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Fatty acid composition in common deep-water shrimps of the Arabian Sea and its importance to human nutrition
Abstract
Deep-water shrimps are recognized as non-conventional culinary delicacies owing to the presence of high-quality polyunsaturated fatty acids, even though they remain one of the predominantly unexplored marine fishery resources. In this study, variation of fatty acid profiles of Aristeus alcocki , Solenocera choprai , Heterocarpus chani and Plesionika quasigrandis , caught along the south-west coast of India (Arabian Sea) during the months spanning from September 2018–April 2019, were compared. Among the deep-water shrimps studied, A. alcocki contained a greater amount of n -3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid along with optimal n -3/ n -6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios beneficial for human nutrition (up to 8 during the winter months) when compared with other shrimps. In general, fatty acid concentrations exhibited variations, particularly with regard to polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These n -3 fatty acids were predominant during December–February of the studied year, but concentrations were noticeably lower during March and April. Females had considerably higher ( P < 0.05) C 20–22 n -3 fatty acid concentrations along with nutritionally balanced polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio than males. Results of the two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences in the fatty acid profiles between the species and months. The interaction effects of months with species were also highly significant (Wilk's lambda = 0.000001; F = 187.7, P < 0.0001). Lesser atherogenicity (<3) and thrombogenicity (<0.5) indices coupled with considerably greater n -3/ n -6 fatty acid ratios recognized these deep-water species as a possible source of highly nutritional human food.
... These species are rich in essential omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These PUFAs can play crucial roles in preventing conditions such as hypertension, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer (Chakraborty et al., 2016;Ramezani-Fard et al., 2016;Krishnan et al., 2021;Chakraborty et al., 2022a). Studies have shown that despite shrimp's high cholesterol content, incorporating shrimp into a diet with a balance of PUFAs, alongside reduced saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, can contribute to lowering cholesterol levels, making it a heart-healthy option (Sampaio et al., 2006). ...
... It is typically found at 250 m and beyond depths in the southeastern Arabian Sea. While there have been previous reports on the biochemical composition of some deep-sea shrimps from the southeastern Arabian Sea (Fernandez et al., 2018;Chakraborty et al., 2021;Chakraborty et al., 2022aChakraborty et al., , 2022c, there is a notable absence of information regarding the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of the deep-sea shrimp P. semilaevis from Indian waters or any other geographical region where it is found. ...
... Given that P. semilaevis contains substantial amounts of PUFA, it can indeed serve as a healthy dietary option, potentially contributing to overall well-being and mental health. Chakraborty et al. (2022a) conducted a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of Aristeus alcocki, Solenocera choprai, Heterocarpus chani, and Plesionika quasigrandis, captured along the southwest coast of India in the Arabian Sea, over different months. Their findings showed that n-3 fatty acids were most abundant during the period from December to February in the studied year, with a notable decrease in concentrations during March and April. ...
This study presents the first comprehensive examination of the nutritional profile of the deep-sea shrimp, Plesionika semilaevis from the Arabian Sea. The research compared the gender-related differences in proximate
composition, mineral content, amino acids, and fatty acids composition. Notable distinctions were observed in carbohydrate, lipid, and fat levels, with females displaying significantly higher quantities than males. Palmitic, oleic acids and C20–22 n-3 fatty acid analogues, were the principal saturated, monounsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Fatty acid profile exhibited substantial variations by sex and season with C20–22 n-3 fatty acid analogues being prominent during the pre-monsoon period in males, berried females, and non-berried females. Lower thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices indicate that this shrimp species holds promise as a healthful dietary choice. Potassium is the most prevalent macro-mineral in P. semilaevis, followed by phosphorus while among micro-minerals, iron predominates, followed by zinc. The amino acid profile indicates the shrimps as an ideal protein-rich food with a well-balanced ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids.
These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional value of this deep-sea shrimp species, aiding in its utilization as a source of nutritious food.
... To explore more about the feeding ecology of M. andamanensis, the lipid and fatty acid composition of stomach contents was calculated (Chakraborty et al., 2022a(Chakraborty et al., , 2022b(Chakraborty et al., , 2022c, for both the sex and season. The chloroform: methanol mixture (1:2, v/v) was used to extract lipids, prior to the saponification and trans-esterification to afford fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). ...
... Crustaceans were identified as a predominant component by Dineshbabu and Manisseri (2009) in Solenocera choprai along the southwest coast of India, alongside the presence of molluscan shells and foraminiferans. Tiews et al. (1968) also reported that the diet composition of penaeid species is (Chakraborty et al., 2022c), M. andamanensis (Fernandez et al., 2018;Chakraborty et al., 2021Chakraborty et al., , 2022a, S. hextii, and T. unimaculatus (Chakraborty et al., 2021), as well as P. sewelli (Chakraborty et al., 2022b), conducted in Indian waters, and A. antennatus and P. longirostris (Rosa and Nunes, 2004) in international waters, have reported fatty acid profiles of muscle tissue. In contrast, the present study focuses on analyzing the fatty acid profile of stomach contents in the deep-sea penaeid shrimp, M. andamanensis. ...
