2006). V tem kontekstu je poudarek na osebnih interakcijah policistov s prebivalci, ki predstavlja nasprotje tradicionalni birokratski obravnavi policistov (Cordner, 2014). Tovrsten pristop predstavlja temelj policijskega dela v skupnosti, saj policisti spodbujajo prebivalce, da prevzamejo odgovornost za sosesko, v kateri živijo (Lombardo idr., 2010), ter sodelujejo s policisti pri zagotavljanju varnosti in reševanju varnostnih problemov. ...
... ).Cordner (2014) kot tudi de Maillard inTerpstra (2021) ugotavljajo podobne probleme pri sprejemanju in umeščanju policijskega dela v skupnosti v prevladujoče oblike policijske dejavnosti v sedanjem času. Gre za dva modela, ki imata prednosti in slabosti. ...
Monografija predstavlja policijsko delo v skupnosti v kontekstu zagotavljanja varnosti v lokalnih skupnostih v Sloveniji. Uvodoma so predstavljene teoretske perspektive policijskega dela v skupnosti. Sledi sistematični pregled evropskih raziskav o policijskem delu v skupnosti v zadnjih dveh desetletjih. Avtorji obravnavajo povezanost med legitimnostjo in policijskim delom v skupnosti v perspektivi javnega mnenja o policiji ter samozaznave legitimnosti policistov in njihovih pogledov na policijsko organizacijo. Posebno pozornost avtorji namenjajo opravljanju policijskega dela v skupnosti v urbanih in ruralnih okoljih, ker se narava kriminalitete in izvajanje policijske dejavnosti pomembno razlikuje med urbanimi in ruralnimi okolji. Sledi predstavitev usmerjenih skupinskih intervjujev s policisti in individualnih polstrukturiranih intervjujev s predstavniki lokalnih skupnosti. V naslednjem poglavju avtorji predstavijo analizo SWOT o policijskem delu v skupnosti. Avtorji pisanje zaključijo z refleksijo razvoja policijskega dela v Sloveniji v zadnjih treh desetletjih.
... Both police-stewarded initiatives were not longterm institutionalized practices that strategically included ethnic minorities in the policing community. The non-governmental organizations, mainly the social welfare agencies financed by the government, played an even more significant role in relief work and attempts to build up the resilience capacity of different ethnic minority groups in Hong Kong (Lee & Ho, 2022 (Mastrofski, 1991;Fielding, 2005;Brogden & Nijhar, 2013;Cordner, 2014). Various definitions of community policing have been advanced to capture its core elements (Johnston & Shearing, 2003;Maguire & Mastroski, 2000). ...
... It is also a holistic practice that focuses on proactive crime prevention instead of crime removal and seeks to solve problems by attending to the community's needs. The policing authorities would seek collaborative partnerships with the community and active engagement in community building (Cordner, 1998(Cordner, , 2014Greene, 2000;Skolnick & Bayley, 1988 (Rosenbaum & Lurigio, 1994). Despite the ambiguities, community policing has been deemed a much-needed innovation in policing and has rapidly emerged as a global phenomenon (Burruss & Giblin, 2014;Morabito, 2010;Skolnick & Bayley, 1988). ...
... The role of intermediaries, like social workers and welfare agencies, is still apparent, but most of their work is passive and 'relief-oriented,' with only a few exceptions that actively seek capacity building for their EM clients. 2 As mentioned earlier, existing literature points out that there is no fixed, unified, and simple definition for 'community policing.' Instead, the nature of the definition is 'vague' (Kyle & Schafer, 2016), and it's challenging to discuss the definition of the concept, but almost anything can be claimed to be under the vague umbrella term (Cordner, 2014;Kyle & Schafer, 2016). Critics such as Bayley (1988) argue that community policing promotes a pre-existing concept as if it were brand-new. ...
Hong Kong is one of many metropolitan cities in Asia. Its permanent residents are more culturally diversified than other Asian counterparts, with more than 8% of non-ethnic Chinese inherited from the British colonial legacy, in addition to the Anglo-Saxon, several clusters of Ethnic Minorities (EMs) with South Asian ethnic background. This brought diversity to the territories but also issues of social management due to the divergence of culture and customs, and not a small number of them are economically and socially underprivileged in the mainstream Chinese community. This paper explores the interactions between the police and EM clusters from a community policing perspective: What were the problems identified by the police, and what have they done for 'crime prevention' purposes? The 'Project Gemstone', aimed at integrating the EM into local communities in 2013, is examined to explore the EM inclusion attempt by the Hong Kong Police. This study in the Asian Hong Kong context reminds the significance of contextual sensitivity to the design and implementation of EM policing and inclusion strategies. It also lets us rethink the concept of community policing which originated and was hypothesized in Anglo-Saxon democracies. The findings also provide insight into the policing authorities of Taiwan in the face of a more pluralistic & mobile population shortly.
... Human security cannot be achieved by the police alone but can be achieved through community policing and community partnership. Community policing prospers where cooperation between parties involved in the operationazation of community policing is high (Cordner, 2014). A collaboration between the police and the community members is achieved when community members sharest security issues. ...
... Community safety plays a significant role in influencing the participation of community policing. The community members are encouraged when law enforcement officers provide security through regular patrol (Cordner, 2014). When community members' safety is guaranteed by law enforcement, more community members participate in community policing programs. ...
... The law enforcement agencies have developed comprehensive plans that promote accountability, problem-solving, and collaboration within their organizations. A study by Cordner (2014) established that public safety cannot be achieved by the police alone but can be achieved through community policing and community partnership. Community policing prospers where cooperation between community members and the police is high. ...
The primary mission of police departments as seen by both the public and police professionals is crime management. Collection of crime intelligence is achieved when there is good relationship between police and community members. This study sought to investigate the impact of the community-police partnership on community policing in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was underpinned by the social capital theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and routine activity theory. Descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was community members in Lurambi Sub-County. The study targeted a sample of 384 community members as primary respondents. Besides, Police Officers and County law enforcement officers involved in community policing participated in the study as key informants. Stratified random sampling was used to select community members, while purposive sampling was used to select informants for the study. Primary data from community members was collected using questionnaires, while interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect secondary data. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Study data were analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences version 27 for windows. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated for the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results of the study revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between community-police partnership and community policing in Lurambi Sub-County (r= 0.617; P<0.05). Regression analysis was conducted to determine the variation in community policing outcomes as predicted by the effect of community police partnership in Lurambi Sub-County. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 0.312, implying that the impact of community-police partnership accounted for 31.2% of the variance on community policing outcomes in Lurambi Sub-County. The study concluded that community-police partnership has a significant influence on community policing in Lurambi Sub-County. Consequently, the study recommended that community policing actors and stakeholders develop policies that promote trust between the police and community members by cultivating teamwork and shared crime prevention goals since establishing and maintaining mutual trust is the central goal of community policing.
... "Actions that result in the filing of a formal complaint, an internal affairs investigation, or departmental disciplinary charges against the officer" is how Wolfe and Piquero (2011) define police misconduct. Similarly, Terrill (2014) defines police misconduct as the inappropriate activities made by police personnel regarding their official duties that frequently end in a miscarriage of justice and discrimination. The norm of False confessions, false arrests, the fabrication and use of false evidence, including false testimony, false incarceration, intimidation, police violence, police corruption, political repression, racial profiling, sexual abuse, and surveillance abuse are all examples of police misconduct. ...
... The study found that respondents largely believed the police institution lacked effective oversight mechanisms for managing firearms and ammunition. This perceived deficiency in supervision aligns with RAT's concept of the absence of capable guardianship, whereby the lack of stringent firearm monitoring may inadvertently facilitate unauthorized use, thereby contributing to officer-involved crime (Terrill, 2014). Respondents noted a general sense of insufficient oversight, implying that a lack of accountability and regulatory mechanisms regarding firearm management can lead to a heightened risk of misconduct within the force. ...
This study investigates the Prevalence of Crime Cases Involving Police
Officers in a West African Country, employing a quantitative research design
to gather insights from a sample size of 50 police officers in Cape Coast
through a two-staged sampling technique using both purposive and simple
random sampling. Through the lens of Routine Activity Theory, the findings
revealed that the motivating factors identified include personal grievances,
psychological issues, and dissatisfaction with remuneration, while there is a
notable lack of consensus on the influence of financial incentives and peer
pressure. The study mainly recommends the establishment of a transparent
and accountable organizational culture within the police force.
... Kedua ilmuwan sosial ini menggunakan artikel Zimbardo dengan argumennya yaitu, "Jika sebuah jendela di sebuah gedung rusak dan dibiarkan tidak diperbaiki, semua jendela lainnya akan segera rusak." Broken window menjadi metafora yang sangat kuat dan berpengaruh baik dalam pemolisian maupun dalam diskusi populer tentang kejahatan dan kekacauan, sering ditampilkan sebagai komponen kunci atau versi yang lebih berotot dari community policing (Reisig & Kane, 2014). Broken window theory menyatakan bahwa tanda-tanda yang terlihat dari kejahatan dan kekacauan sipil, seperti jendela pecah maupun vandalisme, bergelandangan, minum alkohol di tempat umum, jaywalking (tindakan menyebrang jalan dengan cara yang illegal dan tidak aman), dan menaiki transportasi umum dengan cara ilegal (tidak membayar tiket atau ongkos), semua hal tersebut menciptakan lingkungan perkotaan yang lebih mempromosikan kejahatan dan kekacauan (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). ...
... Broken window mendalilkan bahwa ketika polisi memperhatikan kejahatan kecil dan ketidaksopanan, penduduk lingkungan memperhatikan dan diyakinkan tentang keamanan lingkungan mereka dan kebergantungan mereka pada polisi. Secara signifikan, Wilson dan Kelling (1982) tidak membuat teori broken window begitu saja, melainkan menawarkannya sebagai penjelasan mereka mengapa patroli jalan kaki membuat masyarakat merasa lebih aman bahkan jika itu tidak selalu mengarah pada pengurangan kejahatan serius yang terukur (Reisig & Kane, 2014). ...
The function of the police as one of the functions of the state government is in the field of maintaining security and securing the community, law enforcement, protector, protection and service to the community. In carrying out its function of eradicating disorders of deviance and crime, the motivations behind these crimes have been explored. Structural social conditions are not always the only trigger of criminal acts, where the circumstances and physical condition of the environment or infrastructure become a strong stimulus for crime and irregularities. Physical damage to an environment gives offenders the perception that the area is prone to crime and that people are so frightened that they will do nothing to stop the crime. This paper aims to explain the process of preventing and maintaining public safety and security in the jurisdiction of the Tangerang City Metro Police carried out by the Perintis Presisi Patrol team. This study uses the theory of broken windows as support analysis. This writing uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The data sources used are primary data, as field observations and interviews and the secondary data as literature studies in the form of books, journals, and the results of previous studies with conclusions drawn. The results of the study show that based on the broken window theory, the decrease in the crime rate contained in the report chart of the Tangerang City Metro Police is the result of good cooperation carried out between the police institution and the community for concern for all forms of community security, regardless of the size of the disturbance or criminal act, even in micro level. The broken windows theory offers a clear, plausible and compelling perspective for police and the public to understand how best to deal with the increasing levels of crime and disorder in their areas.
... Many police systems in many countries have tended to evolve their police strategies from a traditional to a professional model, depending on community policing as a professional model of policing (Cordner, 2014). It evolved, in part, from a growing dissatisfaction with traditional police practices and a recognition of their shortcomings (Rosenbaum & Lurigio, 1994). ...
... Community policing is considered a new method of policing that strengthens mutual trust between society and security agencies away from the traditional methods used in police work (Cordner, 2014). ...