... This can be attributed to the detrital diet or the de novo biosynthesis from propionate (Soler-Membrives et al., 2011). The presence of 16:00 suggests the ingestion of dinoflagellates (Cartes, 2011), which serve as a significant source of metabolic energy in crustaceans (Chakraborty et al., 2022a(Chakraborty et al., , 2022c. Interestingly, the odd-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) 15:1n-7, which is not commonly reported in crustaceans, was observed in the present study. ...
... Crustaceans are a significant component of the world deep-sea biota. Deep-sea crustaceans include shrimp species that are valuable fishing resources (e.g., Purushothaman et al., 2019;Chakraborty et al., 2022), but there are other non-commercially important species that contribute to the biodiversity, biomass, and trophic networks that maintain the health of deep-sea ecosystems (Cartes & Carrassón, 2004;Jobstvogt et al., 2014). Because the fishing industry reduces biodiversity, cover, and abundance of deep sea fauna (Clark et al., 2015), knowledge about the ecology and biology of deep-sea species is essential for designing and implementing sustainable management and conservation plans (Pacheco et al., 2021). ...
Biological information on Glyphocrangon spinicauda A. Milne-Edwards, 1881, a western Atlantic deep-sea armored shrimp, is scant. This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, but at low abundance, in the southern (Mexican) part. We obtained a sample of 203 G. spinicauda at depths of 244-455 m during a research cruise exploring the biota of the upper continental slope of the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, off the Yucatán Peninsula. We examined morphometric and allometric relationships of the shrimp as well as some reproductive traits based on the number and size of embryos. Sex ratio (1.4 females:1 male) differed significantly from unity. Females had significantly larger total length (TL) and total weight, but not carapace length (CL), than males, suggesting that females have proportionally larger abdomens. All morphometric relationships were significant for both sexes and most were linear. Relationships against CL were mostly isometric, but TL and rostral length exhibited negative allometry, i.e., a proportionally smaller increase with increasing CL. Brood size (BS) and embryo mass volume were linearly related with female size, but embryo development stage significantly affected BS, embryo size, embryo mass volume, and reproductive output. We found a significant, negative relationship between residuals of the number and size of embryos, suggesting a trade-off in embryo production. Although G. spinicauda is of no commercial value, it co-occurs with other species of potential interest. Our results can thus be useful to design management and conservation plans should fisheries for deep-sea resources eventually develop in the southern Gulf of Mexico.
Citation: Bhatti, M.B.; Sherzada, S.; Ahmad, S.; Qazi, M.A.; Ayub, A.; Khan, S.A.; Khan, M.J.; Rani, I.; Hussain, N.; Nowosad, J.; et al. Comparative Abstract: Shrimp are widely recognized as a nutritious and flavorful food choice due to their tender and delicious meat. This study evaluated the nutritional composition of three economically important shrimp species: Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, and Penaeus indicus, collected from the coastal areas of Pakistan. All shrimp species were found to be high in protein and low in fat content. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential amino acids (NEAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among species, with P. indicus showing slightly higher values. Regarding fatty acid analysis, total saturated fatty acid content was found to be 35.04% in P. merguiensis, 52.43% in P. monodon, and 44.77% in P. indicus. Similarly, the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was found to be 26.24%, 26.77%, and 24.74%, in P. merguiensis, P. monodon, and P. indicus, respectively. Based on nutrient yield, P. monodon stands out as the most nutrient-dense species, followed by P. indicus and P. merguiensis. Overall, the present study suggests that all shrimp species can be used as a healthy choice of food and a good source of animal protein for human consumption. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of shrimp in promoting a healthy and balanced diet.
Over the past three decades a body of translational evidence has implicated dietary deficiency in long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acids, including eicosapenaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the pathophysiology and etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Cross-national and cross-sectional data suggest that greater habitual intake of preformed EPA+DHA is associated with reduced risk for developing depressive symptoms and syndromal MDD. Erythrocyte EPA and DHA composition is highly correlated with habitual fish or fish oil intake, and case-control studies have consistently observed lower erythrocyte EPA and/or DHA levels in patients with MDD. Low erythrocyte EPA+DHA composition may also be associated with increased risk for suicide and cardiovascular disease, two primary causes of excess premature mortality in MDD. While controversial, dietary EPA+DHA supplementation may have antidepressant properties and may augment the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant medications. Neuroimaging and rodent neurodevelopmental studies further suggest that low LCn-3 fatty acid intake or biostatus can recapitulate central pathophysiological features associated with MDD. Prospective findings suggest that low LCn-3 fatty acid biostatus increases risk for depressive symptoms in part by augmenting pro-inflammatory responsivity. When taken collectively, these translational findings provide a strong empirical foundation in support of dietary LCn-3 fatty acid deficiency as a modifiable risk factor for MDD. This review provides an overview of this translational evidence and then discusses future directions including strategies to translate this evidence into routine clinical screening and treatment algorithms.
Though Solenocera choprai is an important shrimp resource from Karnataka coast, information on food and feeding of the species is lacking. 'Index of preponderance' method was used to study the food and feeding habit of the species. The food contents found were decapod crustaceans, unidentifiable mass, 'fish remains', molluscan shells, polychaete worms, sand, foraminiferans and small crustaceans (other than decapods) in the decreasing order of abundance. In adults, annual index of preponderance for decapod crustaceans, detritus and 'fish remains' were 43.82, 19.27 and 11.17 respectively. In females, the major component of the food was decapod crustaceans with indices above 40. Annual feeding intensity of adult S. choprai was 28.88% with the highest value of 54% observed in February and lowest value from June to December. The change in monthly feeding intensity of the species is found to be influenced by the disturbances in the sea bottom caused by upwelling. Feeding intensity was the highest in immature females (40.71%) followed by spent females.
Seasonal fatty acid profiles of Penaeus semisulcatus and Metapenaeus monoceros were investigated. Palmitic (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic (18:1), palmitooleic acid (16:1), arachidonic acid (20:4), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) were found to be the most abundant fatty acids in both shrimp species. Fatty acid profile showed seasonal changes. The highest EPA DHA contents were recorded during winter (January) in both species.
In view of the increased importance of fish lipids owing to their human health beneficial effects, the total lipid content and fatty acid composition in the muscle of Bombayduck (Harpodon nehereus) of different sizes harvested in different seasons were studied. Among the three seasons studied, total muscle lipids were significantly (p<0.05) high during winter and low in monsoon season. In all the seasons, the increased lipid levels were noticed with increase in size. A significant variation in total lipid was observed with the lowest level (1.65 %) in small sized Bombayduck of monsoon season and the highest level (4.68 %) was observed in large sized fish caught in winter season. A total of 37 fatty acids encompassing n-3, n-5, n-6, n-7, n-9 and odd and branched chain fatty acids were characterised with relatively high levels (26.57 – 35.03%) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a favourable ratio (3 to 4.69) of n-3/n-6 PUFA demonstrating excellent nutritional quality of Bombayduck. Though the fatty acid composition was not influenced by the size of fish, the effect of season on fatty acid composition of Bombayduck was clearly established by principal component analysis.
This study was aimed to assess the growth performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae fed with Spirulina and yeast enriched Artemia for 60 days. The length and body weight in prawns fed with enriched Artemia were increased significantly (P<0.05) However, Spirulina enriched Artemia fed prawns produced better growth than that of the yeast enriched Artemia fed prawns. Spirulina enriched Artemia acquired more level of total protein, amino acids and lipid than yeast enriched Artemia. While, yeast enriched Artemia acquired higher level of total carbohydrate than that of the Spirulina enriched Artemia. The similar trends in the content of biochemical constituents were also recorded in prawns fed with enriched Artemia. The content of essential amino acids, such as phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, arginine, histidine and lysine were found to be higher in prawns fed with Spirulina enriched Artemia than that of prawns fed with yeast enriched Artemia. Spirulina has produced better growth in M. rosenbergii than that of yeast. However, yeast as well produced appreciable growth when compared with control. Therefore, both Spirulina and yeast can be taken as supplementary materials in feed management practices.
Proximate composition, cholesterol, and fatty acid content of brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L. 1758) harvested from the Sinop region of the Black Sea in Turkey was determined. Crude protein, lipid, moisture, and ash contents were 18.47 ± 0.09 g/100 g, 0.95 ± 0.05 g/100 g, 79.21 ± 0.01 g/100 g, and 1.39 ± 0.01 g/100 g, respectively. Cholesterol content was 173.56 ± 0.24 mg/100 g. Fatty acid composition was 33.04% saturated (SFAs), 22.17% monounsaturated (MUFAs), and 29% polyunsaturated (PUFAs). Among the SFAs, palmitic acid (C16:0) was predominant at 20.69% of the total fatty acid composition. Oleic acid (C18:1) was the predominant MUFA (14.25%), and the highest PUFAs were eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), contributing 41% and 32% to the total PUFA content of the lipids, respectively. Thrombogenicity (TI) and atherogenicity (AI) index values were 0.31 and 1.34, respectively. The highest essential amino acids were leucine, lysine, valine, and isoleucine; while the highest levels of non-essential amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and alanine, respectively.
Changes in the wet weights and lipid contents of muscle, liver and gonad were determined in male and female Mallotus villosus in Balsfjorden, northern Norway, in 1981, from January, when gonadal development becomes noticeable, until May when the fish are spawning. Fatty acid compositions of tissue lipids were also determined. Over 4 mo prior to spawning, the weight of muscle in female capelin decreased by 32% while the weight of the ovary increased exponentially by 830%. In males the weight of the muscle remained constant and that of the testis decreased slightly. The lipid contents of the muscle of both males and females decreased by 76% over the period and an inverse relationship existed between the water and lipid contents of muscle in both sexes. Male liver weight remained constant over the period of study whereas female liver weight increased transiently by 300% between January and March. 38% of the lipid lost from female muscle was accounted for by lipid deposited in ovary whereas negligible amounts of the lipid lost from male muscle was accounted for by lipid in the testis. Gonadal lipid was always richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids than muscle lipid and, immediately prior to spawning, 42% of the fatty acids in ovarian lipid were polyunsaturated. Muscle lipid of males and females showed a progressive increase in the percentage of the long-chain monoenes 20:1 and 22:1 between January and May. It is concluded that male capelin catabolise more of their muscle lipid reserves than females in the 4 mo prior to spawning and that most of the lipid catabolism in males is associated with physical activity. Conversely, females deposit much more of their muscle lipid in gonads than males, although considerable selectivity occurs in the mobilisation of fatty acids from muscle lipid into ovarian lipid. Additionally, biosynthesis of gonadal constituents accounts for a considerable proportion of the lipid catabolised in females.