This chapter aims to shed light on the practices of community policing in Egypt, show its most prominent forms, and highlight its social role in solving and settling social and criminal problems in Egyptian society. The chapter will rely on the descriptive analytical approach to identify the practices of community policing in Egypt. The chapter plans to introduce community policing and its theoretical framework by addressing its definition, components, goals, and requirements and reviews the most prominent applications of community policing in Egypt, the most important of which are community participation committees in police departments, police reconciliation committees, and community participation committees in police stations. Reform and rehabilitation, and finally, the societal role of the police in community initiatives aimed at reducing the living burdens on citizens. The chapter concluded with the importance of the community policing model in enhancing public participation in maintaining security and combating crime and its reflection on building confidence in the police.
... Considering the social and other similarities between Croatia and Slovenia, a questionnaire designed for Similar Slovenian research was used (Lobnikar and Prislan, 2019). The questionnaire included eight key components of police work: (1) discretionary decisions; (2) application of the law; (3) accountability; (4) cooperation with the community; (5) professionalism; (6) legitimacy; (7) prevention; and (8) proactivity. Each of these eight components is a sub-section of the questionnaire consisting of four statements, each indicating one of the four policing models. ...
... Citizens are the users of police services, so in summary, from their perspective, the military-bureaucratic model and the lawful policing model define the police as a hierarchical, legal-bureaucratic organization whose primary role is to respond to crime through professional but rigid application of regulations (Gaines and Worrall, 2012) and whose effectiveness then relates to the number of criminal offenses solved and the speed of response to citizens' calls (Cordner, 2014). In contrast, community-oriented policing and the public-private division of policing focus on crime prevention because it is more important that citizens do not become victims of crime than that offenders are quickly identified, which requires the knowledge and legitimacy for all members of the community to work in partnership (Kappeler and Gaines, 2011). ...
Depending on their objectives and the social, economic, and political environment , police organizations apply different theoretical models. In modern Croatia, as in the rest of the modern democratic world, there are four policing models: the Military-bureaucratic model, the Lawful policing model, the Community-oriented policing model, and the Model of public-private division of policing. These models have their own theoretical and empirical scientific grounds. Since the police are a public service, they need to know what citizens expect from them, i.e., what policing model citizens prefer in their community. This research aims to identify a policing model that would be optimal from the point of view of the inhabitants of Požega-Slavonia County concerning their socio-demographic characteristics because research abroad identified that the origin of different citizens' different expectations of the police can be read from these variables. For this purpose, during the second 229 half of 2022, 254 inhabitants of the County were surveyed, which corresponds to 0.48% of the total population. Considering the social and other similarities between Croatia and Slovenia, a questionnaire designed for Similar Slovenian research was used (Lobnikar and Prislan, 2019). The questionnaire included eight key components of police work: (1) discretionary decisions; (2) application of the law; (3) accountability; (4) cooperation with the community; (5) professionalism ; (6) legitimacy; (7) prevention; and (8) proactivity. Each of these eight components is a subsection of the questionnaire consisting of four statements, each indicating one of the four policing models. Respondents agreed with these statements on a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The results show that respondents of different sex, age, and education level favor the Community-oriented policing model equally. Policijske organizacije, ovisno o svojim ciljevima te društvenom, ekonom-skom i političkom okruženju, primjenjuju različite teorijske modele koji se u praksi nikad ne očituju izolirano. U suvremenoj Hrvatskoj, kao i u ostat-ku modernog demokratskog svijeta, razlikuju se četiri modela rada policije: militarističko-birokratski model, model temeljen na provedbi zakona, model suradnje policije i zajednice i model javno-privatne podjele. Ti modeli imaju svoju teorijsku i empirijsku znanstvenu utemeljenost. S obzirom na to da je policija javni servis građana i da su građani korisnici policijskih usluga koje fi-nanciraju kao porezni obveznici, policija mora znati što građani od nje očeku-ju, odnosno kakav model rada policije preferiraju u svojoj zajednici. Cilj ovog rada jest prepoznati model rada policije koji bi bio optimalan iz perspektive stanovnika Požeško-slavonske županije u odnosu na njihova sociodemograf-ska obilježja jer inozemna istraživanja u tim varijablama nalaze porijeklo ra-zličitih očekivanja građana od policije. U tu je svrhu tijekom druge polovine 2022. godine anketirano 254 stanovnika Požeško-slavonske županije, što je 0,48 % ukupne populacije. S obzirom na društvene i ostale sličnosti Hrvatske i Slovenije, primijenjen je upitnik koji je konstruiran i prethodno korišten za potrebe odgovora na slična pitanja u Sloveniji (Lobnikar, Prislan, 2019). An-ketnim upitnikom obuhvaćeno je osam ključnih komponenti policijskog po-sla: (1) diskrecijske odluke; (2) primjena zakona; (3) odgovornost; (4) suradnja sa zajednicom; (5) specijalizacija; (6) legitimitet; (7) prevencija i (8) proaktiv-nost. Svaka od tih osam komponenti operacionalizirana je kroz četiri tvrd-nje od kojih svaka indicira jedan od četiri modela policijskog rada. Sudionici istraživanja iskazivali su stupanj svog slaganja s tim tvrdnjama na ljestvici od apsolutno se ne slažem do apsolutno se slažem. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju kako stanovnici različitog spola, dobi i razine obrazovanja jednako preferiraju model suradnje policije i zajednice. Ključne riječi: model rada policije, očekivanja građana, sociodemografska obilježja, kvantitativno istraživanje 231
... Foot patrols are a core component of community policing, focusing on visible, proactive engagement between officers and community members. Unlike vehicle patrols, foot patrols enable officers to build relationships, become familiar with local concerns, and act as both deterrents and connectors (Cordner, 2014). In countries like the United States and United Kingdom, studies have shown that foot patrols increase perceived safety, reduce fear of crime, and enhance public trust-even when crime rates themselves remain unchanged (Ariel et al., 2016;Weisburd & Majmundar, 2018). ...
This article explores how police foot patrols influence community perceptions of safety and police legitimacy within the South African context. While traditionally underutilized in favor of motorized policing, foot patrols offer a more direct, relational approach to community engagement. Drawing from international studies and contextualized with South African data and social dynamics, this paper argues that foot patrols can serve as a powerful tool in bridging trust gaps and fostering collaborative crime prevention efforts. This systematic literature review aims to synthesize existing research on the impact of foot patrols on community perceptions of safety and police legitimacy within the unique socio-historical context of South Africa. It seeks to identify effective foot patrol strategies, understand the influence of historical and socioeconomic factors, and provide evidence-based recommendations for improving policing practices. The review focuses on the evolution of policing in South Africa, including apartheid-era policing and its lasting legacy, the transition to democratic policing, and contemporary policing challenges. It examines community policing theory and practice, the role of foot patrols, procedural justice, social disorganization, broken windows theory, and transitional justice in the South African context. Effective foot patrols in South Africa necessitate a community-oriented approach that prioritizes procedural justice, acknowledges historical trauma, and addresses socioeconomic inequalities. Mere police presence is insufficient; meaningful engagement, data-driven strategies, and targeted officer training are crucial to build trust and enhance perceived safety. The South African context requires acknowledging the effects of past policing actions, and using foot patrols as a tool to help with transitional justice. This research employs a systematic literature review, analyzing dated but foundational studies alongside contemporary research to identify key themes, trends, and gaps in knowledge related to foot patrols in South Africa. The findings of this review will inform policing policies and practices in South Africa, providing evidence-based recommendations for implementing foot patrol programs that enhance community safety and police legitimacy. It will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities of policing in post-apartheid societies and highlight the importance of contextualized approaches. This research is intended for police agencies, policymakers, researchers, academics, and community stakeholders involved in policing and crime prevention in South Africa and similar contexts.
... We propose that an ethnographic study could provide more in-depth insights in the interactions of intuition and technologies in policing. Ethnography through fieldwork is the 'close-up study of culture and how meaning [is] produced, distributed and understood' (Manning, 2014). 53 Research that is close to practice will not only increase the practical significance of the research, but also its theoretical significance (Tops, 2022). ...
Police professionals often emphasise the value of their ‘sixth sense’ or intuition when making decisions at work. At the same time, there is a strong emphasis within data-driven policing
on the role of ‘objective, hard data’, positioning data-driven technologies as a replacement for intuition. However, different forms of interactions can be observed where intuitive and data-driven decision-making processes are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For instance, intuition can incite the use of technology and technology can be used to confirm intuitive presumptions. Also, intuition could question the output of technology, and vice
versa: technological output could cause one to doubt one’s own intuition. Research on these interactions is limited and more in-depth research is needed. This contribution focuses on
the question of how professional intuition and technologies in policing interact. The chapter first presents an overview of a qualitative literature review on the effects of technologies
on policing, after which a theoretical framework is discussed on how to conceptualise and study the interactions between professional intuition and technologies.
... Terdapat beberapa model Community Policing di berbagai negara menurut O.W. Wilson : • Model Anglo-Amerika: Di negara-negara Anglo-Amerika seperti Inggris dan Amerika Serikat, community policing sering kali mencakup penggunaan patroli jalan kaki, program Neighborhood Watch, serta kebijakan polisi yang akuntabel dan responsif terhadap kebutuhan komunitas; • Model Jepang (Koban): Jepang memiliki sistem koban di mana polisi bekerja sangat dekat dengan komunitas, menjaga hubungan yang erat melalui pos-pos polisi kecil yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah; • Inggris (Bobby): Model kepolisian di Inggris, khususnya konsep bobby. Konsep bobby menekankan pentingnya polisi sebagai pelayan masyarakat dan membangun hubungan yang baik dengan warga; • Prancis: Perancis menggunakan pendekatan proximity policing, yang berfokus pada kedekatan fisik dan keterlibatan langsung polisi dengan masyarakat.Community policing juga banyak diterapkan di negara-negara yang sedang dalam transisi politik atau di negara yang memiliki sejarah konflik untuk membantu menciptakan stabilitas dan membangun kembali kepercayaan antara polisi dan Masyarakat (Michael D.Reisig, 2014). ...
United Nations Police (UNPOL) memainkan peran vital dalam upaya menjaga perdamaian di
berbagai wilayah konflik yang dilanda terorisme dan ketidakstabilan, seperti di Mali,
Republik Demokratik Kongo (RDK), dan Sudan Selatan. Namun, peran ini bukan tanpa
tantangan besar. Di garis depan konflik, UNPOL berhadapan langsung dengan ancaman
ekstrem, ketidakpastian, dan hambatan struktural yang menguji dedikasi serta keberanian
mereka. UNPOL hadir sebagai penjaga harapan, membangun kembali kepercayaan
masyarakat di tengah reruntuhan konflik. Mereka melatih kepolisian lokal yang sering kali
tidak siap menghadapi terorisme modern, sembari melindungi warga sipil dari ancaman
kekerasan kelompok bersenjata. Di Mali, misalnya, UNPOL tidak hanya berperan sebagai
pelindung, tetapi juga sebagai pelopor dalam membangun otoritas negara di wilayah yang
dikuasai kelompok ekstremis. Meski beroperasi di wilayah yang sulit dijangkau, dengan
medan yang kasar dan minim infrastruktur, mereka tetap teguh menjalankan misi demi
stabilitas. Di Republik Demokratik Kongo, UNPOL menghadapi kelompok seperti Allied
Democratic Forces (ADF) yang terkenal brutal. Dengan keberanian, mereka mengerahkan
patroli gabungan bersama Polisi Nasional Kongo (PNC), meskipun menghadapi ancaman
langsung seperti penyergapan dan bom rakitan. Tugas ini semakin rumit dengan kurangnya
sumber daya, baik dalam bentuk personel maupun teknologi, tetapi semangat untuk
melindungi warga sipil dan mendukung keamanan nasional terus menjadi bahan bakar
perjuangan mereka. Sudan Selatan menghadirkan tantangan lain, dengan konflik etnis yang
dalam dan ketegangan politik yang rapuh. UNPOL melangkah ke dalam medan yang penuh
bahaya, bukan hanya untuk melindungi, tetapi juga untuk memberdayakan.
... In order to effectively address serious and complex crime and make an impact on crime hotspots, it requires problem-solving skills as postulated by Kane & Reisig (2014). The problem-solving process identified in the S.A.R.A. model stands for Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment, which allows an officer to make smart operational decisions. ...
This article examines the necessity for implementing a more intelligent, inventive, and disruptive policing paradigm, such as intelligence-driven community policing, to address both traditional and technology-facilitated crimes. Intelligence-driven community policing is a comprehensive policing paradigm that emphasises the identification and prevention of habitual criminals, concentrating on groups that present a threat and risk to the community. It employs community intelligence alongside other intelligence-driven policing strategies and methodologies to address crime and criminal activity. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The data for this research was gathered in three countries: Denmark, the two South African metropolitan provinces of Gauteng and Western Cape, and three Nigerian cities: Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt. The findings demonstrate that community policing has been embraced and executed in the majority of jurisdictions; yet, numerous issues hinder its efficient implementation. This encompasses a deficiency in comprehending the model's conceptual framework, misinterpretations and misconceptions by those responsible for its implementation, and an incapacity among the police, stakeholders, and the general public to distinguish community policing from state and regional policing. Innovative policing has significant consequences for international law enforcement in an increasingly digitised and complicated environment. Technological advancements have obscured the distinctions between the physical and digital domains, rendering the criminal scene increasingly global and complex. National and international law enforcement authorities must use innovative approaches and remain abreast of swift digitalisation and technical progress. This study recommends shifting to intelligence-driven community policing by integrating intelligence-led police strategies, techniques, and approaches into the community policing implementation framework. Understanding the conceptual framework of community policing and contemporary implementation methods tailored to the specific demands of each jurisdiction, police agency, culture, and circumstances is essential. A comprehensive recommendation is proposed to enhance the capacity and capability development of criminal justice, law enforcement, and intelligence personnel regarding the execution of intelligence-driven community policing.
... 110-129 e-ISSN : 2549-8282 https://journals2.ums.ac.id/index.php/laj/article/view/5515 122 power of prosecutions with the police is very powerful, since it has a deterrence effect by sending a clear message to would be offenders that once arrested, they will face the full rigors of the law (Tankebe et al.,2014) and Agozino (2004). The potential penalties for criminal offenses range from a single day of incarceration to life imprisonment. ...
It is incumbent on all governments the world over to provide security for the citizenry to develop their quality of life. Crime prevention strategies are therefore critical in achieving this laudable goal. Governments, security sector institutions and organizations encounter challenges in their quest to prevent crime in society. The prevention of crime has become a very significant national priority for public safety and security. Determining the main factors associated with the various criminal offences has the potential to lead to the development of strategies that can help prevent or reduce the incidence of crime. The laws of Ghana, especially the 1992 Republican Constitution uphold the respect for fundamental human rights, rule of law, fairness and lack of arbitrariness in the implementation of the law, especially in dealing with criminal offenders. The legal framework on criminal justice mandates institutions such as the Judicial Service, Ghana Police Service and the Prisons Service to ensure the prosecution and subsequent punishment of offenders. Improving democratic security sector governance (SSG) through security sector reform (SSR) is a key pre-requisite to achieving the ideals of crime prevention and punishment of offenders. Security sector reform aims to develop a secure environment for national development, good governance and community participation in crime prevention and punishment. This paper provides a comprehensive desk review of crime and punishment in Ghana from the perspective of the law and society and make appropriate recommendations for security sector reforms to enable the country achieve the objects of crime prevention. Semua pemerintah harus memberikan keamanan bagi warga negara untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka. Pencegahan kejahatan sangat penting untuk mencapai tujuan ini. Pemerintah, lembaga keamanan, dan organisasi harus berjuang untuk mencegah kejahatan. Pencegahan kejahatan merupakan tujuan utama keselamatan dan keamanan nasional. Mengidentifikasi penyebab utama tindak pidana dapat membantu mencegah atau mengurangi kejahatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hukum di Ghana, terutama Konstitusi Republik 1992, untuk melindungi hak asasi manusia, supremasi hukum, keadilan, dan penegakan hukum yang tidak sewenang-wenang, terutama bagi pelaku. Lembaga Kehakiman, Kepolisian Ghana, dan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan harus menuntut dan menghukum para pelaku kejahatan di bawah hukum peradilan pidana. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian yuridis normatif untuk mengkaji berbagai aturan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa demokratisasi tata kelola sektor keamanan melalui reformasi sektor keamanan sangat penting untuk mencegah dan menghukum kejahatan. Analisis sosial dan hukum terhadap kejahatan dan hukuman di Ghana adalah tujuan dari artikel ini. Untuk memerangi tingkat kejahatan yang meningkat, sangat diperlukan teknik pencegahan kejahatan yang holistik dan terintegrasi di semua sektor ekonomi.
... Model pemolisian komunitas atau yang dikenal dengan community policing merupakan salah satu contoh model pemolisian yang memiliki aspek nilai dan instrumen pelaksanaan yang baku dalam pemolisian. Community policing merupakan produk dari perubahan strategi kepolisian yang lebih profesional dengan menekankan pada indikator seperti relasi masyarakat dan kepolisian, relasi antar ras dalam pemolisian, penekanan strategi kepolisian yang berbasis riset sosial, foot patrol, penekanan pada pencegahan kejahatan, dan pelaksanaan peran dalam penyelesaian masalah komunitas (Reisig & Kane, 2014). Konsekuensi dari pelaksanaan community policing adalah mengikuti pedoman indikator dalam community policing tersebut dalam skema situasional yang dihadapi oleh masing-masing lembaga kepolisian. ...
The aim of this research is to see the potential of optimizing the democratic policing approach in Papua in creating Papuan security stability that is inclusive, based on community involvement, and involved in fulfilling social demands. The research method used in this research is a qualitative research method using interview data collection techniques. In the implementation of conflict policing in Papua, it can be a simulacra in transforming the style/model of policing to be more democratic which produces outputs in overcoming conflict in Papua. The democratic policing that is expected to be achieved in Papua also indicates fundamental changes in policing styles that require intervention at the macro, meso and micro levels in the implementation of policing in the context of conflict management in Papua.
... In such situation, it obliges the police to be able to raise the public confident and trust to its organization (Lister dan Rowe, 2016). In order to raise the public trust, the INP must own a certain mechanism to raise its accountability by switching their reactive paradigm, especially in combating many misconducts in the community to instead, becoming more proactive in developing their protective strategies to protect the public from the existing misconducts (Ivković, 2014). Such strategies must be reliable and held responsible scientifically in order to integrate the process of policing done by the INP with the existing scientific research findings which can be very helpful to the police in making evidence-based decisions on the field (Ratcliffe, 2023;Cherney, 2019). ...
In the midst of various challenges of policing and its consequences on public trust, a number of studies have examined the duties of the Police, especially the Republic of Indonesia National Police (INP), in maintaining security and public order, enforcing the law, protecting the public, and serving the community. Several contemporary policing models, such as Community Policing or Problem-Oriented Policing, have been suggested and implemented by the INP, although the parameters of its successful implementation continue to be a questionable issue. This article discusses how the concept of Evidence-Based Policing (EBP) – a new paradigm in policing – can better serve as a foundation for the Police in dealing with societal and criminal issues. EBP emphasises scientific and evidence-based decision-making, enabling officers to avoid the biases that are frequently criticised in policing practices. By utilising literature review and document analysis methods, this article examines existing policing models and demonstrates the importance of evidence-based approaches in improving INP performance. It also highlights the importance of consulting and collaborating with pracademics and international institutions that have successfully implemented EBP, in order to increase the accountability and responsibility of the INP in implementing EBP. The implementation of EBP is expected to lead to positive changes in policing culture – providing more effective and comprehensive solutions based on data and scientific studies to address crime and social problems in the community.
... In the future, it would certainly be worth exploring the reasons why these positive attitudes do not reach the level of intention and realization through the behaviour of police officers in their daily work. Such research is especially necessary in order to better understand the functioning of community policing, because most is expected from such police officers in terms of quality communication with citizens and their work is designed to provide citizens with relevant information and explanations (Cajner Mraović et al., 2003, Cordner, 2014. It is certainly important to determine this for the employees of the Police Operational and Communication Centre, but we can at least somewhat assume the reasons why their positive attitudes on providing an explanation to citizens are not realized in practice. ...
The study aims to explain what dimensions of the satisfaction of Croatian police officers with internal feedback are predictors of their readiness to explain their actions to citizens. The survey was conducted in 2020 on a convenience sample of 1260 police officers. The questionnaire measures satisfaction with feedback as one of eight dimensions of satisfaction with internal communication and police legitimacy in two dimensions of police and citizen interaction: accountability (citizens) – attitude and behaviour. The purpose is to compare feedback in internal and external police communication and examine to what extent the satisfaction of police officers with feedback contributes to the understanding of their attitudes and behaviour towards explaining actions to citizens. The results indicate the weak predictive power of variables that measure satisfaction with feedback in understanding the attitudes and behaviour of police officers related to explaining their actions to citizens. However, when introduced into the predictor model that contains the criterion variable "Behaviour related to explaining police actions to citizens" is the variable of attitude, the proportion of the variance explained increases significantly. The contribution of the paper is an analysis of the connection between internal and external communication of police officers in Croatia, and communication research is extremely important in police organizations in transition countries that undergo a transition from the traditional policing models to citizen-oriented policing models. A limitation of the paper is that only one aspect of internal communication has been examined in isolation. Therefore, new research should examine the complex nature of internal communication within a police organization in the context of the quality of police officers' relations with citizens, especially in relation to the willingness to explain police actions, as an important dimension of trust in the police.
... So you just gotta… understand your attitude and your actions will affect someone else, whether you know it or not… try to keep a positive attitude, even when I'm in a negative situation." This Black female sergeant and others also mentioned the essential role of police morals and values for fostering effective community interactions (Blumberg et al., 2018;Cordner, 2014;Cordner, 2023). ...
Given the frequency of harmful interactions between policing personnel and young people, especially Black young people, there is a need for policing personnel to learn how to promote safe and equitable interactions with young people. We conducted individual interviews with 35 Black YP (15-22 years) and focus group discussions with 50 police representing multiple ranks/roles. Results indicated that both young people and policing personnel view four policing practices as essential: respect, communication skills, empathy/understanding, and engaging young people in non-enforcement contexts. Young people wanted less use of force, more cultural sensitivity and anti-racism, and recognition of youth positive behavior. Some felt nothing could remediate youth-police ruptures. And police noted the importance of having a positive mindset in general and using developmentally appropriate language with young people. Though both groups had reservations overall, both envisioned a future where they could interact more positively. If these two diverse groups can see room for growth and possibility, we should support efforts to achieve safe and equitable relations between young people and policing personnel.
... An excellent example is that of Maguire and Duffee et al. (2015). Police studies have been a major area within this threefold division (e.g., Reisig and Kane (2014)). One prominent example is Sherman's police behavior theory (1980). ...
There are two significant difficulties in building a general criminal justice theory. First, different from criminology theories, criminal justice produces multiple outcomes at different levels. Second, the scopes of existing theories largely originate from Western contexts and data, few including cross-cultural variation. This paper outlines a unified theory to explain multiple criminal justice outcomes at the system, institutional, and individual levels across cultures under a paradigm shift from the current “monotonic paradigm” to a more general “comparison paradigm.” The new paradigm logically contains the existing paradigm while broadening research questions and scope of criminal justice studies. It constructs a new set of concepts and propositions, presenting an effort toward a general causal criminal justice theory.
... Sin embargo, la literatura académica ha demostrado de manera reiterada que estas situaciones son de una complejidad notable y que la respuesta de los agentes se ve influida por una amplia gama de factores (Terrill, 2014;Hickman et al., 2015;Taylor, 2019;Donner & Popovich, 2018;Kahn et al., 2017;Cojean et al., 2020;Baldwin et al., 2022). Con un objetivo similar, la comunidad científica ha investigado este fenómeno y los factores relacionados con él durante más de cuatro décadas, desde diversas disciplinas académicas como la Psicología, la Sociología y la Criminología (por ejemplo, Miller, 2015;Legewie, 2016;Sherman, 2018). ...