Omega-3 [(n-3)] fatty acids have been linked to healthy aging throughout life. Recently, fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have been associated with fetal development, cardiovascular function, and Alzheimer's disease. However, because our bodies do not efficiently produce some omega-3 fatty acids from marine sources, it is necessary to obtain adequate amounts through fish and fish-oil products. Studies have shown that EPA and DHA are important for proper fetal development, including neuronal, retinal, and immune function. EPA and DHA may affect many aspects of cardiovascular function including inflammation, peripheral artery disease, major coronary events, and anticoagulation. EPA and DHA have been linked to promising results in prevention, weight management, and cognitive function in those with very mild Alzheimer's disease.
Deep-water shrimps are non-conventional culinary delicacies due to the presence of essential nutrients, although they are predominantly unexplored marine fishery resources. The nutritional composition of deep-water shrimp species Aristeus alcocki, Heterocarpus chani, Plesionika quasigrandis, Solenocera choprai, and Metapenaeopsis andamanensis captured from Arabian Sea (southwest coast of peninsular India) was determined. The shrimp demonstrated a well-composed essential/non-essential amino acids ratio (0.76-0.84). Among other deep-water shrimps, protein content, total aromatic, and sulfur-enclosing amino acids were substantially higher in A. alcocki (12.69 g 100 g-1, 344 and 270 mg 100 g-1 wet tissue, respectively). The C20-22n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues (docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid) were found to be in appreciable quantities (82-130 and 56-120 mg 100 g-1 wet edible portion, respectively) in the studied deep-water shrimp species. Lower thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices (0.16-0.32 and 0.35-0.53, respectively) acknowledged the studied deep-water shrimp species as valuable health food items for cardioprotection and anti-platelet aggregation.
Polymeric β-chitosan allomorph characterized by parallel arrangement of linear polysaccharide comprised of β-(1→4)-linked-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was isolated and characterized from the gladius of Indian Ocean Squid (Uroteuthis duvaucelii) and spineless cuttlefish (Sepiella inermis). The β-chitosan from U. duvaucelii displayed considerably greater attenuation potential against hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme-A reductase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, angiotensin-2 converting enzyme, and 5-lipooxygenase (IC50 0.15-0.53 mg mL⁻¹) than those exhibited by α-chitosan of comparable molecular weight. Comparatively lesser conformational rigidity of β-chitin could result in its greater susceptibility to deacetylation (86-87%) contrasted to the α-allomorph (~83%), consequently delivering enhanced functionalities than those exhibited by α-chitosan. Porous β-chitosan scaffolds displayed an average pore size of lesser than 50 μm, and its binding capacity was significantly higher than that exhibited by α-chitosan (p < 0.05). Potential pharmacological activities of β-chitosan reinforced by lesser binding affinities and intermolecular energy of β-chitosan with the target enzymes recognized its prospective biomedical applications.
A polygalactosamino-glucopyranosylfucopyranose→4)-β-GlcAp{(3→1)-α-Fucp}-β-GalNAcp-(4,6-SO3⁻)-(1→isolated from the bivalve Crassostrea madrasensis exhibited prospective anti-inflammatory activity against cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 < 50 µg mL⁻¹) on lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. The polygalactan attenuated inducible nitric oxide synthase (IC50 65.7 µg mL⁻¹) in lipopolysaccharide-prompted inflammation leading to the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine nitric oxide (236.2 µg mL⁻¹ lysate), nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukins (0.19−0.22 units mg⁻¹ protein at 100 µg mL⁻¹) by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. The polygalacatan suppressed the mRNA of nuclear factor-κB and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. Western blot experiment revealed the polygalactan attenuated the migration of nuclear factor-κB-p⁶⁵ to the nucleus from cytoplasm, and suppressed the phosphorylation of α-subunit of κB inhibitor. The greater selectivity index of sulfated polygalactan (3.93) towards inducible cyclooxygenase-2 as compared with the anti-inflammatory agent ibuprofen (1.11), and the potential to inhibit nuclear factor-κB cascade to generate chemokine production manifested its utilization in the development of functional food attenuating inflammation-related disorders.