Los enfrentamientos policiales que involucran el uso de la fuerza o armas de fuego representan situaciones críticas con implicaciones significativas para la seguridad y la vida de las personas. Este artículo se centra en realizar una revisión sistemática, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativa, de estos enfrentamientos, explorando su relación con factores organizacionales y situacionales de relevancia. Entre los resultados, cabe señalar la predominancia de las variables organizacionales en el análisis, en contraposición a las variables situacionales. Las variables situacionales examinadas con mayor frecuencia comprenden la edad, raza, ubicación, tipo de arma, género, resistencia del detenido y experiencia del agente. En contraste, las variables organizacionales que se destacan incluyen el control policial, la estructura organizativa, la gestión interna, y la formación y capacitación de los agentes. Es importante señalar que los estudios revisados presentan ciertas limitaciones, como el tamaño reducido de las muestras y la falta de métodos científicos estandarizados, lo que dificulta la aplicación práctica de los resultados en el ámbito de la capacitación policial. En última instancia, este estudio ofrece recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones, enfocándose en el establecimiento de criterios estandarizados y consensuados que permitan un análisis más unificado de los enfrentamientos policiales. Esta iniciativa contribuiría significativamente a mejorar la comprensión de estos incidentes críticos y, en definitiva, a promover una formación policial más efectiva en su gestión.
... Model pemolisian komunitas atau yang dikenal dengan community policing merupakan salah satu contoh model pemolisian yang memiliki aspek nilai dan instrumen pelaksanaan yang baku dalam pemolisian. Community policing merupakan produk dari perubahan strategi kepolisian yang lebih profesional dengan menekankan pada indikator seperti relasi masyarakat dan kepolisian, relasi antar ras dalam pemolisian, penekanan strategi kepolisian yang berbasis riset sosial, foot patrol, penekanan pada pencegahan kejahatan, dan pelaksanaan peran dalam penyelesaian masalah komunitas (Reisig & Kane, 2014). Konsekuensi dari pelaksanaan community policing adalah mengikuti pedoman indikator dalam community policing tersebut dalam skema situasional yang dihadapi oleh masing-masing lembaga kepolisian. ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat potensi dari optimalisasi pendekatan democratic policing di Papua dalam menciptakan stabilitas keamanan Papua yang inklusif, berbasis pelibatan kemasyarakatan, dan terlibat dalam pemenuhan social demand. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan data wawancara. Dalam pelaksanaan pemolisian konflik di Papua, dapat menjadi simulacra dalam mentransformasikan gaya/model pemolisian menjadi lebih demokratis yang menghasilkan output pada penanggulangan konflik di Papua. Pemolisian demokratis yang diharapkan tercapai di Papua juga mengisyaratkan adanya perubahan-perubahan mendasar dalam gaya pemolisian yang membutuhkan intervensi pada level makro, meso, dan mikro dalam pelaksanaan pemolisian pada konteks penanganan konflik di Papua.
... Two factors render this question unusually dicult to answer. First, police legitimacy did not emerge as a well-dened topic of scholarly inquiry until the 1990s (Tankebe 2014), and second, public opinion polls on social problems and political institutions were neither common nor reliable under authoritarian regime (Braun 2011). However, the rise of military governments did not occur without public support (Kuebler 1966, Rouquié 1987. ...
... 376). Simply, when the police are viewed as an appropriate, proper and just entity, citizens are more motivated to accept police decisions and cooperate with the police (Tankebe, 2014). On the other hand, studies have also shown that when citizens do not view the police as legitimate authority, the police struggle to obtain cooperation and compliance from the citizens (Goldsmith, 2005;Jackson et al., 2012). ...
Purpose
This study aimed to expand the normative model of police legitimacy literature by assessing the impact of cultural values and their role as a driver of the perception of legitimacy. Specifically, the current study assessed cultural values like Confucianism and their impact on the perception of police legitimacy.
Design/methodology/approach
The current study used convenience sampling of South Korean university students from all seven metropolises. A perception survey regarding their perception of the legitimacy of Korean police was asked via a six-point scale. For statistical analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the hypotheses.
Findings
The authors' results indicate that Confucian values like social hierarchy and social harmony impacted various stages of police legitimacy. In particular, Confucian values significantly impacted procedural justice, the obligation to obey and cooperation. However, it failed to predict legitimacy in any capacity.
Originality/value
First, by assessing Confucian values and their impact on police legitimacy, the current study aimed to expand the police legitimacy literature. Second, police legitimacy research in non-Western settings is still lacking and has not reached a consensus regarding the primary driver of legitimacy. Furthermore, South Korea in particular is still at an infant stage regarding police legitimacy research. The current study aimed to add to the literature by examining police legitimacy in the Korean context.
... Both should be embraced as one in the same. Law enforcement officers should work with the community to keep order and peace and crime control efforts should be clearly articulated as well [17][18][19][20][21]. There is work to do to eliminate the gray area of where community policing begins and where order maintenance ends, for there is neither a beginning nor an end [2]. ...
The recent death of Tyre Nichols, a 29-year-old Black man in Memphis, following the pattern of several others including George Floyd in Minneapolis in May 2020 underscores the importance of change in policing communities in the United States. African Americans account for 13 percent of the nation’s population but constitute 24 percent of those fatally shot by police, with a likelihood of 2.5 times to that of White Americans. Dating back to the 1931 National Commission on Law and Enforcement’s Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement, there has been an ongoing concern about the pervasive violent policing in AfricanAmerican communities; however, this concern has drastically increased in recent decades, especially in the post 9/11 era with the advent of modern technology that drastically increased public awareness through social media and television on one hand, and the routine use of military-grade equipment by police departments in urban communities on the other. Images of police officers in helmets and body armor riding through neighborhoods in tanks along with stories of protests following the killings of Black citizens became regular televised reports. This paper examines the recent escalation of police use of excessive force adopting such operations as SCORPIAN (Street Crimes Operation to Restore Peace in Our Neighborhoods) as a part of police militarization and argues for the need to revert back to community policing—a method that once viewed to be less violent and more effective.
... Violence, use of force, and coercion are complex topics, which are subject to extensive debate (Terrill, 2014). The involuntary nature of incarceration means authors use coercion as both an analytical lens for specific use-of-force incidents (Marquart, 1986a) and a broader critique of incarceration (Wacquant, 2001). ...
During the past 30 years, bureaucratic managerialism has reshaped how prison staff maintain order. Policies and graduated disciplinary models have replaced coercive methods, reducing disciplinary use of force by prison staff against incarcerated people. Managerialism, however, disguises deep problems in the interpretation and enforcement of use‐of‐force policies. Drawing on 131 semistructured interviews with Canadian correctional officers (COs), I show how managers and prison staff interpret and negotiate policies to justify using force to maintain order. Although COs frame policies and management supervision as significant checks on their actions, they also suggest that inconsistencies in policy interpretation and implementation facilitate certain kinds of use‐of‐force decisions, which I define as “construction” and “outsourcing.” I conclude by discussing the broader organizational implications of these findings.
... The model clearly encapsulated core philosophical, strategic, tactical, and organizational dimensions of community policing [19] and one retired VicPol executive explained that it enhanced institutional recognition of emergency management as a policing issue in rural areas. Specifically, it afforded local sergeants greater autonomy and opportunities to engage in professional 'boundary crossing' [22] by actively participating in local forums where emergency management planning occurred. ...
Policing landscapes are being transformed by disaster risks associated with climate change. 'Re-silience policing' is described as an emergent model of security governance that builds upon established state-based community policing traditions to support the management of these complex risks and hazards. The assumption is that established policing capabilities might be harnessed to enhance disaster resilience. Empirical research on resilience policing is lacking however, and it is unclear whether this model is truly innovative, or simply a progression of established community policing models. This article explores these questions by considering how local police contributed to disaster management activities in a remote rural community which was directly impacted by Australia's catastrophic Black Summer bushfires in 2019-20. Our qualitative, empirical case study illustrates how institutionalized learnings, organizational and systemic reforms, and everyday policing activities enhanced the absorptive and adaptive capabilities of police as emergency responders, emergency management networks, and local residents. Our analysis indicates that a resilience policing model, anchored in existing community engagement and partnership-working methods, may hold promise as a means of enhancing the adaptative capacity of police and improving alignment between policing and emergency management networks. Less optimistically, it reveals potential obstacles to adapting this template for use in complex policing environments, sustaining institutional focus and adaptive capabilities amidst poly-crises, and aligning policing roles and mandates with transformative climate adaptation agendas.
... •• effective leadership (Barath, 2022;Taylor et al., 2022); •• improving officer health, wellness, and resilience Pallas, 2022); •• de-escalating potentially violent incidents to minimize the police use of force (Engel et al., 2022;White et al., 2021) •• implementing community-oriented policing (Cordner, 2014;Maguire, 2021b); •• embracing procedural justice and legitimacy (Weisburd et al., 2022;Wood et al., 2020); •• reducing racial inequities (Goff, 2021;Wallace et al., 2020); and •• reconsidering law enforcement's role in responding to individuals with mental health issues (Minkoff & Gerena, 2021;Puntis et al., 2018). ...
In many communities, certain segments of the population do not have trust and confidence in the police. These issues are particularly intense in some impoverished minority communities in which people are more likely to fear the police than to trust them. Much can be learned about the patterned dynamics between police and communities from the study of intergroup relations generally, and intergroup communication more specifically. Unfortunately, these phenomena have not yet been well studied from an intergroup perspective. In this prologue to the special issue, “The Police and the Policed,” we introduce contemporary trends in police–community relations from an intergroup perspective, and we provide a brief overview of the articles appearing in the special issue. We close by highlighting key take-aways from this collection, articulating a vision for future research on police–community relations from an intergroup perspective.
... Instead, a range of approaches are evident in contemporary literature that give some insights to policing. For example, ranging from problem-oriented policing (Scott & Clarke, 2020, p.1), to community policing (Cordner, 2014) to intelligence-led policing. A popular and enduring image of police, perpetuated by media, is that of law enforcers exercising their state-sanctioned authority to deprive police training in Australia. ...
This qualitative narrative research was conducted with an Australian police jurisdiction. The paper draws on practice theory to interpret the narratives of a group of traditionally trained police officers’ perceptions of policing practices, professional practice, learning and professionalism within the context of police professionalisation. Thirty-six police officers from various ranks, including senior management, participated in semi-structured interviews. Many police officers’ understanding of professional practice and learning is centred on technique, technical knowledge, image, uniform, and reputation. Our research reveals, the practices of police are embedded in the discursive practices of policing and the institutional constraints of the organisation, that maintain and perpetuate past stories contrary to the agenda to professionalise policing. The research is set in the broader context of national and international agendas driving the professionalisation of policing which sits alongside prevailing conceptions of policing as a craft or trade, learned on-the-job, and police officers as artisans.
... A way this is evident is through the proliferation of discourses around 'community policing' in recent decades, which emphasize the policing function as going beyond law enforcement and highlights aspects such as being responsive to community demands, engaging in partnerships and an overall personalized and friendly police role (Cordner, 2014). However, despite this persuasive language that emphasizes consensual, personalized and friendly interaction between the police and citizens, community policing almost always involves exercising some form of power over citizens, even though coercion might not be involved, or the law is not invoked. ...
... The officers who participated in the pilot diversion project all had a community-oriented policing role, meaning that they patrolled in a designated area in order to build relationships with the residents there, engaged in various partnerships with community representatives and generally engaged in broader policing functions than law enforcement (Cordner, 2014). A central part of the officers' everyday activities was to engage with the local youth in the neighbourhood. ...