The deepwater shrimp Aristeus alcocki Ramadan, 1938 constitutes a valuable resource among the commercially important Indian fish stocks along the southern coast of India. However, in recent years, its landing showed a declining trend. The present study reports the first information on its biology and stock characteristics of this species derived from the five year data collected from the south west coast of India. A total of 6, 312 specimens were examined, the species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females (Carapace length (CL): 13–56 mm) showing a wider size range with bigger size than males (CL: 13–31 mm). Monthly age classes varied from one to four in females and males corresponding to four generations viz., 0+, 1+, 2+, and 3+, respectively. von Bertalanffy growth curve indicated larger growth in females than males with a mean growth parameter for females: CL ∞=55.78, K = 0.60, Rn = 0.253 and males: CL ∞=30.51, K = 0.64, Rn = 0.358). Monthly mean size, CLmax sex ratio, longevity, and growth performance indices (Φ) were in favor of females. K values for both the sex are the highest reported for the species, suggesting a higher growth rate and a lower longevity. Estimated values for total, natural and fishery mortality were also greater in females. In both the sex, an exploitation rate E >0.5 was lesser than Emax. The results of the current study signify that the species has remained stable during the study period, in terms of its life span, size frequency distribution and biological parameters, such as growth and mortality. These data should be taken into account for carrying out the stock assessment in future and additional data on deep sea recruitment success are needed to empirically parameterize population models for quantitatively assessing the sustainability of current harvest levels.
The Arabian red shrimp, Aristeus alcocki Ramadan, 1938, is one of the targets of commercial trawlers operating since 2000 along the Indian coasts at depths of 200–850 m. We report for the first time on the reproductive biology, insemination frequency, ovarian maturation, gonadosomatic index (GSI), size at maturity, and fecundity of A. alcocki investigated macroscopically and validated histologically using monthly trawl samples from the southwestern coast of India. Females have an open thelycum with five gonad developmental stages (I to V) and two stages (I and II) in males. A total of 4,170 specimens were examined and 68.6% of the females had been inseminated (carapace length (CL) 22.0–53.0 mm), predominantly during January to May. Females in stage I (immature) measured on average CL 25.5 ± 0.87 mm, those in stages IV and V (mature) CL 41.5 ± 0.62 mm. Immature males were smaller, mean CL 20.5 ± 0.5 mm. Size at first sexual maturity for females was estimated as CL 35.07 mm (total length (TL) 120–170 mm) and the inseminated specimens (CL50is) were mature at CL 31.45 mm using a non-linear method. The smallest mature female was CL 35 mm, whereas the size at maturity (CL50ms) of males was estimated as CL 19.6 mm (TL 75–96 mm). We also report synchronous oocyte development and continuous spawning activity with a peak during January to April. Information on the reproduction of this deep-water shrimp will help fishery managers estimate the stock sustainability and develop resource management measures.
Nutritional composition of edible oysters (Crassostrea madrasensis) from the wild and cultured growth habitats from the southwest coast of India were evaluated over four years (2008-2011) during the pre-monsoon season. The important nutritional qualities of this species have been correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature, and phytoplankton density in their growth environments. The higher proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids in the edible oysters collected from the wild habitats were significantly correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration revealing the role of the phytoplanktons to contribute to the occurrence of these vital fatty acids. The ideal atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH), and balanced quantities of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and low cholesterol contents qualified C. madrasensis as a potential health food.
Harpiosquilla harpax and Miyakea nepa are two out of 400 marine crustaceans commonly known as mantis shrimp. Mantis shrimp are commercially valuable and can be found in fish markets of some Mediterranean and many Asian countries. This study focused on a comparative analysis of variation throughout the year in regards to proximate and total fatty acid composition in the muscle of male and female Harpiosquilla harpax and Miyakea nepa. The most abundant fatty acids identified in the muscle of both species were C16:0, C18:0, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3; DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3; EPA) and C20:4n-6. Results of this study revealed that the muscle fatty acid profiles of H. harpax and M. nepa were not significantly different (P>0.05), except for C14:0, C16:0, C22:0, and DHA amounts, and were mostly influenced by sex within each sampling month. Generally, the muscle of H. harpax contained higher (P<0.05) levels of DHA than the muscle of M. nepa. The male mantis shrimp, within each species and most of the sampling months, appeared to have higher (P<0.05) DHA, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio compared to the females. Both species could be considered as a good source of n-3 PUFA in the human diet.
Inter-annual and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) variability in the lipid, fatty acids and total cholesterol content of ribbon fish, Trichiurus lepturus were determined for a period of four years (2008 - 2011) along the southwest (SW) and southeast (SE) coasts of India. The lipidic compositions were studied along with chlorophyll-a concentration and sea surface temperature (SST) data obtained from MODIS and SeaWiFS. Lipid content shows seasonal fluctuations with higher values in post-monsoon season along the SE coast and during monsoon in the SW coast. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) dominated over eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) throughout the seasons except in winter on the SE coast. ‘The health indices such as atherogenic/thrombogenicity indices, total cholesterol, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio of ribbon fish were found to be ideal, which contributed towards its parameters to be qualified as a potential health food.
The muscle lipid, fatty acids and total cholesterol profiles of the spiny cheek grouper, Epinephelus diacanthus, collected from south-west (Arabian Sea) and south-east coasts (Bay of Bengal) of India were evaluated over four years (2008-2011) with regard to three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). Fatty acids were correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration and sea surface temperature. Lipid content, total polyunsaturated, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids of the samples from the south-west coast showed positive correlation with chlorophyll-a concentration during the monsoon (r(2) = 0.93, 0.97, 0.97 and 0.99, respectively). Higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio (>1.0) and low atherogenic (<1.2), thrombogenicity (<= 0.6) indices make the groupers collected from the coast of the Arabian Sea a valued candidate species for human nutrition. High levels of n-3 fatty acids (>19% during post-monsoon), important in the human diet for their platelet anti-aggregating and blood pressure-reducing properties, for groupers collected from the south-west coast, with higher n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio (>5.1) proved this species from the coast of the Arabian Sea to be a desirable item in the human diet.
The effect of natural antioxidant additives on pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, PGE2 and PGF2αvis-à-vis C20n-6 fatty acid in the green mussel, Perna viridis extract (MSL) and those of MSL supplemented with additives (in GMET1 through GMET4) were investigated in an accelerated shelf-life study (50 °C) of 90 days. HPLC was employed for quantifying PGE2 and PGF2α and their chemical structures were assigned by signature peaks based on ESI-LC–MS and 1H NMR. The concentrations of PGE2 and PGF2α after an accelerated shelf-life study of 90 days were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in MSL on day 90 of the intervention than among GMET2 and GMET4. An inverse correlation between antioxidative effects of the additives and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in GMET2 and GMET4 at baseline and at the end of the study was apparent. The results describe the utility of quantifying PGE2 and PGF2α as an index of antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation.
The shrimp Palaemon serratus was acclimatized at 9°, 15°, 18° and 25°, the lipid and fatty acids composition of the abdominal muscle show important variations. In relation to wet weight, total lipid level and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2ω6; 20:5ω3; 20:3ω6; 22:6ω3), show an inverse relationship with temperature. On the other hand, an increase of fatty acid content in relation to total lipids is observed as temperature increases. Some mono-unsaturated fatty acids have a polyunsaturated-like behaviour, others a saturated-like behaviour.
Comparative analysis of FA, NL and sterol profiles in the Nephropsnorvegicus (langoustine), Palinurusvulgaris (lobster) and Penaeuskerathurus (shrimp) muscle and cephalothorax showed that C16:0, C16:1ω-7, C18:0, C18:1ω-9, C20:4ω-6, EPA and DHA were found to be their major FA. Highest EPA occurred in langoustine muscle TL, DHA in both shrimp tissues TL while C20:4ω-6 in lobster muscle and cephalothorax TL. Muscle and cephalothorax NL consisted mainly of sterols (42.5–54.4% and 13.7–43.1%) and triacylglycerols (35.4–45.8% and 44.6–59.4%). Cholesterol was the major sterol (70.90–98.58% and 97.10–98.31% of total sterols in muscle and cephalothorax respectively) followed by avenasterol (0.18–20.32% and 0.07–0.70%) and β-sitosterol (0.29–7.30% and 0.23–0.75%). Lower concentrations of brassicasterol, stigmasterol, Δ7-stigmasterol, campesterol and campestanol were also found. The examined crustaceans muscle (edible part) was found to be a good ω-3 PUFA source for the consumers, while the cephalothorax (which is usually discarded) could be used effectively as a source for ω-3 PUFA production.
This study evaluated the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile of the hepatopancreas, ovaries and tail muscle of Lysmata amboinensis broodstock, as well as newly hatched larvae subjected to a period of starvation or feed from hatch to Zoea 2. The hepatopancreas had a high lipid content, confirming its role as a process and storage organ in L. amboinensis. Lipids were also a major component of ovarian dry weight, in agreement with reports on other crustaceans during maturation. The tail muscle, being a functional rather than a storage organ, contained low total lipids and was the tissue that closely resembled the FA profile of the newly hatched larvae. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were the most abundant components of the lipid profiles in broodstock and larvae. The HUFAs docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic were preferentially retained during nutritional stress, confirming their importance for marine cleaner shrimp during early larval development. It appeared polyunsaturated fatty acid and HUFA requirements were met through the larval diet. The SFAs stearic and palmitic were abundant in adult tissues and larvae, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids may have been preferentially catabolized to meet energetic and metabolic larval requirements.
BACKGROUND: Seafood is an important constituent of the human diet. In Iran, Indian white shrimp ( Fenneropenaeus indicus ) is the major cultured shrimp species as a result of market demand, local availability and growth rate. It is mainly reared using commercial feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 50% of the fish oil by vegetable oils in shrimp feed on total lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of shrimp muscle.
RESULTS: No significant differences in total lipid content (6.1–7.3 g kg ⁻¹ ) were found between edible tissues of shrimp fed different diets. The major fatty acids in shrimp muscle were palmitic, oleic, lionoleic, stearic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Higher levels of EPA and DHA were observed in muscle of shrimp fed a diet containing fish oil. Oxidative rancidity, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, for all shrimps did not exceed 0.2 mg malonaldehyde kg ⁻¹ muscle tissue, which was low and acceptable.