... In a systematic review of studies, Mazerolle et al. (2013) found that procedural justice enhanced police legitimacy. Tankebe (2014) reported that procedural justice is one of four factors (together with lawfulness, effectiveness, and distributive justice) that influence legitimacy. ...
... However, researchers analyzing the effects of community policing typically examine police practices such as informal contacts with the public, foot patrol, permanent beat assignment, discretionary power, and problemsolving strategies. Still, research examining these practices has found little evidence to suggest that they reduce crime or the use of lethal and less lethal force (Cordner, 2014;Klahm & Tillyer, 2010;Koslicki. et al., 2021). ...
Using data from the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey, the current study provides a cross-sectional analysis of U.S. police departments’ reported use of force. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which departments’ reported force counts were explained by rational bureaucratic and/or institutional theory. Given the stark variations in reported force counts, a hurdle model was used to examine the potential effects of the theories on departments’ likelihoods of reporting force and the frequency in which they reported it. The results highlighted the significance of both theories. In terms of rational bureaucratic theory, the results illustrate that the absence of a collective bargaining agreement and greater professionalism requirements reduced departments’ likelihoods of reporting force, while less restrictive administrative policies increased departments’ likelihoods of reporting force and the frequencies in which they reported it. In terms of institutional theory, the results revealed that black officer representation reduced both the likelihood of reporting force and the frequency of force reported. However, increases in jurisdictions’ population and crime rates, for the most part, increased force reports. Combined the theories explained over one-fifth of the variations in departments’ reported use of force for the observed year. The findings suggest that successful efforts to reduce force-related injuries and deaths should consider the contextual environments in which rules and regulations regarding force are made.
... In a systematic review of studies, Mazerolle et al. (2013) found that procedural justice enhanced police legitimacy. Tankebe (2014) reported that procedural justice is one of four factors (together with lawfulness, effectiveness, and distributive justice) that influence legitimacy. ...
Satisfaction from police performance in cases that are screened
out from police investigation is low, particularly for victims who
report online. In a randomized controlled trial, we report the
impact of reassurance telephone callbacks on satisfaction scores
for victims of vehicle crime in London, United Kingdom. Evidence
suggests that reassurance callbacks cause victims to express more
favorable attitudes toward the police, with more pronounced satisfaction
scores among minority victims, particularly those who
report their crime online. We argue that callbacks to victims are
advantageous in an era of a police legitimacy crisis with diminished
resources for law enforcement.
Community policing aims to foster collaboration between law enforcement and local communities to enhance public safety. However, its implementation in Tanzania, particularly in the Chamwino District, has faced challenges such as inadequate police training, limited community engagement, and insufficient resources. This study assesses the factors affecting the implementation of community policing in the Chamwino District. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews. Data were collected from 149 community leaders and 10 law enforcement officers, with regression analysis applied to measure the relationships between training, engagement, resources, and policing outcomes. The findings indicate that community engagement (β = 0.857, p < 0.01) has the most significant impact on the effectiveness of community policing, followed by police training (β = 0.801, p < 0.01). Resource availability also plays a role (β = 0.682, p < 0.05), but its effect is 2 less pronounced. The study concludes that strengthening police training and fostering community engagement are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of community policing in the Chamwino District. It recommends policy reforms to institutionalise community policing best practices.
Community policing aims to foster collaboration between law enforcement and local communities to enhance public safety. However, its implementation in Tanzania, particularly in the Chamwino District, has faced challenges such as inadequate police training, limited community engagement, and insufficient resources. This study assesses the factors affecting the implementation of community policing in the Chamwino District. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews. Data were collected from 149 community leaders and 10 law enforcement officers, with regression analysis applied to measure the relationships between training, engagement, resources, and policing outcomes. The findings indicate that community engagement (β = 0.857, p < 0.01) has the most significant impact on the effectiveness of community policing, followed by police training (β = 0.801, p < 0.01). Resource availability also plays a role (β = 0.682, p < 0.05), but its effect is less pronounced. The study concludes that strengthening police training and fostering community engagement are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of community policing in the Chamwino District. It recommends policy reforms to institutionalise community policing best practices.
This article compares the crime prevention strategies of the South African Police Service and the Federal
Police of Brazil using a qualitative approach with interviews. South Africa and Brazil have diverse techniques for crime prevention. Challenges such as violence and corruption are entrenched in both countries' police services. Policymakers must discern the complexity of operational requirements affecting the government's ability to implement crime prevention strategies.
Urbanization has led to significant challenges in maintaining public safety and law enforcement in megacities worldwide. Karachi, Pakistan, faces unique urban policing challenges due to its rapid growth, socio-economic dynamics, and political complexities. This research paper explores the nature of urban crimes, the current law and order situation in Karachi, and the role of the police in megacities. The paper employs theoretical frameworks and empirical data to analyze urban policing challenges and proposes strategies for enhancing public safety and law enforcement in Karachi.
Under what conditions does the US public support the domestic use of different institutions of coercive state power? We theorize how the type of situation, the type of actor, the mission, and the type of intervention influence public support for such missions. We use a preregistered conjoint survey experiment to test our hypotheses and find that participants (i) are less supportive of interventions in response to protests than to natural disasters or terrorism, (ii) generally prefer the police or the National Guard to the military, (iii) mistrust order maintenance interventions, and (iv) prefer intervening actors be unarmed. Preferences (ii)–(iv) are strongly conditioned on the type of event. We also find that Republicans are more accepting of military actors, order maintenance interventions, armed interventions, and policing responses to protests. We note implications for public trust in the military, the militarization of policing, and the domestic use of federal forces.
This chapter first discusses the constitutional foundation of free speech and assemblies as well as their possible limitations and challenges, especially for police, when executing such limitations. After a brief view of the relationship between the crowd and police, the authors discuss an example of the London Metropolitan Police (Met) to show some decisive decisions (and possible alternatives) which had a lasting negative effect on the relationship between the Met and their community. Finally, the authors shed some light on Law Enforcement legitimacy as well as the concept of “Policing with consent” and underpin with their conclusion the importance of balancing the legal equilibrium.
Статтю присвячено дослідженню ознак та проблемних аспектів застосування поліцейських заходів примусу. Виокремлено три види поліцейських заходів примусу: застосування фізичної сили, застосування спеціальних засобів, застосування вогнепальної зброї. Зазначено, що кожен з вищевказаних заходів примусу має свої особливості та підстави застосування. Досліджено, що вибір для застосування конкретного заходу примусу покладається на внутрішнє переконання поліцейського. Вказано, що вид та активність застосування заходу примусу залежить від ситуації, яка склалася, обстановки, характеру правопорушення та особи правопорушника.
Persisting social inequities and injustices were spotlighted in the United States in 2020 after the murders of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd. A particular focus on the interactions of police officers and non-violent community members rallied a call to reallocate funds to social services better equipped to handle such situations, aptly named #defundthepolice. Many called for the need and placement of social workers in police agencies to curtail the negative interactions witnessed between police officers and communities of color, specifically with Black Americans. Across the nation, social workers are not always employed or readily available in police organizations. Therefore, instilling social work practices in police work can supplement the need for an alternate police response when resources are limited or nonexistent. This article examines the potential integration of social work values and principles as a complement to policing and delineates the identities and challenges of each profession through the lens of social identity theory. Suggestions are made to overcome the challenges by providing insight for future implications. The integration of the values and principles of social workers with the practices of police officers could promote a shift in policing toward restorative justice for community enrichment. These shifts could bring about resolution in the tumultuous relationship between communities of color and police departments across the United States and is worth consideration.
The successful implementation of community policing in any place rests on police-citizen interactions since it is a cornerstone of community policing. The higher the quality of police-citizen interactions, the higher the chances of thriving community policing implementation if the police department remains committed to supporting. Maintaining public safety and effective policing is very critical in community policing as that influence strong relationship and mutual trust between community members and the police agencies. Consistency, fairness, and procedural justice are critical elements that help build trust and legitimacy since they provide an opportunity for community-wide conversations about social equity, good relations, inclusiveness, transparency, and policing standards that shape the attitude of community members towards the whole concept of Community Policing. This study sought to assess the impact of community members' attitudes on community policing in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was underpinned by the social capital theory and the cognitive dissonance theory. Descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was community members in Lurambi Sub-County. The study targeted a sample of 384 community members as primary respondents. Besides, Police Officers and County law enforcement officers involved in community policing participated in the study as key informants. Stratified random sampling was used to select community members, while purposive sampling was used to select informants for the study. Primary data from community members was collected using questionnaires, while interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect secondary data. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Study data were analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences version 27 for windows. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated for the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results of the study revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between the attitude of community members and community policing (r=0.576; P<0.05) and regression analysis revealed an R squared value of 0.352, which implied that 35.2% of the variance on community policing outcomes was a function of community members' attitudes in Lurambi Sub-County. As a consequence, the study recommended that members of the community members, the police officers, and other stakeholders develop policies that strike a balance and learn to work together in harmony and a manner that will foster trust and openness and shape community attitude towards supporting Community policing activities not only in Lurambi Sub-County but in Kenya and beyond. .
Community policing brings together the police and the community members through a partnership to prevent crime, control the crime, and solve social problems. There's a deterioration in the level of trust, coordination and the level of crime is still high in Lurambi Sub-County. This study sought to investigate Social determinants of community policing in Lurambi Sub-County. The specific research objective was to analyze the effect of community characteristics on community policing in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was underpinned by the social capital theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and routine activity theory. Descriptive research design was adopted. The target population was community members in Lurambi Sub-County. The study targeted a sample of 384 community members as primary respondents. Besides, Police Officers and County law enforcement officers involved in community policing participated in the study as key informants. Stratified random sampling was used to select community members, while purposive sampling was used to select informants for the study. Primary data from community members was collected using questionnaires, while interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect secondary data. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach where quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Study data were analyzed using the statistical package for the Social Sciences version 27 for windows. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated for the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results of the study revealed a statistically significant relationship between community characteristics and community policing Lurambi Sub-County (r= 0.519; P<0.05) with a regression coefficient of determination (R 2) at 0.233, implying that community characteristics accounted for 23.3% of the variance on community policing. The study findings concluded that community characteristics significantly influenced community policing. The study recommended that community policing actors and stakeholders develop policies that promote trust between the police and community members by cultivating teamwork and shared crime prevention goals since establishing and maintaining mutual trust is the central goal of community policing.
This thesis examines the criminalisation of pro-migrant civil society in Europe within the context of the 2015 ‘refugee crisis’. While individuals and civil society groups helping migrants and refugees were initially widely praised, state attitudes towards pro-migrant civil society actors (CSAs) soon shifted, resulting in the phenomenon referred to as the ‘criminalisation’ of pro-migrant civil society, in which CSAs are prosecuted and targeted in different ways for their work with migrants. This thesis answers three broad research questions: how does criminalisation operate? Why does criminalisation occur? And what are the consequences of criminalisation? Between 2018 and 2019, I conducted 90 semi-structured research interviews, primarily in France, Greece and Italy, and conducted six weeks of participant observation research as a volunteer in Calais and on Lesvos. Based on this research and responding to gaps in the literature regarding the conceptualisation of criminalisation, I first create a new typological framework structured around six methods of criminalisation and repression: legislative change, judicial harassment, police harassment, administrative sanctions and techniques of bureaucracy, labels and stigmas, and co-optation. Second, I argue that criminalisation can be explained by the politicisation of migration, in which CSAs are criminalised for political and electoral gain, and by their positions as witnesses to state and EU security practices which systematically violate human rights and international law. Third, I argue that more repressive tactics utilised in Greece result in a more subdued and silenced civil society whereas more direct forms of criminalisation, as experienced by CSAs in Calais and SAR NGOs in the Central Mediterranean, create a more resistant civil society space. Finally, throughout this thesis I problematise the use of the word ‘criminalisation’ and associated emphases on notions and frameworks of legality, which risk obscuring the increasingly authoritarian nature of state actions around migration in Europe.