CONCLUSION: This study had shown that the fatty acid composition of feed directly affects the fatty acid composition of Indian white shrimp muscle. Farmed Indian white shrimp can be considered as a species of low fat and shrimp muscle was quite stable to oxidation during storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The total fat contents and the fatty acid compositions of three common Mediterranean fish, namely sardine (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) and picarel (Spicara smaris) were determined at bimonthly intervals for a one-year period. The purpose of this work was to study the seasonal variation of the fatty acids in the three fish that are some of the best sources of n − 3 fatty acids. The fat and fatty acid content of the investigated fish species show a significant seasonal dependency. Two of the fish (anchovy and picarel) have the highest fat content during the late winter – spring period. On the other hand, sardine shows the highest fat concentrations during the spring-early summer period. The fish that showed the highest variation in fatty acid composition was the anchovy. The sardine was found to be the best source of n − 3 fatty acids during the one-year period (35.35 g/100 g fatty acids). Finally the picarel had the highest oleic acid content (on average, 13.89/100 g fatty acids).
The traditional Inuit diet was rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and this is believed to account for the low incidence of cardiovascular disease in Inuit populations. Epidemiological studies in Europe and North America demonstrate inverse relationships between consumption or status of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Long-chain n-3 PUFAs might act through modification of recognized risk factors such as hypertriacylglycerolemia and hypertension. Secondary prevention studies in post-myocardial infarction patients demonstrate that long-chain n-3 PUFAs, provided in the form of fish oil, reduce cardiovascular events and mortality, with an especially potent effect on sudden death. The anti-thrombotic and anti-arrhythmic actions of long-chain n-3 PUFAs may explain these effects. In addition, long-chain n-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory and so may act to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability. This may explain the observed reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality. A recent study has investigated this possibility. Patients awaiting carotid endarterectomy consumed control, sunflower oil, or fish oil capsules until surgery, when the atherosclerotic plaque was removed. The proportions of long-chain n-3 PUFAs were higher in carotid plaque lipids in patients receiving fish oil. Plaques from patients in the fish oil group were more likely to have thick fibrous caps and fewer signs of inflammation and to contain fewer macrophages. This may be indicative of increased plaque stability.
The main fatty acids of total lipid from wild and cultured postlarvae-10 (PL-10) of Penaeus vannamei obtained throughout 1 year from five different sampling sites along the Ecuadorian shore and four shrimp hatcheries, were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Cultured larvae showed higher levels of 18:3n − 3 but lower levels of 20:5n − 3 and 22:6n − 3 than the wild ones. The fatty acid profile of wild postlarvae had a higher degree of unsaturation during the dry colder season than during the wet and hotter winter months. Wild and cultured postlarvae were clearly separated when the total lipid fatty acid results were introduced in a multivariate discriminant analysis model.
Chemical composition and thermal properties of meat from two species of shrimps, black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), were comparatively studied. White shrimp meat had higher protein and ash contents than had black tiger shrimp meat (p < 0.05). Fractionation of nitrogenous constituents revealed that myofibrillar protein was the major component in the muscles; myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin were the predominant proteins. White shrimp meat comprised higher stromal protein with greater pepsin-soluble collagen and insoluble collagen contents than did black tiger shrimp meat. Muscle proteins from black tiger shrimp, especially MHC, had higher thermal stability than those from white shrimp as indicated by the higher transition temperature (Tmax) as well as the lower inactivation rate constant (KD). Phospholipid was the predominant lipid (72–74%) in both shrimps, followed by triglyceride. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found as the major fatty acids with the range of 42.2–44.4%. DHA (22:6)/EPA (20:5) ratio in black tiger shrimp (2.15) was higher than that in white shrimp (1.05). Mg was the dominant mineral in both shrimps. Ca and Fe were also found at high concentrations. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid, while leucine, isoleucine and proline were predominant in both shrimps. Glutamic acid and glycine contents were greater in black tiger shrimp meat; however, white shrimp meat had higher hydroxyproline content. Different compositions might govern the different characteristics as well as thermal properties of both species.
Effects of variation in essential fatty acids in fish feeds on nutritive value of freshwater fish for humans.Several marine fish species are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This is attributed to the lipid composition of plankton. There is strong evidence suggesting that consumption of fish containing high levels of these fatty acids is favourable for human health and has a particularly beneficial effect in preventing cardiovascular diseases.However, freshwater fish species can also serve as a valuable source of essential fatty acids. Compared with marine fish species, freshwater fish contain, in general, higher levels of CIS PUFA, but also substantial concentrations of EPA and DHA. In addition, the fatty acid composition of freshwater fish species is characterized by high proportions of n-6 PUFA, especially linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Therefore the ratio of total n-3 to n-6 fatty acids is much lower for freshwater fish than for marine fish, ranging from 1 to about 4. However, keeping freshwater fish such as salmonids and common carp on diets containing high amounts of fish oil results in marketable fish with substantial levels of n-3 PUFA.
The lipid content and fatty acid composition in the edible meat of twenty-nine species of wild and cultured freshwater and marine fish and shrimps were investigated. Both the lipid content and fatty acid composition of the species were specified due to their unique food habits and trophic levels. Most of the marine fish demonstrated higher lipid content than the freshwater fish, whereas shrimps had the lowest lipid content. All the marine fish and shrimps had much higher total n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA, while most of the freshwater fish and shrimps demonstrated much lower total n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA. This may be the biggest difference in fatty acid composition between marine and freshwater species. The cultured freshwater fish demonstrated higher percentages of total PUFA, total n-3 PUFA, and EPA + DHA than the wild freshwater fish. Two freshwater fish, including bighead carp and silver carp, are comparable to the marine fish as sources of n-3 PUFA.
The dietary factors believed to be linked with the incidence of coronary heart disease are reviewed in the light of evidence with regard to their functional role, either in protection or in promotion. Detailed analysis of the evidence shows that the relations are more complex than the current lipid hypothesis suggests. It is proposed that, in particular, the polyunsaturated/saturated ratio as a measure of the propensity of the diet to influence the incidence of coronary heart disease should be replaced by indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity.
We undertook a systematic evaluation of the lipid, protein, calorie, and fatty acid composition in 35 species of fish, shellfish and molluscs commonly consumed throughout the four seasons of the year in Andalusia, Spain. Using a portion of muscle tissue the following were measured in each study unit: total lipids (extraction using Folch's method and gravimetry), protein concentration (Kjehldal's method), total calories (direct calorimetry), and composition of fatty acids (gas chromatography). The lipid, protein, and different fatty acid concentrations found are presented in table form. There was a high degree of inter-species variability in the concentration of lipids and the various fatty acids. There was also a high degree of intra-species seasonal variability in some cases. The relative proportion of fatty acids was not independent of the total concentration of lipids, independently of the season studied. This systematic study of a large group of species shows that the cataloguing of fish as 'white' or 'blue' depends especially on the time of year they are captured. For example, in spring the mackerel (Scomber scombrus), a fish considered traditionally to be 'blue' (fatty), has the same lipid concentration as the dover sole (Solea vulgaris), commonly considered to be 'white' (little fat), and the sea pike (Merluccius merluccius) has a higher lipid concentration in autumn than the jack mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Even greater differences existed when the fish were classified according to their richness in n-3 fatty acids. These differences in the total lipid concentration and the composition of fatty acids, as well as the inter-relations between them, may, under certain circumstances, be important for the calculation of dietary calories and nutritional values, and may explain the differences found between the various tables of food composition, as well as the divergent results in epidemiological studies on the association between fish in diets and various diseases, such as diabetes or ischaemic cardiopathy.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the seasonal variation of fatty acid composition and free amino acid content in the Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) from the sea of Hyuga-Nada, and the relationship between the fatty acid composition of this sardine and that of plankton in the area. The lipid content of sardines at the sea of Hyuga-Nada was low in February (1.8%) and high (7.2%) from July to September. The major fatty acids in the total lipids from sardine were myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7), oleic acid (18:1 n-9), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3). The characteristics of the fatty acids isolated from sardines in July were similar to those from plankton in the same season. This reflects the deposition of plankton fatty acids in sardine depot fat. The season of high free histidine content in the ordinary meat corresponded with that of high lipid content. These results suggested that both the fatty acid composition of sardines and the high concentrations of certain amino acids in free form are influenced by the intake and seasonal variation of composition of plankton.
Crude lipid and fatty acid composition from liver, intestine, roe, milt and flesh of spawning and non-spawning Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) were examined to determine the relative effects of spawning on the nutritional value of herring. Depletion of lipid due to spawning condition was significant (P<0.01) in all organ tissues and flesh of spawning herring. The lipid content ranged from an average of 1.9 to 3.4% (wet weight basis) in different organ tissues of spawning herring, to 10.5 to 16% in non-spawning fish. The fatty acid profile exhibited many differences in the relative distribution of individual fatty acids among organ tissues and between the two fish groups. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9), a major monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) found in all tissue lipids, decreased significantly (P<0.01) in spawning fish. The two monoenes, C20:1n-9 and C22:1n-11, occurred at high concentrations in the flesh but at only minor proportion in the digestive organs and gonads. Spawning herring also had significantly (P<0.01) higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the organ tissues, particularly in the milt and ovary, with docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) having the greatest proportion. Among the n-6 fatty acids, only C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 occurred at notable amounts and were present in higher proportions in spawning fish. We concluded that although relatively higher n-3 fatty acid content was found in the organ lipids of spawning herring, they are not an energy-dense prey food source due to the fact that both flesh and gonads contain a very low amount of lipid.
Species composition and fatty acid profile in family Leiognanthidae sampled from west coast of Sri Lanka
- Chandrani
- J Wattavidanage
Deep-sea shrimp fishery off Kerala coast with emphasis on biology and population characteristics of Plesionika quasigrandis Chace
- Cpr Shanis
Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of mussel and shrimp consumed in Turkey
- Saglik
- S Imre
London: Department of Health, Her Majesty's Stationery Office
- Hmso
Food and feeding of the ridgeback shrimp
- Dineshbabu
- J K Manisseri