The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 established Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) across the country with the goal of providing continuous, comprehensive, community‐oriented care to people suffering from mental illness. Despite this program being considered a failure by most contemporary accounts, the World Health Organization advocates for a transition from the institutionalization of the mentally ill to a system of community‐centered care. In this paper, we construct a novel dataset documenting the rollout of CMHCs from 1971 to 1981 to identify the effect of establishing a CMHC on county level mortality rates, focusing on causes of death related to mental illness. Though we find little evidence that access to a CMHC impacted mortality rates in the white population, we find large and robust effects for the non‐white population, with CMHCs reducing suicide and homicide rates by 8% and 14%, respectively. CMHCs also reduced deaths from alcohol in the female non‐white population by 18%. These results suggest the historical narrative surrounding the failure of this program does not represent the non‐white experience and that community care can be effective at reducing mental health related mortality in populations with the least access to alternative treatment options.
Using the state of Georgia as a backdrop, this paper highlights the current state of the GFSA (Gun-Free Schools Act) in the United States of America, initially enacted in 1994, 30 years later. The progress of school-based ZTPs (Zero Tolerance Policies) in practice shows that progress remains slow a quarter of a century later. In response, this paper looks at the origins of school-level ZTPs, the intended and unintended consequences and identifies strategies for making substantial progress moving forward. Using Georgia law and the Fulton County school system as drivers toward change, this paper looks at State, County, and Regional-level implementation of School-based ZTPs, in alignment with the GA legal standard, to add to the existing knowledge base in this realm. By pointing to what has and has not been working, this paper seeks to bring efficacious strategies for improvement to the forefront (i.e., increasing the use of positive, collaborative behavior interventions and supports, using aggregate data to reduce the number of disciplinary actions that force students out of the classroom, creating reasonable limits on the use of law enforcement in public schools) to allow all students to learn in environments that are safe, non-punitive, and impartial.
As we wrestle with the role and limits of policing, a political philosopher who spent over two decades as a New York City police officer and Vermont chief of police presents a normative account of what it means to police a pluralist democracy. Invoking his vast experience, Brandon del Pozo argues that we all have the prerogative to use force to protect others, but police embody the government's unique duty to do so effectively and with restraint. He recasts order maintenance as brokering and enforcing the fair terms of social cooperation in our public spaces, for the protection of minority interests, and for a society where diverse conceptions of the good can flourish. The reasons why we police, he says, must be ones that all citizens can evaluate as equals. His book explains the democratic commitments of policing, and lays the groundwork for meaningful police innovation and reform.
When calls for reforming criminal justice arise, they frequently target particular—rather than systems-level—problems. This approach can be effective when only a few such problems exist. But it risks worsening rather than improving crime and justice by ignoring many other problems, including system-level issues that undermine efforts to promote safety and justice and to do so cost-efficiently. At the same time, this approach can contribute to continued investment in micro-level changes that ultimately achieve little or fail, in part because they do not address systemic problems. By contrast, systemic change—focused on changes throughout criminal justice and on criminal justice as a system—holds the potential to escape from this Sisyphean vicious cycle and to create greater public safety and justice at less cost.
Community policing is an approach to policing that brings together the police and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This study sought to assess community policing in crime management in OngataRongai, Kajiado County. The study was guided by three specific objectives; to examine community policing partnerships, to analyze crime intervention techniques and to identify organizational features in crime management in OngataRongai. Broken Windows ‘Theory’ of Crime was applied in addressing the theoretical background of the study as well as linking it to the study objectives. Descriptive research design was used as the methodology for carrying out research. The target population for this study comprised Kenya National Police Service, State officers from the Ministry of Interior, Government policing agencies, and stakeholders from Religious groups Community-Based Organizations, civil society organizations, business community, the private security industry, the media, Non-Governmental Organizations, special needs groups, educational institutions, youth and women’s organizations. Purposive sampling was utilized and the sample size was 100 respondents. The study used questionnaires, guided interview schedules, telephone interviews and focused group discussions. A total of 3 Focus Group Discussions and 4 key informant interviews were conducted. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were determined by conducting a pilot study in the adjacent sub-county of Ngong. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was presented through content analysis as obtained from the field exercise. The major findings of the study include; the existing partnerships were not effective due to lack of trust and interest between the police and members of public to CP program in OngataRongai; the introduction of flood lights, mulika platform, marking/naming of streets, regular foot and mobile patrols, KaziMtaani Programmes, installation of CCTV Cameras and zoning of areas had enhanced safety and security by positively contributing to a decrease in crime; LEMELEPO, Ole Kassasi, and OngataRongai CBOs had assisted to bring down levels of crime. These were some of the key recommendations; The police should cultivate a culture of partnership with members of the public by identifying and striving to overcome the problem of long-standing mutual mistrust and suspicion; the government should ensure the police are equipped adequately with the necessary logistics, training, terms and conditions of service and facilitation to enable the them discharge their mandate effectively; members of public should be sensitised on the importance of having good relationship with the police and providing information concerning insecurity and other forms of crime; and lastly the government should create an enabling environment for the conduct of business in the country to prevent the youth from engaging in criminal activities.
Why do people believe that violence is acceptable? In this article, the authors study people’s normative beliefs about the acceptability of violence to achieve social control (as a substitute for the police, for self-protection and the resolution of disputes) and social change (through violent protests and acts to achieve political goals). Addressing attitudes toward violence among young men from various ethnic minority communities in London, the authors find that procedural justice is strongly correlated with police legitimacy, and that positive judgments about police legitimacy are associated with more negative views about the use of violence. They conclude with the idea that police legitimacy has an additional, hitherto unrecognized, empirical property—by constituting the belief that the police monopolise rightful force in society, legitimacy has a “crowding out” effect on positive views of private violence.
Police reform movements often focus on improving relationships between police and the public. These relationships are a primary focus of community policing and procedural justice, two major reform efforts in policing worldwide over the past 3 decades. Reform movements that seek to improve relationships between police and the public rely, in part, on improving the way police communicate with the public. The idea of altering the style and content of communication to improve trust and reduce tension and conflict is consistent with a framework called communication accommodation theory that has appealed to a wide variety of disciplines. Although communication accommodation is implicit in many efforts to reform the police, little attention has been paid to the realistic constraints that police leaders may face in seeking to accommodate members of the public or their own employees. There are times when police leaders face “accommodative dilemmas” in which choosing to accommodate an outgroup means either not accommodating, or underaccommodating one’s own ingroup, and vice versa. Drawing on the study of intergroup communication, this article illustrates and discusses these accommodative dilemmas in police–community relations.
Police use of force against minorities, particularly African-Americans, has become a prominent national issue in the United States. In a number of controversial instances, such as the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, African-Americans have died under questionable circumstances due to police use of force. These incidents have fueled the growth of the #BlackLivesMatter movement and have often resulted in large-scale protests and riots. In this paper, we examine statements made by four types of criminal justice officials – police executives, police department spokespersons, police union representatives, and prosecutors – in the immediate aftermath of 30 such incidents that occurred in 2020. We examine the language used by these officials in social media postings, news releases, and press conferences, focusing specifically on the extent to which they express empathy or sympathy toward the decedent or his or her loved ones, as well as the community at large. Our analysis reveals that criminal justice officials rarely express empathy or sympathy in the aftermath of these incidents, though there are noteworthy differences between different types of officials. Our findings are helpful for understanding how the language used by these officials, particularly the public expression of empathy and sympathy, fits into broader debates about race and criminal justice in the United States.
How do routine police encounters build or undermine community trust, and how might they contribute to racial gaps in citizen perceptions of the police? Procedural justice theory posits that officers' interpersonal communication toward the public plays a formative role, but experimental tests of this hypothesis have been constrained by the difficulties of measuring and manipulating this dimension of officer-citizen interactions. Officer-worn body camera recordings provide a novel means to overcome both of these challenges. Across five studies with laboratory and community samples, we use footage from traffic stops to examine how officers communicate to drivers and whether racial disparities in officers' communication erode institutional trust in the police. Specifically, we consider the cumulative effects of one subtle interpersonal cue: an officer's tone of voice. In Studies 1A, 1B, and 1C, participants rated thin slices of officer speech. Participants were blind to the content of the officer's words and the race of their interlocutor, yet they evaluated officers' tone toward White (vs. Black) men more positively. By manipulating participants' exposure to repeated interactions, we demonstrate that even these paraverbal aspects of police interactions shape how citizens construe the police generally (Study 2), and that racial disparities in prosodic cues undermine trust in institutions such as police departments (Study 3). Participants' trust in the police, and personal experiences of fairness, in turn, correlated with their perceptions of officer prosody across studies. Taken together, these data illustrate a cycle through which interpersonal aspects of police encounters erode institutional trust across race. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Patient-perpetrated workplace violence (WPV) in healthcare is common. Although communication skills trainings are helpful, they may be strengthened by having a theoretical framework to improve replicability across contexts. This study developed and conducted an initial test of a training framed by Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) using longitudinal mixed-methods surveys of healthcare professionals in an American primary care clinic to increase their self-efficacy, patient cooperation, and use of CAT strategies to de-escalate patient aggression. Results of the intervention indicate that the CAT training significantly increased professionals’ efficacy and reported patient cooperation over time. Findings showed that those who reported using more of the five CAT strategies also reported situations that they were able to de-escalate effectively. This initial test of a CAT training to prevent WPV demonstrates promise for the applicability of CAT strategies to de-escalate patient aggression, and the need to scale and test these trainings in settings that experience high WPV levels.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a rapport-based approach to interviewing that includes productive questioning skills, conversational rapport, and relational rapport-building tactics. Hypotheses: We predicted that training police investigators in a rapport-based approach would significantly increase the use of rapport-based tactics and that such tactics would directly influence the interviewee’s perceptions
of rapport and indirectly lead to increased cooperation and disclosure of information. Method: We trained federal, state, and local law enforcement investigators (N = 67) in the use of evidence-based interviewing techniques. Both before and after this training, investigators interviewed semi cooperative subjects (N = 125). Interviews were coded for the use of various interview tactics, as well as subjects’ disclosure. Participants also completed a questionnaire regarding their perceptions of the interviewer and their decision to cooperate with the interviewer. Results: Evaluations of the training were positive, with high ratings of learning, preparedness to use tactics, and likelihood of use following the training. In posttraining interviews, investigators significantly increased their use of evidence-based tactics, including productive questioning, conversational rapport, and relational rapport-building tactics. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that investigators’ use of the evidence-based interview tactics was directly associated with increased perceptions of rapport and trust and indirectly associated with increased cooperation and information disclosure. Conclusions:We demonstrated that rapport-based interview tactics could be successfully trained and that using such tactics can facilitate perceptions of rapport and
trust, reduce individuals’ resistance to cooperate, and increase information yield.
Background: Pharmacy students receive training to effectively communicate with patients about their medications. Objectives: A theory-based approach (Communication Accommodation Theory [CAT]) was used to investigate the impact of communication skills’ tutorials on Pharmacy students’ self-reported attitudes, beliefs and behaviours in patient communication. Methods: Final year Pharmacy students completed an online, 30-item, patient-centred communication survey at three points in time, before and after attending three CAT-based tutorials (Survey #1 and Survey #2). Survey #3 was distributed six to twelve months into students’ intern training year (post-graduation). Differences between participants’ responses over time were measured and analysed. Results: Response rates were 78% for Survey #1, 84% for Survey #2, and 28% for Survey #3. Further analysis indicated that Survey #3 respondents were not statistically different from the larger sample size. Key areas changed from baseline (Survey #1) to post tutorials (Survey #2) and were sustained well into Pharmacy students’ intern year (Survey #3). Conclusions: This novel research indicated growing awareness and retention of key communication behaviours over time.
We assessed racial disparities in policing in the United States by compiling and analysing a dataset detailing nearly 100 million traffic stops conducted across the country. We found that black drivers were less likely to be stopped after sunset, when a ‘veil of darkness’ masks one’s race, suggesting bias in stop decisions. Furthermore, by examining the rate at which stopped drivers were searched and the likelihood that searches turned up contraband, we found evidence that the bar for searching black and Hispanic drivers was lower than that for searching white drivers. Finally, we found that legalization of recreational marijuana reduced the number of searches of white, black and Hispanic drivers—but the bar for searching black and Hispanic drivers was still lower than that for white drivers post-legalization. Our results indicate that police stops and search decisions suffer from persistent racial bias and point to the value of policy interventions to mitigate these disparities. Pierson et al. compiled and analysed a dataset detailing nearly 100 million traffic stops conducted across the United States, finding evidence of persistent racial bias against black and Hispanic drivers in police stops and search decisions.
Existing research shows that distrust of the police is widespread and consequential for public safety. However, there is a shortage of interventions that demonstrably reduce negative police interactions with the communities they serve. A training program in Chicago attempted to encourage 8,480 officers to adopt procedural justice policing strategies. These strategies emphasize respect, neutrality, and transparency in the exercise of authority, while providing opportunities for civilians to explain their side of events. We find that training reduced complaints against the police by 10.0% and reduced the use of force against civilians by 6.4% over 2 y. These findings affirm the feasibility of changing the command and control style of policing which has been associated with popular distrust and the use of force, through a broad training program built around the concept of procedurally just policing.
Most people modify their ways of speaking, writing, texting, and e-mailing, and so on, according to the people with whom they are communicating. This fascinating book asks why we 'accommodate' to others in this way, and explores the various social consequences arising from it. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), revised and elaborated over the past 40 years, has been applied to a wide range of situations, from families to courtrooms, and from media to hospitals, by means of diverse methodologies in many disciplines, and across numerous languages and cultures. Bringing together a team of experts, this book demonstrates how the theory can help us towards a greater understanding of interpersonal communication in a multitude of contexts. Finally, it examines the principles of the theory, identifying a range of avenues along which research can move forward in future. A fascinating account of how and why we modify our way of speaking, texting, and e-mailing, and so on, according to the people with whom we are communicating. An invaluable resource for those already invoking Communication Accommodation Theory in their work, and for those yet to realize its potential. Furthers our understanding of interpersonal communication, and is of real significance to those studying new applied contexts, from families to courtrooms, and from media to hospitals.
Objective Why do people justify intergroup violence? In this paper we examine attitudes towards violence perpetrated by indigenous activists to claim for rights and violence by pólice officers against indigenous people. We assess the role that perceived pólice legitimacy, procedurally just policing towards the indigenous minority group and group identity play in the justification of intergroup violence. Method We present findings from two surveys (Study 1, n=1493, Study 2, n=198) and an experiment (Study 3, n=76) conducted among indigenous people in Chile. Studies 1 and 2 measure perceptions of police procedural justice towards indigenous people. Study 3 manipulates the fairness with which police officers treat indigenous people. Effects of procedural justice on police legitimacy (Studies 2 and 3) and attitudes towards violence for social change and social control (Studies 1-3) are analyzed. Result Higher perceptions of procedurally just policing towards indigenous people predict more support for police violence and less support for violence perpetrated by indigenous activists. These effects are mediated by perceived police legitimacy and moderated by identification with the minority group. Among people who identify strongly with their indigenous group, perceiving high procedural justice predicts greater police legitimacy, greater support for police violence, and lesser support for violence perpetrated by indigenous activists. Conclusions Findings contribute to an emerging literature on the roles of procedural justice and legitimacy in violence perceptions. Fair, respectful and neutral treatment of pólice officers may reduce the support for violence among minority group members and increase trust in the violence used by police officers.
During the last twenty years, police trust and legitimacy has emerged as an important academic theme and a political issue. Procedural justice during interactions with police has surfaced as a leading theory in Western nations. However, Middle-Eastern, African, and Asian case studies show a distinct pattern. And, more generally, national realities differ substantially when it comes to relations between the governors and the governed. Unfortunately, the impact on police-citizen relations of macro-level conditions and of attitudes to the state has been neglected in most contemporary research. Contributions to this volume provide evidence of their importance. The critical role of societal cleavages (not only racial but also ethnic and religious), of ideology and political divisions as well as of institutions is highlighted as determinants of trust in and legitimacy of the police. We advocate that the interactional or micro-level needs to be combined with the institutional or macro-level for properly understanding the dynamics of police trust and legitimacy in a global perspective, and we provide hypotheses to be tested in future research.
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In this article, we review the different functions that language and symbols (in particular clothing) fulfill in group life; language and clothing are rarely, if ever, discussed together in the same conceptual space. Our review includes a consideration of how social identities are communicated and discredited, boundaries crossed, and group norms established, maintained, and regulated. Throughout, we integrate motivational and social-cognitive approaches, ending with proposals for future research and theory in intergroup communication.
Significance
Police officers speak significantly less respectfully to black than to white community members in everyday traffic stops, even after controlling for officer race, infraction severity, stop location, and stop outcome. This paper presents a systematic analysis of officer body-worn camera footage, using computational linguistic techniques to automatically measure the respect level that officers display to community members. This work demonstrates that body camera footage can be used as a rich source of data rather than merely archival evidence, and paves the way for developing powerful language-based tools for studying and potentially improving police–community relations.
Purpose: This study investigated whether citizen characteristics (race/ethnicity and attire) or
demeanor predicted how officers interacted in simulation scenarios that could turn violent.
Design: Controlled-laboratory experiments were conducted during which police participants
(n=50) responded to equivalent numbers of black, white and Hispanic individuals in multiple
branching video scenarios in a use-of-force simulator. Within these scenarios, the attire of onscreen
individuals was varied (“street” or “business” clothing) as was their demeanor—
individuals were either friendly or confrontational. Each scenario had the potential to end
peaceably or turn violent, depending on how the officers treated people in the simulator.
Findings: Multi-level modeling revealed that neither the race/ethnicity nor the attire of on-screen
individuals predicted how officers interacted with them. However, the demeanor of on-screen
individuals did—officers were significantly more likely to verbally escalate and end up with a
deadly outcome when faced with confrontational individuals (f=3.96; df=1, 558; p<.05).
Implications: These findings offer important new insight into how fairly officers interact with
people during routine encounters that have the potential to turn violent, and what this means for
perceptions of police legitimacy, procedural justice, and allegations of racial bias.
Originality/value: This is the first laboratory study to test the impact of citizen characteristics
and demeanor on how officers escalate and de-escalate encounters.
On July 10, 2015, a young African American woman named Sandra Bland was stopped by State Trooper Officer Brian Encinia for failing to signal a lane change. What began as a routine traffic stop quickly devolved into shouting, a physical confrontation, and Bland's subsequent arrest. We use discourse analysis to examine the rapid escalation of this encounter with a focus on procedural justice (Sunshine & Tyler 2003) and the dialogic approach to legitimacy (Bottoms & Tankebe 2012). In analyzing the transcript of Sandra Bland's traffic stop, we address several key questions: How is procedural justice manifested linguistically? Can the dialogic legitimacy framework be used to understand the dynamics of individual police-citizen interactions? The conclusions of this analysis provide an interdisciplinary view of how procedural justice and legitimacy are manifested and negotiated in a police-citizen interaction.
Police officers who work with victims of rape and sexual assault are exposed to severely traumatic material. This study aimed to investigate whether these specialist officers had developed compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout, and whether these variables were associated with trait and situational empathy, an important factor in retaining victim involvement within the prosecution process. The study also piloted a brief training intervention aimed at educating officers about compassion fatigue and ways of reducing and preventing it. A convenience sample of specialist police officers (N = 142) who work with victims of sexual assault completed measures of compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout, as well as two empathy measures, rating trait empathy and “in vivo” empathy in response to a video vignette. Cross-sectional analysis showed that longer-serving specialist officers had greater compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout, but that neither measure of empathy was related to compassion fatigue or secondary traumatic stress, although high burnout was related to low trait empathy. The training was well received, and pre- and posttest measures showed that officers’ knowledge of the constructs increased. Given the potential risks to their well being and work performance, officers would benefit from further support to cope with and prevent emotional distress. Higher empathy might protect against burnout. Longitudinal research is needed to better understand the relationships between empathy, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout.
Theory and research highlight the importance of procedural justice for inculcating people’s obligation to obey and willingness to cooperate with legal authorities, yet questions remain about the universality of these relationships across cultures and contexts. We examine the influence of procedural justice and other factors on Ghanaian immigrants’ obligation to obey and willingness to cooperate with police. The findings suggest that when police are perceived to behave in a procedurally just manner, people feel an increased obligation to obey their directives and willingness to cooperate with them. Perceived police effectiveness does not influence Ghanaian immigrants’ obligation to obey police, but is the most dominant factor in shaping their willingness to cooperate with police. Respondents’ views of police in Ghana did not influence obligation or cooperation. The implications of the results for theory development, empirical research, and policies intended to improve police–immigrant relations are discussed.
This book constitutes a critical case study of the modern search for public sector reform. It includes a detailed account of a study aimed at developing a meaningful way of evaluating difficult-to-measure moral dimensions of the quality of prisons. Penal practices, values, and sensibilities have undergone important transformations over the period 1990-2003. Part of this transformation included a serious flirtation with a liberal penal project that went wrong. A significant factor in this unfortunate turn of events was a lack of clarity, by those working in and managing prisons, about important terms such as ‘justice’, ‘liberal’, and ‘care’, and how they might apply to daily penal life. Official measures of the prison seem to lack relevance to many who live and work in prison and to their critics. The author proposes that a truer test of the quality of prison life is what staff and prisoners have to say about those aspects of prison life that ‘matter most’: relationships, fairness, order, and the quality of their treatment. The book attempts a detailed analysis and measurement of these dimensions in five prisons. It finds significant differences between establishments in these areas of prison life, and some departures from the official vision of the prison supported by the performance framework. The information revolution has generated unprecedented levels of knowledge about individual prisons, as well as providing a management reach into establishments from a distance, and a capacity for ‘chronic revision’, that was unimaginable fifty years ago. Another major transformation – the modernisation project – brought with it a new, but flawed, ‘craft’ of performance monitoring and measurement aimed at solving some of the problems of prison management. This book explores the arrival and the impact of this concept of performance and the links apparently forged between managerialism and moral values.
Using a detailed case study of an area of East London, this book documents the everyday abuse, assault and intimidation that is suffered by ethnic minorities in Great Britain. The author explains and analyses the process through which violence is targeted at these minorities, along with the role that the ideas and language of racial exclusion take in this process. The apparent failure of the police and "multi-agency initiatives" to respond effectively to this problem is then looked at in depth. This book is based on detailed analysis of official documents, a victimisation survey, interviews and direct observation, seen in the overall context of the history of race relations in Britain. It describes some of the many thousands of racist attacks that have occurred in recent years and the events in the last two decades that have shaped English racism and the political and policy responses to it.
While investigations examining the effects of direct and vicarious police stops on youth attitudes toward the police have been limited, even less research has explored how these processes vary by race/ethnicity. Thus, this study uses the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to examine how race/ethnicity shapes: (1) the relationship between direct and vicarious police stops and youth attitudes toward police and (2) how the contextual nature of these stops (intrusiveness) influence youth perceptions of police. The results suggest that direct and/or vicarious police contact can generate negative attitudes toward police among black, Hispanic, and in some cases, white youth, though these effects vary across type of police stop and type of attitude. When a direct stop involved more officer intrusiveness, black youth reported less respect and more negative perceptions of procedural justice. As such, policymakers and criminologists should consider how race/ethnicity influences youth attitudinal responses to police encounters.
The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Policing, Communication, and Society brings together well-regarded academics and experienced practitioners to explore how communication intersects with policing in areas such as cop-culture, race and ethnicity, terrorism and hate crimes, social media, police reform, crowd violence, and many more. By combining research and theory in criminology, psychology, and communication, this handbook provides a foundation for identifying and understanding many of the issues that challenge police and the public in today’s society. It is an important and comprehensive analysis of the enormous changes in the roles of gender in society, digital technology, social media, and organizational structures have impacted policing and public perceptions about law enforcement.
Objectives. To assess police contact as a potential adverse childhood experience by measuring its prevalence, nature, and distribution among urban adolescents.
Methods. Detailed US population-based data on youth‒police contact were collected in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2478) from 2014 to 2017. Using regression modeling, I assessed adolescents’ police exposure and the magnitude and robustness of racial disparities in police contact. Sensitivity analyses examined disparities by behavior and socioeconomic context.
Results. Urban youths are heavily policed, beginning in preadolescence. Exposure to policing is unevenly distributed, with non-White adolescents—particularly Black boys—reporting more, and more aggressive, contact than their White counterparts. Hispanic‒White differences and disparities in girls’ experiences were less pronounced but present, particularly in how intrusive stops were. Intrusion disparities were robust to most behavioral controls, but not observed among youths with higher socioeconomic status.
Conclusions. Given extant literature documenting adverse health consequences of police encounters, findings implicate policing as a driver of health disparities in adolescence and throughout the life course. Public health infrastructure dedicated to the prevention and treatment of adverse childhood experiences is well suited for mitigating these harms and inequities. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print May 20, 2021: e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306259 )
This study incorporates communication accommodation theory to investigate how student perceptions of instructor nonaccommodation influence affective and cognitive classroom outcomes. A series of two-level hierarchical linear models (students nested within instructors) revealed significant, negative associations between specific modes of instructor nonaccommodation (i.e., nonaccommodation related to nonverbal responsiveness, content knowledge, and student support) and students’ reported outcomes. Specifically, nonaccommodation related to nonverbal responsiveness and student support resulted in less communication satisfaction and instructor–student rapport when controlling for student sex and expected grade in a course. Contrarily, only nonaccommodation related to content knowledge predicted processing fluency. The research provides instructional communication researchers with a unique theoretical framework for conceptualizing and assessing student perceptions while also raising important questions regarding how students prioritize effective teaching behaviors in context. Practical implications are provided for how instructors better assess and enact behavior relative to individual student needs.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe a theory-driven intervention called VOICES that was developed to improve police-community relations. The intervention was designed based on principles derived from social psychological theories of intergroup contact and communication.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors discuss the theoretical basis for the intervention, as well as its development and implementation in the Santa Barbara Police Department. Based on this pilot testing, the authors provide preliminary evidence about its effectiveness using survey responses and qualitative feedback provided by participants.
Findings
Although the case study method used here does not allow for causal inferences about the effectiveness of the intervention, the limited evidence the authors present does suggest that participants found VOICES useful and it may have improved their perceptions of police. The next step will be to test this intervention using experimental or quasi-experimental methods that allow for causal inferences about effectiveness.
Originality/value
The paper shows how police can develop theory-driven interventions in an effort to improve trust between police and the public, including communities in which relationships with police have been historically strained. It also underscores how insights from the study of intergroup contact and communication can benefit policing.
Introduction
Violent encounters with police represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA, especially among Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC). This study characterises trends in fatal police shootings overall and by armed status and quantifies inequities in mortality burden and years of life lost (YLL) across racial/ethnic groups.
Methods
Longitudinal study of Washington Post data on fatal police shootings in the USA using generalised linear-mixed models to capture trends with time and relative rates.
Results
This study shows that the rate of fatal police shootings for Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) is constant from 2015 to 2020. Further, BIPOC have significantly higher death rates compared with Whites in the overall victim pool (Native American RR=3.06, Black RR=2.62, Hispanic RR=1.29) and among unarmed victims (Black RR=3.18, Hispanic RR=1.45). Native American (RR=3.95), Black (overall RR=3.29, unarmed RR=3.49) and Hispanic (RR=1.55, unarmed RR=1.55), victims had similarly high rates of YLL relative to Whites.
Conclusion
Fatal police shootings are a public health emergency that contribute to poor health for BIPOC. Urgent attention from health professionals is needed to help drive policy efforts that reduce this unjust burden and move us towards achieving health equity in the US.
The increase in cases of political corruption, the loss of politicians' credibility, the development of social and political forms of pathology (notably the rise of the extreme right along with exclusionist ideologies), and the role of the State have been at the center of political debates. In one way or another, these problems raise the question of the legitimacy of the established powers. The result is that legitimacy, a key notion of political thought in general, has today become a burning issue. Coicaud examines all these issues and proffers insightful answers to questions such as the connections between morality and politics, how rulers acquire or lose the right to govern, and how one can become the advocate of a theory of political justice that, while establishing limits, respects and even ensures the promotion of plurality within societies.
The theory of accommodation is concerned with motivations underlying and consequences arising from ways in which we adapt our language and communication patterns toward others. Since accommodation theory's emergence in the early l970s, it has attracted empirical attention across many disciplines and has been elaborated and expanded many times. In Contexts of Accommodation, accommodation theory is presented as a basis for sociolinguistic explanation, and it is the applied perspective that predominates this edited collection. The book seeks to demonstrate how the core concepts and relationships invoked by accommodation theory are available for addressing altogether pragmatic concerns. Accommodative processes can, for example, facilitate or impede language learners' proficiency in a second language as well as immigrants' acceptance into certain host communities; affect audience ratings and thereby the life of a television program; affect reaction to defendants in court and hence the nature of the judicial outcome; and be an enabling or detrimental force in allowing handicapped people to fulfil their communicative potential. Contexts of Accommodation will appeal to researchers and advanced students in language and communication sciences, as well as to sociolinguists, anthropologists, sociologists and psychologists.
We use data on police-involved deaths to estimate how the risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States varies across social groups. We estimate the lifetime and age-specific risks of being killed by police by race and sex. We also provide estimates of the proportion of all deaths accounted for by police use of force. We find that African American men and women, American Indian/Alaska Native men and women, and Latino men face higher lifetime risk of being killed by police than do their white peers. We find that Latina women and Asian/Pacific Islander men and women face lower risk of being killed by police than do their white peers. Risk is highest for black men, who (at current levels of risk) face about a 1 in 1,000 chance of being killed by police over the life course. The average lifetime odds of being killed by police are about 1 in 2,000 for men and about 1 in 33,000 for women. Risk peaks between the ages of 20 y and 35 y for all groups. For young men of color, police use of force is among the leading causes of death.
Research Summary
We conducted face‐to‐face interviews with 50 young Black men, residents of high‐crime neighborhoods in Brooklyn and the Bronx, individuals who had considerable knowledge about illegal gun markets and the resulting bloodshed. Our findings confirm that distressed milieus reliably fail to produce cooperative witnesses as a result of the cumulative impact of anti‐snitching edicts, fear of retaliation, legal cynicism, and high‐risk victims’ normative views toward self‐help.
Policy Implications
Disadvantaged communities of color typically have low fatal and nonfatal shooting clearance rates in part as a result of poor witness cooperation. Diminished clearance rates have also been shown to intensify minority residents’ claims that officers do not care about keeping them or their neighborhoods safe. Respondents’ accounts identify three overlapping areas instructive for informing public policy: (1) reducing gun violence so that high‐risk individuals live in objectively safer areas, (2) using intermediaries to launch grassroots campaigns countering pro‐violence and anti‐snitching norms, and (3) improving police–minority community relations.
While a large, cross-disciplinary literature exists on crowd dynamics and protester behavior, few studies have tested the effects of perceived injustice on protester behavior. Based on data from a survey of Occupy Wall Street protesters in New York City, we explore the influence of perceptions of unjust police behavior on the use of violent resistance by protesters. We test the direct effects of two perceptual measures of procedural injustice and four control variables on self-reported use of violence against police. We also test the indirect effects of these variables on protester use of violence through an attitudinal measure of support for the use of violence against police. Findings reveal that the dominant predictor of protester violence against police is the perception that police use force unjustly against protesters. Level of participation in OWS and attitudes toward violence also exert significant effects on self-reported use of violence against police among protesters.
Two well-established theories have been used as a foundation for studying how interpersonal treatment affects police-citizen relations: procedural justice and communication accommodation theory. Both theories highlight communication with the public as among the most central duties of a law enforcement officer. Yet research has found that there may be a nonlinear relationship between level of accommodation and positive behavioral outcomes. In this laboratory-style experiment, participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions to test the effects of three communication styles on perceptions of officer authority/professionalism and of the authority/professionalism of the police more generally. The results show that a procedurally just style of communication results in greater perceived authority/professionalism of the police than a neutral style, while overaccommodation causes the officer to be perceived as having less authority/professionalism. These results take another step in integrating procedural justice theory and communication accommodation theory and speak to the practical effects of communication styles on how people view the police.
President Obama’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing recently endorsed procedural justice as a way to restore trust between police and communities. Yet police-citizen interactions vary immensely, and research has yet to give sufficient consideration to the factors that might affect the importance officers place on exercising procedural justice during interactions. Building on research examining “moral worthiness” judgments and racial stereotyping among police officers, we conducted two randomized experiments to test whether suspect race and demeanor affect officers’ perceptions of the threat of violence and importance of exercising procedural justice while interacting with suspicious persons. We find that suspect race fails to exert a statistically significant effect on either outcome. However, demeanor does – such that officers perceive a greater threat of violence and indicate it is less important to exercise procedural justice with disrespectful suspects. These findings have implications for procedural justice training, specifically, and police-community relations more broadly.
This study examined the effects of repeated instances of underaccommodation (i.e., insufficiently adjusted communication) on people's perceptions and evaluations of communication and speakers. Participants (N = 179) completed a series of three map-based tasks that required them to follow directions that contained insufficient information. Consistent with hypotheses, as underaccommodation accumulated across tasks, participants inferred less positive motives for the speaker's communication, and inferences about motive for each task contributed directly and indirectly to overall evaluations of both the speaker and their communication. These results indicate that accumulated underaccommodation is consequential, and underscore the theoretical importance of motive attributions to predicting reactions to underaccommodation.
Social movements often embrace nonviolent civil disobedience strategies. At the same time, social movements sometimes attract participants with different temperaments and different views on the morality or utility of using violence against police. Moreover, the use of force or procedurally unjust tactics by police may influence these views, instigating rebellion and support for the use of violence against police by protesters. This paper examines the nature and correlates of attitudes toward using violence against police among Occupy DC participants in Washington, DC. Data are drawn from a survey of 136 Occupy DC participants. We provide descriptive statistics that summarise Occupiers' attitudes toward the use of violence against police, and test hypotheses about factors that may be associated with these attitudes. Our findings show that a non-trivial subset of participants appears to embrace the use of violence against police, and that these attitudes toward violence are associated with perceptions of the extent to which police treat protesters in a procedurally unjust manner.
Research shows that perceptions of procedural justice influence people’s trust, confidence, and obligation to obey law and legal authorities as well as their willingness to cooperate with and support legal authorities. Interpersonal interaction styles that are central to procedural justice theory also play a key role in communication accommodation theory (CAT). Based on video clips depicting a police traffic stop, we use a randomized experiment to test the effects of procedural justice and overaccommodation on trust in police, willingness to cooperate with police, and obligation to obey police and the law. The results demonstrate that procedural justice has more powerful effects than overaccommodation on reported trust and confidence in the officer, as well as respondents’ obligation to obey and willingness to cooperate with the officer. Moreover, although procedural justice generated strong effects on encounter-specific attitudes, it did not exert any effect on more general attitudes toward police.
A Brief History of Justice traces the development of the idea of justice from the ancient world until the present day, with special attention to the emergence of the modern idea of social justice. An accessible introduction to the history of ideas about justice. Shows how complex ideas are anchored in ordinary intuitions about justice. Traces the emergence of the idea of social justice. Identifies connections as well as differences between distributive and corrective justice. Offers accessible, concise introductions to the thought of several leading figures and schools of thought in the history of philosophy.